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2000 Chronicle: 232 Volume: 63 Number: 4 Year: 2000 Chronicle: 232 Article: Use of the Franking Privilege in New England in 1699-1707 Author(s): Mark Schwartz, Timothy O'Connor Table Of Contents items marked with * cannot be viewed as an individual PDF document Click here to view the entire Volume: 63 No: 4 Chronicle: 232 Starting Page Front Cover (1 page) Front Cover Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: H.R. Harmer, Inc. Inside Front Cover Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Stanley M. Piller & Associates 297 Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: James E. Lee 298 Masthead (1 page) 299 Table of Contents (1 page) 300 Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Daniel F. Kelleher Co., Inc. 301 Editor's Page In this Issue: Discoveries (1 page) 302 Michael Laurence Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Columbian Stamp Company Inc. 303 Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Matthew Bennett Inc. 304 Prestamp and Stampless Period Use of the Franking Privilege in New England in 1699-1707 (7 pages) 305 Mark Schwartz, Timothy O'Connor Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Greg Sutherland 311 Display Advertisement (2 pages) Advertiser: Robert A. Siegel Auction Galleries, Inc. 312 Prestamp and Stampless Period Hand Crafted Tennessee Townmarks (8 pages) 314 James W. Milgram M.D., Jerry Palazolo Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: David Feldman, S.A. 322 1847 Period Recent find of 5¢ 1847 Covers (4 pages) 323 Alexander T Haimann Essays and Proofs Issuance of the first U.S. Stamped Envelope Cover (6 pages) 327 Dan Undersander 1851-61 Period Is this the Oldest American Philatelic Souvenir (4 pages) 333 Ken Lawrence Discovery: A Most Important Proof (5 pages) 336 Stanley M. Piller Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Regency Superior 340 1861-1869 Period Study of Harrisburg Carrier Cancel leads to New Insights (6 pages) 341 Greg Sutherland Display Advertisement (2 pages) Advertiser: Spink Shreves Galleries Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Eric Jackson 348 1869 Period Inside the Nick Kardasis 1869 Collection (7 pages) 349 Scott R. Trepel Bank Note Period Accountability at the Post Office Department: A Reported Infraction (3 pages) 356 Cary E. Johnson Officials Executive stamp uses outside Washington, D.C. (5 pages) 359 Lester C. Lanphear III Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: U.S.P.C.S. Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Daniel F. Kelleher Co., Inc. 364 The Foreign Mails United States - Spain mail under British and French Conventions, Part 2 (22 pages) 365 Richard F. Winter Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Leonard H. Hartmann 385 The Foreign Mails Additional Steamship covers for United States incoming Steamship Mail 1847-1875, 2nd Edition (3 386 pages) Theron J. Wierenga Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Kristal Kare, Inc. 388 The Cover Corner Answer to problem cover in Chronicle 231 (2 pages) 389 Michael Laurence The Cover Corner Problem Cover for this issue (1 page) 390 Greg Sutherland Index to Advertisers (1 page) Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Philatelic Stamp Authentication and Grading 392 Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Schuyler Rumsey Philatelic Auctions Inside Back Cover Display Advertisement (1 page) Advertiser: Robert A. Siegel Auction Galleries, Inc. Back Cover Bennett April 2011 Chronicle_Layout 1 4/4/2011 8:54 AM Page 1 ATTENTION: ATTENTION: PRESTAMP & STAMPLESS PERIOD WHEN THE TIME COMES TO SELL, JAMES W. MILGRAM, EDITOR YOU DESERVE OUR COMPLETE ATTENTION USE OF THE FRANKING PRIVILEGE IN NEW ENGLAND IN 1699-1707: THE EARLIEST PROOF OF A DURABLE POST TIM O’CONNOR AND MARK SCHWARTZ This article documents the establishment of a franking privilege in Massachusetts in 1693 and illustrates a number of letters written between 1699 and 1707 which exercised that privilege. Despite indications of a post office at Boston as early as 1639, the markings on these letters are the first to conclusively demonstrate its existence. Official permission for British government officials to send or receive mail free of postage dates back to 1652. At that time, the English Council of State ordered that all letters of members of Parliament and of Officers of State and Council should be carried without charge. In 1653, specific instructions, issued to the inland and foreign postmasters, noted that letters without obvious official seals be endorsed “for the service of the Com- monwealth”. This idea was not universally supported. The speaker of the House of Com- mons indicated that he was ashamed of these measures, and Sir Heanage Finch called the proposal “a poor mendicant proviso, beneath the dignity of this House.” Perhaps they both understood the abuses that could result. In 1693, a royal warrant, noting a series of such st a few of the many aucti ese are ju on catalo abuses, banned the sending of private mail under privilege cover and established