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How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 ISSN: 2215-2075 Universidad de Costa Rica Román-Palacios, Cristian; Valencia-Zuleta, Alejandro Geographical context of forgotten amphibians: Colombian “Data Deficient species” sensu IUCN Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 66, no. 3, July-September, 2018, pp. 1272-1281 Universidad de Costa Rica DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v66i3.30818 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44959350026 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Geographical context of forgotten amphibians: Colombian “Data Deficient species” sensu IUCN Cristian Román-Palacios1,* & Alejandro Valencia-Zuleta2,* 1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A.; [email protected] 2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, ICB V, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, BRAZIL; [email protected] * Equal contribution Received 19-II-2018. Corrected 24-V-2018. Accepted 22-VI-2018. Abstract: Whereas more than 10 % of global amphibian richness is known to occur in Colombia, almost 16 % of these species are currently classified as Data Deficient according to the IUCN. These estimates suggest that the available data for a large portion of amphibians occurring in Colombia is insufficient to assess extinction risk. Here we aim to (1) review the available information on the distribution of the Colombian Data Deficient (DD hereafter) amphibians, (2) analyze their geographic distribution, and (3) evaluate the relationship between anthropogenic impact and their current conservation status. For this, we first compiled geographical records for the DD amphibian species using primary sources. Geographical records were obtained mainly from taxonomic descriptions and non-systematic surveys. We then estimated the geographical range and inferred the potential distribution for each species using letsR and MaxEnt, respectively. We quantified the human footprint for each species and tested the relationship between spatial distribution and anthropogenic change across populations. Analyses are here based on 128 of the 129 DD amphibian species that occur in Colombia. We found that most of these species were recently described and have small geographic ranges. A large proportion of these DD amphibians inhabit the Colombian Andes, and their populations have been strongly affected by human activi- ties. Overall, the spatial clustering suggests that many of these species have faced similar environmental and anthropogenic pressures that have contributed to their rareness. We also suggest that the conservation status for several of the analyzed DD amphibians should be changed to account for the threats they face. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1272-1281. Epub 2018 September 01. Key words: Andes; Anura; Caudata; conservation; human footprint; MaxEnt. Given that biodiversity is currently threat- on population size, range area, and rate of ened by human-mediated processes, multiple population decline for these species classifies initiatives have been proposed to assess the them under a category that does not diag- conservation status of the different taxonomic nose their conservation status (Rodrigues, Pil- groups across the globe (Thomas et al., 2004; grim, Lamoreux, Hoffmann, & Brooks, 2006; International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN, 2016; Collen et al., 2016). This trend is [IUCN], 2016). Even though more than 86 313 also more notorious in the Neotropical region, mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish, insect, where the number and extent conservation mollusk, and plant species are now classi- plans of local governments significantly con- fied under a given threatened category by the trast with its outstanding diversity. IUCN, about 16 % of these are still indicated Recent efforts to classify the conservation as Data Deficient (hereafter DD; 13 713 spe- status of amphibian species have been triggered cies). The currently unavailable information by the rapid decline in populations’ sizes. Yet, a 1272 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 66(3): 1272-1281, September 2018 large amount of the extant diversity is still unas- its distribution. We specifically used this infor- sessed (Kiesecker, Blaustein, & Belden, 2001; mation to address whether the DD category Blaustein & Kiesecker, 2002; Stuart et al., describes accurately the current conservation 2004; Meredith, Van Buren, & Antwis, 2016). status of the same amphibian taxa. We demon- For instance, among the assessed amphibian strate that, in general, this category hides the species, 41 % are currently classified under a potential threats that are experienced by most threatened category, and ca. 20 % are indicated of these amphibian species. as Data Deficient (Parsons, 2016). Given these circumstances, efforts made in describing the MATERIALS AND METHODS natural history, ecology, and spatial context of DD species represent a priority for increasing Data collection: Our analyses are based efficiency of the ongoing and future conserva- on the geographical records for 128 amphibian tion plans (Vie et al., 2008; Morais et al., 2013; species present in Colombia and listed as DD Parsons, 2016). by the IUCN. We searched for DD amphibian Here we analyze amphibian species that species in Colombia using the IUCN database are currently classified as DD and occur in (by June 2017). Next, we used scientific arti- Colombia (IUCN, 2016). Colombia is a ‘mega- cles, books, and museum databases to compile diverse’ country that harbors nearly 10 % of an occurrence database for every DD species in the global amphibian richness (ca. 813 species) Colombia. Each of the analyzed occurrences, (Acosta-Galvis & Cuentas, 2017). A lack of supported by at least a single reference, is pro- protective measures to minimize the impact vided in Table S1. We did not include Lepto- of human-mediated process on the natural dactylus hallowelli since the taxonomic limits populations has led to ~32 % of the amphib- are problematic and can cause the inclusion of ian species being classified as under threat erroneous registries into the database (de Sá et (i.e., 256 species). Furthermore, 16 % of total al., 2014). When coordinates were not available amphibian species in the country are, for now, from the authors, we used the exact locality classified under a DD category (129 species) name retrieved from the publication to obtain (UICN, 2016). longitude and latitude estimates (i.e., geocod- To address a lack of information avail- ing). The latter analyses were performed using able for DD category, we compiled the largest the ggmap v.2.6.1 R package (Kahle & Wick- dataset of geographical occurrences for the DD ham, 2013; Table S2). Furthermore, even when amphibian species distributed in Colombia. this approach was used for most records from Based on this dataset, the realized and potential the 20th century, we visually evaluated the geographic distribution for 99 % of the Colom- accuracy of these estimates (Table S1). bian DD amphibians were analyzed. Realized distribution (or range size) was analyzed using Species distribution: For every ana- the R package letsR (Vilela & Villalobos, 2015) lyzed species, geographical distribution was and potential distribution was inferred using described using two approaches. We first esti- MaxEnt (Phillips, Dudík, & Schapire, 2006). mated the extension of the 80 % higher aver- Based on the inferred geographical distribution age probability of occurrence using MaxEnt for each species, we analyzed the estimated (hereafter referred as 80 % HPO) (Phillips et anthropogenic impact on the DD populations. al., 2006). This estimate is based on the set of The primary aim of this study is to char- cells having a presence probability larger than acterize the geographical context of the DD the 80 % of the maximum presence probability species occurring in Colombia. This involves for a given species. Importantly, species with the description of their geographical ranges and less than three geographical occurrences were the quantification of the anthropogenic pres- excluded from analyses (Hernández, Graham, sures that each species experiences throughout Master, & Albert, 2006; Elith et al., 2011; Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 66(3): 1272-1281, September 2018 1273 Rinnhofer et al., 2012; Wisz et al., 2008). We natural systems, and therefore, is expected to also highlight that recent analyses have shown be positively correlated to the anthropogenic that for non-widespread species (as most DD effects on amphibian populations (Sanderson species; Table S1 and Table S2), three observa- et al., 2002). Human footprint ranges from 0 % tions are enough for yielding reliable results to 100 %, with higher values indicating stron- (van Proosdij, Sosef, Wieringa, & Raes, 2016). ger anthropogenic disturbances. This dataset is For MaxEnt analyses we first constructed based on nine global layers that summarizes in R a projected spatial points object using all anthropogenic pressures within the following the geographical records per species. Then, all major categories: (1) population density, (2) 19 BIOCLIM raster layers (1 km resolution) built-up areas, (3) nighttime lights, (4) land (Booth, Nix, Busby, & Hutchinson,
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