ILLINOIS LIBRARY URBANA-CHAMPAIG r| 'RAL HIST. SURV

INI

Botany

\\illiam T. Vickers

Timothy Plowman

M, >lication 1356

iBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATUF

FIELDIANA

Botany NEW SERIES, NO. 15

Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador

William T. Vickers

Department ofAnthropology and Sociology Florida International University Miami, Florida 33199

Timothy Plowman

Department of Botany Field Museum of Natural History

Accepted for publication January 6, 1984 August 31, 1984 Publication 1356

PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1984 Field Museum of Natural History Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-80843 ISSN 00 15-0746 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents

Abstract 1 1 2. Siona man with a basket of harvested fruit

Introduction 1 of Pseudolmedia laevis 49 The Setting 2 13. Banisteriopsis caapi growing in cultiva- Methods 3 tion at Tarapoto, Peru 50 List of Plants of the Siona-Secoya 4 14. Shaman's apprentice collecting foliage of Conclusion 33 Diplopterys cabrerana 51 Acknowledgments 34 15. Shaman's apprentice pounding stem sec- Literature Cited 35 tions of Banisteriopsis caapi 52

Index . 61 16. Bundles of mashed stems of Banisteriop- sis caapi boiling over the fire at the cer- emonial yahe house 53 17. Siona woman collecting young Astrocar- List of Illustrations yum leaves 54 18. Fruits of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) and plantains (Musa x paradisiaca)or\lhe Location of study sites in Napo Province, kitchen floor of a Siona house 55 eastern Ecuador Facing p. 1 1 9. Siona woman washing fruits ofpeach palm 1. Secoya male in decorative dress 38 (Bactris gasipaes) 56 2. Siona-Secoya canoes entering a small trib- 20. Secoya girl preparing a mash from boiled utary of the Aguarico River opposite San fruit .... 57 Pablo 39 peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) 2 1 . Secoya woman pressing peach palm mash 3. A traditional-style Secoya house at San a sieve 58 Pablo 40 (Bactris gasipaes) through 22. x at the 4. A Siona-Secoya youth planting Zea mays Brugmansia insignis growing Kofan village of Dureno on the Rio (Gramineae) in a recently burned plot . . 41 Aguarico 59 5. A Siona garden three months after plant- 23. Brunfelsia grandiflora growing in the yard ing 42 of a Siona-Kofan household on the Cuy- 6. Secoya man painting a cotton cloth ... 43

abeno River . 60 7. Scarification on the arm of a Siona youth 44

8 . Secoya woman roasting a flat manioc cake 45 9. Secoya men making spears 46 [0. Shaman's apprentice fashions a shaman's List of Tables rattle from the leaves of a Pariana species for the yahe rite 47

; 1 . Siona-Secoya youth harvesting fruit of 1 . Outline of plant uses among the Siona- Pourouma cecropiifolia 48 Secoya 34

111 U-l

a CO Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador

Abstract

The Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ec- 26 distinctive cultural groups, and today number- uador are shifting cultivators and foragers who ing about 50,000 people in seven surviving groups make extensive use ofboth feral and domesticated (Jivaroan, Lowland Quichua, Waorani, Siona, Se- plant materials in most aspects of their culture. coya, Kofan, and Zaparo). This study fully or partially identifies approxi- Like all indigenous peoples, the Indians of Ec- mately 224 species in 1 66 genera and 69 families uador have an intimate knowledge of their sur- that are in common occurrence. A wide variety of roundings. Over many millenia, an enormous cor- these plants are employed for foods and as ma- pus of information about plants and animals has terials for tools, weapons, crafts, construction, and been discovered, upon which these peoples con- personal adornment. The use of plants for medic- tinue to base their subsistence. Groups living in inal and ritual purposes is notable, with emphasis different geographical and ecological areas of Ec- given to hallucinogenic plants of such genera as uador have specialized inventories of the useful Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys, Brugmansia, and wild plants of their areas, as well as extensive Brunfelsia. As in a number of northwestern Ama- knowledge about cultivated plants, both native and zonian societies, the use of Banisteriopsis is par- introduced. Although Spanish names for plants are ticularly significant because it is the basis of the in general use throughout the country, more iso- most important rituals and is viewed as the me- lated Amerindian groups have developed inde- dium through which supernatural knowledge and pendent systems of plant classification, and most power are achieved. The Banisteriopsis cult is the plants have names in native languages. conceptual cornerstone of Siona and Secoya reli- The ethnobotanical study of the major cultural gion, mythology, art, medicine, and warfare. areas of South America, of which the Amazon Basin is an outstanding example, has scarcely be- gun. Research on the native uses of plants falls far behind the general floristic surveys which are now Introduction being conducted in several countries in order to document what plant species exist in each area. In spite of its small area (105,685 sq mi or ap- Many previous accounts of native plant names proximately the size of Colorado), Ecuador has a and/or uses in Amazonia lack scientific identifi- remarkably rich flora, estimated to contain at least cations of the species because of the difficulty in 20,000 species of vascular plants (A. Gentry & C. naming many groups of tropical plants and, more H. Dodson, personal communication). Many areas importantly, are not documented with preserved of Ecuador, especially the eastern lowlands which voucher specimens for future re-examination to form the western edge of the Amazon Basin, re- confirm or refute the species identity. main unexplored or poorly sampled by botanists. For the Northwest Amazon, there are relatively Superimposed on this exceptionally rich flora are few studies of indigenous uses of plants which are a diversity of Amerindian peoples, estimated at substantiated with voucher specimens. Outstand- the time of European contact to include at least ing among these are numerous works of R. E.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA Schultes on the ethnobotany of tribes of the Co- map facing page 1 ) and speak closely related dia- lombian Amazon (Schultes, 1942, 1954, 1955, lects belonging to the western division of the Tu- 1956, 1963, 1964a,b, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970a,b, kanoan language family. The two groups are cul- 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, inter alia). Two disser- turally similar, and in the Aguarico River basin tations have attempted to enumerate the plants of (of northeastern Ecuador), they have joined to form the Kofan Indians of the Colombia-Ecuador bor- common settlements in which they interact and der area (Pinkley, 1 973) and of the Kamsa Indians intermarry with frequency. Historically the Siona of the Sibundoy Valley in southern Colombia were associated with the Putumayo and Aguarico (Bristol, 1965), but neither of these has been pub- rivers, whereas the Secoyas inhabited the north lished, and the studies remain largely unavailable. side of the Napo River below its confluence with Davis & Yost (1983) have recently completed an the Aguarico. The Secoyas consider the Santa Maria ethnobotanical study of the Waorani (Auca) of River, which is within the latter area, as their tra- eastern Ecuador. For Amazonian Peru, only a pre- ditional homeland. liminary listing of the useful native plants has been The area once covered by members of the west- prepared (Bodley, 1978). Berlin has made exten- ern Tukanoan linguistic branch stretched over an sive ethnobotanical plant collections in the Alto area of approximately 82,000 sq km (31,500 sq Maranon region and, to date, has published arti- mi) between 1N-4S latitude and 73-77W lon- cles on the classificatory principles of Aguaruna gitude in what today constitutes parts of Ecuador, ethnobotany (Berlin, 1976, 1977) and the botan- Colombia, and Peru. Steward (1949, p. 663) es- ical aspects ofAguaruna cosmology (Berlin, 1978). timates that their population at the time of the King (1982) and King & Levey (1982) have made conquest was 16,000. The present population observations on the ethnopharmacology and diet, probably does not exceed 1,000 individuals in respectively, of the Angotero-Secoya Indians of scattered settlements in Ecuador, Colombia, and northeastern Peru. For the Choco region of west- Peru. ern Colombia, Forero Pinto (1980) has published The climate corresponds to Koppen's Afor trop- an ethnobotanical study of the Cuna and Wauana ical wet (with no month drier than 60 mm of rain-

Indians. fall). Data collected at Limoncocha (a former Sum- During the course of conducting studies on the mer Institute of Linguistics base camp on the Napo subsistence patterns and ethnography of the Siona River), 32 km southwest of the Siona-Secoya set- and Secoya peoples in eastern Ecuador, one of us tlement ofShushufindi on the Aguarico River, show (Vickers) collected some 273 plant specimens in a mean annual rainfall of 3,375 mm (132 inches) order to document the use of plants among these for the period 1971-1972. The month of least rain- closely related groups. Various aspects of this re- fall for this period was December, with a mean of search, including the dynamics of subsistence and 172.5 mm (6.79 inches); the month of greatest the impact of frontier development, have been rainfall was March, with a mean of 411.2 mm published elsewhere (Hames & Vickers, 1982; (16.19 inches). Generally speaking, the "dry sea- Vickers, 1976, 1979, 1981a,b, 1983a-c), but a son," runs from December through February, and compilation of all the species observed or recorded the "wet season," from March through July. The has not yet appeared. In recognition of the great elevation of the study area is approximately 250 dearth of published data on the useful plants of m (823 ft). eastern Ecuador, we have prepared the present The mature vegetation of the Aguarico-Napo paper in which we provide a detailed listing of all region is of the type classified by Richards (1952) of the plants collected and observed by Vickers as Tropical Rain Forest, and subsequently reclas- during 1973-1975. We believe that this basic in- sified by Grubb et al. (1963) as Tropical Lowland formation will benefit other researchers, especially Rain Forest. According to the Holdridge Life Zone anthropologists, who are working in the Ecuador- system, the area corresponds to Tropical Wet For- ian Amazon and in adjacent areas of Colombia est. It is characterized by trees with heights ranging and Peru where many ofthe same species are used. from 24-45 m (80-150 ft), large woody climbers, common occurrence of epiphytes, and frequent occurrence of buttressed trees, some of which are

very large. In addition to this primary growth, The Setting there are a number ofother plant associations which The Siona and Secoya Indians are aboriginal develop under specific ecological conditions. These peoples ofthe northeastern portion ofEcuador (see include the secondary growth developing from

FIELDIANA: BOTANY abandoned gardens and habitation sites, associa- Within the sacred domain, Siona and Secoya tions of perennially flooded soils, and liana asso- culture is profoundly influenced by the ritual ciations (bejucales), among others. drinking of a beverage made from Banisteriopsis The Siona and Secoya are representative of many caapi, referred to as yaht, along with other hal- native Amazonian societies in that they base their lucinogenic plants (see also Langdon, 1979a,b). subsistence on shifting cultivation, hunting and Indeed, it is no exaggeration to characterize yah fishing, and the collecting of feral resources. The as the key to understanding the world view of the traditional settlement pattern consists of scattered Siona-Secoya, as well as their mythology, art, rit- households and small villages which are typically ual, and "science" (explanations of cause and ef- located on or near the banks of rivers or streams. fect in the universe). Social organization is based on patrilineal descent and patrilocal residence, with a headman-shaman in each household or village settlement. These set- Methods tlements are politically autonomous, and the head- man-shaman exercises influence rather than au- Most of the plant specimens were collected in thority in leading the people of his local group. the environs of the Siona-Secoya settlement of

Most settlement sites are abandoned after periods Shushufindi (lat. 015'S, long. 7627'W), a village of habitation ranging from five to 20 years. Such so named because of its location just upstream movements are attributed to a wide variety of from the confluence of the Aguarico and Shushu- causes, including intergroup tensions, individual findi rivers (see map facing page 1). This settle- deaths, disease, and the depletion of local re- ment has subsequently been given the name "San sources. Pablo." During the 1973-1975 study period, Shu- Plants play an important role in the lives of the shufindi had a mean population of 132 individ- Siona and Secoya. Most of the calories in their diet uals, while the Siona-Secoya population of the en- (77%) are provided by plant foods, and their in- tire Aguarico Basin was 266. A few specimens were ventories of tools, weapons, building supplies, collected at the neighboring settlements of Eno crafts, clothing, body ornaments, and materia (approximately 20 km upstream from Shushufin- medica are heavily dependent on plant materials. di; lat. 012'S, long. 7632'W) and Cuyabeno (ap- Furthermore, plants play a very important role in proximately 50 km to the northeast of Shushufin- their cosmology, symbolism, and ritual life. di; lat. 005'S, long. 7609'W). At the secular level of subsistence, manioc Herbarium specimens were pressed and dried (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the most important in the field according to standard botanical pro- food plant, with plantains (Musa x paradisiaca cedures. Ethnographic data, native names, uses of L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) following close be- the plants, and their relationships were recorded hind. The Siona and Secoya grow both "bitter" at the time of collection of the specimens. The (with a poisonous concentration ofcyanogenic glu- orthography used in the recording of plant names cosides) and "sweet" varieties of manioc and use in the Siona and Secoya languages is based on the them to make a traditional flatbread or cake ('do) phoneme systems outlined by Wheeler & Wheeler and chicha (a 'so kdnd). Chunks of sweet manioc (1962) and Johnson & Peeke (1962), but uses are also eaten boiled or included in soups and Langdon's (1974) approach in the simplification stews. As a staple, manioc offers the advantages of certain symbols. Most of the plants of economic of reliable productivity under varying soil condi- importance or in common use were collected, but tions, resistance to diseases and pests, and long- this is by no means an exhaustive listing of the term harvestability (tubers may be left in the ground plant knowledge of the Siona-Secoya. For exam- for up to two or three years). Plantains and maize ple, many timber trees of secondary importance may be made into chicha (noka kdnd and wea and many wild fruits are known to the Siona and kdnd, respectively) or be cooked in a variety of Secoya, but the collection and identification ofthese ways, including boiling, roasting, and frying. These species would require much more extensive bo- crops, however, are not as productive as manioc, tanical exploration of the region. In some cases, nor are they as resistant to environmental stresses. names and uses of certain plants were recorded, The basic staples are complemented by a wide but it was not possible to collect voucher speci- variety of additional wild and cultivated plant mens due to their absence in the Shushufindi set- foods; many of these are included in the list of tlement area or due to constraints imposed by time plants which follows. limitations or seasonal variations.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA The greater part of the identification of the spec- majority of cases, have identical names for given imens was conducted at Field Museum of Natural plants. The language identifications following na- History, Chicago, and most of the voucher spec- tive names for plants usually identify the primary imens are deposited there. Because it was not al- cultural identity of the informant who provided ways possible to find flowering or fruiting speci- the name. In those cases in which it is known that mens, it was not possible to identify all the plants a variation exists in the Siona and Secoya names to species. Several are known only to family or for a given plant, both names are listed. genus. The taxonomic difficulty of several groups Kofan, lowland Quichua, and Spanish names

(e.g., Inga, Anthurium) precluded their complete are included because they are also used by the identification in spite of having fairly complete Siona and Secoya and because they reflect the mul- specimens. The identification of the specimens was ti-ethnic social dynamics of this region of Ama- hampered by the lack of a published flora for Ec- zonia. Cultural contact, borrowing, and intermar- uador and the very limited number ofcomparative riage have occurred between the western herbarium collections from this area, especially of Tukanoans and their Kofan neighbors since pre- the large forest trees. Numerous taxonomic spe- Conquest times, and relations with Spanish-speak- cialists assisted in the identification of the mate- ing peoples are at least several centuries old. In rial, and they are listed in the Acknowledgments. many cases introduced plants have been given A number of general works were consulted to Siona and Secoya names; for others only Kofan or determine the correct nomenclature and/or species Spanish names are used. distributions of the plants discussed here. The principal floristic works used include the follow- ing: Adams, 1972; Croat, 1 978; Dodson& Gentry, 1978; Marling & Sparre, 1973-1982; Howard, 1979;Macbride, 1936-1 971; and Stolze, 1981. Our principal sources of the names and origins of cul- ACANTHACEAE tivated plants were the following: Bailey Horto- rium, 1976; Purseglove, 1968; Simmonds, 1976; Fittonia albivenis (Lindley ex Veitch) Brummitt Terrell, 1977; and Uphof, 1968. Shushufindi. Herb in garden, not planted. Also in primary forest. Colombia to Peru.

minakoro (Kofan) [213] List of Plants of the Siona-Secoya Remedy for headache, muscular pain. Plant is crushed with a rock and boiled with water. The list of is following plants arranged alpha- The decoction is taken orally or can be Within the are betically by family. families, plants rubbed on the afflicted part. arranged alphabetically by genus and species. In the case of well-known economic plants, the com- mon English and/or Latin American Spanish Justicia sp. (fig. 1) name(s) is given following the scientific name of Shushufindi. Herb 1 m tall. Cultivation uncer- the species. Under each species the following in- tain. formation is given: collection locality, plant habit, habitat, and area of origin and/or geographic dis- weoko (Secoya) [69] tribution of the species. Local names in Siona, Dye plant. The emerging leaf is chewed to Secoya, Kofan, lowland Quichua, and Spanish are color the mouth purple. This form of per- then listed (italicized) and are followed by lan- sonal ornamentation is usually reserved for guage identifications and English glosses (when visitation or ceremonial occasions. known) in parentheses. Collection number(s) of Vickers's specimens appears in parentheses fol- lowing the vernacular name, for which the speci- Teliostachya lanceolata Nees men serves as a voucher. Information on the uses Rio Eno. Herb cultivated in garden. Colombia of the plants concludes each entry. to Peru. With regard to the plant names, it should be borne in mind that Siona and Secoya are very Vernacular name unknown [236] closely related dialects of Tukanoan and, in the Remedy for stomachache.

