DOCSLIB.ORG

Usefulplantsofsi15vick.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Usefulplantsofsi15vick.Pdf ILLINOIS LIBRARY URBANA-CHAMPAIG r| 'RAL HIST. SURV INI Botany \\illiam T. Vickers Timothy Plowman M, >lication 1356 iBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATUF FIELDIANA Botany NEW SERIES, NO. 15 Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador William T. Vickers Department ofAnthropology and Sociology Florida International University Miami, Florida 33199 Timothy Plowman Department of Botany Field Museum of Natural History Accepted for publication January 6, 1984 August 31, 1984 Publication 1356 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1984 Field Museum of Natural History Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-80843 ISSN 00 15-0746 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents Abstract 1 1 2. Siona man with a basket of harvested fruit Introduction 1 of Pseudolmedia laevis 49 The Setting 2 13. Banisteriopsis caapi growing in cultiva- Methods 3 tion at Tarapoto, Peru 50 List of Plants of the Siona-Secoya 4 14. Shaman's apprentice collecting foliage of Conclusion 33 Diplopterys cabrerana 51 Acknowledgments 34 15. Shaman's apprentice pounding stem sec- Literature Cited 35 tions of Banisteriopsis caapi 52 Index . 61 16. Bundles of mashed stems of Banisteriop- sis caapi boiling over the fire at the cer- emonial yahe house 53 17. Siona woman collecting young Astrocar- List of Illustrations yum leaves 54 18. Fruits of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) and plantains (Musa x paradisiaca)or\lhe Location of study sites in Napo Province, kitchen floor of a Siona house 55 eastern Ecuador Facing p. 1 1 9. Siona woman washing fruits ofpeach palm 1. Secoya male in decorative dress 38 (Bactris gasipaes) 56 2. Siona-Secoya canoes entering a small trib- 20. Secoya girl preparing a mash from boiled utary of the Aguarico River opposite San fruit .... 57 Pablo 39 peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) 2 1 . Secoya woman pressing peach palm mash 3. A traditional-style Secoya house at San a sieve 58 Pablo 40 (Bactris gasipaes) through 22. x at the 4. A Siona-Secoya youth planting Zea mays Brugmansia insignis growing Kofan village of Dureno on the Rio (Gramineae) in a recently burned plot . 41 Aguarico 59 5. A Siona garden three months after plant- 23. Brunfelsia grandiflora growing in the yard ing 42 of a Siona-Kofan household on the Cuy- 6. Secoya man painting a cotton cloth ... 43 abeno River . 60 7. Scarification on the arm of a Siona youth 44 8 . Secoya woman roasting a flat manioc cake 45 9. Secoya men making spears 46 [0. Shaman's apprentice fashions a shaman's List of Tables rattle from the leaves of a Pariana species for the yahe rite 47 ; 1 . Siona-Secoya youth harvesting fruit of 1 . Outline of plant uses among the Siona- Pourouma cecropiifolia 48 Secoya 34 111 U-l a CO Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of Eastern Ecuador Abstract The Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ec- 26 distinctive cultural groups, and today number- uador are shifting cultivators and foragers who ing about 50,000 people in seven surviving groups make extensive use ofboth feral and domesticated (Jivaroan, Lowland Quichua, Waorani, Siona, Se- plant materials in most aspects of their culture. coya, Kofan, and Zaparo). This study fully or partially identifies approxi- Like all indigenous peoples, the Indians of Ec- mately 224 species in 1 66 genera and 69 families uador have an intimate knowledge of their sur- that are in common occurrence. A wide variety of roundings. Over many millenia, an enormous cor- these plants are employed for foods and as ma- pus of information about plants and animals has terials for tools, weapons, crafts, construction, and been discovered, upon which these peoples con- personal adornment. The use of plants for medic- tinue to base their subsistence. Groups living in inal and ritual purposes is notable, with emphasis different geographical and ecological areas of Ec- given to hallucinogenic plants of such genera as uador have specialized inventories of the useful Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys, Brugmansia, and wild plants of their areas, as well as extensive Brunfelsia. As in a number of northwestern Ama- knowledge about cultivated plants, both native and zonian societies, the use of Banisteriopsis is par- introduced. Although Spanish names for plants are ticularly significant because it is the basis of the in general use throughout the country, more iso- most important rituals and is viewed