specific Th ated for our important gs e have cre consigno criteria regarding exactly who had the privilege, when they had the privilege, and the re- w rs cords that the post offices had to maintain in relation to it.1 With the arrival of colonists, the Crown’s privilege was transplanted in America. hese catalogues take time and they require attention—attention to the There are many letters marked “On his Majesty’s service,” particularly during the Indian careful lotting of your collection, thorough research and thoughtful Wars of the 1670s when it was important to have speedy communication of intelligence. t But these letters do not constitute proof of a postal service. For instance, they could be let- descriptions. ters given to couriers granting them free passage over toll roads or ferries. Formal posts from that time were sporadic. There was a short-lived postal attempt the staff at Matthew Bennett International is committed to giving you our between New York and Boston in 1672, the Governor Lovelace post. Pennsylvania had a weekly post in 1683. Boston had postmasters since 1639 but their task was generally complete time and attention so that you get the results you deserve—a lasting limited to assuring that overseas letters were handled properly upon arrival in the port. But legacy for your labors and maximum realizations for your stamps and covers. the population was growing and desirous of improved commerce and intelligence. Also, the British Crown appreciated that farming out “a postal patent” was a way to raise revenue. In 1691, Thomas Neal was granted a patent to organize an intercolonial postal system to find out how to get the most attention for your consignment, please contact in America. He chose Alexander Hamilton, governor of New Jersey, to sell his plan to the us at (410) 647-1002. various colonies. Hamilton negotiated successfully with a number of the colonies—New York, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. The Act from the Massachusetts Privy Council was read into province laws in 1693. This first American postal act estab- lished rates based on distance. Section 9 is pertinent to the matter of free postage. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid that all letters of public concernment for their Majesty’s service from time to time and at all times, shall be received, dispatched away, and delivered with all possible speed, according to the respective directions thereon, at t h ew e n ne t t nt e rnatIonal free of all charge, and without demanding or receiving any money or pay for the same, any- M B I thing herein before contained notwithstanding: provided that this act, nor anything therein contained, shall continue in force any longer than 3 years from and after the publication of, 8096 Edwin Raynor Blvd, Suite B • Pasadena, MD 21122 anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding.2 [email protected] • www.bennettstamps.com Chronicle 232 / November 2011 / Vol. 63, No. 4 305 (410) 647-1002 Figure 1. Sent on July 10, 1699 from Adam Winthrop to his cousin, “John Fitz-Winthrop, Esq.,” Governor of Connecticut. Endorsed (in a different hand) “p post free”. Photo courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Thus the legislation establishing the first multi-colony post validated a pre-existing official prerogative. An extensive search of the archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Rhode Island Historical Society and the American Antiquarian Society found hundreds of correspondences, and approximately 2,000 colonial letters. The Winthrop correspondence alone totals about 1,000 letters from the period 1640-1751. Of all the letters examined, only nine fit the criteria of being free franked, and they are listed chronologically in Table 1 at the end of this article (page 311). The tenth letter in the table is from the collection of one of the authors (MS), and was sent in 1707 by the Postmaster of Boston. It will be discussed more extensively below. The table shows the date of the letter, the recipient and sender (as transcribed from the cover), the text of the free frank marking, a brief summary of the letter content, and refer- ence to an accompanying illustration where appropriate. We have not found any markings indicating free franking prior to 1699, and we do not know why the markings began to be used in that year. The nine Winthrop letters were sent to or written by officials of the colonies of Mas- sachusetts or Connecticut. As such they are candidates for free carriage and in all nine examples they are so marked. Examples with various types of “free frank” markings are shown in this article. Figure 1 shows the earliest known free frank from the American colonies. Dated (at right edge) July 10, 1699, this is addressed to “The Honorable John Fitz-Winthrop Esq., in New London.” This John Winthrop, often known as “Fitz John” to distinguish him from his more famous father and grandfather, was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1637 and was governor of the Colony of Connecticut from 1698 to 1707.
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