FIELDIANA: BOTANY AMARANTHACEAE ANACARDIACEAE

Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) Nicholson Mangifera indica L. MANGO (Eng., Sp.)

Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in garden. Said to Shushufindi. Tree cultivated in house garden. have been found on beach of Rio Aguarico Introduced. Native of India. after a flood and planted at Eno. Cultigen mango (Spanish) [754] native to tropical America. Edible fruit. horo (Secoya, generic name for flower) [20] Ornamental. Spondias mombin L. HOG-PLUM (Eng.); JOBO, UBOS (Sp.) Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz ssp. lan- Shushufindi. Tree in forest. Tropical ceolata primary America. Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. rohi (Siona) [1 1 1] ma'nya (Secoya, generic name for perfumed Fruit is eaten when it falls from trees in plants) [25] forest. Ornamental.

Amaranthus caudatus L. LOVE-LIES-BLEED- ANNONACEAE ING (Eng.), AMARANTO (Sp.) Sesse ex Dunal Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Annona purpurea Mocino & Native Andean cultigen. Shushufindi. Tree cultivated in house garden. ho'ya sanya (Siona, "house sdnya"; ho'ya Introduced. Native to tropical America. ["house"] indicates domesticated vari- mi'ka (Siona, Secoya) [104] ety) [7] Edible fruit. Ornamental.

Unonopsis veneficiorum (Mart.) R. E. Fries Celosia cristata L.- COCK'S COMB (Eng.) Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Western Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house gardens, Amazonia. widespread. Tropical cultigen of uncertain origin. pi ha'ti (Secoya) [222] Timber for house rafters. kura ttti (Siona, Putumayo, "cockscomb") [1] kura dau (Siona, Aguarico, "cockscomb") [1] Ornamental. APOCYNACEAE

Bonafousia sananho (Ruiz & Pavon) Markgraf

AMARYLLIDACEAE Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. North- western South America. Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze baisu'u (Secoya, "people sw V) [46, 229] Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Edible fruit. Sticky liquid from fruit is put Tropical America. in dog's nose so "they can smell far in hunt- ing." turn ik6 (Siona, Aguarico River, "indigestion remedy") [193] wiha p$ (Siona, Putumayo River) [193] ARACEAE p? (Siona, Putumayo River) [193] Purgative for stomachache. Bulb may be Anthurium cf. uleanum Engl. crushed in water and then boiled or roasted in fire and then eaten; followed by drinking Shushufindi. Epiphytic herb in primary forest. water. Ecuador, Peru, Brazil.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA karico (Kofan) [220] in the divination of the identity of the sor- Remedy for headache. Roots are ground up cerer who caused the death. As the potion with a rock, then boiled. Decoction is taken boils over a fire, it is said to whisper the orally. name of the sorcerer. Then the pot is broken with a pole, and as the liquid vaporizes in Anthurium sp. Sect. Pachyneurium the fire, it is said to speed to the sorcerer and cause his death. Shushufindi. Epiphytic herb on tree trunks in primary forest. Xanthosoma sp. shushufindi kari (Kofan, "shushufindi [Qui- chua toponym] kari") [254] Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. kaho (Secoya, generic term for "itchy" sub- Tropical American root crop. stance) [254] wed kaho (Secoya, "maize itch" [wea refers Remedy for headache. Roots are crushed to golden color of maize; kaho is generic and mixed with water; infusion is taken term referring to an "itchy" substance]) orally. [27] Golden yellow corm is eaten. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott TARO (Eng.); PITUCA, PAPA CHINA (Sp.) Xanthosoma sp. Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Origin in Indo-Malaya. Now widely dis- Tropical American root crop. tributed throughout the tropics. w$ki kaho (Siona, "tapir itch" [weki may refer a 'so kaho (Secoya, "manioc itch" [a 'so im- to large size; kaho is generic term refer- plies similarity to manioc; kaho is generic ring to an "itchy" substance]) [49] term referring to an "itchy" substance]) Corm is eaten. [26] Corm is eaten. A minor food item. Xanthosoma sp.

Monstera cf. adansonii Schott Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Tropical American root crop. Shushufindi. Climbing epiphyte on tree trunks in primary forest. Tropical America. pi'ra (Siona) [729] Leaves are eaten. Leaves are cut, grated, chupo khaki (Kofan, "boil remedy") [257] and cooked with fish. Corm is also eaten; soso ikd (Siona, "boil remedy") [257] reported to be yellow like egg yolk. Remedy for boils. Plant is crushed and boiled in water and decoction is rubbed on boils. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Syngonium podophyllum Schott Aristolochia sp. Shushufindi. Climbing herb in secondary growth Rio Eno. Vine cultivated in house garden. and primary forest. Tropical America. kekena (Siona) [242] 'afro kaho (Siona, "forest itch" ['afro signifies Remedy for stomachache. Plant is crushed feral variety; kaho is generic term refer- with cold water and the infusion drunk. ring to an "itchy" substance]) [ 35] nyanta hu'hu (Secoya, "ant [Paraponera sp.] itch") [96] BALSAMINACEAE nyata kaho (Siona, "ant [Paraponera sp.] itch") [112] Impatiens balsamina L. GARDEN BALSAM Medicine for bite of Paraponera ant. Stem (Eng.) is broken and milky-white sap is applied directly to afflicted part. Also used as an Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. ingredient in funerary potion which is used Introduced. Native to Asia.

FIELDIANA: BOTANY ho'ya horo (Siona, "house flower"; ho'ya im- tion of fabrics and weapons. Sometimes plies domesticated variety) [8] boiled down and molded into sticks. Ornamental. BOMBACACEAE BIGNONIACEAE Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.-SILK COTTON

Arrabidaea chica (H. & B.) Verl. (fig. 6) TREE, KAPOK TREE (Eng.); CEIBA (Sp.)

Shushufindi. Woody vine cultivated in house Shushufindi. Huge tree in primary forest. Pan- garden. Widespread in tropical America. tropical.

nea kuri (Siona, "black kurr) [106] huo yui (Siona, "blowgun cotton") [60] Yields a "black" (actually brown) dye. Fiber in pod is attached to blowgun darts Leaves grated or crushed in water; may be to form pressure seal and airfoil. Seed used cooked or uncooked to yield dye which is as a fish bait. used for painting designs on cushmas. Also cooked to make face paint. Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. BALSA (Eng., Sp.) ma kuri (Siona, "red kurr) [108] Source of red dye. Preparation is the same Shushufindi. Tree in secondary growth. Tropical as for nea kuri (above). America.

yuwi (Siona) [158] Crescentia cujete L.-TREE CALABASH (Eng.), Wood used to make balsa rafts, stilts, dolls, TOTUMO (Sp.) (fig. 8) and other toys. Fiber in pod used (rarely) Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. as mattress stuffing. Native of tropical America, now widely dis- tributed. Quararibea cordata (H. & B.) Vischer SAPOTE (Sp.) sa'sa (Siona, "gourd") [130] Gourdlike fruit used as a bowl or cup. Shushufindi. Cultivated tree in old garden. Na- tive to tropical South America. Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don apasi (Siona) [50] Shushufindi. Tree in upland primary forest. tanke apasi (Secoya, "Cebus apasC'; desig- Widespread in Central and South America. nation indicates that the fruit is eaten by Cebus sp.) [68] wa'we (Siona) [214] Edible fruit with brown skin, orange flesh, Capsule valves used as tool for shaping pot- and pumpkin-like taste. tery.

Quararibea obliquifolia (Standl.) Standl. BIXACEAE Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Central America, Ecuador. Bixa orellana L. ANNATTO (Eng.), ACHIOTE (Sp.)(fig. 1) tanke apasi (Siona, "Cebus apasC'; designa- tion indicates that the fruit is eaten by Rio Eno. Shrub cultivated in house garden. Na- Cebus sp.) [85] tive and widely distributed in Tropical Edible fruit. America.

bayo bdsa (Siona, "oily achiote"; said to have Quararibea sp. attractive quality of making face oily) Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. [240] muhu bdsa (Siona, "thunder achiote") [241] naso apasi (Secoya, "Lagothrix apasi"; des- su'nyo bdsa (Secoya, "yellow achiote") [241] ignation indicates that the fruit is eaten Red oily pulp on seed coat is used for paint- by Lagothrix sp.) [163] ing the face and for temporary pigmenta- Edible fruit.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA BORAGINACEAE Native to South America. Widely cultivat- ed in the tropics. Tournefortia angustiflora R. & P. tutu (Siona) [752] Shushufindi. Vine in primary forest. Colombia Rhizomes are edible. to Peru. Canna indica L. cultivar of hybrid origin hetu bisi (Siona) [107] fendoko o'fa (Kofan) [107] Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Reported to be used as a purgative to Ornamental plant said to have been intro- "cleanse" the body in preparation for duced by missionaries within the last 18 drinking the hallucinogenic Banisteriopsis years. potion. The vine is cut into sections that sasabi'sa horo (Siona, "sasabi'sa flower") [228] are then split lengthwise and steeped in water Ornamental. overnight. The infusion is taken upon awakening during the predawn hours of the Canna sp. all'. C. indica L. same day that the Banisteriopsis ceremony is to be performed (the latter occurring after Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. sunset). Apparently a local cultivar of uncertain ori- gin. BROMELIACEAE sasabi'sa (Siona) [727] Seeds are used as beads to make necklaces.

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. PINEAPPLE (Eng.), PINA (Sp.) CAPPARACEAE Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Native of tropical South America. Capparis magnifica Gilg kdto insi (Siona, "smooth [spineless] pine- Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Ecuador, apple"; distinguished by lack of spines on Peru, and western Brazil. leaf margins; said to have been intro- duced by missionaries) [174] bu'su bara (Siona, same name is applied to Leonia glycycarpa R.& P. [Violaceae] and hai f/tsf (Siona, "big pineapple"; distinguished apparently refers to same use) [82] by large size of fruit) [175] For amusement. When leaves are heated in mid Tnsi (Siona, "spiny pineapple"; distin- fire, they make a sound like a machine gun guished spines on leaf by margins) [776] (tat-tat-tat-tat). Edible fruit.

BURSERACEAE CARICACEAE

Dacryodes cf. kukachkana L. O. Williams Carica microcarpa Jacq. subsp. heterophylla (Poepp. & Endl.) Badillo Shushufindi. Large tree with buttresses in pri- mary forest. Western Amazonia. Shushufindi. Treelet in secondary forest. Pan- ama to Peru and Brazil. kuhebo (Siona) [55] Firewood. 'afro watihiko (Siona, "forest demontail"; "forest" designation indicates feral va- riety) [30] CANNACEAE Wild fruit is collected and eaten.

Canna indica L. -EDIBLE CANNA (Eng.), Carica papaya L. PAPAYA (Eng., Sp.) ACHIRA (Sp.) Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Native to tropical America.

FIELDIANA: BOTANY watihiko (Siona, Secoya, "demon tail") [not COMMELINACEAE collected] nea watihiko (Siona, Secoya, "black demon Geogenanthus ciliatus Bruckn. tail"; distinguished by dark leaf stem) [not Shushufindi. Terrestrial herb in primary forest. collected] Colombia to Peru. bo watihiko (Siona, Secoya, "white demon paparohe khaki (Kofan) [25.3] tail"; said to have bland taste) [not col- Remedy for swollen knee. Plant is cooked lected] with hot water and decoction is rubbed on soa watihiko (Siona, Secoya, "long demon knee. tail"; distinguished by elongated fruit; in- troduced by whites) [not collected] turu (Secoya) [255] Edible fruit. Remedy for worms. Plant is mashed with cold water and infusion is given orally to Carica sp. infants.

Shushufindi. Treelet in primary forest, trans- planted to house garden. COMPOSITAE

'afro watihiko (Siona, "forest demon tail"; Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass. "forest" designation indicates feral va- Shushufindi. Open secondary growth. Widely riety) [126] distributed, Panama to Argentina. Edible fruit.

tuwiyasi (Kofan) [779] Remedy for pimples on head and ears. Leaf is burned and ashes are rubbed on afflicted CARYOCARACEAE part.

(Aubl.) Persoon ALMEN- Caryocar glabrum Clibadium asperum (Aubl.) DC. DRA (Sp.) (fig. 7) Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. Shushufindi. Tree in forest. Tropical primary Widely cultivated in Amazonia as fish poi- South America. son. Panama to northern South America.

tua MO (Siona) [114] to'teo, to'te eo (Secoya, "pounded poison"; For luck in and The good fishing hunting. name refers to method of preparation) inner bark is stripped off and tied tightly [210] around the arms. After 30 minutes the bark A fish poison. The leaves are crushed, mixed is removed, a strip of blisters on the leaving with mashed-up fruit of Bactris gasipaes, arm which later form scars. Said to improve and shaped into balls. These balls are then the aim of the hunter. thrown into streams as bait to poison fish.

Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.

CHENOPODIACEAE Shushufindi. Shrub on riverbank in open sec- ondary growth. Mexico to northern South ('|K- no podium ambrosioides L. WORMSEED America, West Indies. (Eng.) de'a ikd (Siona, "pigment remedy") [180] Shushufindi. Herb commonly cultivated in house o'si sehepa (Kofan) [180] gardens. Native of tropical America. Remedy for carate (white spots on skin). Leaves are crushed and rubbed on legs or wasi ikd (Siona, "worm remedy") [6] other afflicted parts. paico (Spanish) [6] Purgative, treatment for intestinal para- Spilanthes alba L'Her. sites. When crushed, emits a penetrating odor. Also an ingredient in a refreshing Shushufindi. Herb on open riverbanks. Mexico drink. to Peru.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA guhi siri (Siona, "tooth siri") [183] CRASSULACEAE Remedy for toothache. The flower head is placed in the cavity of the decayed tooth. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.

Shushufindi. Fleshy herb cultivated in house Tagetes erecta L.- MARIGOLD (Eng.) garden. Widely cultivated ornamental plant of uncertain origin. Shushufindi. Ornamental herb cultivated in house garden. Introduced. Native of Mex- soma ikd (Siona, "boil remedy") [184] ico. Remedy for boils. Leaves are heated in fire and applied directly to the afflicted part. ho'ya horo (Siona, "house flower"; ho'ya des-

ignates domestication) [3, 4] Ornamental. CUCURBITACEAE

Zinnia elegans Jacq. -ZINNIA (Eng.), ZINIA (Sp.) Cayaponia sp.

Shushufindi. Ornamental herb cultivated in Rio Cuyabeno. Herbaceous vine in primary for- house garden. Introduced by missionaries. est. Native of Mexico. sewe (Secoya) [268] ho'ya horo, horo (Siona, "house flower," Large seeds used to make rattling chest "flower"; ho'ya designates domestica- beads. Seeds are grayish in color when new, but turn with use. tion; horo is generic term for flower) [2] dark brown Ornamental. Fevillea cordifolia L.

Shushufindi. Herbaceous vine in primary forest. Costa Rica to Amazonia.

CONVOLVULACEAE huku (Siona) [776] Green spherical fruit is the size of a grape- Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. SWEET POTATO fruit and contains oily, creamy-white seeds. (Eng.); BATATA, CAMOTE (Sp.) Seeds are dried and burned for light like candles. Also, the oil may be extracted and Shushufindi. Trailing vine cultivated in house used for painting the face to make it shiny gardens. Worldwide cultigen grown for un- before painting it over with achiote (Bixa derground tubers. Probably ofSouth Amer- orelland). ican origin.

bo yahi (Siona, "white sweet potato") [258] Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. BOTTLE Edible tuber, said to be "white." GOURD, CALABASH (Eng.); CALABAZA, PORO (Sp.) bo yahi, sara yahi (Siona, "white sweet po- tato," "many-branched leaf sweet pota- Shushufindi. Herbaceous vine cultivated in to") [259] house garden. Widely distributed cultivat- ma yahi (Siona, "red sweet potato") [260] ed plant grown for fruits. Edible tuber, said to be "red." tayi (Siona) [757] nea yahi (Siona, "black sweet potato") [267] Dried fruit (gourd) used as a toy for chil- Edible tuber. Plant with mauve-colored dren. runners; tuber said to be "black" (actually a deep mauve color). Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. -LOOFAH (Eng.), ES- Rio Eno. Trailing vine cultivated in house gar- TROPAJO (Sp.) den. Shushufindi. Herbaceous vine cultivated in su'nyo yahi (Siona, "yellow sweet potato") house garden. Probably native to India. [246] Said to be a recent introduction from the Edible tuber, said to be "yellow." Quichua.