as the me- lated Amerindian groups have developed inde- dium through which supernatural knowledge and pendent systems of plant classification, and most power are achieved. The Banisteriopsis cult is the plants have names in native languages. conceptual cornerstone of Siona and Secoya reli- The ethnobotanical study of the major cultural gion, mythology, art, medicine, and warfare. areas of South America, of which the Amazon Basin is an outstanding example, has scarcely be- gun. Research on the native uses of plants falls far behind the general floristic surveys which are now Introduction being conducted in several countries in order to document what plant species exist in each area. In spite of its small area (105,685 sq mi or ap- Many previous accounts of native plant names proximately the size of Colorado), Ecuador has a and/or uses in Amazonia lack scientific identifi- remarkably rich flora, estimated to contain at least cations of the species because of the difficulty in 20,000 species of vascular plants (A. Gentry & C. naming many groups of tropical plants and, more H. Dodson, personal communication). Many areas importantly, are not documented with preserved of Ecuador, especially the eastern lowlands which voucher specimens for future re-examination to form the western edge of the Amazon Basin, re- confirm or refute the species identity. main unexplored or poorly sampled by botanists. For the Northwest Amazon, there are relatively Superimposed on this exceptionally rich flora are few studies of indigenous uses of plants which are a diversity of Amerindian peoples, estimated at substantiated with voucher specimens. Outstand- the time of European contact to include at least ing among these are numerous works of R. E. VICKERS & PLOWMAN: USEFUL PLANTS OF SIONA-SECOYA Schultes on the ethnobotany of tribes of the Co- map facing page 1 ) and speak closely related dia- lombian Amazon (Schultes, 1942, 1954, 1955, lects belonging to the western division of the Tu- 1956, 1963, 1964a,b, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970a,b, kanoan language family. The two groups are cul- 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, inter alia). Two disser- turally similar, and in the Aguarico River basin tations have attempted to enumerate the plants of (of northeastern Ecuador), they have joined to form the Kofan Indians of the Colombia-Ecuador bor- common settlements in which they interact and der area (Pinkley, 1 973) and of the Kamsa Indians intermarry with frequency. Historically the Siona of the Sibundoy Valley in southern Colombia were associated with the Putumayo and Aguarico (Bristol, 1965), but neither of these has been pub- rivers, whereas the Secoyas inhabited the north lished, and the studies remain largely unavailable. side of the Napo River below its confluence with Davis & Yost (1983) have recently completed an the Aguarico. The Secoyas consider the Santa Maria ethnobotanical study of the Waorani (Auca) of River, which is within the latter area, as their tra- eastern Ecuador. For Amazonian Peru, only a pre- ditional homeland. liminary listing of the useful native plants has been The area once covered by members of the west- prepared (Bodley, 1978). Berlin has made exten- ern Tukanoan linguistic branch stretched over an sive ethnobotanical plant collections in the Alto area of approximately 82,000 sq km (31,500 sq Maranon region and, to date, has published arti- mi) between 1N-4S latitude and 73-77W lon- cles on the classificatory principles of Aguaruna gitude in what today constitutes parts of Ecuador, ethnobotany (Berlin, 1976, 1977) and the botan- Colombia, and Peru. Steward (1949, p. 663) es- ical aspects ofAguaruna cosmology (Berlin, 1978). timates that their population at the time of the King (1982) and King & Levey (1982) have made conquest was 16,000. The present population observations on the ethnopharmacology and diet, probably does not exceed 1,000 individuals in respectively, of the Angotero-Secoya Indians of scattered settlements in Ecuador, Colombia, and northeastern Peru. For the Choco region of west- Peru. ern Colombia, Forero Pinto (1980) has published The climate corresponds to Koppen's Afor trop- an ethnobotanical study of the Cuna and Wauana ical wet (with no month drier than 60 mm of rain- Indians. fall). Data collected at Limoncocha (a former Sum- During the course of conducting studies on the mer Institute of Linguistics base camp on the Napo subsistence patterns and ethnography of the Siona River), 32 km southwest of the Siona-Secoya set- and Secoya peoples in eastern Ecuador, one of us tlement