10 FIELDIANA: BOTANY sosobu'a (Siona) [9] Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm. ssp. funifer (fig. esponjas (local Spanish) [9] 12) The spongelike fiber found within the ma- Shushufindi. Epiphytic climber on tree trunks ture fruit is used to scrub pots and to make in primary forest. Costa Rica to Brazil. wadding for shotgun shells. nyama ya'i (Secoya, "deer yaT; ya'i refers to a class of vines employed for various crafts) [78] Momordica charantia L. BITTER GOURD Pendulous aerial roots employed to weave (Eng.) baskets.

Shushufindi. Herbaceous vine cultivated in house garden. Introduced. Widely distrib- CYPERACEAE uted throughout the tropics. Native to Old World tropics. Cyperus articulatus L.

largatilla (local Spanish) [136] Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Said to have an edible fruit. Tropical South America.

nuni (Secoya) [17] piripiri (Quichua) [17] Rhizome ground and mixed with water for CYCLANTHACEAE cure of tuturawi ("mal viento"), but not taken for grippe or fever. Rhizome has odor Carludovica palmata R. & P. PANAMA HAT of cedar oil. PLANT (Eng.); JIPIJAPA, BOMBONAJE (Sp.) Cyperus prolixus H.B.K.

Shushufindi. Large terrestrial herb in secondary Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. and primary forest on high ground along Mexico to Argentina. river. Guatemala to Bolivia. hududi (Siona) [186] ne'e horo (Siona, "Mauritia flower"; named huhu nuni (Secoya) [186] after Mauritia palm) [159] Remedy for anemia. Said to be "like a vi- Leaf split in two parts and used for thatch. tamin." Rhizome is mixed with water and Also used as an umbrella in sudden down- taken orally. pours. saida nyame dudi (Siona) [187] na'nyame nuni (Secoya, "rainbow nunf) [187] Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. Purgative given to both wife and husband to purify them following the birth ofa child. Shushufindi. Tall coarse herb cultivated in house

garden. Probably transplanted from pri- Cyperus sp. mary forest. Guatemala to Peru and Brazil. Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. nu'tu (Siona) [15] Perfume and body ornament. The fragrant dudi (Siona) [777] showy bracts of the inflorescence are nuni (Secoya) [777] trimmed with fringes and then secured un- kanowecu (Kofan) [777] der wristbands. Remedy for menstruation (which is consid- ered to be a ritually polluting disease of Shushufindi. Coarse herb in secondary and pri- women). mary forest.

'airo nu'tu (Secoya, "forest nu'tu"; designa- DIOSCOREACEAE tion indicates feral variety) [65] Bracts of this wild form are said to be green Dioscorea trifida L. f.-CUSH-CUSH YAM (Eng., and not fragrant as the cultivated form (cf. nu'tu above). Shushufindi. Vine cultivated in house garden.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 11 Native to northern South America and Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millspaugh widely cultivated for the edible tubers. Shushufindi. Weedy herb in houseyards. Pan- nea nyaho (Siona, "black yam") [722] tropical weed. Edible underground tuber, said to be black. wito sa'wi bo nyaho (Siona, "white yam") [105] (Siona) [33] from broken stem is used to treat Edible underground tuber, said to be white. Milky sap fungus infections between the toes.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE Manihot esculenta Crantz MANIOC, CASSA-

VA (Eng.); YUCA (Sp.) (figs. 3, 5, 8, 9) Erythroxylum ulei O. E. Schulz Shushufindi. Cultivated shrub in house garden. Native to the American tropics and now Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. found in all tropical countries. Probably transplanted from forest. Widely distributed in the eastern Andes. tropical makoro a'so (Siona, "red sprout manioc"; name refers to the color of this " variety's suara ikd (Siona, Prochilodus [fish] reme- young leaves) [167] dy") Edible tuber primarily used for manioc awi iti fast (Kofan) [144] cakes. Remedy for diarrhea with blood ("sinter- bo a'so "white ia"), body aches ("dolor de piquete"), (Siona, manioc") [168] toothaches, and headaches. Leaves are Edible tuber. Petiole and midrib on upper crushed and mixed with water, and mixture leaf surface red; midrib on lower leaf sur- is boiled and then drunk. Also said to be face white. effective in cold water ("fresco"). meha a'so (Siona, "sand manioc") [170] Edible tuber. Not preferred for regular use, Rio Eno. Shrub cultivated in house garden. but utilized for rapid tuber production when Probably transplanted from forest. Widely moving to a new site. A fast-growing variety distributed in the eastern Andes. that matures in six months. Said to contain

na'nyame ikd (Siona, "rainbow remedy") little starch. [238] si' re a'so (Siona, "fine-leaved manioc") [191] itifasi(Kofan)[238] Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. This variety is Remedy for sore throat and stomachache. distinguished by its long, fine, pointed Stem is grated or mashed, mixed with cold leaves. Petiole is reddish; midrib is white water, and then taken orally. on both leaf surfaces. Said to produce well.

nea a'so (Siona, "black manioc"; "black" designation refers to petiole which is re- EUPHORBIACEAE ported to be of this color) [not collected] Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. Caryodendron orinocense Karsten siri a 'so (Siona, "cloud manioc"; "cloud" des- ignation refers to foamy nature of chicha Shushufindi. Immense tree in primary forest. made from this variety) [not collected] Northern South America. Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. stini (Siona) [57] weki a 'so (Siona, "tapir manioc"; "tapir" des- inchi (Quichua) [57] ignation refers to the tall and robust stems mani de monte (local Spanish, "forest pea- ofthis variety [the tapir is the most robust nut") [57] animal of the neotropics]) [not collected] Seeds are edible. Seeds are removed from Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. capsule and toasted over fire. They smell like peanuts. makii a'so (Siona, "red-stemmed manioc";

12 FIELDIANA: BOTANY name refers to the color of this variety's kugi kisi (Kofan) [256] stems) [not collected] Remedy for toothache and headache. The Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. leaves are pounded with a rock and boiled in water. For toothache, the infusion is held bikori a'so (Siona, "smoke manioc"; name in the mouth; for headache, the liquid is refers to the reportedly brown color of taken through the nose with a spoon. this variety's tubers) [not collected] Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. Dalbergaria picte (Karsten) Wiehler gdsa a'sd (Secoya, "Jessenia palm manioc") Shushufindi. Climbing herbaceous vine in pri- [not collected] mary forest. Colombia and Ecuador. Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. Reported to be

an aboriginal Secoya variety. soma miitd (Secoya, "boil [i.e., sore] tobac- co") [72] sufto a'so (Siona, "yellow manioc"; name re- Leaf is smoked like tobacco. fers to the reportedly yellow color of this variety's stem pith) [not collected] Drymonia coriacea (Oerst. ex Hanst.) Wiehler Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. Shushufindi. Vine in secondary growth. Colom- sima a'so (Siona, "poison manioc"; name re- bia and Ecuador. fers to the high concentration of hydro- cyanic acid in this variety) [not collected] macenidsi (Kofan) [120] Primarily used for manioc cakes; tuber is Remedy for toothache and mouth ulcers. poisonous. Leaves are crushed and boiled. Decoction is gargled when warm and may be kept in 'afro bai a 'so (Siona, "forest people manioc") mouth for five minutes. [not collected] Primarily used for manioc cakes; tuber is Gloxinia perennis (L.) Fritsch poisonous. Rio Eno. Rather fleshy herb cultivated in house yara a'so (Secoya) [not collected] garden. Native to tropical South America, Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. May be a syn- cultivated elsewhere. onym for weki a'sd variety (above). sumo ikd (Siona, "boil remedy") [249] mattka a'so (Secoya) [not collected] koto ikd (Siona) [249] Edible tuber, nonpoisonous. May be a syn- Remedy for boils. Plant is cooked in hot onym for another variety. water and the afflicted part is bathed with the infusion. Phyllanthus pseudoconami Muell. Arg.

Shushufindi. Shrub or treelet cultivated in gar- dens. Widely distributed from Mexico to Argentina. GRAMINEAE

kwimbe (Siona) [45] Arundo donax L. GIANT REED (Eng.) Reported to be a fish poison. Shushufindi. Cultivated herb in open house gar- den. Native to Old World. Widely culti- GESNERIACEAE vated.

kinapipi (Secoya, "rock cane") [99] Codonanthopsis dissimulate (H. E. Moore) Wieh- guna pipi (Siona, "rock cane") [99] ler Culms used to make panpipes ("ronda- Shushufindi. Epiphytic herb with fleshy leaves dor"). forming "ant gardens" on tree trunks in for- est margins and Mauritiaflexuosa swamps. Axonopus scoparius (Fliigge) Kuhlm. Northern South America. Shushufindi. Cultivated herb in house garden. huku ikd (Siona "ant remedy"; hfiku is but Native to tropical America and widely cul- one of many species of ants) [161] tivated as forage plant.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 13 duru weki taya (Siona, "bull tapir grass"; cat- pindo (Spanish name reported from Colom- tle are named after the tapir) [799] bian Amazon) Pasture. Stems of mature specimens used for poling canoes. Sections of smaller stems are used

Bambusa sp. subgen. Guadua BAMBOO (Eng.) to make earplugs and the bases of feather

(figs. 3, 9) "flowers" which are hung on necklaces.

Rio Eno. Tall bamboo growing in abandoned garden, cultivated. Lasiacis ligulata Hitchc. & Chase mame (Siona) [264] Rio Eno. Tall grass in secondary growth in guama (local Spanish) [264] cleared field. Widely distributed in tropical Woody culms used to make spear points South America. and blowgun dart quivers. pipi (Siona, "cane") [243] Hollow culms used as children's peashoot- Coix lachrymae-jobi L.- JOB'S TEARS (Eng.) ers. (fig. 1)

Shushufindi. Tall grass cultivated in house gar- den. Native to Southeast Asia. Widely cul- Oryza sativa L. RICE (Eng.), ARROZ (Sp.) tivated in the tropics. Shushufindi. Grain cultivated in limited amounts

wea yi 'yo (Secoya, "maize bead") [23] in gardens. Introduced cultigen originally Hard, round, gray fruits used for beads. from Southeast Asia.

kurawea (Secoya, "chicken maize") [100] arusu (Quichua, corruption of Spanish arroz) Fruits used for chicken food. [not collected] Potential cash crop which Siona and Secoya have to on an Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf LEMON only recently begun grow basis. GRASS (Eng.) experimental

Shushufindi. Grass cultivated in house garden. Pariana aurita Swallen Native to tropical Asia. Shushufindi. Grass in primary forest. Amazo- gati ma 'nya (Siona, "cane perfume"; ma 'nya nian Ecuador and Peru. is generic term for perfume plants) [11] hierba luisa (Spanish) [11] mamekoko (Secoya) [64] Aromatic leaves used to a drink with make Plants are bound together to make a sha- water. for sugar and Also taken stomach- man's rattle which is used in Banisteriopsis ache. ceremonies.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Pariana sp. (fig. 10) Shushufindi. Weedy grass colonizing recently Shushufindi. Grass persisting in garden, not cleared areas. Abundant in houseyards and planted. on airstrip. Pantropical weed. mamekoko (Secoya) [262] taya (Siona, "grass") [31] Plants are bound together to make a sha- No reported use. man's rattle which is used in Banisteriopsis ceremonies. Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv.

Shushufindi. Giant grass growing on river bank. I 'a spa In in conjugatum Berg. Widespread in tropical America. Shushufindi. Weedy grass in houseyards and wigdti (Siona, "vw cane"; wi refers to a class disturbed areas. Tropical American weed. of unidentified small palms [see Bactris sp. cf. B. concinna]) [16, 266] sarataya (Siona, "many-branched grass") [32] cafta brava (Spanish) No reported use.

14 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Pharus latifolia L. morocho (local Spanish) [not collected] A variety of maize with hard kernels. In- Shushufindi. Grass in secondary and primary troduced by whites. Primarily used as an forest. Widespread in tropical America. animal feed and as a cash crop. 'afroyaih?h$(Secoya, "jaguar's fear" [the lit- kinapo wea (Secoya, Siona, kinapo "maize") eral translation of 'afro yaf is "forest fe- [not collected] lid," but refers specifically to the jaguar]) A native variety of maize whose kernels are [207] white, soft, and mealy. Eaten boiled, roast- No reported use. Jaguars are said to be ed, and used to make maize chicha (wea "afraid" of this plant because the barbed kdnd). Also mixed with plantains to make ripe fruits (caryopses) stick to their fur. a flatbread (piri) that is toasted on ceramic griddles.

Saccharum officinarum L.- SUGARCANE (Eng.), ma wea (Secoya, Siona, "red maize") [not col- CANA DE AZUCAR (Sp.) lected] Shushufindi. Widely cultivated in gardens. Orig- wea repa (Secoya, Siona, "maize proper") [not inally domesticated in New Guinea, now a collected] kernels. pantropical cultigen. A native variety of maize with red Said to be soft like kinapo wea (above). hi'e gdti (Siona, "striped cane"; name refers Used to make a flatbread (wea 'do). to stripes on leaves) [not collected] si 'e gdti (Siona, "blood cane"; name refers to nea wea (Secoya, Siona, "black maize") [not the reddish color of this variety) [not col- collected] ker- lected] A native variety of maize with black susu gdti (Siona, "sucking cane"; reported to nels. Used to make maize chicha and flat- be a small variety suitable for giving to bread. suckling infants) [not collected] po 're wea (Secoya, Siona, "ashy maize") [not wasi gdti (Siona, "worm cane"; name refers collected] to the dark-colored leaves of this variety) A native variety of maize that is said to [not collected] have soft, ashy-colored kernels. Eaten boiled nea "black for gdti (Siona, cane"; synonym or roasted and used to make maize chicha. wasi gdti [see above]) [not collected] Predominantly used as a snack food.

GUTTIFERAE Zea mays L.- MAIZE, INDIAN CORN (Eng.);

MAIZ (Sp.) (figs. 4, 5) Rheedia acuminata (R. & P.) Planch. & Triana Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in gardens. Orig- Shushufindi. Small tree in house garden, prob- inally domesticated in Mexico, now wide- ably transplanted from primary forest. Na- spread in tropical and temperate zones of tive from Mexico to Peru. the world.

piri maharo (Secoya, "rough-surfaced ma- dhi wea (Secoya, Siona, "soft maize"; wea is haro") [303] the generic term for maize) [not collected] madrono (local Spanish) [203] A variety of maize that is said to have been Fruit is with a sweet taste. introduced by missionaries. Eaten boiled or edible, roasted. Reported to produce higher yields than native varieties.

haha wea (Secoya, Siona, "bursting maize") IRIDACEAE [not collected] A variety of popcorn. Reportedly intro- Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. duced by whites. Shushufindi. Herb with red bulb cultivated in kina wea (Secoya, Siona, "rock maize") [not house garden. Native of tropical America. collected] Widely cultivated as an ornamental.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 15 wa'ro (Secoya, Siona) [22, 172] Genus and species unidentified The red bulb is crushed and mixed with Shushufindi. Large tree in primary forest. water and drunk to kill intestinal parasites and worms. wio st wSkineo (Secoya, "pleasant-smelling yellow-wooded tree") [225] yai wa 'ro (Secoya, "dog wa 'ro"; yafis generic Wood used for house posts and shotgun term for felids, but Siona and Secoya in- stocks. clude domestic dogs in this category as ho 'ya yai, or "house felid") [24] Bulb is crushed and mixed with water and LECYTHIDACEAE given to dog to improve hunting ability. Believed to enhance dog's ability to follow Grias neuberthii Macbride scent of collared and white-lipped peccar- Shushufindi. Medium-sized tree in primary for- ies. Not ingested by humans. est. Colombia to Peru.

kasi (Siona) [84] LABIATAE Pear-sized cauliflorous fruits are grated and mixed with water to prepare a purgative. also be roasted in the fire and Hyptis capitata Jacq. They may eaten. Shushufindi. Aromatic herb cultivated in house garden. Widespread tropical weed. LEGUMINOSAE nohabianyono (Kofan) [182] for nea utd "black diar- Remedy (Secoya, Aeschynomene americana L. rhea"). Leaves are crushed and mixed with cold water and infusion is drunk. Shushufindi. Weedy herb at edge of houseyard. Said to have been introduced by mission- aries. Florida to Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. Argentina.