ofShushufindi on the Aguarico River, show (Vickers) collected some 273 plant specimens in a mean annual rainfall of 3,375 mm (132 inches) order to document the use of plants among these for the period 1971-1972. The month of least rain- closely related groups. Various aspects of this re- fall for this period was December, with a mean of search, including the dynamics of subsistence and 172.5 mm (6.79 inches); the month of greatest the impact of frontier development, have been rainfall was March, with a mean of 411.2 mm published elsewhere (Hames & Vickers, 1982; (16.19 inches). Generally speaking, the "dry sea- Vickers, 1976, 1979, 1981a,b, 1983a-c), but a son," runs from December through February, and compilation of all the species observed or recorded the "wet season," from March through July. The has not yet appeared. In recognition of the great elevation of the study area is approximately 250 dearth of published data on the useful plants of m (823 ft).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Structure and Floristic Composition of Flood Plain Forests in the Peruvian Amazon II. the Understorey of Restinga Forests
    Forest Ecology and Management 150 (2001) 59-77 doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00681-2 Structure and floristic composition of flood plain forests in the Peruvian Amazon II. The understorey of restinga forests Gustav Nebel a , Jens Dragsted a, Jerome K. Vanclay b a Department of Economics and Natural Resources, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Unit of Forestry, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark b School of Resource Science and Management, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Abstract Structure and floristic composition of small trees and shrubs (1.5 m height to 10 cm diameter at breast height was described in two flood plain forests of the lower Ucayali river, Peruvian Amazon. The forests were of the high and low restinga type, on an annual average flooded around 1 and 2 months, respectively. The soils were nutrient rich entisols, and the vegetation forms closed high canopy forests with presence of emergents. A total of 25 permanent sample plots covering 0.64 ha were established. They were nested within six quadratic 1 ha permanent sample plots where large individuals (>10 cm DBH) were inventoried. Overall average density and basal area of the understorey were 4458 ha and 5.0 m2 /ha, respectively. The families of Moraceae, Leguminosae, Annonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Lauraceae were among the most important tree families, while important shrub and small tree families were Violaceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, and Olacaceae. Two hundred eight and 204 tree species were registered in the restinga forest overstories and understories, respectively. Fifty-six percent of the species were shared between the two forest strata, while around 22% were confined to each of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Plant-Animal Interactions: Linking Defaunation with Seed Predation, and Resource- Dependent Co-Occurrence
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2021 TROPICAL PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS: LINKING DEFAUNATION WITH SEED PREDATION, AND RESOURCE- DEPENDENT CO-OCCURRENCE Peter Jeffrey Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Williams, Peter Jeffrey, "TROPICAL PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS: LINKING DEFAUNATION WITH SEED PREDATION, AND RESOURCE-DEPENDENT CO-OCCURRENCE" (2021). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11777. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11777 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TROPICAL PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS: LINKING DEFAUNATION WITH SEED PREDATION, AND RESOURCE-DEPENDENT CO-OCCURRENCE By PETER JEFFREY WILLIAMS B.S., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 2014 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology – Ecology and Evolution The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2021 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Graduate School Dean Jedediah F. Brodie, Chair Division of Biological Sciences Wildlife Biology Program John L. Maron Division of Biological Sciences Joshua J. Millspaugh Wildlife Biology Program Kim R. McConkey School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Williams, Peter, Ph.D., Spring 2021 Biology Tropical plant-animal interactions: linking defaunation with seed predation, and resource- dependent co-occurrence Chairperson: Jedediah F.