Shushufindi. Herb in open disturbed areas. rudu weki 'do (Siona, "bull tapir manioc that this is a Common weed in tropical America. cake"; name indicates food of cattle [cattle are likened to tapirs be- kweso bid (Siona, "kweso pepper") [40] cause of their large size]) [42] No reported use. Forage crop for cattle. Also said to be good for chickens. Ocimum ink-rant hum Willd. ALBAHACA (Sp.) 2) (fig. Inga edulis Mart.-GUAMO, PACAY (Sp.) Shushufindi. Aromatic herb in house garden. Shushufindi. Cultivated tree. Widely distributed in American Widespread tropics. from Central America to Brazil.

gdno ma'nya (Siona, "chicha perfume") [12] ho'ya beni (Secoya, "house Inga"; ho'ya kono ma'nya (Secoya, "chicha perfume") [12] ["house"] implies cultivated variety) [9.?] Perfume plant. Twigs are inserted under old ben? (Siona) [9^] wristbands or crushed and rubbed on the Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. shoulders.

Inga marginata Willd. LAURACEAE Shushufindi. Large tree with small buttresses in primary forest. Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil. Persea americana Mill. AVOCADO (Eng.) bne (Siona, "Inga"; bne is generic term for Shushufindi. Tree in house gardens. Inga) [59] aguacate (Spanish) [not collected] siri bene (Secoya, "siri Inga") [80] Edible fruit. Reportedly introduced by sisi bnt> (Siona, "small monkey Inga"; sisi is whites. a category of small monkeys, including

16 FIELDIANA: BOTANY some species of Callicebus and Saimiri; pa 'pa bene (Siona, "palm [species unidenti- name refers to the fact that monkeys eat fied] Inga") [not collected] the fruit of this variety) [727] Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. kwinya ben? (Siona, "bird [a particular, but unidentified, species] Inga") [727] Inga sp. 'aim yoko p&ne (Secoya, "forest Paullinia Cuyabeno. Tree in primary forest. Inga") [224] Fruit not collected by humans, but eaten kosi b$n& (Siona) [not collected] by a variety of primates and birds. Leaves are heated over fire and applied to ear in treatment of earache. Inga thibaudiana DC. Inga sp. Shushufindi. Large tree in primary forest. Belize to Brazil. Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest.

noka be~n (Siona, "plantain Inga"; noka is sese bene (Secoya, "white-lipped peccary generic name for plantains) [40] Inga") [not collected] Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. No reported use.

Inga sp. Inga sp.

Shushufindi. Tree cultivated in house gardens. Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest.

wa'nya benS (Siona, "machete Inga") [J35, tin bn (Secoya, "corrugated Inga"; name 194] refers to ripples along the fruit pod mar- ota bSnS (Siona) [47] gin) [not collected] Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. Fruit said to be 1 m long, shaped like a machete. Inga sp.

Inga sp. Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest.

Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. 'Smu benS (Secoya, "howler monkey Inga"; name refers to the fact that the fruit of got b&ng (Secoya, "turtle Inga") [142] this variety is "red and hairy like a howler Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. monkey") [not collected] Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. Inga sp.

Shushufindi. Tree in also primary forest; per- Lonchocarpus nicou (Aubl.) DC. BARBASCO in cleared fields. sisting (Sp.)

do 'ki name re- pene (Secoya, "grimy Inga"; Shushufindi. Cultivated treelet in old house gar- fers to dark nature of seed ex- fuzzy pod den. Widely distributed in tropical South terior) [206] America as a fish poison. Sweet, white pulp around seeds is eaten. ho'ya eo (Siona, "house poison"; "house" Pods said to be about 1 8 cm long. designation indicates that this is a do- mesticated plant) [53] Inga sp. Roots are utilized as fish poison in small Shushufindi. Tree cultivated in house garden, streams and oxbow lakes during dry season. also found in primary forest.

Ormosia cf. amazonica Ducke wa 'so bene (Siona) [7 34] white around seeds is eaten. Sweet, pulp Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Middle to Upper Amazon. Inga sp. tuku (Siona) [270] Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Red seeds used as beads.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 17 Parkia sp. (?) wa'iyahe (Siona, "meat Banisteriopsis") [125] Leaf is green. Shushufindi. Seedling tree in primary forest. ya'wi yahe (Siona, "collared peccary Banis- kahe (Secoya) [70] teriopsis") [124] No reported use. Leaf has yellow stripes.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. (probably) COMMON naso anya yahe (Siona, "woolly monkey snake BEAN (Eng.), FRUOL (Sp.) Banisteriopsis") [157] naso yahe (Siona, "woolly monkey Baniste- Shushufindi. Vine cultivated in house garden. riopsis") [157] poroto (local Spanish) [not collected] Leaf has yellow stripes. Edible vegetable. Introduced by mission- yahe repa (Siona, "Banisteriopsis proper") aries.

Tephrosia sinapou (Buchoz) A. Chev. BARBAS- tara yahe (Siona, "bone Banisteriopsis"; the CO (Sp.) vine of this variety is knobby and said to be "hard like a bone") [189] Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in gardens. Widely distributed in tropical America. Rio Eno. Woody vine cultivated in house gar- dens. eo (Siona, Secoya, "poison") [198] Fish poison (use not observed). ya'wi yahe (Siona, "collared peccary Banis- teriopsis") [244] Genus and species unidentified naso yahe (Siona, "woolly monkey Baniste- Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. riopsis") [245] Leaves at apex of vine have yellow splotch- anya piki mdo (Secoya, "anya piki" is the es. name of river demon; "mdo" refers to a class of red-wooded trees) [218] wa'iyahe (Siona, "meat Banisteriopsis") [247] Bark is scraped and mixed with a little water 'afro yahe (Siona, "forest Banisteriopsis"; and applied to cuts. Very hard red wood "forest" designation indicates a feral va- with black heart, said to bend axe blades. riety) [250]

LILIACEAE Banisteriopsis sp. (probably B. caapi)

Shushufindi. vine cultivated in house Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. Woody gardens. Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. hi 'a "bird Native of tropical Asia. yahe (Siona, Banisteriopsis"; name refers to the small leaves of this variety) ho'ya ha'o (Siona, "house leaf"; a generic [not collected] name; this plant has recently been intro- sia sewi yahe (Siona, "egg sewi Banisteriop- duced and has not acquired a Siona or sis"; leaves are reported to be "yellow- Secoya name) [151] ish") [not collected] Planted as an ornamental in houseyards. sese yahe (Siona, "white-lipped peccary Ban- MALPIGHIACEAE isteriopsis") [not collected] wgki yahe (Siona, "tapir Banisteriopsis"; the Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) Morton tapir designation refers to the large size YAGE, AYAHUASCA (indigenous names) which this variety attains) [not collected] (figs. 1,6, 15, 16) yafyahe (Siona, "jaguar Banisteriopsis") [not Shushufindi. Woody vine cultivated in house collected] gardens. Widely distributed in northwest- nea yahe (Siona, "black Banisteriopsis"; name ern South America. The numerous clones said to refer to the dark coloration of the all are used as hallucinogens. vine in this variety) [not collected]

18 FIELDIANA: BOTANY horo yahe (Secoya, "flower Banisteriopsis"; monial house with other participants. The drink- although this is reported as a variety, it ing of yahe is a communal act in Siona-Secoya may refer to flowering stage) [not col- culture. Whole families may take part, and the lected] number of individuals present may exceed 20. The participants arrive in their finest hu'ika ("cush- Cuyabeno. Woody vine cultivated in house gar- mas" or knee-length cotton tunics) and are adorned dens. with elaborate red face paintings (made from seed sise yahe (Siona, "sise Banisteriopsis") [not pigments of Bixa orellana), many strands of collected] brightly colored beads, and fragrant plants fas- tened to their arms by woven cotton bands.

Diplopterys cabrerana (Cuatr.) Gates (figs. 14, 16) The shaman sits on a special log bench and be- gins a long and rhythmic chant over the yahe pot. Shushufindi. Woody vine cultivated in gardens. After he has sung for nearly an hour, he serves Western Amazon. yahe to each person wishing to take it (normally yahe 'oko (Siona, "Banisteriopsis water") [272] this will include everyone present, except for very Hallucinogen. Leaves are an admixture to small children). Banisteriopsis drink. As the shaman serves the yahe, he performs a blowing ritual and shakes a rattle which is fash- Plants of the genus Banisteriopsis are considered ioned from the bound leaves of mamekoko (Par- to be sacred and are the medium through which iana spp.) over the person who is about to drink. the Siona and Secoya seek supernatural knowl- These actions are intended to startle away any edge. Yahe ceremonies are frequently held at in- demons that may be lurking about. After they have tervals of about once a month, but may be per- been served, the participants return to hammocks formed within a few days of each other if the which they have hung from the house posts and shaman has a specific purpose in mind, such as to wait for the drug to take effect. After an hour or appeal to the spirits for a cessation of the rains so two many experience severe nausea or diarrhea, that the fields may be burned. The preparation of but the shaman manifests little discomfort due to the Banisteriopsis potion is carried out by two or his great experience with yahe. Following this pe- three assistants known as yahe kwakoki ("Ban- riod of physical discomfort among the partici- isteriopsis cooks"). The afternoon before the cer- pants, they are prepared to enter into a spiritual emony is to take place, these assistants go to the experience, with the shaman as their leader. garden or forest to cut lengths of the Banisteriopsis The shaman sings and chants to the beat of the vine and then carry them slowly and respectfully leaf rattle which he shakes in one hand. The words to a special ceremonial hut known as the yahe of his song are in a magical dialect which is only

' wi e ("Banisteriopsis house"), which is located in partially understood by the others present. It is the forest away from the settlement. believed that, during the ceremony, the shaman's The following morning one assistant begins soul rises to the heavenly realms and mingles with cooking the Banisteriopsis, while the others bring the ma 'timo bai ("heavenly people"), including water and firewood and clean the ceremonial house. such groups as the hi'e saipi bai ("plum-throated The sections of vine are pounded with a wooden cotinga people") and wakara 6af("heron people"). club and then placed in a large pot with an ad- The world of the ma 'timo bdiis one ofgreat beau- mixture ofleaves of Diplopterys cabrerana (Cuatr.) ty and bounty, and the shaman describes it in Gates. The Siona-Secoya refer to this plant as yahe detail. The heavenly people may even descend to 'oko ("Banisteriopsis water") and state that it en- the earth during the ceremony; however, only the hances yahe visions. Then water is added and the shaman sees them clearly, and he interprets his mixture is boiled throughout the day. Rituals are vision to the other drinkers ofyahe. With his guid- performed during this period to protect the yahe ance they may understand the significance of the from demons. In the afternoon the contents of the vision and the shaman's song. The shaman may pot are strained and only a viscous honey-colored also play a one-stringed musical bow, and it is said decoction remains. This liquid is wea yahe ("maize that the heavenly people dance to the haunting Banisteriopsis"; "maize" refers to the color of the music produced by this instrument. The shaman decoction) and is the actual potion that is con- continues to chant throughout the night, and from sumed. time to time his songs are answered by choruses Before sunset the shaman arrives at the cere- from the others in their hammocks. The virtuoso

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 19 shaman never rests or reclines in a hammock, horo (Siona, "flower"; horo is a general term however. He must blow the fragrant smoke of for flowering ornamentals) [766] beeswax over the others to protect them from de- Ornamental plant with showy pink flowers.

mons, chant over them when they become ill, and guide them through the long night. Sida glomerata Cav. As the dawn breaks, the shaman serves addi- Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. tional portions ofyahg to those who desire it. One Native from Mexico to Paraguay. of the men in attendance also prepares the usual stimulating morning beverage of yoko (Paullinia yua su6 (Secoya, "broom") [29] yoco R. E. Schult. & Killip) which is served to escoba (local Spanish, "broom") [29] others. The shaman then performs curing rituals Stems used to make brooms for sweeping on those who are suffering from ailments. In order houses. to effect a cure, the shaman must contact the watt ("demon") that is the spirit helper of the sorcerer who has caused the illness. Once communication

with the spirit helper has been established and the MARANTACEAE identity of the sorcerer learned, the shaman con- tracts with the spirit helper to end the illness. Fi- Calathea allouia (Aubl.) Lindl.-LEREN, LAIR- nally, the shaman sings special curing songs and EN, DALE DALE (Sp.) sucks and massages the afflicted part of the patient Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. to extract the foreign body causing the pain (e.g., West Indies to northern South America. darts, thorns, or pebbles). By mid-morning the people begin to roll up their hammocks and depart sewi (Siona) [177] the ceremonial house. Bears edible tubers which are boiled and eaten. Said to have been brought into the world by Makaguaje shamans (a Western Tukanoan of the River MALVACEAE people Putumayo Basin).

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik Calathea sp. (C. ornata [Linden] Koern. group) Shushufindi. Tall herb cultivated in house gar- Shushufindi. Herb in primary and secondary den. Introduced, native of Southeast Asia. forest.

anya nye nye (Siona, "snake nye nye") [155] kosiri ha'o (Secoya, "shiny-smooth leaf") Said to be a remedy for snakebite. [202] Remedy for sore throat. The leaves are barbadense L. TREE COTTON Gossypium mixed with water and the infusion taken (Eng.), ALGODON (Sp.) (fig. 9) orally. Shushufindi. Treelet cultivated in house garden. Native of South America, now widely cul- Ischnosiphon cerotus Loesener (fig. 21) tivated. Shushufindi. Tall herb in primary forest. North- ho'ya yui (Siona, "house cotton"; "house" western South America. designation indicates domesticated va- porekd (Secoya) [74] riety) [10] Stem is split and woven to make sieve for Used to weave armbands and wind around processing manioc flour. end of blowgun dart to form pressure seal and airfoil. Ischnosiphon puberulus Loesener (fig. 2 1 )

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ORNAMENTAL HI- Shushufindi. Herb in primary forest. Amazon BISCUS (Eng.) Basin to the Guianas.

Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. wuwu (Secoya) [77] Introduced by missionaries. Origin uncer- Stem is split and woven to make sieve for tain, but possibly from tropical Asia. processing manioc flour.

20 FIELDIANA: BOTANY MELASTOMATACEAE Guarea macrophylla Vahl ssp. pendulispica (C. DC.) Pennington Blakea sp. all. B. ciliata Mgf. or B. rosea (R. & Shushufindi. Frequent large tree with buttresses P.) Don in primary forest. Amazonian Colombia to Shushufindi. Shrub in primary forest. Bolivia.

yayurua (Secoya) [255] wdsuo (Siona) [83] hiri khaki (Kofan) [255] Firewood. Wood reddish within. Treatment for burns. Leaves are crushed in cold water, and burn is bathed with the in- fusion. MENISPERMACEAE

Miconia astroplocama Donn. Smith Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandw. Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Costa Rica, Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Amazon Panama, Ecuador, and Peru. Basin and adjacent areas. 'ad ne'e au (Secoya) [207] 1 dayawi uo (Secoya, "swamp no" ) [221] Wood is reportedly used for poles in house Wood used to make house rafters. construction.

Triolena pluvialis (Wurdack) Wurdack MONIMIACEAE Shushufindi. Herb in primary forest. Colombia to Peru. Mollinedia sp. kdshasi (Kofan) [2/9] Shushufindi. Shrub in primary forest. Remedy for toothache. Plant is ground with a rock, boiled in water, and then placed in hu'hu (Secoya) [81] the mouth and held for five minutes; then Remedy for stomachache. The leaves are the procedure is repeated. boiled with water and the decoction is drunk.

MELIACEAE MORACEAE

Cedrela odorata L. (probably) -WEST INDIAN Artocarpus altilis (S. Parkinson) Fosberg CEDAR (Eng.), CEDRO (Sp.) (fig. 2) BREADFRUIT (Eng.), ARBOL DE PAN (Sp.) Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Mexico to Shushufindi. Tree cultivated in house garden. Argentina and West Indies. Native to islands of the South Pacific. In- bo mid (Siona, "white cedar") [792] troduced and widely planted in Amazonia. Wood is used to make canoes, but the "red" air$ (Siona [Secoya informant states that this variety is preferred over this type. name is borrowed from an unidentified ma mid (Secoya, "red cedar") [not collected] tropical forest tree]) [150] The preferred wood for canoes. fruta de pan (Spanish, "breadfruit") [750] Edible fruit. Guarea kunthiana A. Juss. Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. Shushufindi. Frequent large tree with buttresses in primary forest. Costa Rica to Paraguay. Shushufindi. Tall tree in primary forest. Ama- zon Basin and adjacent areas. 60 'M (Siona) [54] biliwiri (reported Spanish name in Colombia) sara wdki nyu (Secoya, "many-branched Ce- [54] cropia tree") [92] Firewood; aril of fruit eaten by birds. No reported use.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 21 Cecropia sp. uvillas (local Spanish, "little grapes") [86] Edible fruit. Shushufindi. Tall tree in secondary forest; in- habited by stinging red ants. Pseudolmedia laevis (R. & P.) Macbride (fig. 12) wdki nyu (Siona, "Cecropia tree") [91] Shushufindi. Tall tree with buttresses in primary Trunk used to make raft for temporary use. forest. Tropical South America. Soft wood.

yahi (Siona) [56, 185] Cecropia sp. tdto yahi (Secoya, "buttressed yahf) [231] Shushufindi. Tree in secondary forest. wea yahi (Secoya, "maize yahr) [231] Red fruits are edible, produced in Decem- ko 'eo (Siona) [205] ber. Wood said to be "hard as a rock." ko 'iyo (Secoya) [205] setico (local Spanish) [205] No reported use. MUSACEAE

Cecropia sp. (probably) Heliconia sp. (fig. 4) Shushufindi. Tree found along riverbanks. Shushufindi. Large herb in secondary growth. ka 'iri wdki (Secoya, "slippery Cecropia") [not penoka (Siona, "/?e-plantain") [38] collected] Leaves used to line netted bags when car- Laid down as foundation for sliding canoes rying meat. from building site in forest to riverbank.

Musa x paradisiacaL. BANANA, PLANTAIN Ficus yoponensis Desv. (Eng.); BANANA, PLATANO (Sp.) (figs. 5, Shushufindi. Huge tree with large buttresses in 12, 18) primary forest. Southern Mexico to Peru. Shushufindi. Large herb cultivated in house gar- kd'ko nyu (Siona, "ka'ko tree") [90] dens. Introduced. Native of southeastern Fresh latex is ingested as a remedy for diar- Asia. rhea and worms. noka repa (Siona, "plantain proper") [not col- lected] Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart, ex Miquel (fig. 11) Produces "cooking banana" or plantain. Shushufindi. Tree cultivated in house gardens. Siona-Secoya believe it to be a native cul- Western Amazon Basin. tivar. Eaten boiled, fried, roasted, or broiled and used in making noka kdno ("plantain kwi ya 7 (Siona) [not collected] chicha"). uvillas (local Spanish, "little grapes") [not col- lected] hai noka (Siona, "large plantain") [not col- Edible fruit. lected] hai moa noka (Secoya, "thick plantain") [not Pourouma sp. collected] Variety of cooking banana that is reported Shushufindi. Tree planted in house garden. Re- to produce large heads and thick fruits. ported to occur also in primary forest. hiko sara noka (Siona, "tail-less plantain") kwi ya 7 (Siona) [123} [not collected] Edible fruit. soho peo noka (Secoya, "tail-less plantain") [not collected] Pourouma sp. Variety of cooking banana that is reported Shushufindi. Large tree with buttresses in pri- to have no male bud ("tail") at the tips of mary forest. its bunches.

airo kwi ya 7 (Siona, "forest kwi ya 7""; "for- ma noka (Siona, "red plantain") [not collect- est" designation indicates a wild variety) ed] [86] cortajeta (local Spanish) [not collected]

22 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Variety of banana that has a reddish brown roasted or boiled or is made into plantain tint on its peel. Can be eaten raw or used chicha. It is believed that it will cause in- for making a banana beverage (noka kdno)', testinal worms if eaten raw. also said to be good for feeding to pigs. wahu noka (Siona, "tender green plantain," Flesh is tender and sweet. wahu is a core concept in Siona thought and connotes a force that is tender neaka noka (Siona, "black-leaved plantain"; living and green) [not the suffix -ka is usually glossed as collected] "-winged," but in this context refers to wina noka (Secoya, "young green plantain") the leaves) [not collected] [not collected] Variety of cooking banana that is reported to have "black" pseudostems and leaves. ya'wi noka (Secoya, "collared peccary plan- Fruit is said to be identical to noka repa tain") [not collected] and is used for the same purposes in cook- This variety is reported to ripen even though the skin retains its ing (see above). green color.

wall noka (Siona, "demon plantain"; name sai noka (Secoya, "sat plantain") [not col- refers to the "supernatural" forces that lected] propagate this variety along riverbanks) hartdn (local Spanish, "superabundant") [not [not collected] collected] This variety produces some of the largest aki noka (Secoya, "white man's plantain") of the cooking bananas (the mean weight [not collected] of three fruits with skins weighed in the field chiririo (local Spanish) [not collected] was 563 g). Each plant is reported to yield orito (local Spanish, diminutive form of three bunches of fruit. "gold") Variety of dwarf banana that is eaten raw. Indian sdparo noka (Secoya, "Zaparo plan- It has a sweet flavor. The Siona-Secoya nor- tain") [not collected] mally prefer it less than cooking bananas, siri noka col- (Siona, "foam plantain") [not but are forced to rely on it when they move lected] to new habitation sites and have no estab- bijillas (Peruvian Spanish) [not collected] lished gardens. (The dwarf bananas are col- This variety of banana is said to be deli- lected from uncultivated stands along riv- cious raw. It is also prized for making chi- erbanks where they are dispersed during cha is said to as it and produce much foam floods.) When cooking bananas are avail- is boiled. It is reported to be too "soft" for able, the dwarf bananas are used as an oc- other cooking purposes. casional snack food and fed to dogs, chick- ens, and pigs. sera noka (Secoya, "silk plantain"; sera is a of seda in col- corruption Spanish) [not yihd noka (Siona, "earth banana"; name re- lected] fers to the fact that this variety does not seda (Spanish, "silk") [not collected] grow as tall as other bananas or plantains) This of banana was variety eating report- [not collected] introduced whites and is similar to edly by This variety produces an eating banana that the varieties marketed in the United States. is said to be similar to sera noka (see above), The use it because Siona-Secoya marginally but may also be used to make chicha. they consider it to be bland and lacking in sweetness. One informant reported that he Cano Negro (lower Aguarico River) used it only as an ornamental plant. manzana (local Spanish, "apple") [not col- tu noka (Secoya, "blunt plantain") [not col- lected] lected] Variety of banana that is eaten raw. Re- turu noka (Siona, "turu plantain") [not col- portedly not used in cooking because ripe lected] fruit is soft. The infructescence reportedly This variety of cooking banana has blunt- falls to the ground when the fruit is ripe, ended fruits and also is said to have no male but the stalk does not die back as with other

bud at the tips of its bunches. It is eaten varieties.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 23 MYRISTICACEAE OCHNACEAE

erecta L. Iryanthera ulei Warburg Sauvegesia Rio Eno. Herb cultivated in house Mex- Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. Western garden. Amazonia. ico to South America.

turi (Siona, "mouse ma'- wirisakd (Secoya) [71, 230] ma'nya perfume"; is term for The aromatic bark is removed in strips to nya generic perfumed plants) make perfumed arm bands; leaves and [237] for stomachache. Whole is flowers are also used similarly as perfume Remedy plant crushed with a then boiled in and as ornamentation. Fruit is edible. rock, water and the decoction taken orally.

Otoba parvifolia (Markgraf) A. Gentry

Shushufindi. Tall tree in tropical rain forest. PALMAE Western Amazonia. Astrocaryum sp. (fig. 9) kurti (Siona) [89] Shushufindi. Armed palm in primary forest. Timber can be used to make canoes, but wood rots in three months; whites use it for peto (Siona, "coconut"; refers to fruit only) lumber. [141] nyiikwa (Siona, "chambira"; refers to entire plant) [747] chambira (local Spanish) [141] MYRTACEAE The 6 cm long seed is edible, has meat very much like a coconut. Fruit produced from

( a nes i a 1 meat i folia R. P. am pom & PALILLO December to February. Fiber is stripped (Sp.) from young leaves and used to make ham- mocks, netted and Shushufindi. Aromatic shrub in primary forest. bags, cordage; formerly was woven to make narrow band for Colombia to Bolivia and Amazonian Bra- pelvic women. zil.

masika ma'nya (Secoya, "gnat perfume"; Astrocaryum sp. ma'nya is generic term for perfumed Shushufindi. Arborescent palm in primary for- plants) [234] est. arari ma'nya (Siona, "guayaba perfume") [234] si'ra (Secoya) [272] Leaves are crushed to extract a perfume. huicungo (Quichua?) [272] chuchana (local Spanish?) [272] Psidium acutangulum DC. Seed is edible. Also used to make orna- ments to hang on strands of beads worn Shushufindi. Small tree cultivated in house gar- across the chest. den. Tropical South America.

Bactris cf. B. concinna Mart. arari (Siona) [756] sp.

guayaba (Spanish) [756] Shushufindi. Clustering arborescent palm cul- Edible fruit. tivated in house garden.

w/ (Siona) [795] Psidium guajava L. GUAVA (Eng.) Edible fruit; borne in cluster 25 cm long, Shushufindi. Small tree cultivated in house gar- weighing about 2.3 kg. den. Widely distributed in American trop- ics. Bactris gasipaes H.B.K. PEACH PALM (Eng.);

CHONTADURO, PUUAYO (Sp.) (figs. 3, kuma (Siona) [113] 18-21) guayaba (Spanish) [113] Edible fruit. Shushufindi. Seedling palm cultivated in nurs-

24 FIELDIANA: BOTANY ery in house garden. Native to tropical nyokd (Secoya) [73] America and widely cultivated for the nu- Trunk is split and used for flooring. tritious fruit.

Iriartea sp. (?) (figs. 8, 1 7) bayo 'ine (Siona, "oily peach palm") [146]

' wiyape ine (Secoya, "fat peach palm") [146] Shushufindi. Tall palm with prop roots in pri- chontaduro (local Spanish) [146] mary forest. Edible fruit. This variety is noted for its ord (Siona) [58] abundance of oil. The fruit is eaten after chonta (local Spanish) [58] boiling and is quite oily. Also made into Trunk is split and used for flooring; also for chicha. kindling. ma 'ine (Siona, "red peach palm"; name re- fers to the color of the fruit) [147] Jessenia bataua (Mart.) Burret chontaduro (local Spanish) [147] Shushufindi. Palm in primary forest. Amazon Edible fruit. and Orinoco basins. ma'nyoko 'ine (Siona, "star peach palm," gdsa (Siona, Secoya) [not collected] name refers to yellow color of fruit) [752] ungurahui (local Spanish) [not collected] Fruit is eaten after boiling or made into The highly prized, oily fruits are used to chicha. make a deliciously rich chicha (gdsa kono). miu 'ine (Secoya, "spiny peach palm"; name Also boiled down to extract the edible oil. refers to the spines on the trunk of the palm) [not collected] Mauritia flexuosa L.f.-AGUAJE, MORICHE Fruit is eaten after boiling or made into (Sp.) chicha. Shushufindi. Arborescent palm in wet areas of forest.

Geonoma sp. (?) (fig. 3) ne 'e (Siona) [43] Shushufindi. in forest. Small palm primary canangucho (local Spanish) [43]

' morete (local Spanish) [43] ni'm put (Secoya; "ni'ni thatch"; put is a na- Flesh around seed is edible. Material is first tive category for those palms whose leaves boiled, then eaten, or made into chicha ( ne 'e are used for thatching) [62] Leaves are used for thatch. kono).

kati ne 'e (Secoya) [not collected]

Geonoma sp. (?) Flesh around seed is edible. This variety said to be shorter in height than ne 'e (see Shushufindi. Small palm in primary forest. above) and has spines on trunk. wakd (Secoya) [97] ma ne 'e (Secoya, "red ne V; name refers to Fruit is used as a perfume, placed in arm- the color of the fruit) [not collected] bands. Fruits are fragrant, the size of small Uses same as for ne 'e (see above). beads. soto ne 'e (Secoya; "ashy ne 'e"; name refers to the color of the fruit) [not collected] Hyospathe sp. (?) (fig. 3) Uses same as for ne 'e (see above). Shushufindi. Small palm in primary forest. Phytelephas sp.- VEGETABLE IVORY (Eng.), ma put (Secoya, "red thatch"; put is a native MARFIL VEGETAL (Sp.) category for those palms whose leaves are used for thatching) [63] Shushufindi. Arborescent palm in primary for- Leaves are used for thatch. est.

sewa (Secoya) [79] Iriartea sp. (?) yarina (local Spanish) [79] Shushufindi. Arborescent palm with stilt roots Leaves are used for thatch. Large seeds are in primary forest. edible and contain thick, chewy meat. Im-

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 25 mature seeds provide drinking water in for- PIPERACEAE est. Piper amazonicum (Miq.) C. DC. Palmae gen. indet. cf. Attalea or Orbignya sp. Shushufindi. Shrub growing on riverbanks. Ec- Shushufindi. Arborescent palm in primary for- uador and Peru to eastern Brazil. est. gou pipi (Siona of Putumayo, "turtle reme- ya'pi (Secoya) [267] dy") [257] The seeds are polished and used as beads carapa sikihecu (Kofan, carapa is Spanish loan for necklaces. word charapa ["turtle"]) [257] Remedy for high fever. Leaves are pounded Palmae gen. indet. cf. Attalea sp. with rock and boiled with water. The de- coction is taken by mouth. Also said to be Shushufindi. Palm in primary forest. purgative. The hot leaves are applied as a pa 'pa (Siona) [26 3] poultice on children when they have swol- canambo (local Spanish) [263] len abdomens. Grubs are extracted from the seed and used

as fish bait. The leaves are used for thatch. Piper guianense (Kl.) C. DC.

Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. Ecuador and Peru to the Guianas and northeastern Brazil. PASSIFLORACEAE nyumi (Secoya) [18] pipi (Kofan) [18] Passiflora quadrangularis L. BADEA, TUMBO, Medicinal use. Leaves are mashed and GRANADILLA (Sp.) mixed with water, and then small amounts Shushufindi. Herbaceous vine cultivated in of the infusion are given to infants who have house garden. Native of Central America, lost appetite for nursing. widely distributed. nudilimbum C. DC. tasiri (Secoya) [102] Piper bate (local Spanish) [102] Shushufindi. Shrub in primary forest. Known Fruit is edible and is eaten raw. from Brazil, Ecuador.

Passiflora vitifolia H.B.K. kariwaco (Kofan) [252] Foliage placed under armbands as orna- Shushufindi. Woody vine in old house garden ment. and in secondary growth. Native from Nic- aragua to Peru. Piper sp. taru 'i (Siona) [52] Shushufindi. Shrub in secondary growth. Fre- No reported use. quent.

bupi weo ha 'o (Siona, "bupi weo leaf") [37] No reported use. PHYTOLACCACEAE Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miquel HIERBA DE Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche SANTA MARIA (Sp.)

Shushufindi. Tall weedy herb in open secondary Shushufindi. Frequent weedy herb in open sec- growth. Mexico to Bolivia and the West ondary growth. Throughout the tropics. Indies. Santa Maria ha 'o (Siona, "Santa Maria leaf." boho (Siona) [39] It is unusual for a native plant such as Leaves are cooked and eaten with fish by this to have a primary name based on some families. Spanish loan words) [30]

26 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Leaves are used as "toilet paper" to clean RUBIACEAE small children. Coffea arabica L.- COFFEE (Eng.)

Shushufindi. Small tree cultivated in gardens. POLYPODIACEAE Originally from Ethiopia, now widely planted in tropics.

I )i pla/ium sp. all". D. ambiguum Raddi caft (Spanish) [not collected] Shushufindi. Fern in primary forest. Recently introduced, coffee is now being grown experimentally as a potential cash pesi hikd (Secoya) [66] crop. Leaves are used as a "washcloth" for bath- ing infants. Genipa americana L. GENIPAP (Eng.); JA-

GUA, HUITO (Sp.) (fig. 8) Lomariopsis japurensis (Mart.) J. Sm. Shushufindi. Large tree in primary forest. Mex- Shushufindi. Climbing fern on tree trunks in ico to Argentina, West Indies. primary forest. Guatemala to Bolivia. we'e (Siona) [223] sisi ka 'wi (Secoya, "monkey fern"; sisi is the Primary use is as a body paint. The inside generic term for a group of small mon- of the unripe fruit is first grated and the keys which includes Callicebus spp.) [76] clear juice is applied to the body. After ap- Leaves are used as a "washcloth" in scrub- proximately two hours the areas where the bing hands. juice has been applied turn dark black. The designs consist of bands and geometric pat- Thelypteris sp. aff. T. berroi (C. Chr.) Reed terns painted on the arms and legs. The ripe Shushufindi. Tall fern in secondary growth. fruit is edible.

ka'wi (Siona, "fern") [181] Hamelia axillaris Swartz Leaves are used to weave temporary head- bands which are worn by men. Shushufindi. Shrub in primary forest. Also cul- tivated in house garden. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.

PORTULACACEAE ca 'i bia (Siona, "ca 7 pepper") [737] sa 7 bia (Secoya, "sa 7 pepper") [7 37] Fruits used as fish bait. Root is and Portulaca grandiflora Hook. PORTULACA grated boiled to make a decoction which is taken (Eng.); FLOR DE LAS ONZE (Sp.) for diarrhea and stomachache. Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Acquired from the "whites." Native to Pentagonia williamsii Standley southern Brazil. Widely cultivated orna- Shushufindi. Treelet in forest. Ama- mental. primary zonian Peru. horo (Secoya, "flower"; horo is a generic rnuho (Secoya, "thunder") [95] term) [21] Ornamental. This plant reportedly provides an admix- ture to Genipa body paint (see above). It is not known which plant part provides this Portulaca oleracea L.- PURSLANE (Eng.), VER- ingredient. DOLAGA (Sp.)