    [Show full text]
  • Responses of a Translocated Howler Monkey Alouatta Palliata Group to New Environmental Conditions
    Vol. 12: 25–30, 2010 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online June 4 doi: 10.3354/esr00287 Endang Species Res Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Responses of animals to habitat alteration’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Responses of a translocated howler monkey Alouatta palliata group to new environmental conditions Aralisa Shedden-González*, Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Exhacienda Lucas Martín, Calle Araucarias s/n, Col. Periodistas C.P. 91019 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico ABSTRACT: Considering the drastic changes in primate habitats, we must search for management strategies to maintain primate populations in the wild. In the present study, a group of howler mon- keys Alouatta palliata was followed after being translocated to a 90 ha tropical forest used for under- story palm Chamaedorea elegans cultivation. The group’s behavior was recorded in the new environ- ment. There was no evidence of behavioral alterations due to the different habitat conditions, the translocation process or the palm cultivation activities at the release site. These results indicate that reintroduction, even to fragments used for cultivation purposes, is a viable conservation approach for howler monkey conservation in the Los Tuxtlas region of Mexico. KEY WORDS: Adaptive responses · Alouatta palliata · Conservation · Mexico · Reintroduction Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION translocation or reintroduction has been successful (IUCN SSC 2002). Certain site characteristics can facil- The conversion of ecosystems for farming, planta- itate the objectives of a translocation or reintroduction tions and urban or suburban developments is reducing (ensuring long-term persistence of the released ani- a diverse range of habitats (Soulé & Orians 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Home Range, Activity Patterns and Diet of Red Howler Monkeys in a Continuous Forest and a Forest Fragment in Colombia Pablo R
    Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. 39(153):503-513000-000, octubre-diciembre de 2015 Ecological traits of red howler monkeys in Meta, Colombia doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.262 Original article CienciasNatural naturalesSciences Differences in home range, activity patterns and diet of red howler monkeys in a continuous forest and a forest fragment in Colombia Pablo R. Stevenson1,*, Marta L. Beltrán1, Marcela J. Quiñones1,2, Jorge A. Ahumada1,3 1 Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes. Bogotá, Colombia 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3 Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring Network (TEAM), Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. Arlington, VA, USA Abstract Howler monkeys, genus Alouatta, are recognized as one of the most resistant primates to forest fragmentation. In this study a comparison of the home range, activity and diet of red howler monkeys (A. seniculus) was made between a continuous forest and a fragment in Meta, Colombia (Tinigua Park and Santa Rosa farm, respectively). Data was gathered on focal animals for 4-5 days per month, over 13 months in the continuous forest, and for six months in a 21-ha fragment. Home range areas were larger in the continuous forest. Resting was the most frequent activity in both places (58-59%), but individuals in the continuous forest moved more than those in the fragment (15 vs. 9%). In contrast, feeding was less frequent in the continuous forest (23 vs. 31%). Consumption of leaves was higher in the fragment (67%) than in the continuous forest (56%), contrasting with the pattern found for ripe fruit consumption (fragment: 32%, continuous forest: 44%).
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Stress in the Inner Bark of 15 Tropical Tree Species and The
    Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras To cite this version: Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure. Botany / Botanique, NRC Research Press, 2019, 10.1139/cjb-2018-0224. hal-02368075 HAL Id: hal-02368075 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02368075 Submitted on 18 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure1 Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, and Tancrède Alméras Abstract: Recent studies have shown that the inner bark is implicated in the postural control of inclined tree stems through the interaction between wood radial growth and tangential expansion of a trellis fiber network in bark. Assessing the taxonomic extent of this mechanism requires a screening of the diversity in bark anatomy and mechanical stress. The mechanical state of bark was measured in 15 tropical tree species from various botanical families on vertical mature trees, and related to the anatomical structure of the bark.
    [Show full text]
  • Pourouma Cecropiifolia 1 Pourouma Cecropiifolia
    Pourouma cecropiifolia 1 Pourouma cecropiifolia Uva caimarona Clasificación científica Reino: Plantae División: Magnoliophyta Clase: Magnoliopsida Subclase: Hamamelidae Orden: Urticales Familia: urticaceae Género: Pourouma Especie: P. cecropiifolia Nombre binomial Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart. 1831 Sinonimia • Pourouma cecropiaefolia • Pourouma uvifera • Pourouma multifida Pourouma cecropiifolia, comúnmente llamado caimarón o uvilla, es una especie de árbol frutal originario de la selva amazónica (norte de Bolivia, oeste de Brasil, sudeste de Colombia, este de Ecuador, este de Perú, sur de Venezuela).[1] que produce una fruta denominada caimarona o uva de monte. Los amerindios la cultivan, desde mucho antes de la llegada de los españoles y portugueses a América. Aún es posible encontrar variedades silvestres. Tiene de 12 a 15 m (y no infrecuente 20 m) de altura. El tronco es cilíndrico, delgado, con copa, corteza gris provista de anillos. Sus hojas son alternas, profundamente lobuladas, compuestas, con 9–11 folíolos de 10–20 cm × 2,5–4 cm, y un pecíolo de 20 cm de largo. Flores blancas, producidas 20 o más juntas en una inflorescencia de 10 cm de largo; al ser dioico tiene cada sexo en pies distintos: dos clases de flores, las pestiladas o hembras y las estaminadas o machos. Fruto ovoide, 4 cm de diámetro, drupaceo. La cáscara es verde al formarse, se vuelve violeta al madurar y se desprende con facilidad; la pulpa es blancuzca, dulce y jugosa y envuelve una semilla.[2][3] Además de agua contiene fósforo, potasio y prequeñas cantidades de calcio, hierro, sodio, vitaminas B y C y grasa. Se consume directamente como fruta o se utiliza en la preparación de bebidas refrescantes o en la fabricación de néctares, jaleas, mermeladas y vino.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of Fungi
    Molecular Identification of Fungi Youssuf Gherbawy l Kerstin Voigt Editors Molecular Identification of Fungi Editors Prof. Dr. Youssuf Gherbawy Dr. Kerstin Voigt South Valley University University of Jena Faculty of Science School of Biology and Pharmacy Department of Botany Institute of Microbiology 83523 Qena, Egypt Neugasse 25 [email protected] 07743 Jena, Germany [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-05041-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-05042-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-05042-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938949 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, kindly supported by ‘leopardy.com’ Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to Prof. Lajos Ferenczy (1930–2004) microbiologist, mycologist and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one of the most outstanding Hungarian biologists of the twentieth century Preface Fungi comprise a vast variety of microorganisms and are numerically among the most abundant eukaryotes on Earth’s biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Chec List What Survived from the PLANAFLORO Project
    Check List 10(1): 33–45, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution What survived from the PLANAFLORO Project: PECIES S Angiosperms of Rondônia State, Brazil OF 1* 2 ISTS L Samuel1 UniCarleialversity of Konstanz, and Narcísio Department C.of Biology, Bigio M842, PLZ 78457, Konstanz, Germany. [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus José Ribeiro Filho, BR 364, Km 9.5, CEP 76801-059. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: The Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project (PLANAFLORO) was a strategic program developed in partnership between the Brazilian Government and The World Bank in 1992, with the purpose of stimulating the sustainable development and protection of the Amazon in the state of Rondônia. More than a decade after the PLANAFORO program concluded, the aim of the present work is to recover and share the information from the long-abandoned plant collections made during the project’s ecological-economic zoning phase. Most of the material analyzed was sterile, but the fertile voucher specimens recovered are listed here. The material examined represents 378 species in 234 genera and 76 families of angiosperms. Some 8 genera, 68 species, 3 subspecies and 1 variety are new records for Rondônia State. It is our intention that this information will stimulate future studies and contribute to a better understanding and more effective conservation of the plant diversity in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil. Introduction The PLANAFLORO Project funded botanical expeditions In early 1990, Brazilian Amazon was facing remarkably in different areas of the state to inventory arboreal plants high rates of forest conversion (Laurance et al.
    [Show full text]
  • FENOLOGIA Y CARACTERIZACION DE SEMILLAS Y PLANTULAS DE POUROUMA CECROPIIFOLIA Mart. PHENOLOGICAL ASPECTS and CHARACTERISTIC OF
    ECOTROPICOS 18(2):96-102 2005 Sociedad Venezolana de Ecología FENOLOGIA Y CARACTERIZACION DE SEMILLAS Y PLANTULAS DE POUROUMA CECROPIIFOLIA Mart. PHENOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS OF POUROUMA CECROPIIFOLIA Mart Domingo Sánchez, Ernesto Arends, Alberto Villarreal y Alexander Cegarra Grupo de Investigación Manejo Múltiple de Ecosistemas Forestales. Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de los Andes. E-mail:[email protected] RESUMEN Se analizaron además de aspectos fenológicos de las plantas, características de las semillas y se establecieron cada una de las etapas de germinación y morfología de plántulas de cocura (Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart), especie frutal usada como complemento alimenticio en algunas comunidades Piaroas, ubicadas en el Sector Norte de la Reserva Forestal Sipapo, en las cercanías de los ríos Cuao y Sipapo. Las fenofases fueron identificadas con información de herbarios y con observaciones directas de campo. Se revisaron los herbarios de Puerto Ayacucho (TFAV), Mérida (MER), Guanare (PORT), Maracay (MY) y Caracas (VEN). Los análisis de las semillas se realizaron según las reglas internacionales ISTA y el desarrollo de las plántulas fue evaluado en invernadero. Los resultados fenológicos indican que P. cecropiifolia florece y fructifica a finales de la época seca; es de floración tardía y fructificación de temporada corta y estacional. Las semillas son recalcitrantes, con un contenido de humedad de 23,3% y una
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Variability and Rule-Making Processes for Forest Management 1145 Different Rules And, Consequently, Institutions for Forests Management
    International Journal of the Commons Vol. 10, no 2 2016, pp. 1144–1171 Publisher: Uopen Journals URL:http://www.thecommonsjournal.org DOI: 10.18352/ijc.672 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 1875-0281 Ecological variability and rule-making processes for forest management institutions: a social-ecological case study in the Jalisco coast, Mexico Sofía Monroy-Sais Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México [email protected] Alicia Castillo Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México [email protected] Eduardo García-Frapolli Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México [email protected] Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México [email protected] Abstract: Analysis of social-ecological systems is becoming increasingly used since the framework provides a valuable set of variables for understanding rela- tionships between people and ecosystems. This interaction focuses on the use and management of natural resources that, in many cases, are common-pool resources. In Mexico, common-pool resources have long been explored since at least 60% of the forested lands in the country are held under the legal figure of ‘ejidos’ and indigenous communities, which aimed at driving the collective use of lands and resources. However, few studies incorporate ecological processes for an integrated understanding of social-ecological systems. In this study, we seek to understand how ecological variability influences the creation and functioning of Ecological variability and rule-making processes for forest management 1145 different rules and, consequently, institutions for forests management.
    [Show full text]
  • Rain-Forest Fragmentation and the Phenology of Amazonian Tree Communities
    Journal of Tropical Ecology (2003) 19:343–347. Copyright 2003 Cambridge University Press DOI:10.1017/S0266467403003389 Printed in the United Kingdom SHORT COMMUNICATION Rain-forest fragmentation and the phenology of Amazonian tree communities William F. Laurance*†1, Judy M. Rankin-de Merona†, Ana Andrade†, Susan G. Laurance†, Sammya D’Angelo†, Thomas E. Lovejoy† and Heraldo L. Vasconcelos† *Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama´ †Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil (Accepted 16 June 2002) Key Words: Amazon, edge effects, flowering, fruiting, habitat fragmentation, leaf production, plant reproduction, rain forest, trees Habitat fragmentation affects the ecology of tropical rain and leaf production (Lovejoy et al. 1986), whereas higher forests in many ways, such as reducing species diversity desiccation and light intensities near edges would lead to of many taxa (Laurance et al. 2002, Lovejoy et al. 1986) increased leaf shedding (Sizer & Tanner 1999). and increasing rates of tree mortality and canopy-gap The study area is the 1000-km2, experimentally frag- formation near forest edges (Laurance et al. 1997, 1998, mented landscape of the Biological Dynamics of Forest 2001). Such obvious alterations have been documented in Fragments Project (BDFFP) in central Amazonia, 80 many fragmented forests, but more subtle changes, such km N of Manaus, Brazil (2°30′S, 60°W; Lovejoy et al. as those affecting plant phenology (the timing and fre- 1986). Rainfall ranges from 1900–3500 mm annually quency of flower, fruit and leaf production), have received with a dry season from June to October.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Organogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Leaves of Solanum Candidum Lindl., S
    In vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration from leaves of Solanum candidum Lindl., S. quitoense Lam. (naranjilla) and S. sessiliflorum Dunal By: ROSE C. HENDRIX1, RICHARD E. LITZ1* and BRUCE K. KIRCHOFF2 Hendrix, R. C., R. E. Litz and B. K. Kirchoff. 1987. In vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration from leaves of Solanum candidum Lindl., S. quitoense Lam. (Naranjilla) and S. sessiliflorum Dunal. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 11: 67- 73. Made available courtesy of Springer Verlag. The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com ***Note: Figures may be missing from this format of the document Abstract: Adventitious shoots and roots were regenerated from leaf segments of 3 Solanum species: S. candidum Lindl., S. quitoense Lam. and S. sessiliflorum Dunal. Leaf explants differentiated shoots on modified MS medium supplemented with 23-163 μm kinetin and 0-5.7 μm indoleacetic acid (IAA). Excised shoots were induced to form roots by transfer to media with benzyladenine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.09 and 0.11/2 μM respectively for S. qultoense and 0.01 μm NAA for S. candidum and S. sessiliflorum. Adventitious roots were produced directly from leaf explants with 0-140 μm kinetin and 0-5.7μm IAA in combination. Rooted plants were successfully established in the greenhouse. Key words: naranjilla, organogenesis, Solanum candidum, Solanum qultoense, Solanum sessiliforum, tissue culture Article: INTRODUCTION The naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) is a large, lignescent perennial that is cultivated for the juice of its fruit in Andean South America and in some Central American countries [13]. Its cultivation is severely limited by climatic requirements and susceptibility to diseases and pests, particularly the rootknot nematode [6].
    [Show full text]