Shushufindi. Weedy herb in open secondary growth. Cosmopolitan weed. RUTACEAE

turi kaho (Siona, "mouse itch"; kaho is ge- Citrus paradisi Macfad. -GRAPEFRUIT (Eng.) neric term for "itchy" substance; turi or "mouse" refers to small size) [34] Shushufindi. Sapling tree cultivated in house No reported use. garden. Introduced from oil company

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 27 campsite. Hybrid origin, probably West In- Zanthoxylum cf. tachuelo Little dian. Widely distributed. Shushufindi. Shrub in primary forest. Previ- toronja (Spanish, "grapefruit") [145] ously known only from western Ecuador. Edible fruit. minakoro (Kofan) [118] Citrus reticulata Blanco MANDARIN OR- The bark is scraped and placed in water and boiled. The decoction is used to wash the ANGE (Eng.) legs as a liniment for pain. Also drunk by Shushufindi. Sapling tree cultivated in house some and said to be bitter. The Siona and garden. Originally from Southeast Asia, now Secoya are said to have received informa- widely distributed. tion on the use of the plant from a Kofan mandarina (Spanish, "mandarin") [149] shaman who was told about it by demons. Edible fruit.

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle LIME SAPINDACEAE (Eng.)

Shushufindi. Small tree cultivated in house gar- Allophylus floribundus Radlk. den. Probably from India or Southeast Asia, Shushufindi. Tree along river bank in primary now cultivated. widely forest. Western Amazonia.

lima (Spanish "lime") [not collected] paku yahi (Siona, paku, "Colossoma [fish]"; Edible fruit, primarily used to make a re- yahi, "Pseudolmedia laevis [moraceous freshing drink or "limeade." tree]"; name indicates that Allophylus is the "yahr berry of Colossoma) [160] Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.- LEMON (Eng.) Red fruits used as fish bait. Shushufindi. Small tree cultivated in house gar- den. Probably from Southeast Asia, now Paullinia bracteosa Radlk. widely cultivated. Shushufindi. Woody liana in primary forest on pairi bia (Siona, "father pepper"; pairi is cor- riverbank. Western Amazonia. ruption of the Spanish "padre" and refers to the fact that lemons were introduced okwe yoko (Siona, "sucking Paullinia") [119] 'oko (Siona, "water Paullinia") by Catholic missionaries; bia is the ge- yoko [67] Edible fruit. Flesh around seed is sucked. neric term for Capsicum and is used be- cause of an imputed similarity between Paullinia R. E. Schult. & it and Citrus) [not collected] yoco Killip limdn (Spanish, "lemon") [not collected] Shushufindi. Woody liana in primary forest; oc- Edible used to make a re- fruit, primarily casionally planted in gardens. Western freshing drink or "lemonade." Amazonia.

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck SWEET ORANGE yoko (Siona, Secoya) [109] is into cold (Eng.) Bark scraped water and squeezed to make a bitter-tasting, caffeine-rich bev- Shushufindi. Small tree cultivated in house gar- erage. Usually consumed in the pre-dawn den. Originally from China or Southeast hours when men arise to twine Astrocaryum Asia, now widely cultivated. fiber and weave hammocks. wa 'isi pairi bia (Siona, "fleshy father pepper"; compare with the native nomenclature for Citrus limon above; the adjective SAPOTACEAE "fleshy" refers to the greater volume of pulp in oranges [as compared to lemons]) Pouteria caimito (R. & P.) Radlk. [148] Shushufindi. Small tree cultivated in old garden. naranja (Spanish, "orange") [148] Native and cultivated in the Amazon Basin. Edible fruit, primarily used to make a re- freshing drink or "orangeade." toa (Siona) [48]

28 FIELDIANA: BOTANY caimito (Spanish) [48] pehi (Secoya) [19] Edible fruit. Hallucinogen. The stem is scraped, placed in a large pot, boiled all day, and then Pouteria sp. aff. caimito (R. & P.) Radlk. strained and boiled further, after which the decoction is drunk. Said to induce a coma- Shushufindi. Said to be a tree in primary forest. tose state the effects of which are long-last- sdki sewe (Siona, "tree sewe") [269] ing (24 hours or longer). Overdoses are said Rich brown, shiny seeds used to make to be fatal. Used much less frequently than hanging beads for necklaces. Apple-shaped Banisteriopsis and on an individual, rather fruits said to be 3 cm long, 4 cm in diameter. than communal, basis. Nevertheless, its use is considered to be a significant aspect of Genus indet. shamanistic training and knowledge.

Shushufindi. Large tree with prop roots in pri- Brugmansia is also occasionally used as an mary forest. admixture to Banisteriopsis potions. The leaves are burned in a pot; then the ashes weki neau (Siona, "tapir neau"; neau refers are pounded and added to the Banisteriop- to a class of trees) [88] sis drink and are said to enhance the hal- Trunk is used for making canoes, but the lucinatory effects. However, it seems pos- wood rots rather quickly. sible that such burning might destroy the contained psychoactive alkaloids. Addi- tional reported varieties of pehi are listed SELAGINELLACEAE below (these may include additional species or hybrids of Brugmansia or other unre- lated Selaginella exaltata (Kze.) Spring. plants). muhu "thunder Shushufindi. Herbaceous vine in shade of pri- pehi (Siona, Brugmansia"; Muhu is the an- mary forest. Colombia to Bolivia. ["thunder"] mythical tagonist of the culture hero Baind) [not ka'wi ka'wi is term (Secoya, "fern"; generic collected] for ferns) [75] Wiry stems used to weave headbands. s$me pehi (Siona, "paca Brugmansia") [not collected]

s&sepehi (Siona, "white-lipped peccary Brug- SIMAROUBACEAE mansia") [not collected] takiyaipehi (Siona, "tdki-fe\id Brugmansia") Picramnia martiniana Macbr. [not collected]

Shushunndi. Tree in primary forest. Ecuador and Peru. Brugmansia sp.

Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house pahaku (Secoya) [233] garden. Leaves are crushed in water to make a black ya'wi pehi (Siona, "collared peccary Brug- dye. mansia") [133] weki pehi (Siona, "tapir Brugmansia") [133] See Brugmansia x insignis for description of uses. SOLANACEAE

Brunfelsia D. Don schultesii Lockwood grandiflora subsp. Brugmansia insignis (B. Rodr.) Plowman TREE-DATURA, ANGEL'S TRUMPET (fig. 23) in (Eng.); FLORIPONDIO (Sp.) (figs. 10, 22) Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated garden; also found in primary forest. Colombia to Bo- Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. livia and Brazil. A cultigen of hybrid origin native to the western Amazon. uhahai (Siona) [138, 190]

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 29 chiricaspi (Quichua) [7 38, 190] anya bia (Siona of Putumayo River, "snake A narcotic or hallucinogen. The bark is pepper") [178] scraped and mixed with cold water and the Pungent fruits used as a condiment. infusion drunk. The dose is said to be two mouthfuls. Said to induce cold and tingling Capsicum frutescens L. CHILI PEPPER (Eng.), sensations in the extremities. Sometimes AJI (Sp.) used as a treatment for fevers. Additional Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. reported varieties of uhahai are listed be- Native of tropical America, now widely dis- low. tributed.

hi 'a uhahai (Siona, "bird Brunfelsia"; bi 'a is ma pipi pia (Secoya, "red pointed pepper"; a general term for small birds, but in this name refers to the color and shape of the instance it refers to the small leaves re- fruit) [208] ported for this variety [said to be ap- su 'nyo pipi pia (Siona, "yellow pointed pep- proximately 5 cm long]; may be Brun- per"; name refers to the color and shape felsia grandiflora var. schultesii) [not of the fruit) [226] collected] Pungent fruits used as a condiment. umu uhahai (Siona, "cacique bird Brunfel- of the is said to be "a pole sia"; part plant Capsicum spp.- CHILI PEPPER (Eng.), AJI (Sp.) that hangs like a manioc tuber"; may be Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house family other than Solanaceae) [not col- garden. lected] ahi bia (Secoya, "mild pepper"; name refers yai uhahai (Siona, "jaguar Brunfelsia"\ yai is to the flavor of the fruit) [277] a general term for felids; this variety is hai horo bia (Siona, "big flower pepper"; name reported to have leaves 1 5 cm long; may refers to the large size of the fruit [similar be Brunfelsia chiricaspi Plowman) [not to "bell pepper" of the United States]) collected] [not collected] hio bia (Siona, "blowgun pepper") [not col- Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum CHILI PEP- lected] PER (Eng.), AJI (Sp.) kurd bia (Siona, "hen pepper") [not collected] nea bia (Siona, "black pepper"; name refers Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. to dark coloration on the fruit of this va- Native of tropical America, now widely dis- riety) [not collected] tributed. sum bia (Siona, "suru pepper") [not collected]

soa horo bia (Secoya, "long flower pepper"; yari bia (Siona, "yari [fish] pepper") [not col- name refers to the shape ofthe fruit) [200] lected] suara pia (Secoya, "Prochilodus [fish] pep- The pungent fruits of Capsicum constitute per"; name refers to the shape ofthe fruit) the most widely used condiments of the [227] Siona and Secoya and are consumed at ajf (Spanish) [200, 227] nearly every meal. They may be added to food during or after cooking, but are par- Rio Eno. Shrub cultivated in house garden. ticularly prized as ingredients in several va- bia (Siona, "pepper"; bia is the generic term rieties of hot sauces and the traditional for Capsicum) [239] "pepper pot" which involves the ongoing Pungent fruits used as a condiment. cooking of peppers and meats over many days (with consumption and the addition Capsicum chinense Jacq. CHILI PEPPER (Eng.), of new ingredients occurring more or less AJI (Sp.) concurrently). On other occasions a meal may consist of nothing but manioc cakes Shushufindi. Shrub cultivated in house garden. (do) flavored with Capsicum or Capsicum- Widely distributed from Mexico to Brazil. based sauces. Another use of Capsicum is wea bia (Siona, "maize pepper"; name refers for the weaning of infants; mothers smear to similarity of size between kernel of Capsicum juice on their nipples to dis- maize and the fruit of this cultivar) [7/5] courage nursing.

30 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Cyphomandra hartwegii (Miers) Dunal vel sp. aff. siri bia (Siona, "foam pepper"; bia is generic term for Capsicum and is given because Shushutini.ii. Shrub in forest and cultivated in of imputed similarity) [101] house garden. Honduras to Brazil and Bo- Edible berry. livia.

Solarium landidurn Until. ko'pi (Secoya, Siona) [98, 196] The juice of the berry is used to paint de- Shushufindi. Suffrutescent herb cultivated in signs on pottery. It is applied after firing house garden. Mexico to Peru. and then exposed to smoke and gives a black mid toawi'ka 1 color. Many designs combine geometric (Siona, "spiny toawi'ka"" ) [13] patterns of black and white (from a slip of mid kukuna (Secoya, "spiny kukuna") [13] light clay) and represent the visual effects Edible fruit; snack food. produced by Banisteriopsis. Solatium diffusum R. & P. esculentum Mill. TOMATO Lycopersicon (Eng.) Shushufindi. Herbaceous vine in primary forest. Ecuador and Peru. Shushufindi. Herb cultivated in house garden. Native to the Peruvian Andes. Introduced. ahi ita ikd (Siona) [273]

tomate (Spanish, "tomato") [797] ofakihr(Kofan)[143] to in Edible fruit. Reported be used the preparation of a remedy for stomachache and diarrhea. Nicotiana tabacum L. TOBACCO (Eng.), TA- The infusion is prepared by crushing the BACO (Sp.) plant in cold water.

Shushufindi. Tall herb cultivated in house gar- Solanum kioniotrichum Bitter den. Native of South America. Shushufindi. Small armed tree in secondary mfto (Siona, "tobacco") [5] growth. Western Amazon Basin. Dried leaves are rolled into cigars with a dried leaf Musa wrapper and smoked. To- beta (Siona) [110] tobacco in bacco and smoke are important Bark is prepared with water and taken as a many ritual contexts. The smoke is be- purgative. lieved to ward off demonic spirits; cigars are smoked frequently during Banisteriop- Solanum leptopodum Van Heurck & Muell. Arg. sis ceremonies, and the smoke is blown over Shushufindi. Shrub in forest. Northern the bodies of patients during the curing por- primary Amazon Basin. tion of such ceremonies. Shamans also pre- an infusion of tobacco pare intoxicating oyo ha 'o (Secoya, "bat leaf") [232] which they drink through the nose in the Reported to be a remedy for the treatment of visions quest and shamanic knowledge. of"crybabies." Leaf is crushed in lukewarm secular medicinal use is A of tobacco to water, and the infant is bathed with the blow concentrated smoke and tobacco tar infusion. on areas of the skin where certain parasitic larvae have burrowed. This kills the para- Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal var. sessiliflorum site. Shushufindi. Suffrutescent herb cultivated in sira mfto (Siona, "swallow [bird] tobacco"; house garden. Amazon Basin. name refers to the smaller leaves of this variety) [not collected] kukuna (Secoya) [41] Used for making cigars and an intoxicating Pyriform fruits are cooked and made into infusion (see description for mftd above). a beverage.

Physalis angulata L. Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. var. inerme (Dun- al) Whalen Shushufindi. Common weedy herb in recently cleared gardens. More or less cosmopolitan Shushufindi. Suffrutescent herb cultivated in weed. house garden. Western Amazon Basin.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 31 toawi'ka (Siona) [14] Used in the treatment of muscle pain. A Edible fruit; snack food. leaf is held by its petiole and the nettles are brushed against the skin. Also brushed against the legs of children as a disciplinary STERCULIACEAE measure.

Herrania balaensis Preuss Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb.

Shushufindi. Small tree in primary forest. Pre- Shushufindi. Herb in secondary growth. Mexico viously known only from western Ecuador. to tropical South America.

sunori (Siona) [94] be'su susi (Siona, "small nettle"; name refers Edible fruit. to plant size) [762] Used in treatment of muscular pain and to Sterculia sp. discipline children (see description for Ure- ra baccifera above). Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest. paT susi (Secoya, "people nettle") [204] w$kineo (Secoya, "yellow-wooded tree"; this The female flowering branches are rubbed is a generic term for trees with yellow on parts of the body where there is muscular wood) [265] pain (this variety has no stinging hairs on Sometimes employed for the construction stem or leaves, but does in the inflores- of canoes. cence).

Theobroma cacao L. CHOCOLATE (Eng., Sp.) Urera laciniata (Goudot) Weddell Shushufindi. Tree cultivated in house gardens. Shushufindi. Urticating herb cultivated in house Thought to be native to the eastern foothills garden. Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru. of the Andes and possibly Central America. ma susi (Siona, "red nettle"; name refers to si 'e (Siona) [51, 132] coloration of plant) [765] cacao (Spanish) [57, 132] Used in treatment of muscular pain and to Fruit contains edible pulp. discipline children (see description for Ure- ra baccifera above). ULMACEAE Pilea sp. aff. P. hydrocotyliflora Killip

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Shushufindi. Herb in secondary and primary forest. Shushufindi. Small tree in open secondary growth. Widely distributed in American ka 'mi iko (Siona, "ulcer [of mouth] remedy") tropics. [87, 169] sisi pakipi (Kofan) [769] suisiyi (Siona) [1 17] Remedy for mouth ulcers. Herb is crushed Strips offibrous bark are used for tying house in a little water and the infusion then held rafters. The timbers are used for rafters. in the mouth to produce a soothing effect.

URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudichaud Verbena littoralis H.B.K. Shushufindi. Low herb in secondary growth. Mexico to tropical South America. Rio Eno. Tall herb cultivated in house garden. Tropical America. nyanami susi (Siona, "stingray nettle"; name refers to the imputed similarity of the tahua (Siona, "feces mixer"; ta is "feces" and stinger of the freshwater stingray and the -hua "to mix"; name refers to purgative nettles of the plant) [764] effect of this plant) [248]

32 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Remedy for fever. The plant is crushed and meaning of suffix -ho is unknown; name boiled in water and then the decoction is apparently refers to the large size of this taken orally. Said to have a bitter taste and plant [the tapir is the largest terrestrial a purgative effect. animal of the neotropical forest]) [209] Edible fruit.

VIOLACEAE Renealmia thyrsoidea (R. & P.) P. & E.

Shushufindi. Large aromatic herb commonly Leonia glycycarpa R. & P. found in gardens and old cultivation sites. Shushufindi. Tree in primary forest with cauli- Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil. florous fruits. Northern South America. unkwisi (Siona) [not collected] bit 'su bara (Secoya, same name is applied to ma unkwisi (Siona, "red unkwisr; name re- Capparis magnified [Capparaceae] and fers to the color of the fruits) [44] apparently refers to same use) [276] Food and condiment; stringy fibers inside For amusement. The leaves "pop" when fruit are edible. They are boiled and eaten they are heated in the fire. with manioc cakes ('ad).

Rinorea viridiflora Rusby Zingiber officinale Roscoe GINGER (Eng.), JENJIBRE (Sp.) Shushufindi. Small tree in primary forest. West- ern Amazon Basin. Shushufindi. Rhizomatous herb cultivated in house gardens. Native to tropical Asia. piheri (Secoya) [217] The trunk of this tree is used as poles for pia nuni (Secoya, "pepper nuni"'; pia is a ge- fences. Said to grow as a hedge, but not used neric name for Capsicum; nuni is a ge- this way aboriginally. The leaves are bound neric term for a class of small medicinal together to make shaman's rattle for curing herbs of supposed supernatural origin) ceremony. [28] ajijilla (local Spanish) [28] pia du 'udi (Siona, "pepper du 'udi [nuni]"; pia ZINGIBERACEAE is a generic name for Capsicum; du'udi

is Siona pronunciation [cf. Secoya nuni] Curcuma longa L.- TURMERIC (Eng.), CUR- of the generic term for a class of small CUMA (Sp.) medicinal herbs of supposed supernatur- al origin) [128] Shushufindi. Rhizomatous herb cultivated in afifindi (Kofan) [128] house garden. Native of Java. Widely cul- Remedy for stomachache and diarrhea. The tivated throughout the tropics. rhizome is grated into water, boiled slightly, gdnd we'ka (Siona, "chicha we'ka") [103] and the decoction drunk. unkwisi ma'nya (Siona, "unkwisi perfume"; unkwisi is name of Renealmia thyrsoidea [see below]; ma 'nya is a generic term for perfumed plants) [173] Conclusion Tuber is grated to make a yellow dye for dyeing hammocks and netted bags. Aro- In the preceding list of plants we have fully or matic leaves used as perfume, attached to partially identified 224 species in 166 genera and armbands. 69 families which are known to the Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ecuador. Most of the Renealmia nicolaioides Loesener plants discussed have economic, ritual, or aes- thetic uses as foods, medicines, ornamentals, psy- Shushufindi. Tall clump-forming herb of low chotropics, poisons, and as raw materials for crafts, ground, cultivated in house garden. Native clothing, construction, toilet articles, tools, and to western Amazon. weapons. Table 1 presents an outline of the most wSkiho (Secoya, w&ki- stem is name of tapir, prominent uses of plants among the Siona and

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 33 TABLE 1 . Outline of plant uses among the Siona-Secoya.

Foods Beverages, condiments, fruits, Crafts (cont'd.) tempers for ceramics, thread, vegetables, nuts, oils, starchy waterproof coatings staples Personal attire, Ankle bands, armbands, arm Food Bowls, calabashes, containers, adornment, and ornaments, barkcloth tunics fire processing cups, drying racks, boxes, toilet for men, beads, body paints, fire fans, fuels, graters, grating cleansers, combs, design troughs, manioc cake shapers, stamps, ear ornaments, head- scrub- mashers, platters, pot bands, headdresses, lip stains, bers, rockers, sieves, smoking nose ornaments, pelvic bands stirrers racks, for women, perfumes, pins, shaving blades, string "tweez- Cultivation Axe handles, bush knives ers," teeth stains, toilet "pa- tools (wooden), digging sticks, scaf- pers," toothbrushes, "wash- folds for felling trees, shovel cloths," wristbands handles

Medicinal Abortants, anesthetics, contra- Hunting Blowguns, blowgun darts, dart and ritual ceptives, divination media, poisons, dart quivers, dart drums, emetics, febrifuges, wadding, cages, clubs, drying hallucinogens, incenses, insec- frames, shotgun cleaning rods, ticides, insect repellents, mag- shotgun shell wadding, spear ical darts, musical bows, oint- points, spear shafts, traps ments, poisons, potions, ritual Fishing Baits, barriers and dams, purgatives, parapherna- scarification sha- blinds, floats, harpoons, lia, media, man's shaman's hooks, line, nets, piscicides, rattles, vermi- torches for night fishing wands, stimulants, cides, vertical flutes Construction Beams, fencing, flooring, lad- ders, lashings, pens for ani- Transportation Baskets, bridges, bridge hand mals, platforms, posts, roof- rails, canoes, canoe seats, can- slides ing, temporary shelters, walls oe (for portaging), net- ted bags, paddles, rafts, trail Furnishings Beds, benches, boxes, ham- markers, tumplines mocks, lamps, shelves, trunks Leisure Dolls, models of adult tools Crafts Cordage, dyes for ceramics, and objects, noise makers, dyes for fabrics, glazes for ce- pop guns, stilts, string games ramics, glues, hammock looms, hammock shuttles, Miscellaneous Leaf umbrellas, ornamental shaping tools for ceramics, plants, switches

Secoya and indicates the involvement of plant ma- botany, although the provision of a detailed anal- terials in almost all aspects of native life. Table 1 ysis of these principles does not fall within the can also be viewed as a guide to the material cul- scope of this paper. ture of the Siona and Secoya, since one may gain an appreciation of the nature and scope of the artifacts employed in their tropical forest style of cultural adaptation. As indicated previously, the Acknowledgments list we have presented does not in any way exhaust the ethnobotanical knowledge of the Siona and The plant specimens described in this paper were Secoya. Their complete system may well include collected by William T. Vickers in conjunction at least 2,000 native taxa (including cultivars). with research on the human ecology of the Siona- However, we feel that we have been able to pro- Secoya conducted from September 1973 through vide a list which includes most of the major eco- March 1975. The first year of this research was nomic plants and other plants in common use. supported by the Henry L. and Grace Doherty The data provided also give insights into the clas- Charitable Foundation, and the final six months, sificatory principles of Siona and Secoya ethno- by the National Institute of Mental Health (Re-

34 FIELDIANA: BOTANY search Fellowship No. IFol MH 58552-01). Wil- History, Pittsburgh); G. Wilder (University of Il- liam E. Carter, Charles Wagley, and Hernan Cres- linois at Chicago Circle); G. Tucker (Duke Uni- po Toral (Director, Instituto Nacional de versity); V. Holloway (University of South Car- Antropologia e Historia, Ecuador) provided in- olina, Columbia); C. B. Heiser (Indiana University, tellectual support for the research. Subsequent Bloomington). fieldtrips to the Siona-Secoya have been supported A nearly complete set of voucher specimens for by the Florida International University Founda- this study is deposited at Field Museum ofNatural tion, Inc., Cultural Survival, Inc., and the Latin History, Chicago. The following eight unicate American and Caribbean Center and College of specimens, as well as selected duplicates, are pre- Arts and Sciences of Florida International Uni- served at the Department of Botany, University versity. Special thanks go to Michelle M. Lamarre of Florida, Gainesville: Vickers 44, 84, 141, 146, and Christine Niezgoda for their assistance in 147, 152, 153, 177, 209, 230. We thank the Uni- preparation ofthe manuscript. We are also grateful versity of Florida herbarium for lending the uni- for helpful comments on the manuscript provided cate specimens for determination and verification. by M. J. Balick, W. H. Eshbaugh, and an anony- A number of duplicate specimens have also been mous reviewer. deposited at the Instituto de Ciencias, Pontificia Much of the botanical merit of this paper de- Universidad Catolica del Ecuador. pends on the correct identification of the plant specimens; in many cases this was a difficult job because only fragmentary or sterile material was available. We are particularly grateful to the nu- Literature Cited merous taxonomic specialists who agreed to ex- amine difficult specimens. Homer Pinkley made ADAMS, C. D. 1 972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica. Uni- of the initial determinations at the many generic versity of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. New York Botanical Garden. Timothy Plowman BAILEY HORTORIUM. 1976. Hortus Third. Macmillan, oversaw the task of plant identification and made New York. many general determinations. In addition, the fol- BERLIN, B. 1976. The concept of rank and ethnobio- lowing botanists contributed their efforts: W. logical classification: Some evidence from Aguaruna folk botany. American 3: 381-399. Burger, M. O. Dillon, R. Foster, S. Glassman, M. Ethnologist, . 1977. Sumario de la Primera Expedition Et- J. Huft, P. Matekaitis, M. Nee, C. Niezgoda, and nobotanica al Rio Alto Maranon, Departamento de R. G. Stolze (Field Museum of Natural History); Amazonas, Peru, 1972-1973. Amazonia Peruana, 1(2): M. J. Balick, R. Barneby, R. Callejas, T. Koyama, 87-100. L. G. T. and W. Thomas Landrum, Prance, (New . 1978. Bases Empiricas de la Cosmologia Bo- York Botanical Garden); T. Croat, G. Davidse, A. tanica Aguaruna Jibaro, Amazonas, Peru. Amazonia 187-196. Gentry, and R. Liesner (Missouri Botanical Gar- Peruana, 2(3): H. 1978. of the den); L. Skog, T. Soderstrom, D. Wasshausen, and BODLEY, J. Preliminary Ethnobotany Peruvian Amazon. Reports of Investigations No. 55. J. J. Wurdack (Smithsonian Institution); A. An- Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington State Uni- K. D. J. L. and S. derson, Perkins, Strange, Young versity, Pullman, 71 pp. of C. C. E. (University Florida); Berg, J. M. Kieft, BRISTOL, M. L. 1965. Sibundoy Ethnobotany. Unpubl. and P. J. M. Maas (Institute of Systematic Botany, Ph.D. Diss., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., Utrecht, Netherlands); B. de Albuquerque and W. 361 pp. Rodrigues (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da CROAT, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil); C. D. Adams (British DAVIS, E. W., AND J. YOST. 1983. The Ethnobotany of Museum, London, U.K.); B. Alverson (University the Waorani of eastern Ecuador. Botanical Museum of Wisconsin); M. Chanco (Museo de Historia Leaflets, 29(3): 159-217. Natural 'Javier Prado,' Lima, Peru); W. H. Esh- DODSON, C. H., AND A. H. GENTRY. 1978. Flora of the baugh (Miami University, Ohio); B. Hansen (Uni- Rio Palenque Science Center, Ecuador. Selbyana, 4: versity of South Florida); H. Kennedy (University 1-628. of Manitoba); S. Knapp and H. E. Moore, Jr. (Bai- FORERO PINTO, L. E. 1980. Etnobotanica de las Co- munidades Cuna Wauana, Choc6 (Colom- ley Hortorium, Cornell University); T. D. Pen- Indigenas y bia). Cespedesia, 9(33-34): 1 15-325. nington (Department of Forestry, Oxford Univer- GRUBB, P. J., J. R. LLOYD, AND T. D. PENNINGTON. sity, U.K.), V. Rudd (California State University, 1963. A comparison of montane and lowland rain D. of Cald- Northridge); Simpson (College Idaho, forest in Ecuador. I. The forest structure, physiogno- well); S. Thompson (Carnegie Museum of Natural my, and floristics. Journal of Ecology, 51: 567-601.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 35 HAMES, R. B., AND W. T. VICKERS. 1982. Optimal diet icale commentationes I. Botanical Museum Leaflets, breadth theory as a model to explain variability in 21: 265-280. Amazonian American 358- hunting. Ethnologist, 9(2): . 1968. The vegetal ingredients of the myristi- 378. caceous snuffs of the Northwest Amazon. Rhodora. HARLING, G., AND B. SPARRE, EDS. 1973-1982. Flora 70: 113-160. of Ecuador. Botanica Series B 1-4, 1973- Opera (No. . 1969. De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo trop- 1975); Department of Systematic Botany, University icale commentationes IV. Botanical Museum Leaflets, of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden, and the Section for 22: 133-164. Botany, Riksmuseum, Stockholm (No. 5-15, 1976- . 1970a. Several ethnotoxicological notes from 1982). the Colombian Amazon. Botanical Museum Leaflets, HOWARD, R. A. 1979. Flora of the Lesser Antilles. Vol. 22: 345-352. 3: Monocotyledons. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, . 1970b. Notas etnotoxicologicas acerca de la Mass. flora amazonica de Colombia, pp. 1 77- 1 96. In Idrobo, 1962. Phonemic units JOHNSON, O. E., AND C. PEEKE. J. M., ed., II Simposio y Foro de la Biologia Tropical in the Secoya word, pp. 78-95. In Elson, I. E., ed., Amazonica. Editorial Pax, Bogota. Studies in Ecuadorian Indian Languages. Linguistic 1974. Palms and religion in the Northwest Series No. Summer Institute of Nor- 7, Linguistics, Amazon. Principes, 18: 3-21. man, Okla. 1975. Notes on poisonous or medicinal mal- KING, S. 1982. Estudio Preliminar de la Etnofarma- pighiaceous species of the Amazon. Botanical Mu- cologia Tradicional y la Salud General de los Ango- seum Leaflets, 24: 121-131. tero-Secoya. Amazonia Peruana, 3(6): 39-49. . 1976. E partibus amazonicis witotorum plan- AND A. LEVEY. 1982. Observaciones de la KING, S., tae fructuariae sativae novae. Botanical Museum Leaf- Dieta de los Angotero-Secoya del Norte del Peru. lets, 24: 193-204. Amazonia Peruana, 3(6): 27-37. . 1977. Miscellaneous notes on biodynamic LANGDON, E. J. M. 1974. The Siona Medical System: plants of South America. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Beliefs and Behavior. Ph.D. Diss., Tulane University, 25: 109-130. New Orleans, La., 350 pp. SIMMONDS, N. W., ED. 1 976. Evolution of Crop Plants. . 1979a. Yage among the Siona: Cultural pat- Longman Group Ltd., London. terns in visions, pp. 63-80. In Browman, D. L., and STEWARD, J. H. 1949. South American cultures: An R. A. Schwarz, eds., Spirits, Shamans, and Stars. Mou- interpretative summary, pp. 669-772. In Steward, J. ton Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands. H., ed., Handbook of South American Indians, vol. -. 1979b. The Siona hallucinogenic ritual: Its 5. Comparative Anthropology of South American In- meaning and power, pp. 58-86. In Morgan, J. H., ed., dians. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, and Culture: Understanding Religion Anthropological D.C. and Theological Perspectives. University Press of STOLZE, R. G. 1981. Ferns and fern allies of Guate- America, Washington, D.C. mala. Part II. Polypodiaceae. Fieldiana Botany, new MACBRIDE, J. F., ED. 1 936-197 1 . Flora of Peru. Field- series, No. 6, 1-522. iana Botany, 13, parts 1-6. TERRELL, E. E. 1977. A Checklist of Names of 3000 PINKLEY, H. V. 1973. TheEthnoecologyoftheKofan. Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. Agricultural Unpubl. Ph.D. Diss., Harvard University, Cambridge, Handbook 505, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mass., 259 pp. Washington, D.C. PURSEGLOVE, J. W. 1968. Tropical Crops. 4 vols. UPHOF, J. C. T. 1968. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Longmans Green & Co., London. J. Cramer, Lehre, Germany. RICHARDS, P. W. 1952. The Tropical Rain Forest. VICKERS, W. T. 1976. Cultural Adaptation to Ama- Cambridge University Press, New York. zonian Habitats: The Siona-Secoya of Eastern Ecua- R. E. 1942. Yoco: A stimulant of southern SCHULTES, dor. University of Florida, Gainesville, 348 pp. Colombia. Botanical Museum Leaflets, 10: 301-324.

. 1979. Native Amazonian subsistence in di- . 1954. A new narcotic snuff from the Northwest verse habitats: The Siona-Secoya of Ecuador. Studies Amazon. Botanical Museum Leaflets, 16: 241-260. in Third World Societies, 7: 6-36. -. 1955. Pitch-yielding trees of the Colombian . 198 la. The Jesuits and the SIL: External pol- Amazon. Botanical Museum Leaflets, 17: 12-23. icies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through three centuries, . 1956. The Amazon Indian and evolution in pp. 50-61. In Hvalkof, S., and P. Aaby, eds., Is God Hevea and related genera. Journal of the Arnold Ar- an American: An Anthropological Perspective on the boretum, 37: 123-147. Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguis-

. 1963. ex Colombiae De plantis principaliter tics. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 65: 1-21. orientalibus partibus notulae. Rhodora, and Survival International, Copenhagen and London. 1964a. Plantarum utilium speciei duae novae. . 1 98 1 b. Ideation as adaptation: Traditional be- Botanical Museum Leaflets, 20: 336-340. lief and modern intervention in Siona-Secoya religion,

. 1964b. amazonicae notae. De plantis regionis pp. 705-730. In Whitten, N. E., Jr., ed., Cultural Botanical Museum Leaflets, 20: 3 1 7-324. Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador.

. 1967. De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo trop- University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

36 FIELDIANA: BOTANY in Swiddens: . 1983c. The territorial dimensions of Siona- . 1983a. Tropical forest mimicry A reassessment of Geertz's model with Amazonian Secoya and Encabellado adaptation, pp. 451-478. In data. Human Ecology, 11(1): 35-45. Hames, R. B., and W. T. Vickers, eds., Adaptive Re- sponses of Native Amazonians. Academic Press, New 1 983b. Development and Amazonian Indians: York. The Aguarico case and some general principles, pp. 25-50. In Moran, E. F., ed., The Dilemma of Ama- zonian Development. Westview Press, Boulder, Colo.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 37 FIG. 1 . Secoya male in decorative dress. The face painting is done with a paste prepared from seeds of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae, Vickers 130) and is applied with a thin stick. The fine designs are based on visions arising from the use of Banisteriopsis caapi (Malpighiaceae, Vickers 124 etc.). The lips are dyed purplish by chewing leaves of Justicia sp. (Acanthaceae, Vickers 69). Feathers are inserted in earplugs constructed from sections of Gynerium sagittatum (Gramineae, Vickers 16, 266).

38 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 2. Siona-Secoya canoes entering a small tributary of the Aguarico River opposite San Pablo. This landscape shows typical vegetation at the water's edge. The preferred wood for canoes is Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae, Vickers 192). The decorative fibers attached to the upper arms are made from an unidentified palm and topped by fragrant cuttings of Ocimum micranthum (Labiatae, Vickers 12).

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 39 40 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 4. A Siona-Secoya youth planting Zea mays (Gramineae) in a recently burned plot. The sole implement used is a simple digging stick with a sharpened point. The seed is carried in a Heliconia leaf (Musaceae, Vickers 38).

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 41 42 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 6. Secoya man painting a cotton cloth (purchased) with a dye extracted from leaves of Arrabidaea chica (Bignoniaceae, Vickers 106, 108). The designs are based on visions produced by the use of Banisteriopsis caapi, the source of most Siona-Secoya art motifs.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 43 FIG. 7. Scarification on the arm of a Siona youth. This is an aspect of hunting and fishing magic and is believed to improve the individual's aim and skill in landing fish. The light bands consist of raw skin where scars will later form. This effect is produced by tying strips of bark of Caryocar glabrum (Caryocaraceae, Vickers 1 14) around the arm.

44 FIELDIANA: BOTANY g.9

.B

ijw -p ^

"" a p to 6 9 I T*

Sl gu

C H> ,* .2 'S> g

2 ~ C8 2 83

.2 '3 J= < o o

^_ c

1

00 O ^ " *~ . " (S 2^<^ c w p o - It's E

o" ?! 3

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 45 46 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 10. Shaman's apprentice fashions a shaman's rattle from the leaves of a Pariana species (Gramineae, Vickers 262) for the yahe rite. It is believed that the sound of this rattle will frighten away the malevolent spirits that are attracted to the hallucinogenic Banisteriopsis potion. In the background grow plants of Brugmansia x insignis (Solana- ceae, Vickers 79), another hallucinogen.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 47 FIG. 1 1 . Siona-Secoya youth harvesting fruit of Pourouma cecropiifolia (Moraceae) in an old garden site.

48 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 12. Siona man with a basket of harvested fruit of Pseudolmedia laevis (Moraceae, Vickers 56. 185. 231) collected in the forest. The basket is woven from aerial roots of Evodianthus funifer (Cyclanthaceae, Vickers 114) and is lined with a plantain leaf (Musa x paradisiaca, Musaceae).

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 49 50 FIELDIANA: BOTANY VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 51 FIG. \5. Shaman's apprentice pounding stem sections of Banisteriopsis caapi (Malpighiaceae, Vickers 139) prior to boiling it to prepare the hallucinogenic yah$ drink. The simple structure in the background is the ceremonial yah house (see text).

52 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 16. Bundles of mashed stems of Banisteriopsis caapi (Malpighiaceae. Vickers 139) boiling over the fire at the ceremonial yaht house. The pot also contains leaves of the admixture Diplopterys cabrerana (Malpighiaceae, Vickers 212).

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 53 FIG. 17. Siona woman collecting young Astrocaryum leaves (Palmae, Vickers 141) in the forest. The leaf fibers are twined into cordage and used to make netted string bags and hammocks.

54 FIELDIANA: BOTANY VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 55 56 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 20. Secoya girl preparing a mash from boiled peach palm fruit (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae). The heavy rocker is cut from the buttresses of a large tree. The food-processing trough can be made from any of several tropical hardwoods.

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 57 FIG. 21. Secoya woman pressing peach palm mash (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) through a sieve to give it a fine texture. The chicha that is prepared from the mash may be consumed in a fresh or fermented state. Sieves such as this are woven from the split stems of Ischnosiphon cerotus (Marantaceae, Vickers 74) or Ischnosiphon puberulus

( Vickers 77).

58 FIELDIANA: BOTANY VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 59 FIG. 23. Brunfelsia grandiflora (Solanaceae, Vickers 138, 190) growing in the yard of a Siona-Kofan household on the Cuyabeno River. This hallucinogen produces chilly sensations and is sometimes used in the treatment of fevers.

60 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Index to Scientific and Vernacular Names

The index includes all scientific names of plants and animals (italics) and English and Latin-American Spanish common names of plants (Roman). Indigenous names are not included in the Index unless they are in general use in western Amazonia. Page numbers for the principal entry for each genus and species are given in boldface.

Abelmoschus moschatus 20 bamboo 14, 40, 46 Capsicum Abstract 1 Bambusa 14, 40, 46 annuum 30 Abuta grandifolia 21 banana 22 chinense 30 Acanthaceae 4 Banisteriopsis 1, 8, 14, 18, 19, 29, frutescens 30 achiote 7 31,47, 51 Carica 8, 9 achira 8 caapi 3, 18, 38, 43, 50, 52, 53, 59 microcarpa 8 Acknowledgments 34 barbasco 17, 18 papaya 8 Adenostemma platyphyllum 9 batata 10 Caricaceae 8 Aeschynomene americana 16 bate 26 Carludovica palmata 11 aguacate 16 bean, common 1 8 Caryocaraceae 9 aguaje 25 Bignoniaceae 7 Caryocar glabrum 9, 44 aji30 bijillas 23 Caryodendron orinocense 12 ajijilla 33 Bixaceae 7 cassava 12 albahaca 16 Bixa orellana 7, 10, 19, 38 Cayaponia 10 algodon 20 Blakea 21 Cebusl Allophylus floribundus 28 ciliata 21 Cecropia 21 almendra 9 rosea 21 sciadophylla 21 Alternanthera bettzichiana 5 Bombacaceae 7 cedar, West Indian 21 lanceolata 5 bombonaje 1 1 Cedrela odorata 21, 39 Amaranthaceae 5 Bonafousia sananho 5 cedro 2 1 Amaranthus caudatus 5 Boraginaceae 8 ceiba 7 amaranto 5 breadfruit 2 1 Ceiba pentandra 7 Amaryllidaceae 5 Bromeliaceae 8 Celosia cristata 5 Anacardiaceae 5 Brugmansia 1, 29 Chamaesyce hirta 12 Ananas comosus 8 x insignis 29, 47, 59 chambira 24 angel's trumpet 29 Brunfelsia 1, 30 Chenopodiaceae 9 annatto 7 chiricaspi 30 Chenopodium ambrosioides 9 Annonaceae 5 grandiflora 29, 30, 60 chiricaspi 30 Annona purpurea 5 Burseraceae 8 chiririo 23 Anthurium 4, 6 chocolate 32 uleanum 5 chonta 25 Apocynaceae 5 chontaduro 24, 25 Araceae 5 chuchana 24 arbol de 2 1 Citrus 28 pan cacao 32 aurantiifolia Aristolochia 6 limon 28 cafe 27 Aristolochiaceae 6 27 caimito 29 paradisi Arrabidaea chica 7, 43 reticulata 28 calabash 10 arroz 14 sinensis 28 calabash, tree 7 Artocarpus altHis 21 Clibadium asperum 9 calabaza 10 Arundo donax 13 cock's comb 5 Calathea 20 24, 46, 54 Codonanthopsis dissimulata 13 Astrocaryum allouia 20 Attalea 26 arabica 27 ornata 20 Coffea avocado 16 coffee 27 Callicebus 17,27 13 Coix lachrymae-jobi 14 Axonopus scoparius camote 10 18 Colocasia esculenta 6 ayahuasca 24 Campomanesia lineatifolia Colossoma 28 canabrava 14 Commelinaceae 9 cana de azucar 1 5 9 canambo 26 Compositae Conclusion 33 Bactris 24 canangucho 25 10 concinna 24 canna, edible 8 Convolvulaceae 18 gasipaes 9, 24, 40, 55, 56, 57, 58 Cannaceae 8 Cordyline fruticosa badea 26 Canna indica 8 corn, Indian 15 balsa 7 Capparaceae 8 cortajeta 22 balsam, garden 6 Capparis magnifica 8, 33 cotton, tree 20, 46 Balsaminaceae 6 Capsicum 30, 33 Crassulaceae 10

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 61 Crescent ia cujete 7, 45 Guarea kunthiana 21 Leguminosae 16 Cucurbitaceae 10 macrophylla 21 lemon 28 curcuma 33 guava 24 lemongrass 14 Curcuma longa 33 guayaba 24 Leonia glycycarpa 8, 33 leren 20 Cyclanthaceae 1 1 Guttiferae 15 Cydanthus bipartitus 11 Gynerium sagittatum 14, 38 Liliaceae 18 Cymbopogon citratus 14 lima 28 lime 28 Cyperaceae 1 1 limon Cyperus 11 Hamelia axillaris 27 28 articulatus 11 hart6n 23 List of Plants of the Siona-Secoya 4 Literature Cited 35 prolixus 11 Heliconia 22, 4 1 Cyphomandra hartwegii 31 Herrania balaensis 32 Lomariopsis japurensis 27 nicou 17 hibiscus, ornamental 20 Lonchocarpus loofah 10 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 20 love-lies-bleeding 5 kukachkana 8 hierba de Santa Maria 26 Dacryodes 10 hierba luisa 14 Luffa aegyptiaca Dalbergaria picta 13 Lycopersicon esculentum 31 dale dale 20 Hippeastrum puniceum 5 5 datura, tree 29 hog-plum 24 Dioscoreaceae 1 1 huicungo huito 27 Dioscorea trifida 11 40 Diplazium 27 Hyospathe 25, ambiguum 27 Hyptis capitala 16 mutabilis 16 madrona 15 Diplopterys cabrerana 1, 19, 51, 53 maiz 15 Drymonia coriacea 13 maize 3, 6, 14, 15, 22, 30,42 Malpighiaceae 18 Jmpatiens balsamina 6 Malvaceae 20 inchi 12 Eleusine indica 14 mandarina 28 17 Elentherine bulbosa 15 Inga 4, 16, Mangifera indica 5 12 edulis 16 Erythroxylaceae mango 5 ulei 12 marginala 16 Erythroxylum mani del monte 1 2 escoba 20 ihibaudiana 17 Manihot esculenta 3, 12, 40, 42, 45, Introduction 1 esponjas 1 1 46 10 Ipomoea batatas 10 estropajo manioc 3, 6, 12, 13, 20, 40, 42, 45, Iriartea 25, 45 Euphorbiaceae 12 46 49 Iridaceae 15 Evodianthus funifer 11, manzana 23 Iryanthera ulei 24, 58 Marantaceae 20 Ischnosiphon cerotus 20, 58 marfil vegetal 25 puberulus 20 Fevillea 10 marigold 10 cordifolia ivory, vegetable 25 Ficus yoponensis 22 Mauritia 1 1 Fittonia albivenis 4 flexuosa 1 3, 25 flor de las onze 27 Melastomataceae 21 Jacaranda 7 floripondio 29 copaia Meliaceae 21 27 2 1 frijol 18 jagua Menispermaceae 33 fruta de pan 2 1 jenjibre Methods 3 Jessenia 13 Miconia astroplocama 21 bataua 25 Mollinedia 21 jipijapa 1 1 Momordica charantia 11 21 Genipa jobo 5 Monimiaceae 21 americana 45 27, Job's tears 14 Monstera adansonii 6 genipap 27 Justicia 4, 38 Moraceae 2 1 ciliatus 9 Geogenanthus morete 25 Geonoma 40 25, moriche 25 Gesneriaceae 13 morocho 15 Kalanchoe pinnata 10 ginger 33 tree 7 Musaceae 22 Gloxinia perennis 13 kapok Musa x paradisiaca 3, 22, 42, 49, barbadense 20 Gossypium 55 gourd, bitter 1 1 Myristicaceae 24 gourd, bottle 10 Labiatae 16 Myrtaceae 24 Gramineae 13 Lagenaria siceraria 10 granadilla 26 Lagothrix 1 grapefruit 27, 28 lairen 20 neuberthii 16 Grias largatilla 1 1 14 28 Guadua Lasiacis ligulata 14 naranja guama 14 Lauraceae 16 Neurolaena lobala 9 guamo 16 Lecythidaceae 16 Nicotiana tabacum 31

62 FIELDIANA: BOTANY Ochnaceae 24 Portulacaceae 27 tabaco 31 Ochroma pyramidale 7 Portulaca grandiflora 27 Tagetes erecta 10 Ocimum micranthum 16, 39 oleracea 27 taro 6 orange, mandarin 28 potato, sweet 10 Teliostachya lanceolata 4 orange, sweet 28 Pothomorphe pellata 26 Tephrosia sinapou 18 Orbignya 26 Pourouma 22 Thelypteris 27 orito 23 cecropiifolia 22, 48 ferro/ 27 Ormosia amazonica 17 Pouteria 29 Theobroma cacao 32 Oryza saliva 14 caimito 28 tobacco 13, 31 Otoba parvifolia 24 Prochilodus 12, 30 tomate 3 1 Pseudolmedia laevis 22, 28, 49 tomato 3 1 Psidium acutangulum 24 toronja 28 pacay 16 guajava 24 totumo 7 paico 9 purslane 27 Tournefortia angustiflora 8 palillo 24 Trema micrantha 32 palm, peach 24, 55, 56, 57, 58 Triolena pluvialis 21 Palmae 24 tumbo 26 Quararibea 7 Panama hat 1 1 turmeric 33 plant cordata 7 papa china 6 obliquifolia 7 papaya 8 6 Paraponera ubos 5 Pariana 47 14, 19, Ulmaceae 32 aurila 14 reed, giant 1 3 ungurahui 25 Parkia 18 Renealmia nicolaioides 33 Unonopsis veneficiorum 5 Paspalum conjugation 14 thyrsoidea 33 t/rmz baccifera 32 Passifloraceae 26 Rheedia acuminata 15 caracasana 32 26 rice 14 Passiflora quadrangularis laciniata 32 26 Rinorea 33 vitifolia viridiflora Urticaceae 32 Paullinia 17 Rubiaceae 27 uvillas 22 bracteosa 28 Rutaceae 27 >>oco 20, 28 Pentagonia williamsii 27 pepper, chili 30 Verbenaceae 32 Saccharum 15 Persea americana 16 officinarum Verbena littoralis 32 Saimiri 17 27 Pharus latifolia 15 verdolaga Sapindaceae 28 Phaseolus vulgaris 18 Violaceae 33 Sapotaceae 28 Phyllanthus pseudoconami 13 sapote 7 Physalis angulata 31 Sauvegesia erecta 24 Phytelephas 25 seda 23 wormseed 9 Phytolaccaceae 26 Selaginellaceae 29 Phytolacca rivinoides 26 exaltata 29 Picramnia martiniana 29 Selaginella setico 22 Xanthosoma 6 pijuayo 24 Setting 2 Su/a glomerata 20 hydrocotyliflora 32 silk cotton tree 7 pina 8 Simaroubaceae 29 yage 18 pindo 14 cush-cush 1 1 Solanaceae 29 yam, pineapple 8 25 Solanum candidum 31 yarina yoko 20, 28 diffusum 31 amazonicum 26 12 kioniotrichum 31 yuca guianense 26 nudilimbum 26 leptopodum 31 31 Piperaceae 26 sessiliflorum stramoniifolium 31 tachuelo 28 piripiri 1 1 Zanthoxylum alba 9 Zea 41 pituca 6 Spilanthes mays 3, 15, Spondias mombin 5 Zingiberaceae 33 plantain 3, 17, 22, 23, 42, 49, 55 Sterculia 32 33 platano 22 Zingiber officinale Sterculiaceae 32 zinia 10 Polypodiaceae 27 15 zinnia 10 poro 10 sugarcane 6 Zinnia 10 poroto 18 Syngonium podophyllum elegans portulaca 27

VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA 63

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA