April 5, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9135 to the community, where 550 of them have in with each of these centers: By special ar­ Spiritual leader of the moderates is ascetic managed to remain for three years or more. rangement among city, state and federal gov­ Cesar Chavez, a Gandhiesque figure who last But, with a hospital population of nearly ernments, the centers will pay Byberry for week ended a 25-day fast in support of the 5,000, an average of 100 discharges a year is handling patients from their "catchment two-and-a-half-year-old strike by Mexican not much to shout about. Byberry's routine areas" who need intensive care, and the cen­ American farmworkers against California therapy is now doing about as well. ters in turn will provide aftercare for the grapegrowers.-As cheering, chanting strikers By working his staff people almost beyond patients Byberry treats and sends out. gathered around him at his home base of their endurance, Dr. Blain in the past 18 Dr. Blain does not foresee that under such Delano, Calif., Chavez (with no less a strike months has reduced Byberry's bed popula­ an arrangement Byberry will revert to its old sympathizer than Robert F. Kennedy at his tion from 6,100 to 4,850. He expects to move custodial role. It will in time become a 2,000- side) told them the real reason for the fast out another 1,000 to 1,500 in 1968 if feder­ bed hospital, he said-1,000 for patients in was to renew their faith in nonviolence. "The ally supported social workers in Philadelphia intensive care, 1,000 for patients taking part justice of our cau~e is our weapon," he find places for them in nursing homes, foster in an elaborate program of rehabilitation pleaded. homes and geriatrics centers. By concentrat­ and strong possibility that, for all its un­ "KING TIGER" ing on new patients, the hospital has been happy history, P:Qiladelphia will, through its Chavez had good reason to be d'oncerned. able to send them out in three months, on mental-health centers, become once again a Increasingly, frustrated Mexican Americans the average, a creditable record. model for the nation in its treatment of the have been rallying to the banner of fiery "We have begun to function as a treat­ mentally ill. spellbinder Reies LOpez Tijerina, 41, brown ment center, not a warehouse," Dr. Blain power's middle-aged equivalent of Stokely said. "But I very much doubt that we can Carmichael. The hawk-faced Tijerina holds keep up this pace much longer without an an electric appeal forr young, vocal elements increase in staff. The people we have are Brown Power who have jammed into the urban-poverty working twenty percent beyond their ca­ pockets of the Southwest (where 87 per cent pacity. of the nation's 5 million Mexican Americans "Also, the patients we have sent out were HON. JOHN R. RARICK live). Last June, Tijerina-he prefers to be the easiest ones. We are getting down to OF LOUISIANA called Rey Tigre, for "King Tiger"-achieved the permafrost now, where it's like chipping legendary hero status as the accused leader ice with a spoon. Every tiny advance, from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of a "liberation" raid that freed eleven of his here on, will come only with tremendous de­ Thursday, April 4, 1968 followers in a shoot-out at a New Mexico tailed effort." courthouse (NEWSWEEK, June 19, 1967). Shortchanging its mental hospitals is the Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, now out of While he awaits trial on assault charges, poorest sort of false economy a state can the Southwest our citizens are subjected Tijerina has been haranguing fledgling practice, Dr. Blain feels. to a new growth of the Communist brown-power groups and white college stu­ "If we had been able to spend thirty-three divide-and-conquer cancer. This time it dents on the "crimes" of the U.S. Govern­ m1llion dollars to remodel this place, and if calls itself "brown power." ment, matching Carmichael and H. Rap we had twenty-five m1llion dollars a year to But the dress, the modus operandi, Brown word for word in firebreathing anti­ operate on for two years in a row, we could white rhetoric. "If the Anglo is frightened it reduce Byberry's bed population to three and the slogans all come from the same is because his historical crimes are catching thousand patients or less. When we reached party line and robot brain te·aching. up with him," Tijerina shouts from the plat­ this figure, the budget would begin to de­ The revolting announcement is that form, behind a screen of "Brown Beret" body­ crease. In fact, I would guarantee that I the Senator from North Vietnam is guards, largely a group of Mexican American could reduce the budget ten percent a year mixed up with this bunch of revolution­ college students who affect a Che Guevara for five years." aries also. Just a millionaire in the style of dress. A custodial hospital obviously can be run rough. The most dramatic demonstration of the more cheaply on a day-to-day basis than a new brown power came in a recent series of treatment hospital, but in the long term it Wonder who's using whom. Or, per­ walkouts by thousands of Mexican Ameri­ is vastly more expensive. "It's as simple as haps, both think they are using the other. can public-school students in East Los An­ this," Dr. Blain says. "Spend twelve to four­ Can you imagine turning money over geles. Wearing buttons labeled "Chicano teen dollars a day and get 'em out. Or spend to a group like this and justifying it as Power-Viva la Raza" (Mexican Power-Hail five dollars a day and keep them forever." for politics? the Race), the students presented officials Since Dr. Blain's arrival, Byberry's per diem I include the article from Newsweek with a 40-point list of grievances against has risen from $5.15 to $8.2D-st111 far from for March 25, as follows: school conditions. The demonstrations began adequate. peacefully but after some rock and bottle Unless the legislature comes through in BROWN POWER throwing a dozen youths were arrested. Re­ the next few years with a strong transfusion The slogans and rhetoric are reminis­ cently, uneasy police padlocked the Piranya, of new money, Dr. Blain thinks, it is hardly cent, the grievances-menial jobs, abusive a favorite Brown Beret hangout, and began likely that Byberry can improve much fur­ cops, inferior schools-all too familiar. And an intensive patrol of the district, four cops ther. There is, however, one bright hope for like a troubled dream ominously replaying to each car. The angry reaction of one Brown the future. Philadelphia, working mainly itself, the Brown Power Movement among Beret leader stirred warnings of yet another with federal funds, has done what he consid­ the Southwest's Mexican Americans is mov­ racial crisis for America: ers the best job in the country of setting up ing down the track in the footsteps of black "The students today ht..ve the guts our community mental-health centers. Ten are power-with little more than a shade of parents didn't ... The Mexic·an American planned, with six in operation now, and they difference. Brown power has even developed has just discovered how the democratic proc­ inevitably wm take some of the pressure off the inevitable rift between moderates and ess works, after years of watching on the Byberry. Plans are under way to tie Byberry hardline militants. sidelines."

SE.NATE-Friday, April 5, 1968 The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, of weakness, triumph out of failure, song THE JOURNAL and was called to order by the President through sacrifice, gain through loss, and pro tempore. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask life through death. unanimous consent that the reading of The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown Father of all men- the Journal of the proceedings of Thurs­ Harris, D.D., offered the following prayer: "We stand atremble and afraid day, April 4, 1968, be dispensed with. Our Father God, in the holy pilgrim­ On the small world that we have made. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ age of these sacred weeks we would join Afraid lest all our poor control out objection, it is so ordered. devout multitudes treading the way of Shall turn and rend us to the soul. sorrow, as we lift our eyes to a green Afraid lest we should be denied MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE hill outside a city wall and to a lone The price we hold our ragged pride, cross against the sky, a cross so old and But in the end we pass all by A message from the House of Repre­ yet so new. For a lone cross against the sky." sentatives by Mr. Hackney, one of its As crusaders in the holy cause of hu­ reading clerks, announced that the House man freedom may we conquer by that In the shadow of that cross, give us had passed the bill prophet of ING TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE No answer to these questions will suf­ nonviolence, worked night and day to MORNING BUSINESS fice. The assassin must be brought to jus­ achieve equality of opportunity for all tice. But, Mr. President, punishment of people, the very core of both the Ameri­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask the criminal will not soothe our con­ unanimous consent that statements in can system and the American dream. science or dispel our sorrow. For the Dr. King lived and died for his con­ relation to the transaction of routine death of Martin Luther King leaves our morning business be limited to 3 minutes. viction that no citizen of his country Nation inconsolable. should be a second-class citizen because The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ We cannot assuage the loss of Martin out objection, it is so ordered. of the color of his skin. Luther King. We can only redeem it by Let each of us search our hearts and nourishing the spirit with which he im­ minds as to the wisdom and the justice THE DEATH OF DR. MARTIN bued millions of Americans, both black of his stand; because the decisions we LUTHER KING and white. That spirit is one of concilia­ thereupon make could well determine the tion and good will, of brotherly love and Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, future security and well-being of the mutual respect, of fervent dedication to United States. within a space of less than 5 years, a the nonviolent struggle for equal justice. short time historically, John F. Kennedy The mood of America today is neces­ AN EXTRA MEASURE OF DUTY and Dr. Martin Luther King have been sarily confused and troubled. From it we Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, the heart assassinated. They were both American must extract a new sense of direction of America is heavy and our people are tragedies, senseless, vicious, and devoid and determination. If we are to be true filled with a sense of shame and indigna­ of meaning. apostles of this godly man, if we are to tion. The bullet fired by a violent, In this troubled and violent period of avoid the perils of division and civil monstrous bigot has stilled the peaceful our history, I hope and pray that all of strife, we must keep faith with the vision voice of nonviolence in America. That our people will realize their responsibili­ of Martin Luther King. We must not terrible criminal act-God forbid-could ties and work together to put into effect allow that vision to be shrouded in the reap a frightful whirlwind. It may be the rights guaranteed to all our citizens bitterness and bigotry which moved the that that is precisely what the bigot under the Constitution. assassin. hoped for and planned. Only in this way can we overcome the This is ~ time for all Americans to look There is an extra measure of duty to inequities and the injustices which have inward and to measure themselves. With his country falling on every citizen today. marked too many of our people for too whom will we stand: The man who fired Each of us across the land, the govern­ many centuries. the gun, or the man who fell before it? ing and the governed, the black and the All of us, in a sense, are on trial. Dr. The honest rage of this day must not be white, the rich and the poor, must exer­ King was a man of moderation and hope. spent in outbursts of the violence cise his best leadership with the best that He was assassinated by an individual in spawned by the murderer. The pain felt he has in him in renewing America's a nation in which fear and violence are by Americans of all races over this ter­ quest for justice, in an atmosphere of becoming more the norm rather than rible event will purify our Nation only if peace, and for individual dignity for the rarity; a nation in which all too it generates a sober and profound com­ every citizen. often events are decided by the gun and mitment to relieve the injustice which The death of Martin Luther King, Jr., the mob. Martin Luther King so valiantly opposed. leader of the movement of nonviolence, This is a time for understanding, not The ancient words of another land are must not be followed by any eruption of violence; a time to pray and a time to a fitting proclamation for us: "The king terror or of lawlessness. hope; a time for awareness and reas­ is dead, long live the king." The king Mr. President, bigotry is on the march sessment; a time to weep but not to de­ who lives and who must be followed is in America. Bigotry must be stopped. spair; a time to look at ourselves and the man of peace, the spokesman of non- Extremism could destroy this country. April 5, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9137 Extremism is not indigenous to any race. There is a grim irony and poignance in sustained him in his crusade for rights Extremism cut down the life of a peace­ the fact that he died by the very violence for all men. He had a dream that all men loving American last night. Let the law that he saw threatening his country. could live as brothers, and that dream, take its course. May justice be swift and. We know from his last words and ac­ so eloquently expressed, gave our dreams sure. May the American people exalt our tions that he saw even his own crusade and our consciences a direction for free society-and respect it-even as a for equality among Americans menaced action. · depraved few seek to undermine and de­ by the violence he deplored. For he de­ He had a deeper faith, a more genuine stroy it. plored violence of every kind-violence faith in America than did most Ameri­ Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President, abroad, violence at home, violence by cans. We who are left, diminished by his the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., whites, violence by blacks. At the mo­ death, have the obligation to justify that was one of the very great men of our ment of his death he was deeply trou­ faith. generation. He was. a man of God. He bled that his own long and arduous Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, this was dedicated to the cause of complete work might be subverted by persons and country is not divided between black men civil liberties and civil rights for all purposes and methods entirely foreign and white men. This country is divided Americans. He was dedicated to the idea to what he sought to accomplish: the between good men and bad. of accomplishing this by nonviolence, by peaceful, lawful, orderly absorption of Last night, a good man, who was black, his eloquence and irrefutable logic. The every American into the fullness of our was foully murdered by a bad man, be­ assassination in Memphis, Tenn., and the national life. lieved to be white. assassination of President Kennedy in As men and women, our reaction to the From this martyrdom, good men, black Dallas, Tex., have been the cruelest blows isolated deed of perverted violence must and white together, must pledge them­ to the American people since the assas­ be one of sorrow for his family. As Amer­ selves anew to the Christian principles sination of Abraham Lincoln. I fear the icans, it must be one of renewed resolve for which Martin Luther King gave his dread portent of the hour. I am fearful that our vigorous national efforts toward life. that violence is the curse of the land. We full equality of opportunity and citizen­ Otherwise, the bad men, whatever must not permit that. ship will be carried on within the flexible their color, will prevail and we shall come It is ironic that the two greatest apos­ but peaceful framework of justice and to catastrophe-all to be plunged into a tles of nonviolence since the birth of our legal order. bloodbath of hate. Saviour nearly 2,000 years ago were Ma­ Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, too Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, Martin hatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther many say that the Negro has lost a Luther King is dead, a victim of man's King, Jr., and both suffered violent great leader in the murder of Martin persistent inhumanity to man. With his deaths at the hands of assassins. How­ Luther King. The fact is, America has tragic passing, so sorrowfully reminis­ ever, an assassin's bullet can never de­ lost a great leader. cent of the death of President Kennedy, stroy the legacy of hope and freedom Martin Luther King was a very great we have lost the sanest and most persua­ and peace that both of these great hu­ American. He was a man of peace who sive voice for moderation and nonvio­ man beings bequeathed to men of all preached racial harmony with more elo­ lence this Nation ever had. Although Dr. colors and creeds. quence than anyone else. King is dead, we must all pray that mod­ Those who are responsible for this But, in the irony of his violent death, eration and nonviolence have not died violent deed have murdered an unof­ too few are likely to note that the meas­ with him. fending, God-fearing and innocent man ure of his greatness was not--I repeat, We in this Chamber can help to make of great good will. They have also killed not--his gentleness and love of peace, that so, but we must act now-swiftly­ something in the spirit and heart of but his dedication to a continuous pro­ to build for him a lasting monument of America. Let us hope that out of this test to achieve the pride of full American law. wanton and senseless act all Ameri­ citizenship for the American Negro. Justice and equality of opportunity cans-Negro and white alike-will dedi­ If we are honest, we will recognize were always his goals. We in the Con­ cate themselves anew to the ideals for that in his life King's protest was not gress must now demonstrate our rededi­ which Martin Luther King lived and popular in white America, or in this cation to those same goals, not only out for which he died. We must go forward body, or in Congress. By his own meas­ of a sense of compassion for his loss, but with a greater sense of urgency to make ure, he had failed to achieve his goal. also because honor and duty require it. a reality of his dream of racial equality But now, by his tragic, martyred Let the House pass the open housing and social justice and strive to com­ death, let us pray that King's dream, bill. Let us pass the emergency job bill. plete the great work in which he was that great dream-as he touchingly ex­ Let us provide the funds to carry on the engaged at the time of his death-the pressed it at the Lincoln Memorial in war on poverty. Let us pass the equal em­ elimination of poverty from our Nation. the summer of 1963, which none of us ployment opportunity bill. Let us appro­ In his dream for a world filled with can ever forget--will become understood priate whatever is needed to bring mean­ love, hope, and security he felt keenly and supported by white Americans, in­ ingful educational opportunity to the the desperate yearning for peace of all cluding those of us who serve in Con­ deprived children of the slums. people. His death will be mourned by gress, so that we can swiftly bring full Let us not cut back on Headstart pro­ hundreds of millions of men and women American citizenship to the American grams. Let us now, for God's sake, before far from our Nation's shores as well as Negro. we are visited by national tragedy again, here at home. Good people of every Mr. MciNTYRE. Mr. President, the pass the Federal Gun Control bill. shade of color and every creed know that words were spoken by a man from an­ In this way, we in Congress can build they have lost a dear friend. other country, over 300 years ago. John a living memorial to one of the greatest Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., is gone Donne's thoughts then are true today. Americans of our generation. and his voice is stilled. However, his No Man is an Island, entire of itself; every Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I speak noble spirit will not die. man is a piece of the Continent, a part of today, as others have spoken, with a Mr. President, the death of Martin the maine; if a Clod be washed away by the heart full of grief and tragedy. Luther King was a loss to our Nation Sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a Promen­ A great man and an apostle of peace and to mankind. He also was a husband tory were, as well as if a Manor of thy friends has been taken from us. and a father. To Mrs. Martin Luther or of thine own were; any man's death di­ This terrible tragedy has removed one King and to their children I join with all minishes me, because I am involved in Man­ of the greatest and most inspiring lead­ Americans in extending our deepest and kind; And therefore never send to know for ers this century has produced. heartfelt sympathy. whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. In addition to the great shock and Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I join Last night, in Memphis, the bell tolled deep feeling I have-which I know all Senators today in an expression of com­ for all Americans and for all men every­ share for Mrs. King and her children­ passion for the widow and children of where wr~o believe in human justice, dig­ it is also a dangerous and delicate hour Martin Luther King. While nothing can nity, and brotherhood. in our national life. The wrong lessons relieve the grief that they will bear, we The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, can be read from this terrible event. as all hope that somehow their grief will was, in truth, involved in all mankind. well as the right ones. The tendency be lessened by the resolve of our Nation His deep faith in the rest of us, in our will be to read the wrong ones first, that to persevere in the ways of peace. capacity ultimately·to do what was right, violence, which this terrible act demon- 9138 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE April 5, .1968 strates, will tend to be repaid with vio­ murder of its leaders. It disturbs me that But, most of all-and I speak now to lence with awful consequences to follow. in our civilized Nation this lesson has not white Americans-we had better recog­ We have already seen some riots in New been learned. nize that expressions of sympathy grate­ York and in other cities throughout the We must work with renewed dedication fully received are meaningless unless country. to resolve the problems of lawlessness they are coupled with action, action on Our leadership should be directed to­ and crime, and to end the divisiveness the fronts that have been identified for ward the dignity, respect, and honor and polarization which threaten the years. And that is Congress' responsi­ which this tragedy requires. That means American dream of peace and tranquil­ bility, among many others', in this the continuance of peace, the use of the ity, and opportunity for all. country. processes of law to their utmost to find Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President, Mr. PELL. Mr. President, the assas­ the miscreants, and the hope of binding I deeply deplore the assassination of Dr. sination of Dr. Martin Luther King is up the wounds by the deep sorrow we King. I regard this criminal act-this a tragedy and one that makes me manifest and by the affirmative actions senseless act-as a tragedy for all Amer-• ashamed that a fellow man has done which are looked for-and which Martin icans. The problems of our Nation can­ such an awful deed. Luther King looked for-as the basis for not be solved by violence. This murder is a double tragedy in the justice which he sought and for which Mr. HART. Mr. President, many of us that the apostle of nonviolence, Dr. he gave his life. will rise today in an e:f!ort to express King, was killed by violence which can It requires-and I am delighted that shock, sorrow, horror, and shame, and produce even more hate and violence. the Senator from Pennsylvania EMr. then find-as I do-that the English He was truly a martyr to the cause of CLARK] has said it-the passage by the language, or at least my command of it, eradicating racial hatred, the most ir­ House of the Senate civil rights bill with is inadequate. rational hatred there is. relation to segregation in housing and the These emotions are hard to express­ I would very much hope that we might very kinds of crimes which are involved you just say the words. accord Dr. King the honor of lying in here which we would seek to punish ef­ But how do you express the depth of state in the rotunda of the Capitol, and fectively under Federal law. that sorrow, the extent of that horror, urge that thought upon my colleagues Mr. President, Martin Luther King was the degree of that shock? in the Congress. I also urge that the Na­ a very great man. He would have been the You can only hope that maybe it is tion honor the memory of this most dis­ first, if he could speak to us today, to not necessary, that others can sense your tinguished citizen by observing an offi­ counsel this kind of a living memorial. feelings because they share them, shar­ -cial period of mourning and that our The historic words "we shall over­ ing perhaps also the inability to express National flag be lowered across the land come" are words of light, words of con­ them properly. out of respect for his martyrdom. . tinuity, and words of optimism. That is I have the feeling, for example, that Such a step would indicate that we the spirit of Martin Luther King. my feelings about Martin Luther King's of the white so-called establishment There is much work for us to do. The death will be readily understood by the grieve over this murder as much as do civil rights bill now in the other body is wire service reporter--ordinarily an un­ any of our fellow citizens. one unfinished task. We will shortly be emotional, tough-minded lady-who I know how deeply I grieve over this debating the supplemental appropria­ burst into unashamed tears during a senseless murder, and I extend all my tions bill, either today, or Monday or discussion of the subject in the Senate sympathy and sorrow to Mrs. King and Tuesday next, which contains another co:f!eeshop this morning. the whole of Dr. King's family. kind of cause to which Martin Luther I am tempted to make the point that Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, more King was deeply dedicated. whites and Negroes alike share a com­ than any other man in this Nation's his­ There are other memorials which will mon pool of sorrow this morning-but tory Martin Luther King brought the keep his memory alive. There are that would be a superfluous remark to Negro to America's conscience. He be­ schools, there are bridges, there are air­ those many whites who, at bus stops this came the visible of the invisible men. It ports, and there are many other things morning, murmured their grief to Negro took a man of unquestioned courage and in our Nation which should be used to strangers. conviction, a man of irreproachable remind our children that there was a And yet we cannot make it overabun­ character, a man of unmatched elo­ Dr. Martin Luther King and how he dantly clear to everyone in this Nation quence, a man of God to first confront us served and how he loved his country. that grief for this great man, this almost with the racism and repression in our What all of us should have in our biblical figure, is universal among all its own country. minds and hearts in that he was for citizens. Martin Luther King led his people to justice for men of all races, not just To this end, certainly the Federal flags new self-respect. Like Moses, he was a Negroes. For this he gave his life. should fly at half-mast. man with a vision of the promised land. His life of nonviolence will overcome, To this end, every citizen should feel Moses at the close of his life stood on a provided we take the appropriate lessons no hesitation in expressing feelings of mountaintop and looked upon the better from his life and tragic dea.th, as I have hurt and shock to neighbors, coworkers, land he had envisioned. To Moses, scrip­ tried to outline, under the grief of the and friends. ture says, the Lord spoke, saying: moment, as some of those to which we To this end, I would be hopeful that I have let you see it with your own eyes, have to repair today. such a common grief might be expressed but you shall not go over there. So let us not just speak words of me­ in an early memorial service, perhaps morial and pass the issue, but let us be Alluding to these words two nights one on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial ago in Memphis, King spoke: deeply impressed by Dr. Martin Luther that could recapture that moving mo­ King's death as by his life, with the de­ It doesn't matter with me because I've ment of brotherhood that characterized been to the mountain top . .. I may not get termination that we have it within our the civil rights march of 1963 when Mar­ there with you, but I want you to know power to bring about a realization of the tin Luther King spoke of his dream for tonight that we as a people will get to the things for which he gave his life. Our America. promised land. greatest tribute to his memory will be At this moment, the Nation is unified to make them come true. Martin Luther King died in his fight by its grief. to make men free. The foremost Mr. SPONG. Mr. President, the mur­ Before his death, Dr. King wrote an der of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., last proponent of a nonviolent confrontation article that appears in Look magazine between. the races is dead. His generosity night was a senseless act which does im­ this week. measurable harm to the cause of im­ to the white man, his belief in the basic proved race relations. I wish to convey In it, he wrote: good will of all men, and his dramatic, my sympathy to his family, and to ex­ All of us are on trial in this troubled hour, nonviolent action enabled him to speak but time still permits us to meet the future to both races. His death, strangely, press the hope that all people will remain wl th a clear conscience. calm in the face of his tragic death. vindicates the black nationalists. Now Dr. King led a cause which is contro­ Dr. King's life was dedicated to such a we are confronted with increasing versial, but we must recognize that his­ future. We must all pray that his death militancy, with lessening tolerance. tory clearly demonstrates that an idea will strengthen-not diminish-the Na­ This day of mourning for him brings or a purpose cannot be dampened by the tion's drive to achieve it. to a climax history's sweep through a April 5, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9139 decade-from early years of hope for an tory will record that he made· a great prayed, worked, and fought shall become integrated America to this year of self­ contribution to the destiny .of our coun­ the policy of the Republic. That, I think, consuming rage. In 1963 Martin Luther try in a time of great crisis. is the essence of the dream that he left King spoke for the country from the In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel with us to carry forward into reality. Lincoln Memorial: "I have a dream," Peace Prize for his work in civil rights, Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi­ a dream of racial brotherhood, of a na­ and for his dedication to bringing peace dent, !·ask unanimous consent that I may tion where Americans are judged not between and among the races in our be permitted to proceed for not to ex­ "by the color of their skin but by the country; but Martin Luther King has ceed 15 minutes. content of their character." Las't month also been a great leader in the peace The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there the dream seemed farther from reality movement in our country in respect to objection? The Chair hears none, and it than ever when the Riot Commission the need for great changes in A,merican is so ordered. warned, "Our Nation is moving toward foreign policy, to the end that that pol­ Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi­ two societies, one black, one white-sep­ icy would be a more effective instrumen­ dent, I rise today to express a great sor­ arate and unequal." tality for producing peace around the row at what happened yesterday in King himself, speaking here in W·ash­ world rather than war. Memphis. It need not have happened, and ington on Sunday, and despairing the re­ At the time of the great march on it should not have happened. For to sponse of white Americans and of Con­ Washington, I was one of four Senators take the life of a human being, except gress to programs for the poor, warned: who sat throughout the ceremony at in self-defense or in the deferise of We cannot afford to remain asleep. There Lincoln's monument. In fact, the four of others, is an awful thing to comprehend. are two challenges to America. The chal­ us literally sat at the feet of Martin Life comes to man, not of himself, and lenges are racism and poverty. Luther King, for we sat on the step of once it is taken away it cannot be re­ We can pray today that the death of the monument just below the podium turned again. Yet, since Cain slew his the nonviolent leader will not bring vio­ from which he made that great speech brother Abel, man has continued to vio­ lence to life. In the days ahead we must that will go down in the history of Amer­ late God's law and take that which he act to fulfill King's dre,am. ican rhetoric as one of the great orations cannot restore. Daily, everywhere, A sick white American yesterday con­ of our times. throughout the land, men die at the ceded and admitted the argument of the In the course of that speech, he uttered hands of other men. Here in the Capital black militants-the argument that the following paragraphs, which I wish of the Nation, women are made widows, white America is basically dishonest and to quote today because I know of no and children are made orphans, because indecent. It is up to the Congress today greater tribute that could be paid to this human life is taken by the gunman or to lend powerful suppoTt to the argu­ great American than the inspiration of the knife wielder. And only when the ment of black moderates by immediately his own words, when he said: victim is an individual of rank, or sta­ passing the 1968 civil rights bill, and by I say to you today, my friends, even though tion, or title, or broad reputation, does moving quickly to provide employment we face the difficulties of today and tomor­ the Nation mourn. Yet, one life is just row, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply as precious as is any other, and death's and housing opportunities for all blacks rooted in the American dream. I have a and whites. Last night on nationwide dream that one day this nation will rise up sorrow is just as real to the loved ones television, Whitney Young told the Na­ and live out the true meaning of its creed: of the policeman or the fireman or the tion that moderate black leadership has "We hold these truths to be self-evident that young secretary whose life has been suffered by this deed a grave setback­ all men are created equal." cruelly and brutally snatched away as it and that the response today cannot come I have a dream that one day on the red is to the home of the famous or the from black moderates. It must come hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves home of the great. and the sons of former slaveowners will be from white Americ~and the repre­ able to sit down together at the table of The Commandment says, "Thou shalt sentatives of white America in the brotherhood. not kill," but man defies and violates Congress. · I have a dream that one day even the God's law daily throughout the land, It may, indeed, be too late for white State of Mississippi, a state sweltering with and man violated God's law yesterday America-too late to peacefully and the heat of injustice, sweltering with the in Memphis. calmly repair the hideous destruction to heat of oppression, will be transformed into If we would only learn to cherish and man and spirit wrought by a hundred an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a live according to God's commandments dream that my four little children will one years of slavery and discrimination. But day live in a nation where they will not be and the laws of the land, ours would be that should no longer be our guiding judged by the color of their skin but by the a better country and a greater country principle. content of their character. I have a dream and many a home would be spared of We can only move now by doing what today. grief. is right. I have a dream that one day down in Ala­ Mr. President, I was not an admirer Even talk and speeches of regret­ bama with its vicious racists, with its Gover­ of Dr. Martin Luther King, but I regret, nor having his lips dripping with the words as much as any Senator regrets, the however genuine__,are insufficient. We of interposition and nullification-one day need to keep faith with our black broth­ right there in Alabama, little black boys and tragedy that befell him, and I feel sorrow ers in the same way that Martin Luther black girls will be able to join hands with for his family. I was shocked but I was King kept constant faith with white little white boys and white girls as sisters not surprised at what happened, be­ America. In the midst of the most out­ and brothers. cause of the tension that existed in rageous violence and brutality, Martin I have a dream today. Memphis. Now it has happened, and it Luther King constantly reminded his I have a dream that one day every valley is a tragic thing. I fear that bad mat­ shall be exalted, every hill and mountain ters may only be made worse, that old followers that there were masses of de­ shall be made low, the rough places will be cent white people who would rise up to made plain and the crooked places will be hatreds may be rekindled, new hatreds give blacks their rights and equality. made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall may be born, more blood may be spilled, He gave to white America a presump­ be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. and more lives may be taken. tion of innocence and good faith. But the This is our hope. This is the faith that I Why, Mr. President, cannot our peo­ burden has now shifted--on our heads go back to the South with. With this faith ple revere and respect and obey the laws we will be able to hew out of the mountain of the country which gave most of us is a terrible presumption of guilt and of despair a stone of hope. With this faith inhumanity, which we can erase only by we wm be able to transform the jangling birth and which we all should love? deeds, not words. By legislation, not discords of our nation into a beautiful sym­ There is a lesson to be drawn from speeches. And by programs, not talk of phony of brotherhood. With this faith we what happened in Memphis and from calm and good will. will be able to work together, to pray to­ what has been happening with increas­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, last night gether, to struggle together, to go to jail ing intensity throughout the Nation in Martin Luther King was assassinated by together, to stand up for freedom together, recent years. That is, that mass protests, a bullet of racial bigotry and intolerance. knowing that we will be free one day. mass demonstrations, and mass marches When he fell, a great Christian fell and He left us the heritage of that dream. and the like-whether labeled nonvio­ a great American died. Martin Luther He left us the responsibility, as free men lent or otherwise-can only serve to King lived the teachings of Christ, and and women across this country, to see to encourage unrest and disorder, and to taught the teachings of Christ; and his- it that the realization for which he provoke violence and bloodshed. 9140 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE April 5, 1968 And, in the end, those who advocate Dr. King's profession was that of a would soon commence to live up to its such methods often become, themselves, minister. But no man is required to be highest ideals. the victims of the forces they them­ a member of the clergy to be able to Mr. President, at a time such as this, selves have set in motion. read and to understand these simple each of us in America must pause and This, in a manner, is what happened passages from the scriptures, and all take a hard and painful look at our­ to Dr. King. He usually spoke of non­ men would profit from obedience thereto. selves and resolve to remove from our violence. Yet, violence all too often at­ This is an hour of great emotion lives, and from the life of our Nation, tended his actions. And, at the last, he throughout the land, Mr. President, and the ugliness which makes one man less himself met a violent end. it is an hour of shame and remorse and than another. There are those who will believe that sorrow. As we view the surging events of our his death in Memphis was for a just But it should also be a time for sober turbulent generation, we must almost cause. Yet, even in fighting for a just reflection by all citizens. want to cry out with Hamlet: cause, one must pursue his course with And out of this moment should come The time is out of joint: 0 cursed spite, reason, with due regard for the public a spirit of rededication to the principles That ever I was born to set it right! welfare and good order, and with due of equal justice for every man, whatever respect for the law. his race, and a reawakening of respect But we, Mr. President, who serve in Dr. King must have known that, riot­ for law and order on the part of every this Chamber, were born to set it right. ing having erupted from last week's at­ man, whatever his race. The way is clear. And set it right we must. tempted march in Memphis, there was, Neither men nor mobs can continue to Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, the great in its wake, such an atmosphere of ten­ create disorder and disregard the laws poet Goethe once said: sion as to make his presence in that city and disrupt the orderly functioning of Nothing is more terrible than lgnora.nce dangerous to himself and to others, at government at any level, without shaking in action. least for the time being. He must have the very foundations of our society, tear­ The senseless and cowardly assassina­ known that the situation was volatile, ing our country asunder, and destroying tion of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., has and that passions had become greatly themselves in the end. robbed America of a brave and dedicated infiamed. We must, if we are to avoid disaster, citizen. Yet, I regret he persisted in his course, strive to live in peace, work together in The causes of freedom, individual dig­ continued to exhort his following to harmony, seek redress for our grievances nity, human compassion, and decency renew the march next week, and told the through established legal processes, and have suffered immeasurably. cheering ·audiences that a Federal court strive always for the preservation of good As a demonstration of the profound injunction would be ignored. "We're not order. grief which is felt throughout this coun­ going to let any injunction turn us This, I hope, will be the lesson we will try today, I urge the President of the around,'' he said, according to press all draw from the tr8,gic events of re­ United States to officially proclaim a reports. cent days in Memphis. week of national mourning. Mr. President, no man can determine Mr. President, this, as I have said, is a I also implore my colleagues in the for himself whether or not a court in­ time of deep emotion. We may have on House of Representatives to approve the junction is legal or tllegal, constitutional our hands a highly flammable situation civil rights protection bill, which was or unconstitutional. To do so would be to in which passions will determine events passed overwhelmingly by the Senate take the law unto one's own hands. of the day. What I am saying is difficult last month. Justice Frankfurter said: to say at a time like this, it may be misin­ Martin Luther King will remain an If one man can be allowed to determine for terpreted by some, and it may not be con­ inspiration for all Americans. His beliefs himself what is law, every man can. That sidered entirely in keeping with the views and convictions will triumph over the means, first, chaos, then tyranny. being expressed by many, but I feel con­ warped thinking of bigots and racists, Mr. President, one cannot preach non­ strained to make this call to reason-in and those few who are infected by their violence and, at the same time, advocate the hope that the reactions of all our peo­ venom. defiance of the law, whether it be a ple may be influenced by careful thought I pray that the shock of this tragic court order, a municipal ordinance, or a of what is needed to steer the Nation evep.t will bring all Americans closer to­ State or Federal statute. For to defy the through this confused and troubled gether, rather than destroying all rea­ law is to invite violence, especially in a period. son. tense atmosphere involving many hun­ Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, George All men of good will must now join, dreds or thousands of people. To invite Bernard Shaw wrote: without hesitation, in fighting the bat­ violence is to endanger one's own life. Some men see things as they are and ask tle which Dr. King fought so unselfishly why. I see things that have never been and for us. His vision of nonviolence and jus­ And one cannot live dangerously always. ask why not. Paul said, in his Epistle to the Ro- tice must no·t be allowed to fade. mans: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was a Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, our land Let every soul be subject unto the higher man who asked why not. His assassina­ has been visited once again by the sense­ powers. tion is a sad, sad, sorrowful thing, but less violence of an assassin. All men of not only for his family. It is, Mr. Presi­ good will, I know, are shocked and sad­ He said, in his Epistle to Titus: dent, a great American tragedy. dened by the murder of Dr. Martin Put them in mind 'to be subject to prin­ It is tragically ironic that a man who Luther King, the apostle of nonviolence cipalities and powers, to obey magistrates, dedicated his life to the concept of non­ and world-recognized advocate of peace. to be ready to every good work. violence should himself be stricken down He has died a violent death. And he said, in his second Epistle to by violence. Mr. President, at a time such as this, the Thessalonians: Mr. President, Dr. King adhered recriminations are easy. Violence so Now, we command you, brethren, in the faithfully all his life to the concept of easily begets violence. Vengeance is a name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye with­ nonviolence, and if his life and death are natural instinct. Recrimination, violence, draw yourselves from every brother that to have their greatest meaning, all and vengeance, however, were not the walketh disorderly. Americans, black and white, must now ways of the Rev. Martin Luther King. In Thus, we are exhorted to obey the law renew their dedication to that principle. this sad hour, Mr. President, we must and to respect authority, Mr. President, He also stood for an equally great con­ hope and pray that this gospel of peace and those who refuse to do this cause cept, the concept of hope. Throughout and nonviolence will prevail in the face serious risks to themselves and to others. all his life, Dr. King, by his words and of the tragedy which has taken his life. The words of Proverbs are as true to­ his acts, exemplified an abiding hope and Martin Luther King had a dream. It was day as they were in the day of King Solo­ confidence in the American system, a about the brotherhood of man, but more mon, who is thought to have written deep and abiding hope and confidence in specifically about the brotherhood of all them: the reservoir of goodness which has al­ Americans. It cannot be achieved by vio­ Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son; but ways existed in this country. He never lence on either side of the so-called color he that is a companion of riotous men sham­ faltered in his belief that justice would line, but only by a determination to live eth his father. triumph for all people and that America up to our beliefs and be truly men of good April 5, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECO.RD- SENATE 9141 will. The achievement of that dream is love, and justice produced the Civil vision and bright hope wlll yet prevail. It the only fitting memorial to the leader of Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, and must be our resolve to go forward with a greater sense of urgency to make a reality of men who was struck down so cowardly scores of breakthroughs for justice and his dream of racial equaU ty and social and so senselessly in Memphis last night. decency in cities and States across the justice. I join my colleagues in expressing a Nation. May his death not be in vain. sense of deep regret and grief to Dr. Let every American renounce hate and [From the New York Times, Apr. 5, 1968) King's widow and family, to his col­ violence and rededicate himself to jus­ "THE NEED OF ALL HUMANrrY" leagues in the Southern Christian Lead­ tice and decency for every citizen. The assassin's bullet that extinguished the ership Conference, and to the millions of Mr. President, I ask that the edi­ life of Dr. King has struck deep into the Americans of all races who mourn his torials appearing in today's Baltimore fabric Of this country and has torn into death. Sun, Washington Post, and New York the fiber of every American of every race, Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, the Times commemorating Dr. King's life color and creed. Each one of us has died assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, and achievements be printed at this point a little with the death of Martin Luther Jr., was a despicable and cowardly act. in the RECORD. King, who recently wrote: "Nonviolence, the answer to the Negro's I extend my deepest sympathy to the There being no objection, the editorials need, may become the answer to the most members of his family. were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, desperate need of all humanity." Crime and mob violence and the fear as follows: Dr. King's murder is a national disaster, of crime and mob violence has been the [From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun, Apr. 5, depriving Negroes and whites alike of a most serious domestic pro·blem in our 1968] leader of integrity, vision and restraint. The Nation for several years. If our country MARTIN LUTHER KING calamity of his loss will require ·a maximum Of self-control and steadiness of nerve on is to remain strong and free with liberty The k1lling of Martin Luther King is a and justice for all, crime and mob vio­ the part of all the American people. national tragedy, the consequences of which The cause for which Dr. King died wm lence and insane aots such as the one last are not readily foreseeable. His was the voice · find renewed strength and purpose in the night must cease. of inspiration for millions of American Ne­ inspiration Of his memory, and it will surely Unless reasonable men, of both races groes. His was the marching figure of un­ triumph, for the cause is just. and all political persuasions, prevail in daunted insistence on individual rights and these trying times, I fear for the future respect. From the 1955 days of the Mont­ Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, a gomery (Ala.) bus boycott, his was the stride great American has fallen. The loss is safety of this great Nation . .I pray that toward freedom that remained unbroken and reason will prevail so that all our peo­ drew an impressive following while others not that of race or sect, but o·f the ple can work together for solutions to !altered or flamed out and went off in diverse Nation. our common problems. directions. Who among us will ever forget that Mr. FONG. Mr. President, the assas­ White resentment of Dr. King and at times powerful day in August when hundreds sination of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther overt host1lity accompanied his every move. of thousands of Americans converged on King, Jr., is a great national tragedy. Even those in full sympathy with what he the Lincoln Memorial in peace, to be pro­ America has lost one of her greatest was trying to do had occasion to question his tactics. But now that he lies dead there foundly moved by Martin Luther King's civil rights leaders and our Negro citi­ must come the overwhelming realization that vision of the American dream. zens a real champion. there was none other of his stature, that It was his dream "that my four little Dr. King held steadfastly to the belief here was a man committed to a Gandhian children will one day live in a nation that gains in human rights could be principle of non-violent, passive resistance where they will not be judged by the achieved without violence. He preached who again and again demonstrated that so­ cial changes could be brought about through color of their skin but by the content of nonviolence vigorously and with great their character." With moral force, not conviction. peaceful means. His voice is needed today, and it w111 be needed tomorrow, but it has armed force, he made a nation face its He was a leading major force in the been brutally stilled. conscience. drive to improve the lot of the Negro in The nation can only wonder anxiously what education, housing, fair employment, We must draw strength and moral voices will take Dr. King's place. If his truths commitment from his life. voting rights, and equal access to pub­ march on as he would have wanted them to, lic facilities and accommodations. the voices will be those of moderation and We must build toward his dream for Now we must be more determined than they wm be answered in kind at each point our country or face the nightmare of ever to eliminS~te the blight of mcial dis­ of resistance against which he struggled. society at war with itself. crimin·8!tion from all aspects of Ameri­ It is fitting that we remember Dr. can life and redouble our efforts to [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Martin Luther King as he stood before achieve the goal of full equality and Apr. 5, 1968] the great statute of Lincoln, for he came freedom for all Americ-ans. A CRUEL AND WANTON ACT among us to redeem Lincoln's own pledge Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, last Martin Luther King is the victim of a cruel to his people; he fell as Lincoln fell and and wanton act that Will be deplored from night, for the second time in 5 years, a one end of this country to the other. There he becomes, as Lincoln became, an in­ giant among us was cut down by a lu­ is about this assault upon the great Negro spiration for the world. natic's bullet. Dr. Martin Luther King, leader the same kind of wanton senseless­ Mr. CASE. Mr. President, it was a man of God, man of peace, man of enor­ ness that overtook the man whose tactics he tragic and senseless murder. Dr. King mous courage and leadership, is dead. emulated-Mahatma Gandhi. Men of good personified the conviction that nonvio­ Let us pray for his soul and for the spirit will, noble purpose and pacific impulses en­ lence could bring effective redress of an­ joy no immunity from violence, no matter cient wrongs and present grievances. It of justice and nonviolence through how they shun it in their personal conduct. which he accomplished so much. Those who are responsible for this vile deed is a bitter thing for all Americans that This is no time for more violence or have killed an unotrending, God-fearing and his dream of America should be shat­ more hate. The world has grown much innocent man of great goodwill; they have tered by a coward's bullet. too small for injustice, much too small also killed something in the spirit and heart Mr. HATFIELD. Mr. President, Mar­ for hate. of the American people where Uved the bright tin Luther King was an eloquent advo­ We may never be able to eliminate the hope for reconc111ation between the races. cate of nonviolence in a world often torn That hope Will be resurrected, because it kind of madness which struck down Dr. cannot be utterly extinguished even by so apart by violence and ill will. In his own King, but we have no excuse for hatred wanton and dastardly a deed. It is possible way he sought to bring peace and or callousness to the condition of our to kill men like Martin Luther King, but the brotherhood to a world beset by war fellow man. Congress has it in its power ideas for which they stand are not mortal or and racial conflict. He saw clearly that to act against the ignorance, poverty, ill­ destructible. Americans of Negro and white the violence abroad was in fact closely housing, and bad health which afflicts descent alike, of all races and of all creeds, linked to the violence which we suffer many of our citizens in all parts of this will gather around the principles that he at home. He was among those who spoke Nation. Congress must act. espoused and carry his message to the multi­ up and declared that we as a nation tudes. In a few years of his life, Dr. King The dream of which he spoke so eloquently must face up to the facts of life and that achieved far more through nonviolence at the Lincoln Memorial in 1963 must seem we cannot continue to pour billions of than all hate's black apostles could dream tonight, to many of his sorroWing country­ dollars into the machinery of war of or hate's white apostles could stop. men and embittered fellow citizens, farther abroad while cutting down the budget Dr. King's militant appeal to reason, than ever from fulfillment. But that shining for the machinery of projects of peace 9142 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE April 5, 196,8 at home. The issue he joined was this: Let us pray that Dr. King's death will of landlords who are careful to maintain Just where do our priorities "lie? Is it bring the beginning of the fulfillment their property in good repair. more important to kill Vietcong in of the dream of which he spoke so elo­ Another great benefit from the pas­ South Vietnam or to save the embittered quently that bright August day in 1963. sage of S. 3234 would be that it could .be poor in our own country? Is it more Let us hope that this generation of effective now without the expenditure of important to bomb Vietnam's cities into Americans begins now to realize that vast sums ·of money we cannot afford rubble or to reconstruct our own? Is it hatred begets hatred, that violence to spend. more important to involve ourselves in breeds violence, that intolerance, injus­ We must act now. The terrible tragedy a revolutionary war in Vietnam or to tice, inequality, and all the other evils that occurred last night should be a prevent a· revolutionary war at home? which plague our society do it almost lesson to us all. The senseless rloting There is a time to mourn but there irreparable harm. that occurred last night, right here in is also a time to build. Our thoughts Let us pray, Mr. President, that Dr. our Nation's Capital, indicates the deep .are with the dead, but our actions must King's children and the _children of undercurrent of resentment festering be with the living to meet their needs oppressed people through this land shall within ghetto dwellers because of their and to fulfill the legacy of Martin Luther be able to live in an America which has living conditions. Let us act now to King. attained the ideal toward which it has alleviate some of the problems facing Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, I striven for 200 years. The question is them and help carry out Dr. King's want to join my colleagues in paying not Negro rights, Indian rights, or minor­ movement toward equality in a non- tribute to a great moderate leader who ity rights of any kind. The question is: violent fashion. · advanced the causes of equality and jus­ Are we ever going to grant to all Amer­ Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Mr. tice for all men. It is a tremendous icans those inalienable rights for which President, I am stunned by the brutal tragedy that such a man should die in ~ so much blood has already been shed assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. country where .he fought so valiantly to in this country? For that cause, Dr. King .That such a sick and wanton killing can preserve order and equal rights for all has now become victim to this national occur in a civilized society fills me with Americans. bloodletting. How many more victims sorrow, and anger, and shame. I think the brutal, senseless, cowardly there will be before it ends, I dare not Dr. King's death is a tragic loss for his killing of the Reverend Dr. Martin think. family, for his people, for the Nation, Luther King, Jr., illustrates the danger Mrs. King and her family have lost a and for the world. · of extremism, in whatever form, or good husband and father. The Negro To Mrs. King and her grief -stricken wherever found, to the American ideal people have lost one of the greatest family, I extend my condolences and that Dr. King sought to advance. Death leaders of our time. This Nation mourns prayers. To the Negro people whom he of leaders is not progress, nor is it a halt an outstanding American whose life was led with understanding · and effective­ to the steady spread of the great truths an example to us all. May we emulate ness, I offer my heartfelt sympathies they teach and proclaim. Most of us that example. for the loss of a great leader. And to citi­ learned this on the death of our beloved ACT TO REPLACE SLUMS AS ra-IBUTE TO zens everywhere I express my hope that President, John F. Kennedy. MARTIN LUTHER KING reason and compassion will prevail in a May the death of Dr. King serve as a time of anguish and despair. reminder that there is much work to be Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. Presidenrt, I The death of Dr. King will affect the done to achieve the free society of all join with all my colleagues in express­ lives of every one of us. To the down­ men. ing my most profound sorrow over the trodden, the poor, the victims of dis­ events which transpired last night. Dr. HATE REAPS ANOTHER VICTIM crimination, the loss is especially griev­ King was a greart man and will be sorely ous. For Dr. King represented hope and Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, victim missed. However, life goes on and the of an assassin's bullet, Dr. Martin Luther courage and the vision of a new America greatest memorial we can contribute to brightened by the reconciliation of black King lies dead today. Victim of the racial his memory is to continue to work to­ strife which has permeated this country and white, rlch and poor. ward the complerte equality of white and This vision cannot die with one man. for many scores of years, a great man is Negro through nonviolent means. mourned today. Victim of the violence What he has set in motion is far greater One of the ways in which we can act, than a single bullet, a single wanton act, which taints the spirit of this country, and act now, is to make sure that the one more voice of reason has been si­ a single blemish on the march toward slum dwellers, many of whom are Negro, human equality. lenced forever. have fit places to live. I sat in shocked disbelief, Mr. Presi­ The Birmingham boycott. The march The passage of my bill, S. ·3234, should on Washington, Selma, and Montgomery. dent, when news of Dr. King's death dramatically increase the number of re­ reached me last evening. Yet now I real­ These are more than names and events. pairs slumlords would make on their They are symbols which have altered the ize that there should have been no shock; properties, while dramatically decreas­ I should not have been incredulous. Only course of history, touched a nation's con­ ing the time it takes these slumlords to science, and pointed a path to a stronger one hate-filled man is required to snuff make these repairs required by law. out the life of a dozen or more good men. future compatible with historic ideals of And not just Memphis, but New York, As I pointed out on Wednesday and American society. San Francisco, Detroit, Newark, Selma, Thursday, many of the slum properties Dr. Martin Luther King is dead. Let us Little Rock, Baltimore, Washington, and are owned by a few large slumlords who make a declaration that his cause and cities stretched across the length and make immense profits on the properties unswerving dedication to nonviolence did breadth of this land of ours, are filled because of the many tax advantages not cease with yesterday's events. Let all with countless numbers of hate-filled afforded landlords under the Internal Americans, white and black, resolve to­ people. They hate Catholics and Jews; Revenue Code. The largest tax advantage gether the differences that regrettably Negroes and Indians; the Italian immi­ is the depreciation deduction which have kept us apart. .grant and the Irish. They hate the shelters from taxation large portions of Let this Congress fulfill its obligations French and the Communists. They hate the income these slumlords receive. If to rectify the inequities and the wrongs and hate and hate. The objects of their slumlords were threatened with the loss that still persist through this land. hatred are legion; their victims, often of this deduction if they failed to main­ Let America's tribute to him be the unknown except on such dramatic occa­ tain their properties in the minimal realization in our lifetime of the dream sions as this. No, Mr. President, I should fashion required by law, they would of brotherhood. Let the memory of his not have been surprised. Enough hate­ surely make the required repairs within martyrdom be the renewed dedication to mongers roam this land to strike down the time allowed by law. No longer would his philosophy of nonviolence as the in­ a Martin Luther King or any other real they be able to hide behind crowded strument of constructive change. And let or imagined object of their hate. But court dockets and be willing to risk the history record that his entire life and this realization does not diminish the light fines imposed by most courts for death, his sufferings and unshakeable overpowering sadness, my deep distress, violating the housing codes. The penalty belief in this Nation and its people, shall the terrible grief I share with Dr. King's for violating housing codes would be not be for naught. No greater tribute can family and friends. Their loss is the Na­ drastically increased. This would affect stand for any man. tion's loss, and a grievous loss it is. primarily the slumlords. not the majority Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I was April 5, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9143 shocked and saddened by the senseless The committee still rejected the bill; th:s J SHOWDOWN FOR NONVIOLENCE killing in Memphis last night of Dr. time by a vote of 8 to 5. (By Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) . Martin Luther King. And I am sure that In a final effort to get action, I pre­ The policy of the Federal Government is this was the reaction of every American sented a modified bill that did not apply to play Russian roulette with riots; it is citizen worthy of the name. to long arms. Even with this modification prepared to gamble with another summer of Like all crusaders, Dr. King had his we were only able to achieve a tie vote disaster. Despite two consecutive summers of violence, not a single basic cause of riots has critics. But not even his critics can deny of 6 to 6. been corrected. All of the misery that stoked that he made a truly outstanding con­ The four absent Senators are now the flames of rage and rebellion remains tribution to the cause of civil rights and being polled to determine their position undiminished. With unemployment, intoler­ that, to the bitter end, in the face of on the gun bill, as amended. able housing and discriminatory education many threats of violence, he remained as I am hopeful that the final vote will a scourge in Negro ghettos, Congress and the unyielding as Ghandi in his commitment be favorable and that it will thus pave Administration still tinker with trivial, half­ to nonviolence. hearted measures. the way for the entire Senate to have Yet only a few years ago, there was dis­ No one who lived through the great an opportunity to work its will on this cernible, if limited, progress through march on Washington in 1963 will ever be gun bill. non-violence. Each year, a wholesome vibrant able to forget Dr. King's impassioned THE DEATH OF A DREAM Negro self-confidence was taking shape. The vision of a greater and better America­ fact is inescapable that the tactic of non­ of an America governed by social justice Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, today violence, which had then dominated the and brotherhood and racial harmony. is a sad day for all America and the thinking of the civil-rights movement, has I can think of no more effective way world. A man who believed in peace and in the last two years not been playing its of honoring the memory of Dr. Martin the brotherhood of man was brutally transforming role. Non-violence was a crea­ slain in Memphis last night because he tive doctrine in the South because it check­ Luther King than redoubling our efforts mated the rabid segregationists who were to achieve the ideal America for which dared to carry his views where they were thirsting for an opportunity to physically he was so eloquently a spokesman. unpopular. crush Negroes. Non-violent direct action en­ Dr. King's untimely death was a warn­ Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was a abled the Negro to take to the streets in ing that our society cannot afford the passionate apostle of the nonviolent active protest, but it muzzled the guns of the luxury of bigotry and race hatred. method of carrying forward the civil oppressor because even he could not shoot His death imposes on each one of us rights movement for Negro equality. In down in daylight unarmed men, women and the end, it was this passion which de­ children. This is the reason there was less the moral duty to seek to overcome that loss of life in ten years of Southern protest which is intolerant in us; to resist the stroyed him-and perhaps with him the than in ten days of Northern riots. prejudices from which even good men hope for a peaceful integration of the Today, the Northern cities have taken on frequently suffer; and to take those posi­ Negro into the mainstream of American the conditions we faced in the South. Police, tive measures which must be taken to life. Unafraid of danger, welcoming national guard and other armed bodies are eliminate the serious vestiges of inequal­ challenge, always convinced of the ul­ feverishly preparing for repression. They can ity and social injustice inherited from a timate decency of white America, Mar­ be curbed not by unorganized resort to force tragic historic past. tin Luther King, Jr., lived and died with by desperate Negroes but only by a massive the courage of his convictions. Had he wave of militant non-violence. Non-violence One other lesson emerges from the was never more relevant as an effective tactic tragedy of Dr. King's assassination. believed less intensely in his cause or than today for the North. It also may be the For years now I have been fighting for had he been more of a careful politician, instrument of our national salvation. a gun bill that would impose at least a perhaps he would not have taken the I agree with the President's National Ad­ modest measure of control over the sale chances he did. visory Commission on Civil Disorders that of firearms by prohibiting the interstate Mr. President, it is too early to ac­ our nation is splitting into two hostile so­ mail-order sale of firearms. This meas­ curately access the place of Dr. King cieties and that the chief destructive cutting in American history. That he pressed edge is white racism. We need, above an, ure has, regrettably, been resisted effective means to force Congress to act by a powerful combination in the Sen­ insistently for what he felt was right is resolutely-but means that do not involve ate, which has been supported and en­ far beyond question. What we must the use of violence. For us in the Southern com·aged by formidable lobbying inter­ wonder now is what effect will this death Christian Leadership Conference, violence is ests. have on the Negroes who shared his not only morally repugnant, it is pragmati­ President Kennedy was killed with a faith that white America is basically cally barren. We feel there is an alternative weapon purchased through the mails by decent and only needed to be shown both to violence and to useless timid suppli­ where injustice existed in order to re­ cations for justice. We cannot condone Lee Harvey Oswald, under an assumed either riots or the equivalent evil of passivity. name. spond. I fear that much of this faith And we know that non-violent militant Dr. King has now been killed with a has been shattered and that our coun­ action in Selma and Birmingham awakened rifle whose owner has not ye,t been try is facing increasing bitterness and the conscience of white America and brought identified. divisiveness-an ironic legacy for a man a moribund, insensitive Congress to life. How many more good men will have who scorned those who preached sep­ The time has come for a return to mass to die before public indignation compels aration. non-violent protest. Accordingly, we are Mr. President, the belief in us, in the planning a series of such demonstrations Congress to enact the very modest gun this spring and summer, to begin in Wash­ control measure which has been pending ultimate justice of our democracy and ington, D.C. They will have Negro and white before it for years? in the American dream that Martin participation, and they will seek to benefit How much longer will America remain Luther King, Jr., so often and eloquently the poor of both races. the only civilized country in the world expressed must not be allowed to perish We will call on the Government to adopt that does not have such controls? with him. Moderation must prevail and the measures recommended by its own com­ My 5-year struggle to have my gun we in the Senate bear a special respon­ mission. To avoid, in the Commission's words, the tragedy of "continued polarization Of the bill enacted into law is now in its sibility to insure that it does. climatic stages. American community and ultimately the destruction of basic democratic values," we Yesterday at an executive session of must have "national action--compassionate, the Judiciary Committee at which the SHOWDOWN FOR NONVIOLENCE massive and sustained, backed by the re­ administration's safe streets crime bill sources of the most powerful and the richest was being debated and voted upon, I Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I believe nation on earth." offered my administration-backed gun that it is appropriate to place into the The demonstrations we have planned are bill as an amendment. After some dis­ RECORD the article by Dr. Martin Luther of deep concern to me, and I want to spell • cussion, it was rejected by a vote of King, Jr., which appears in the April 16 out at length what we will do, try to do, and 9 to 4. issue of Look magazine. I ask unanimous believe in. My staff and I have worked three consent to insert the article in today's months on the planning. We believe that it Then in an effort to get the best pos­ this campaign succeeds, non-violence will sible gun bill reported to the Senate floor, RECORD. once again be the dominant instrument for I modified the bill so as to give any State There being no objection, the article social change--and jobs and income will be the privilege of exempting its citizens was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, put in the hands of the tormented poor. If it from the long -arm provisions of the bill. as follows: fails, non-violence will be discredited, and the CXIV--576---Part 7 9144 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE April 5, 1968 country may be plunged into holocaust-a. Our idea Is to dramatize the whole eco­ percent of the people felt the slums should tragedy deepened by the awareness that it nomic problem of the poor. We feel there's a be eradicated and the communities rebuilt was avoidable. great deal that we need to do to appeal to by those who live in them, which would be We are taking action after sober reflection. Congress itself. The early demonstrations will a massive job program. We have learned from bitter experience that be more geared toward educational pur­ We need to put pressure on Congress to our Government does not correct a race prob­ poses-to educate the nation on the nature get things done. We will do this with First lem until it 1.s confronted directly and of the problem and the crucial aspects of it, Amendment activity. If Congress is un­ dramatically. We also know, as official Wash­ the tragic conditions that we confront in responsive, we'll have to escalate in OTder to ington may not, that the flash point of Negro the ghettos. keep the issue alive and before it. This action rage 1.s close at hand. After that, if we haven't gotten a response may take on disruptive dimensions, but not Our Washington demonstration will re­ from Congress, we will branch out. And we violent in the sense of destroying life or semble Birmingham and Selma in duration. are honest enough to feel that we aren't go­ property: it will be militant non-violence. It wm be more than a one-day protest-it ing to get any instantaneous results from We really feel that riots tend to intensify can persist for two or three months. In the Congress, knowing its recalcitrant nature on the fears of the white majority while reliev­ earlier Alabama actions, we set no time limits. this issue, and knowing that so many re­ ing its guilt, and so open the door to greater We simply said we were going to struggle sources and energies are being used in Viet­ repression. We've seen no changes in Watts, there until we got a response from the na­ nam rather than on the domestic situation. no structural changes have taken place as tion on the issues involved. We are saying So we don't have any illusions about moving the result of riots. We are trying to find an the same thing about Washington. This will Congress in two or three weeks. But we do alternative that will force people to confront be an attempt to bring a kind of Selma-like feel that, by starting in Washington, center­ issues without destroying life or property. movement, Birmingham-like movement, into ing on Congress and departments of the We plan to build a shantytown in Washing­ being, substantially around the economic is­ Government, we will be able to do a real ton, patterned after the bonus marches of sues. Just as we dealt with the social problem educational job. the thlrt(es, to dramatize how many people of segregation through massive demonstra­ We call our demonstration a campaign for have to live in slums in our nation. But es­ tions, we are now trying to deal with the eco­ jobs and income because we feel that the sentially, this will be just like our other non­ nomic problems--the right to live, to have a economic question is the most crucial that violent demonstrations. We are not going to job and income--through massive protest. It black people, and poor people generally, are tolerate violence. And we are making it very will be a Selma-like movement on economic confronting. There is a literal depression in clear that the demonstrators who are not issues. the Negro community. When you have mass prepared to be nonviolent should not par­ We remember that when we began direct unemployment in the Negro community, it's ticipate in this. For the past six weeks, we've action in Birmingham and Selma, there was called a social problem; when you have mass had workshops on non-violence with the peo­ a thunderous chorus that sought to dis­ unemployment in the white community, lt's ple who will be going to Washington. They courage us. Yet today, our achievements in called a depression. The fact is, there is a will continue through the spring. These peo­ these cities and the reforms that radiated major depression in the Negro community. ple will form a core of the demonstration and from them are hailed with pride by all. The unemployment rate is extremely high, will later be the marshals in the protests. We've selected 15 areas-ten cities and five and among Negro youth, it goes up as high They will be participating themselves in the rural districts-from which we have recruited as 40 percent in some cities. early stages, but after two or three weeks, our initial cadre. We will have 200 poor peo­ We need an Economic Bill of Rights. when we will begin to call larger numbers ple from each area. That would be about This would guarantee a job to all people in, they will be the marshals, the ones who 3,000 to get the protests going and set the who want to work and are able to work. Will control and discipline all of the demon­ pattern. They are important, particularly in It would also guarantee an income for all strations. terms of maintaining non-violence. They are who are not able to work. Some people are We plan to have a m arch for those who can being trained in this discipline now. too young, some are too old, some are phys­ spend only a day or two in Washington, and In areas where we are recruiting, we are ically disabled, and yet in order to live, that will be toward the culminating point of also stimulating activities in conjunction they need income. It would mean creating the campaign. I hope this will be a time with the Washington protest. We are plan­ certain public-service Jobs, but that could when white people will rejoin the ranks of ning to have some of these people march to be done in a few weeks. A program that the movement. Washington. We may have half the group would really deal with jobs could minimize-­ Demonstrations have served as unifying from Mississippi, for example, go to Wash­ r don't say stop-the number of riots that forces in the movement; they have brought ington and begin the protest there, while the could take place this summer. blacks and whites together in very practical other half begins walking. They would flow Our whole campaign, therefore, will cen­ situations, where philosophically they may across the South, joining the Alabama group, ter on the job question, with other demands, have been arguing about Black Power. It's a the Georgia group, right on up through like housing, that are closely tied to it. We strange thing how demonstrations tend to South and North Carolina and Virginia. We feel that much more building of housing solve problems. The other thing is that it's hope that the sound and sight of a growing for low-income people should be done. On little known that crime rates go down in al­ mass of poor people walking slowly toward the educational front, the ghetto schools are most every community where you have dem­ Washington will have a positive, dramatic in bad shape in terms of quality, and we onstrations. In Montgomery, Ala., when we effect on Congress. feel that a program should be developed to had a bus boycott, the crime rate in the Ne­ Once demonstrations start, we feel, there spend a least a thousand dollars per pupil. gro community went down 65 percent for a will be spontaneous supporting activity tak­ Often, they are so far behind that they need whole year. Anytime we've had demonstra­ ing place across the country. This has usually more and special attention, the best quality tions in a community, people have found a happened in campaigns like this, and I think education that can be given. way to slough off their self-hatred, and they it will again. I think people will start mov­ These problems, of course, are over­ have had a channel to express their longings ing. The reasons we didn't choose California shadowed by the Vietnam war. We'll focus and a way to fight non-violently-to get at and other areas out West are distance and on the domestic problems, but it's inevitable the power structure, to know you're doing the problem of transporting marchers that that we've got to bring out the question of something, so you don't have to be violent far. But part of our strategy is to have spon­ the tragic mix-up in priorities. We are spend­ to do it. taneous demonstrations take place on the ing all of this money for death and destruc­ We need this movement. We need it to West Coast. tion, and not nearly enough money for life bring about a new kind of togetherness be­ A nationwide non-violent movement is and constructive development. It's inevitable tween blacks and whites. We need it to bring very important. We know from past ex­ that the question of the war will come up allies together and to bring the coalition of perience that Congress and the President in this campaign. We hear all this talk about conscience together. won't do anything until you develop a move­ our ability to afford guns and butter, but A good number of white people have given ment around which people of , goodwill can we have come to see that this is a myth of up on integration too. There are a lot of find a way to put pressure on them, because war, when the guns of war become a na­ "White Power" advocates, and I find that it really means breaking that coalition in tional obsession, social needs inevitably suf­ people do tend to despair and engage in de­ Congress. It's still a coalition-dominated, fer. And we hope that as a result of our bates when nothing is going on. But when rural-dominated, basically Southern Con­ trying to dramatize this and getting thou­ action is taking place, when there are dem­ gress. There are Southerners there with sands and thousands of_ people moving onstrations, they have a quality about them committee chairmanships, and they are go­ around this issue, that our Government will that leads to a unity you don't achieve at ing to stand in the way of progress as long be forced to reevaluate its policy abroad in other times. as they can. They get enough right-wing Mid­ order to deal with the domestic situation. I think we have come to the point where western or Northern Republicans to go along The American people are more sensitive there is no longer a choice now between non­ With them. than Congress. A Louis Harris poll has re­ violence and riots. It must be militant, mas­ This really means making the movement vealed that 56 percent of the people feel sive non-violence, or riots. The discontent is powerful enough, dramatic enough, morally _ that some kind of program should come into so deep, the anger so ingrained, the despair, appealing enough, so that people of good­ being to provide jobs to ali who want to the restlessness so wide, that something has will, the churches, labor, liberals, intellec­ work. We had the WPA when the nation to be brought into being to serve as a chan­ tuals, students, poor people themselves begin was on the verge of bankruptcy; we should nel through which these deep emotional feel­ to put pressure on congressmen to the point be able to do something when we're sick ings, these deep angry feelings, can be fun­ that they can no longer elude our demands. With wealth. That poll also showed that 57 neled. There has to be an outlet, and I see April 5, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9145

this campaign as a way to transmute the in­ w111ing to do anything .about it, and this are also infected with democratic ideals-that choate rage of the ghetto into a construc­ is what we're trying to face this spring. As ts the hope. While doing wrong, they have the tive and creative channel. It becomes an out­ committed as I am to non-violence, I have potential to do right. But they do not have let for anger. to face this fact: if we do not get a positive a millennium to make changes. Nor have they Even if I didn't deal with the moral dimen­ response in Washington, many more Negroes a choice of continuing in the old way. The sions and question of violence versus non­ will begin to think and act in violent terms. future they are asked to inaugurate is not so violence, from a practical point of view, I I hope, instead, that what comes out of unpalatable that it justifies the evils that don't see riots working. But I am convinced these non-violent demonstrations will be beset the nation. To end poverty, to extirpate that if rioting continues, it wm strengthen an Economic B111 of Rights for the Disad­ prejudice, to free a tormented conscience, to the right wing of the country, and we'll vantaged, requiring about ten or twelve bil­ make a tomorrow of justice, fair play and end up with a kind of right-wing take-over lion dollars. I hope that a specific number of creativity-all are worthy of the American in the cities and a Fascist development, jobs is set forth, that a program will emerge ideal. which wm be terribly injurious to the whole to abolish unemployment, and that there We have, through massive non-violent nation. I don't think America can stand an­ wm be another program to supplement the action, an opportunity to avoid a national other summer of Detroit-like riots without a income of those whose earnings are below disaster and create a new spirit of class and development that could destroy the soul of the poverty level. These would be measures of racial harmony. We can write another lumi­ the nation, and even the democratic possi­ success in our campaign. nous moral chapter in American history. All bilities of the nation. It may well be that all we'll get out of of us are on trial in this troubled hour, but I'm committed to non-violence absolutely. Washington is to keep Congress from getting time still permits us to meet the future with I'm just not going to k111 anybody, whether worse. The problem is to stop it from moving a clear conscience. it's in Vietnam or here. I'm not going to backward. We started out with a poverty b111 burn down any building. If non-violent pro­ at 2.4 billion dollars, and now it's back to Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, on test fails this summer, I wm continue to 1.8 billion. We have a welfare program that's behalf of the distinguished minority preach it and teach it, and we at the South­ dehumanizing, and then Congress adds a So­ leader, the Senator from Dlinois [Mr. ern Christian Leadership Conference w111 cial Security amendment that will bar lit­ DIRKSEN], and myself, I send to the desk st111 do this. I plan to stand by non-violence erally thousands of children from any wel­ a resolution and ask unanimous consent because I have found it to be a philosophy fare. Model cities started out; it's been cut for its immediate consideration. back. Rent subsidy, an excellent program of life that regulates not only my dealings The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HAR­ in the struggle for racial justice but also my for the poor, cut down to nothing. It may dealings with people, with my own self. I be that because of these demonstrations, we RIS in the chair). Is there objection? will st111 be faithful to non-violence. will at least be able to hold on to some of the There being no objection, the resolu­ But I'm frank enough to admit that if our things we have. tion The pact would assure the discrimina­ 103 (a) of the Model Cities Act require as direct consequence of the exclusive hiring tory building trades unions of rigid control hall arrangements between the craft unions a condition of assistance that mo'del of all rehabilitation work opportunities in and the construction companies. cities funds be used to ope~ up jobs for the Model Cities Program. These are the same 6. The proposed agreement provides that residents of the target area. unions that historically and at present con­ "trainees" who will be local residents could Herbert Hill, national labor director of tinue to exclude Negroes from membership receive even lower rates than those indicated the NAACP, in a speech in New Orleans and therefore deny Negro workers employ­ ment opportunities in this expanding sector by giving them guaranteed work weeks but on ~arch 30, raised very disturbing of the national economy. there is no similar provision that white union members, if they receive guaranteed work questions about the proposed administra­ The Department of Justice has recently tion of these requirements. The intent of weeks, would also have to take wage cuts . .initiated litigation in Federal courts against This can only be regarded as an example of the act is clear. I call upon the respon­ major AFL- CIO construction unions in sev­ racial discrimination. sible administration officials to follow it. eral cities because of discriminatory racial practices and it would be the height of folly 7. The proposed agreement exempts from I include at this point excerpts from its coverage ". . . new construction of pub­ the address by Herbert Hill national and inconsistency for other agencies of the lic buildings, industrial plants, highways, labor director of the NAACP, a news federal government to further extend the ~nd illegal power of discriminatory union job transportation facilities, other apartments story from the Washington Post of Fri­ control to the Model Cities Program. All and the like." Furthermore it only applies day, March 29, entitled "NAACP Charges " to new construction of low cost hous­ available data reveals that at best there has ing up to four s·tories involving financial Deal Robs Negroes of Jobs": been a minimal strategic accommodation by the unions to the requirements of civil rights support of governments in the same or ad­ EXCERPTS FROM STATEMENT BY HERBERT HILL jacent blocks with rehabilitation projects NATIONAL LABOR DIRECTOR, NAACP, DELIV~ laws and federal executive orders. The abun­ dant evidence makes it very clear that the within the scope of this agreement." ERED AT NAACP SOUTHERN REGIONAL CoN­ This means that ghetto residents will be FERENCE, ROOSEVELT HOTEL, NEW ORLEANS nationwide pattern of Negro exclusion from the building trades craft unions remains excluded from job opportunities in all of the LA., MARCH 30 ' large-scale lucrative new construction which The Demonstration Cities and Metropoli- intact. The proposed agreement would for all practical purposes extend the traditional is to be a major part of every Model Cities tan Development Act of 1966 (public law Program. This is clearly contrary to the 89-754) known as the Model Cities Program racial employment pattern into the Model Cities Program while fostering the illusion intent of the Model Cities Act and indicates contains the following provisions: the extremely limited nature of the alleged Section 101 of Title I of the Act states of concessions to the manpower require­ ments of the act. "concessions" made by the building trades that "The Purposes of This Title are ... to craft unions in regard to the legal require­ expand housing, job and income opportuni­ 2. The proposed agreement creates a new, separate labor classification, that of ments of the Model Cities Act. ties." 8. Any ghetto resident who desires to make Section 103(a) states that "a comprehen­ "Trainee" and this is divided into two groups: "Advanced Trainee" and "Regular Trainee." a formal complaint about the administration sive city demonstration program is eligible of the proposed agreement would be required for assistance . . . only if the program is of The Agreement does not require the unions to admit "trainees" to membership. It per­ to present his grievances before the very sufficient magnitude . . . to make marked same parties to the contract who are ad­ progress in reducing social and educational mits the discriminatory unions to determine who is an "advanced trainee" and who is a ministering the agreement and who will disadvantages, ill health, underemployment, therefore be responsible for the alleged dis­ and enforced idleness . . . to serve the poor "regular trainee" without establishing ob­ jective criteria for these classifications. There criminatory practices. The National Labor and disadvantaged in the area." Relations Board has determined in several Section 103 also requires "maximum op­ is no indication in the agreement as to who will determine when a "regular" trainee cases involving hiring hall procedures that portunities for employing residents of the aggrieved individuals can not be forced to area in all phases of the program and en­ qualifies for the status of "advanced" trainee. 3. The proposed agreement provides that seek redress of their grievances before the larged opportunities for work and training." parties to the hiring hall arrangement. Does It is clear that the purpose of the Model "trainees" will not receive the fringe bene­ this not make the proposed Model Cities Cities Act is not simply to construct build­ fits given to union members but that "an ings, but also to provide gainful employ­ explicit allowance shall be made in lieu of Labor agreement grievance procedure also ment for unemployed or underemployed fringe benefits." The question must be asked, illegal? ghetto residents. why should "trainees" who wlll be permitted 9. The proposed agreement explicitly and We believe that the unemployed residents to work at the discretion of a labor union implicitly in a variety of terms and condi­ of the areas affected by the MOdel Cities Act not be entitled to at least health and welfare tions permits the labor unions to establish have priority rights to the jobs created by the insurance coverage and to the same vacation union membership._ as a condition of employ­ expenditure of public funds in the Model pay as is available to union members. Since ment on new construction and permits the Cities Program. This includes new construc­ it may be ·anticipated that most of the unions to determine standards of employ­ tion as well as rehabilitation work. The word- "trainees" will be residents of ghetto areas, ment for those admitted as "trainees" in re- April 5, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9155 habilitation work under the Model Cities Pro­ wm instruct its local branches and state of a speech he will make in New Orleans gram. This is clearly a violation of the law. organizations to initiate litigation in the Saturday and, as a spokesman for HUD put The National Labor Relations Board in two courts to prevent the Federal Government it, "until we get our hands on (the text), significant decisions: Nabokowski and Com­ from subsidizing illegal discriminatory em­ we can't make a comment." pany and Sheet Metal Workers International ployment practices in public construction Hill said inquiries he made at HUD con­ Association, AFL-CIO, Local number 65, projects. firmed that rehabilitation projects will ac­ Cleveland (1964), and Astrove Plumbing and Given the growing racial crisis of Amer­ count for only "a tiny fraction" of the jobs Heating Corp. and Local Union number 2 of ica's urban centers, and the recent report that the Model Cities program will create. the United Association of Journeymen and of the National Advisory Commission on Ghetto residents, he said, "will be ex­ Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Civil Disorders, which concluded that "the cluded from job opportunities in all of the Industry, AFL-CIO, New York City (1965) , pervasive effect" of unemployment and un­ largescale lucrative new construction ... " held that union membership may not be a deremployment, "is inextricably linked to the The draft agreement, H111 complained, also condition of employment and that a union problem of civil disorders," the complicity of fails to require the unions to admit "trainees" can not determine standards for employ­ government agencies in these matters is from the slums to membership, gives trainees ment. The Board's decisions in the Nabo­ nothing short of criminal. High public offi­ an "allowance" instead of fringe benefits such kowski and Astrove cases makes it absolutely cials who fail to enforce the law in pro­ as health and welfare coverage, and fails to clear that the hiring of a job seeker may not tecting the rights of Negro citizens are as state what the ratio of jobs for slum dwellers be dependent upon union evaluation of an guilty of breaking "law and order" as those is to be. applicant's competence. Under the National who throw Molotov cocktails on city streets. The agreement also permits "guaranteed Labor Relations Act only the employer may work weeks" for trainees instead of regular legally determine a prospective employee's wage rates or overtime pay. [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Thousands of Negro con tractors who are competence. Mar. 29, 1968] 10. It should be noted that there is noth­ now "forced to operate on a non-union ing in the proposed agreement that requires NAACP CHARGES DEAL RoBS NEGROES OF basis," Hill also charged, could be prevented compliance with the entire body of federal, JOBS from bidding on Model Cities projects since state and municipal, anti-discrimination (By George Lardner Jr.) they are not members of the contractors as­ laws and Title 29, part 30 of the Department The NAACP accused the Johnson Adminis­ sociations that would be parties to the agree­ of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship Training tration yesterday of promoting a still secret ment. Consequently, he added, non-union regulations which requires non-discrimina­ agreement that would "rob" Negroes of jobs Negro journeymen and apprentices would tion in the operation of B.A.T. registered ap­ also be left out in the cold. under the Model Cities program. A final page of the draft memorandum­ prenticeship training programs. Herbert Hill, the NAACP's national labor Significantly there is no mention in the director, said the agreement, still in the entitled "Items for Discussion and Resolu­ proposed agreement of the Civil Rights as­ tion with Federal Government"-suggests final stages of drafting, would turn "rigid that Negro "subcontractors" might be surances contained in the Model Cities Act. control" of hiring over to old-line construc­ Under the provisions of Title I of the Dem­ brought into the program "to insure that tion unions with a long history of racial large scale rehabilitation operations are onstration Cities and Metropolitan Develop­ discrimination. ment Act of 1966, all construction and re­ possible in some key cities." Hill said there was a strong feeling in the Under the draft agreement, complaints by habilitation programs and all other services Negro protest movement that this is part of carried out by cities, states, counties, or other ghetto residents about the working of the the "quid pro quo" between President John­ program would have to be submitted to the juri'Sdictions under the provisions of the Act, son and the AFL-CIO, which is working for must be operated in compliance with there­ local unions and contractors working under his re-election. supplemental agreements. quirements of Titles VI and VII of the Civil He called on the Administration to Rights Act of 1964 and Federal Executive Hill suggested that this in itself makes repudiate the plan. Unless the issue is the plan illegal. The National Labor Rela­ Order 11246. resolved in favor of a "full and fair" share of It is evident that the proposed agreement, tions Board, he said, has ruled several times jobs for Negroes, Hill said, the NAACP will that grievances involving "lily white" hiring by virtue of the facts disclosed above, con­ seek court injunctions to block Federal con­ stitutes a direct negation of the concept of halls cannot be automatically shunted off struction funds from going to designated to those who set up and use the hiring halls. equal employment opportunity under the model cities across the country. law and the specific requirements of the On paper, Hill said, the agreement is be­ Model Cities Act. The experience of Negro tween the AFL-CIO Building Trades Depart­ workers throughout the country for more ment and major contractor groups such as than four decades has made it absolutely the Associated General Contractors and the Teachers-in-Politics Weekend clear that progress in eliminating the broad National Association of Home Builders. pattern of racial discrimination within the But he said "they couldn't have gone this construction industry can not be made with­ far without the approval and participation" HON. EDWARD W. BROOKE in the existing framework of union controlled of Administration officials. OF MASSACHUSETTS "lily white" hiring halls and the illegal closed "The complicity of Government agencies IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES shop. in these matters is nothing short of crimi­ Significantly the Model Cities Act goes be­ nal," Hill asserted. "High public officials who Friday, April 5, 1968 yond the passive concept of "equality of op­ fail to enforce the law in protecting the portunity" and requires as a matter of stated rights of Negro citizens are as guilty of Mr. BROOKE. Mr. President, today public policy "priority" in jobs for unem­ breaking 'law and order' as those who throw marks the beginning of what the Na­ ployed ghetto residents. This point is clearly Molotov cocktails on city streets." tional Education Association and its con­ stated in the Act but the proposed agreement Under the Model Cities act, slum dwellers stituent State associations have desig­ will impose exclusive union hiring halls and are supposed to be given "priority" and nated as Teachers-in-Politics Weekend. illegal closed shops in this sector of public "maximum opportunities" for jobs "in all Workshops and other activities are tak­ construction which will make meaningless phases of the program" to rebuild their ing" place in every State in observ­ the job priority provisions of the Model Cities neighborhoods. Act. The NAACP, Hill said, had obtained a copy ance of the Teachers-in-Politics Week­ Representatives of the U.S. Department of of a "fifth draft"--dated March 1-of a end. As a result, teachers are being ex­ Labor and of the Department of Housing and proposed national Memorandum of Agree­ posed to the legislative process and the Urban Development have a clear obligation ment between the unions and the contrac­ political arena. The importance of efforts to prevent the adoption of the proposed tors. such as this cannot be emphasized agreement. Obviously as a practical matter It calls for hiring of slum residents only enough because they strive to correct an the agreement cannot be made operative on residential rehabilitation work and con­ imbalance that exists in many educa­ without the approval and participation of struction of new housing "up to four stories" government agencies involved in the admin­ stemming from rehabilitation projects. tional institutions between theory, on the istration of the Model Gities Program. The draft agreement states that it "shall one hand, and the practical effects on the The National Association for the Advance­ not apply to new construction of public other. ment of Colored People calls upon the re­ buildings, industrial plants, highways, The importance of education is funda­ sponsible Federal officials to publicly reject transportation facilities, other apartments mental and speaks for itself. It is the ve­ the proposed agreement and to indicate that and the like." hicle by which free men can travel on the the pending agreement or any similar agree­ Officials from the Departments of Labor road of advancement to their respective ment is unacceptable to the United States and of Housing and Urban Development Government. Failure to do so can only be have been dickering with building trades fields of fulfillment. Recent years have understood as a further act of administrative unionists for months over the "maximum brought an even greater awareness of its nullification of civil rights laws and execu­ opportunties" clause. The White House is potential as a vital tool in our efforts to tive orders by agencies of the federal govern­ also said to have been keeping a lookout on combat the complex and varied problems ment who will be spending vast public funds developments. that confront this Nation. to subsidize racial discrimination. However, the Administration was silent Unfortunately, much remains to be If this is to be the case then the NAACP yesterday. Hill issued the charges in advance done before we can realize this potential. 9156 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 5, 1968 School dropout rates continue to be se­ if they do not show the way, in involve­ there is no reason why they should be ex-_ riously high. The projections for the ment in politics, to our youth, who shall? pected to be more dedicated, more long­ 1965-75 period estimate that 2 million No one has the right to object to the suffering than others, or should accept pupils may never enter high school and ru1es of the game if they refuse to play. life in a society only too anxious to re­ at least another 7 million may not re­ Only by their participation can they ceive their services but reticent to pay for ceive diplomas. In light of our increas­ change those things with which they dis­ them. They have come to realize also ingly technological world, this figure agree and bring into our life those things that they can do much to induce their represents a darkening prospect. they want but which are lacking pres­ communities to improve educational pro­ The need for imaginative programs ently. grams, to impress upon their fellow citi­ has thus become apparent. Enriched pro­ zens the importance of education, well­ grams are essential to keep students' in­ qualified teachers, adequate educational terests and to plant within them the Teachers in Politics, As They facilities, and greater public respect for seeds of desire for a good education that education and its institutions. The key, will hopefully ripen into full awareness Should Be they have discovered, is active involve­ of the complexities of their existence. ment in politics at all levels. It is the This can only come about if the teach­ key to better lives for themselves. It ers-the guiding influence of the stu­ HON. E. L. BARTLETT is the key to better education for the dents-have achieved for themselves the OF ALASKA community. It is the key to a better com­ awareness necessary to plant the seeds. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES munity. Their influence cannot be underesti­ Friday, April 5, 1968 The Teachers-in-Politics Weekend, to mated. The Ma~sachusetts Teachers As­ be conducted throughout the Nation this sociation alone boasts a membership in Mr. BARTLE'IT. Mr. President, the coming weekend, will focus national at­ excess of 16,000. To be effective, these last 20 years have brought a vastly in­ tention upon the political coming of age teachers must be constantly exposed to creased awareness of the need for, and of our teachers. It sounds a clarion an­ the pragmatic aspects of their fields. This the benefits of, the best possible educa­ nouncement that teachers too are citi­ exposure can only result in the making of tional system. Our society, which has be­ zens entitled to all the rights and privi­ schooling a more meaningful and re­ come so dependent upon complex scien­ leges of citizenship, rights, and privi­ warding experience. tific and technologic devices, obviously leges which heretofore have been effec­ Teachers-in-Politics Weekend is an ef­ has a great need for highly trained peo­ tively denied them not through any fort that will result in richer programs ple to use those devices. A world ever malicious intent but through simple in our schools. It will work toward giving teetering on the brink of disaster as in­ thoughtlessness. the maximum opportunity for all citizens creasing numbers of nations come into to develop to the fullest their talents, possession of the awesome weapons of skills, and potential so that they may destruction, needs politicians and diplo­ mats of the highest possible caliber, so Death of a Great American share in the rewards of our prosperity skilled in the arts of politics and diplo­ and freedom. macy that wars can be reduced to the negotiation table. HON. HERBERT TENZER Much more than ever before, we live OF NEW YORK in an age when brains means much more IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Teachers-in-Politics Weekend than brawn, when education can mean the difference between survival and de­ Friday, April 5, 1968 HON. JOSHUA DLBERG struction, when the intellectual plays an Mr. TENZER. Mr. Speaker, the cruel OF PENNSYLVANIA important and vital role in the daily lives and senseless assassination of Dr. Martin IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of all of us. Education and its agents, Luther King has shocked the conscience teachers, are becoming more and more of America. Friday, April 5, 1968 the sine qua non of our society. We have A great American who lived by the Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, often the been slow in our response, however, re­ philosophy of nonviolence, Dr. King question is asked: Who should partici­ maining reticent to give full recognition brought hope and leadership to the civil pate in politics? Is politics a tight little to the vital role teachers play. rights movement in this Nation. Now he political club, with a small selective Efforts to reverse the traditional sub­ has been struck down by violence-by membership list? Or is it an all-encom­ servience of teachers in the economic the assassin's bullet. passing movement, shouting: Come on in, structure of our society and to provide It is an incident which will be recorded the water is fine. teachers with salaries and other bene­ in history as an act which brought shame On April 5, the National Education fits commensurate with the tremendous to the United states and only the con­ Association and its constituent State as­ responsibilities they must shoulder are science of a great nation can broaden sociations will begin a Teachers-in­ still relatively new. In most communities that account in history to include the Politics Weekend, seeking to stimulate they still face an uphill battle. Attempts story of an incident which marked a and encourage the participation of our to reverse stereotyped views about the turning point in man's relationship to pedagogues in the broad spectrum of role of teachers in our society have met his fellow man. - politics. with too little success. Much too fre­ The conscience of the United States­ Three cheers, say I. And-it is about quently we still tend to think of the not a white conscience or a black con­ time, I add. teacher as a mousey little lady, so com­ science-but an American conscience I would support strenuously any group pletely dedicated to her profession that mus'j now be heard throughout this land. seeking greater participation on the po­ she is willing to endure any privation and It is very easy for leaders of our Govern­ litical scene-but I can think of no group suffer the derision of a society with which ment and for the man in the street to more needed and better suited than she has ceased to maintain any active express grief, shock, and sympathy for teachers. contact. the family of Dr. Martin Luther King in Mr. Speaker, I love politics. I have The modern ·teacher, politically alert, the wake of this act of murder and spent most of my adult life in politics, as intensely interested in her community bigotry. have most of my colleagues. I think and the world, aware of the false image The test will not come in our words teachers as a group have something real of her and her profession and deter­ but in our deeds. The test is not the reac­ and beneficial to offer in this field. mined to change it, and oftena mother tion of the Negro people-it is the reac­ While as individuals teachers are not or father and one of the family bread­ tion of America and Americans. new to politics--in fact, some of our winners, is probably in no way different The test is not who will be the next <:ommitteemen and committeewomen are from her counterpart of yesteryear. They Negro leader. The test will be who joins teachers-as a group, they have not car­ do differ, however, in that, for the first in assuming American leadership. ried their full weight of responsibility. time, teachers have begun t.o feel that The movement which Dr. King I say this because as teachers of our there is something they can do to im- founded and guided will continue and will children, they owe a responsibility above prove their lot. 1 will grow. The test be the direction and beyond the ordinary mortal. Indeed, Teachers have come to realize that which that movement takes, and the April 5, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS .9157 leadership which is given in directing labor problems, as well as educational who try to belittle the problem, to claim that that movement. problems. Their highest accomplishment much of it is psychological. Obviously, they The American people--united and true will be reached by their intelligent and have not been in touch with the people of this community. Not long ago at a meeting on to the principles upon which this Nation dedicated performance as a citizen in­ Southern Boulevard to which I invited con­ was founded-can give new strength to terested in the general welfare. stituents living in the area to hear a report the dream of Dr. Martin Luther King­ America cannot endure when the on the 90th Congress-more than half of the American dream. voices of such intelligent and dedicated those present said they personally had been If we fail to respond-or if we respond individuals whose first allegiance is to mugged, some of them more than once. without unity, but rather in divisive­ the general good, is lost in the clamor "The title of this conference has two as­ ness-then freedom and equality will be and noise of the organized groups deter­ pects: the citizen has a right to be secure from unlawful arrest or search and from achieved through another path-a path mined to place their own economic inter­ police harassment or brutality; but the cit­ which Dr. King avoided all his life--a est first in their participation in politics. izen also has a right to protection from path repugnant to Dr. King and physical injury. Unfortunately, there is a repugnant to the philosophy of non­ tendency in some quarters to focus on one violence. aspect and neglect the other. The choice is ours-every Ameri­ Community Leadership Conference on the "There is wide agreement that the root of can's-and we must decide together. It most violent crimes lies in social degrada­ Security of the Citizen tion, poverty and discrimination, and that should be an easy decision to make, but the disease, with all of its malignant symp­ the test is whether we make that decision toms, can be wiped out only through the united and firm in the commitment HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM elimination of those conditions. We are only which must be assumed and kept. • beginning to realize how much we must do Dr. King's brutal slaying has presented OF NEW YORK in such fields as housing, education, employ­ this test to the conscience of America IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ment and family life. and a great nation will see to it that he Friday, April 5, 1968 "But while we seek to uncover and de­ did not die in vain. stroy the virus itself, we cannot ignore the Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, on Feb­ symptoms. As President Johnson said in a ruary 22 I had the pleasure of sponsoring recent message to Congress, we must con­ my third annual community leadership tinue to attack the root causes of crime, but conference for the residents of my dis­ 'crime will not wait while we pull it up by Teachers in Politics the roots.' trict. The theme of the conference at "The American people will not wait either. the Heights Campus of New York Uni­ We must take immediate steps to protect HON. CARL T. CURTIS versity was "The Security of the Citizen." today's potential victims and restore the se­ OF NEBRASKA We were honored to have the distin­ curity of the citizen. This job is not one IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES guished chairman of the House Judiciary simply for the police, the courts and the Committee, the gentleman from New correctional institutions. In the short run, as Friday, April 5, 1968 York [Mr. CELLER], as our principal well as in the long run, it requires the sup­ speaker. port and participation of schools, businesses, Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, it is my social agencies, private groups and individual understanding that early in April the Outstanding members of the bench citizens. All of you recognize this truth, or National Education Association and its and bar, government officials, and rep­ you would not be here today." constituent State associations will ob­ resentatives of the academic community Mr. Bingham then introduced Congress­ serve Teachers-in-Politics Weekend. formed five panels to discuss crime man Celler, whose speech on "The Federal Anytime that any number of individuals prevention, the police, the courts, nar­ Role in the Security of the Citizen" was in­ accentuate their activity in politics, I cotics, and general problems of security cluded in The Congressional Record of wish to laud them for doing so. in our community. February 26. Obviously, no single conclusion emerged The first plenary session also included a Politics is not a bad word. Politics is panel discussion on "Crime Prevention­ the program whereby the job of self-gov­ from all of this. The array of crimes Basic Strategy" by Dr. Daniel P. Moynihan, ernment is carried out. The privileges that plague our society like so many director of the Harvard-MIT Center on Urban and opportunities of citizenship also diseases can no more be lumped together Studies; Dr. Kenneth B. Clark of the City carry grave responsibilities. In our for diagnosis than can heartburn and College of New York, a member of the New Republic there is no all-wise earthly dic­ heart attacks, the common cold and York State Board of Regents;' and Arnold tator who will make wise decisions for schizophrenia. But many individual Sagalyn, associate director for public safety our country. If the people fail in the job points were made by conference partic­ of the President's Commission on Riots. of self-government, self-government ipants that I am sure will be of interest Dr. Clark recalled that when President my Johnson delivered his State of the Union ad­ fails. A wise man has said that all that to colleagues and other readers of the dress, Congress applauded most enthusiasti­ is necessary for wrong to rule the day CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. cally when the President mentioned the is for good people to do nothing. For this reason, I have had a report problem of "crime in the streets." He said It would be my hope that the teachers prepared summarizing the plenary and that, in that message, the President devoted of America would become active in panel sessions. I have already entered 450 words to proposals for dealing with crime politics not as a group but as individuals. the keynote address by the gentleman and 45 words to civil rights programs and No individual citizen should permit his from New York [Mr. CELLERJ in the problems. RECORD, and, with permission, I insert The principal big-city victims of crime thinking on vital public questions to be are now and have always been the defense­ predetermined by a group or group the report on the remainder of the con­ less residents of low-income areas, Dr. Clark leaders. The individual citizen should be ference herewith: said. Speaking from the perspective of the alert. He should read. He should attend OPENING PLENARY SESSION Negro, and as a person who is trying not to political meetings. He should visit the Dean John W. Knedler Jr. of NYU's Heights lose faith and hope in the belief that Amer­ police department .and learn about their Campus greeted the more than 750 confer­ ica still has its essential moral and ethical problems. If the police permit, he should ence participants. sensitivity, he said, the most obvious new spend a few nights riding in a police car Congressman Bingham expressed his development is that we, as a nation, have be­ as they answer the calls. He should go to thanks to Dean Knedler and the officers and come much more alarmed as the percentage staff of NYU for their hospitality and co­ of our city population with visibly different party caucuses and conventions. The in­ operation in making the conference possible, skin color increases. dividual citizen should become informed. to co-chairmen Murray Gordon and Colonel Society has achieved its goal of afiluence The individual citizen should put the Joseph Murtha, and to his congressional staff, for the minority groups who came to the general good of the country ahead of the the hosts and hostesses and the scores of or­ cities before the influx of Negroes and Puerto special concern of his occupational ganizations represented in one way or an­ Ricans, and the children of these groups are group, his ethnic group, or his geo­ other at the conference (see attached list). no longer poor. They are now members of the graphical group. He explained that the meeting was called alarmed and disturbed white middle-class because the residents of the community are, which is so concerned that crime must be Teachers as individuals can accom­ to an unprecedented degree, concerned for controlled~ When they refer to the security plish much for our country by becoming their personal safety on the streets, in hall­ of the citizen, they are referring to them­ informed about the Nation's foreign ways and even in their homes. In many areas, selves. problems, military problems, law-and­ they are afraid to go out at night. These fears of the middle-class and affluent order Droblems, agriculture problems, Mr. Bingham continued: "There are those are justified, Dr. Clark said. They re:fiect the 9158 . EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 5, 1968 reality of anger among the poor. The basic up with accident and traffic cases, and in the slow, tortuous process of advancement problem of our society--one which will not some places civil court cases have had to be from foot patrolman. get enthusiastic applause-is the crime that suspended entirely in order to permit the Mr. Murphy remarked that both affluence our country, in spite of all its affluence, can system to catch up with the criminal case and poverty in our society underlie crime. doom 20 per cent of society to all of the load. In our increasingly affluent country, the in­ conditions which lead to crime. The crimes Other nations like ours have resolved simi­ crea.Se in crime has beer4 against property, we are concerned with today are due to the lar difficulties in the past. London, Copen­ not against the person. conditions of a deeper disease which we prob­ hagen and Paris had the same problems, but Most policemen use their great power ably will not even discuss here, he said. they dealt with them successfully by work­ with discretion, he said. But this power Mr. Sagalyn commented that the preven­ ing to eliminate bad housing. In our country, is sometimes misused, which may account for tion of crime was regarded at one time as a however, we have not learned to deal with the Supreme Court decisions restricting po­ primary objective of the policeman. More the conditions of crime. We must become lice practices. Police do not have enough pres­ than a century ago, it was the policeman's aware of these conditions of life in the urban tige or community support, nor do they show duty to keep his area free of crime. But today, setting because the level of violence in our the professional development of other parts few police departments seem to consider society is rising. Those who are too negligent of the criminal justice system. For example, crime prevention either their function or to notice the lower classes as children will be there are 40,000 pollee departments in the their responsibility. They pay it lip service, fully aware of them as men. At least in part, country-uncoordinated and having little while they regard law enforcement as their this is a matter of social misinformation communication with one another, even principal duty. Their men are deployed not to much deeper than we have ever experienced within a single state. prevent crime but to apprehend those who before. Thus there is a need for higher standards, have already committed crimes. In many de­ The American people, the speaker warned professional training and education of partments, the men are rated on the basis in concluding, may be in grave danger of policemen at all levels. of the number of arrests made. losing their social stability. The D.C. public safety director also ex­ We need only look· at the rapidly increasing Conference participants then divide!! into plained a new plan which the District Police crime rate to recognize that this approach four groups to attend the other panel Department is using to promote innovations has been a failure, Mr. Sagalyn said. We are sessions. and evaluation of new techniques. Each losing the battle. Most communities have PANEL ON THE POLICE precinct, he said, makes monthly reports less than 100 policemen, and only 19 cities The question posed for discussion by this on crime figures, while smaller units within have more than 1,000 policemen. This is a panel was, "Are the police unduly ham­ the precincts (seven or eight block areas) real handicap, but adding a lot more men pered?" Conference co-chairman Murray make similar reports on a weekly basis. to police forces is not only very expensive; Gordon was the moderator. Panelists were Mr. Loughrey said that fear for their own it is unlikely to have much impact if police Judge Sidney Asch of the Civil Court of security had brought the participants to the continue to approach the problem as they New York City; Patrick V. Murphy, director conference. He complained that the courts have in the past. of public safety for the District of Columbia; have forgotten the victims of crime. To pun­ Our efforts must be directed instead to and Lee Loughrey, chairman of the division ish the policeman for brutality or other realistic programs which will prevent crime. of law and police science at John Jay College abuses, the criminal is set free to resume In every crime two factors are involved: of Criminal Justice. his illegal activities. The rulings of the U.S. motive and opportunity. Clearly, we cannot Judge Asch said the police are not so Supreme Court appear to indicate that the do very much to change human behavior. We hampered that they cannot achieve reason­ justices feel a person who confesses to a can, however, greatly minimize the oppor­ able objectives. But he said that if the rules crime must have been coerced by police tunities to commit crime and thereby pre­ violence. vent many crimes by controlling the physical of evidence developed by the courts are un­ intelligible to the police or not possible to The speaker was also critical of the de­ environment in which they occur. Many mands on a policeman's time such as filling crimes are situational offenses, i.e., the op­ carry out, they cannot protect the citizen from police abuses and should be modified. out detailed reports. Excessive paperwork portunity presented to a person happening a.nd administrative detail may leave too on the scene is so inviting that he cannot The effect of recent U.S. Supreme Court deci­ sions on the apprehension and conviction little time for crime prevention and detec­ resist the opportunity. And thus a crime is tion, he said. committed which would otherwise not have of criminals has been minimal, and reducing occurred. crime has little to do with relaxing or tight­ Question period Among the steps which Mr. Sagalyn recom­ ening rules of evidence. Question. What is your opinion of the mended are environmental and physical con­ The policeman is the most visible symbol Patrolman's Benevolent Association request trols which will make it very difficult to steal of authority in our society. As a result, he for 5,000 additional patrolmen? a car, to commit a crime on the streets, or in bears the brunt of complaints that are due Answer. Mr. Loughrey said additional men elevators, stair wells, parks and parking to frustration caused by a general evapora­ are needed to take the place of those on sick lots-where so many of the serious crimes tion of authority in almost every aspect of leave and court leave and to compensate for that endanger people occur. These controls community life. But there is little the police­ the shorter ( 40-hour) week. also create such a high risk of being spotted, man can do about these basic frustrations. Question. Why won't the public get in­ identified and apprehended that the would­ At a time when specialization is needed, the volved in preventing crimes? be violator is deterred. In this connection we policeman comes out of the tradition of the Answer. Mr Loughrey said the public must must give attention to the planning, design generalist. We give him a whole range of be educated about how they can help their and construction of buildings, streets, parks tasks-to rescue cats, deliver babies, deal law enforcement officials. and other public places to eliminate or mini­ with sex mores, pass judgment on complex mize crime-inducing factors now present. constitutional issues as well as dealing with PANEL ON THE COURTS Dr. Moynihan said there is little we know emergencies requiring force-but we do not Members of this panel, which discussed about crime except that it is largely a phe­ insure that he is equipped with the training, the question of whether the courts are too nomenon of a lower class, a group of people experience and flexibility to do all of this. lenient, were Justice Arthur Markewich of raised in turbulence. Historically, wherever What's more, Judge Asch continued, when the New York State Supreme Court; Russell such people have appeared, there has been compared with other professionals, the Oswald, chairman of the New York State crime. He also said it is young males, between policeman is less educated and less familiar Parole Commission, and Burton Roberts, their early teens and early 20s, who are in­ with the poor and members of minority chief assistant district attorney for the volved in most crime. Thus there is a crimi­ groups. Frequently he does not have the sup­ Bronx. Judge J. Howard Rossbach of the New nally disposed group, and one reason for the port of the community where he works, and York City Criminal Court served as mod­ fact that there is more crime today is the this alienation tends to inculcate a feeling of erator. existence of more young people of lower "them against me." Mr. Roberts said the crime increase is not classes. There is no question that we have For any meaningful resolution of our prob­ just cold statistics but hard facts. There was learned to associate crime with race as well­ lems, we must change the values of everyone a 25 per cent increase in indictments in in New York City, with Negro and Puerto in our society, not just blame the policeman. Bronx County from 1966 to 1967. Since it is Rican youths. What is to be done? In the short run, moreover, it is necessary to not possible for the courts to keep pace with We do not have much evidence on how to recognize that the police cannot do every­ this caseload, they often resort to reduced bring about changes. There have been many thing. Many of the functions they are now charges and sentences. Because the courts do efforts, but no conclusive results. There are called upon to do, such as school discipline, not have adequate manpower or facllitles, a number of specific problems in the United illness on the streets, licensing, social work they have, of necessity, been lenient in cases States which suggest that dealing with crime and routine clerical tasks, should be turned where leniency was not merited. The blame will be especially difficult for us. over to the appropriate specialists such as should be placed not on the courts but on For one thing, in this country there is a doctors, social workers and psychiatrists. the failure of the State iegislature to in­ very high level of distaste for the police, es­ The functions that are reasonably left to crease the number of judges available to try pecially among liberals. A second problem is the police can be dealt with more effectively cases. that we have a prison system which is back­ only if the police receive better pay and The speaker was also critical of the correc­ ward and barbaric. Dr. Moynihan said he training. In addition, police departments tional system. There has been very little re­ does not know of a more neglected institu­ should be organized on separate "tracks" so search done on crime, including what causes tion in this country. Our judicial system is that personnel who are specialists can get it in a psychological or behavioral sense and also in serious trouble, he added. It is tied into specialist ratings without going through how we can prevent it. Fifteen to 25 per cent April 5, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9159 of those accused of crimes are psychopaths, Rehabilitation cannot malce up for a lack Commission has the responsibility for the but there is little or no research in this area. of proper parental teaching, but the job of first three of these programs. The commis­ We have not provided psychiatric correc­ protecting the community must be given to sion's policy is that there is not likely ever tional facilities to deal with these individuals. corrections, parole and probation officers to be a single method of treating and re­ The purpose of criminal justice is not when the parents fail. When probation also hab111tating all addicts. Thus, it is seeking revenge. It is to deter others from committing fails, the judge has the problem of what to develop a variety of approaches. Altogether, crimes and to rehabilitate those who have to do with a violator. Usually, he must send the various programs which it operates pro­ committed crimes. The new penal law in New him to jail, giving up hope of rehabilitation. vide treatment and rehabilitation services for York State provides a rational system of The justice said he believes in short sen­ more than 5,000 addicts, mainly from New sentencing, with punishments geared not tences coupled with long periods of supervi­ York City. only to fit the crime but more importantly sion under parole. The probability of punish­ The principal new contribution of the to fit the individual. There is greater flexi­ ment, he said, is not a real deterrent against state commission is the development of a bility in parole board operations as well as crime; the criminal does not consider this substantial aftercare program. This enables in sentencing. because he does not believe he is going to the commission to continue its program of But more money is still needed in the cor­ be caught. rehab111tation after the addict has progressed rectional system. For example, the prisoners PANEL ON NARCOTICS sufficiently to be returned to his community. at Rikers Island have a fourth or fifth grade The panel on narcotics, with State Senator He is provided with the kind of support and reading level. They need more educational Abraham Bernstein as moderator, discussed assistance which may enable him to resist facilities. They should not be allowed to whether addicts can be controlled. Members the temptation to resume drug use, Mr. languish away. were George M. Belk, district supervisor for Pierce said. Prison will not solve the problem of crime. the federal Bureau of Narcotics; Laurence Dr. Dole described the Methadone Treat­ There is no easy solution, and we must search Pierce, chairman of the New York State Nar­ ment Program of supervised, controlled ad­ for an answer with light rather than with cotics Commission; and Dr. V. P. Dole, origi­ ministration of the synthetic drug metha­ heat. Above all, we must reach into our pock­ nator of the Methadone Program, senior done to addicts who are unable to abstain ets and provide the· necessary funds, Mr. physician to the hospital of Rockefeller Uni­ completely from drug use. At the present Roberts said, in order to enable our courts versity. time, he said, 650 former hardcore criminal and correctional institutions to do the job. Mr. Belk remarked that it is common for a heroin addicts are in treatment. Before they Mr. Oswald said that in trying to deter­ society, when it determines that a practice joined the program, these individuals cost mine whether we are too soft with criminals, is undermining the health of its citizens, to society $25,000 to $50,000 per year per person, it is necessary first to say who is the "we" call on the law as an ally of medicine. Nar­ not including the social costs of destroyed in our question. Does the "we" refer to those cotic drug addiction is a sociological and fam111es, abandoned children and wasted tal­ who have in no way contributed to the phe­ medical problem. It is also a legal problem. ents. Many of them now are decent citizens. nomenon of criminality? Does it exclude the Arguments about whether addicts are basi­ Weekly chemical tests are used to make advertising man more interested in selling cally sick people or criminals serve no useful sure patients do not relapse to narcotics use. his product than in the truth, the news­ purpose and obstruct progress. In addition, systematic reports on behavior, paperman more concerned about sensation There is still a need to educate more doc­ health and employment of all patients are than the effect of his stories, the movie and tors to assume leadership in bringing addicts obtained at weekly intervals from counsellors TV producers specializing in stimulating through the long, difficult process of treat­ and physicians. The records of these tests criminal tendencies, the parents and schools ment and cure. But the growing interest of show that methadone treatment has stopped which have neglected to instill proper atti­ the medical profession in exploring medical the ex-addicts' heroin seeking and has great­ tudes and concepts in children? solutions to addiction is heartening. At the ly reduced criminal behavior. Actually, we all share some degree of re­ same time, the federal government has a But it is no panacea for addiction. The sponsibility, and the problem of improving new law-the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation patients must want treatment. There are no our youthful and adult criminals is also the Act of 1966-which affords more opportuni­ residence facilities, and the p-eople treated problem of improving ourselves, Mr. Oswald ties for the treatment of addicts and assist­ must be able to live in the community as remarked. ance for the states in their efforts. For exam­ ordinary citizens during treatment. For some He said punishment, as distipguished ple, certain addicts charged under federal addicts, this is too much to demand. But from revenge, is a rational rather than an law may be permitted to elect commitment 89 per cent of the addicts who started treat­ emotional activity. It is aimed at achieving to the Surgeon General for treatment in lieu ment on methadone have remained in the a certain end, and any evaluation of its soft­ of prosecution, and certain addicts who have program without the aid of prolonged psy­ ness or harshness must be based on how well been convicted of federal crimes may be sen­ chiatric treatment. Some of the other 11 per it achieves this end. But the question of tenced to commitment for treatment for an cent undoubtedly would have been better "ends" is a very complex one. One broad indefinite period (not to exceed 10 years). off with institutional care. school of thought maintains that punish­ The act also separates marijuana offenders Crime has been reduced significantly ment acts as a deterrent, while another from narcotics violators by making persons among the participants. During an experi­ school claims that its real goal is to prevent convicted of marijuana violations and serv­ ence of four years, there have been three con­ the repetition of crime by the individual who ing mandatory sentences eligible for parole. victions for felonies, 35 for misdemeanors has already committed a crime. The idea It may not be in the nature of social prob­ and five for lesser offenses. On the basis of that the more atrocious the punishment, lems that there will ever be an absolute an­ their prior records, these same individuals the more deterrent its effect, has not worked swer to the addiction problem. Controls alone would have been expected to have at least in practice. People become used to things, are not enough. Many other steps have not 400 convictions. even to executions, and they cease to deter. been taken that could help prevent the con­ But there are not enough facilities to treat It is not the severity of the punishment but tinuance of a bad situation. Governments every addict who applies, and 500 addicts al­ the certainty of it that is important, and have not done enough to prevent addiction ready accepted for the program are still on this is based on community attitudes and by alleviating the degradation of poverty, the the efficiency of the police and the courts. the streets, living by crime, for want of decay of our cities, the disgrace of discrimi­ treatment facilities. If substantial progress Mr. Oswald also said that we have come nation and the despair of illiteracy. And is to be made, Dr. Dole said, we must also to expect increased crime in a period of they have not taken adequate measures to find ways to bring more doctors into the affluence, when expectations are large and treat and rehabilitate narcotic addicts field of treating narcotics addicts. frustration and anger are natural reactions properly. But I am encouraged that a great for those who are left behind. deal is now being done, Mr. Belk added. Question Period Justice Markewich answered the question Mr. Pierce said that narcotics addicts are Question (by Senator Bernstein). Would of whether the courts are too lenient with responsible for much of the crime which oc­ you discuss the increasing use of marijuana a "no." Sentencing is not usually automatic curs in New York City, especially crimes in colleges and high schools and the move­ for a particular crime, but is tailored to the against property. The implication is that if ment to legalize its use on the grounds that individual, which is why you need a judge we can control the addict, the crime rate it is no worse than alcohol or smoking? rather than a clerk. It is necessary to purge should decline commensurately. This con­ Answer. Mr. Pierce said ,one should not in­ society of those people who are incapable clusion raises questions about reported rates troduce any drug into the system without of living in society, who make serious nui­ of "cure" for narcotic addiction and ab(>ut knowing its consequences upon the mind sances of themselves or who constitute dan­ relapse rates. Studies suggest that control of and body. There isn't much solace in relating gers to everyone else. Severity of punish­ addiction is possible, but the degree varies the problem to alcohol. There are 600,000 ment in the form of long prison terms is greatly. It is important to pursue the pos­ <.lcoholics in New York City and six or seven sometimes necessary when it is for the public sibility of "abstinence," but consideration million in the United States. We don't know good. The judge is the instrument of society. should also be given to other approaches how many marijuana users become addicts, But rehabilitation must be chosen when­ such as control through the supervised ad­ but it is certain that those who do suffer ever a judge has the choice. Here, the prob­ ministering of drug substances. the same kind of consequences as alcoholics. lem is one of finding the suitable agency or New York State has embarked upon a Question. Why wait until narcotics users means for rehabilitation. There must also massive attack on addiction on four fronts: become mainllners before treating them? be people available to look after and guide prevention through education, treatment Most heroin users graduate from a lesser criminals who are placed on probation in­ and rehabilitation, research and evaluation narcotic, do they not? stead of being sent to prison. and law enforcement. The state Narcotic Answer. Mr. Pierce agreed and said the 9160 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 5, 1968 state commission has responsib111ties for re­ tion as some examples of federal programs. in these fields only arouses unrealistic ex­ search and prevention as well as treatment Statement. Senator Goldin discussed a new pectations when there are no funds. of addicts. He and Mr. Belk cited various pro­ state law which requires landlords to provide Mr. Badillo appealed to his listeners to grams, including information and education a functioning bell-and-buzzer system if 50 work actively to secure financial support for in the schools, sponsored or supported by the per cent of their tenants request it. He said housing, job training and education instead state and federal governments. In its 20 this could help in reducing burglaries, as­ of just talking about what should be done. months of existence, the commission has saults and other crimes. Beyond that, he said, let us work on the lim­ distributed 150,000 pieces of literature about Statement. The breakdown in law and or­ ited things we can do with existing resources, the drug problem and has completed two der is not difficult to understand; Congress such as simply clearing the garbage from our films, one for high school youngsters. The has not even passed legislation covering its streets a block at a time. federal Narcotics Bureau has a speakers' own ethics. There are many other small things that bureau to address young people, PTAs and Question. Is there really a link between each of us can do. When we are working in other groups. The bureau also has films avail­ crime and poverty? these ways, then we can begin to answer the able for young audiences. Answer. Mr. Rovner said the President's arguments of the black and white separatists. Question. Is there anything churches and Crime Commission studies conclude that Then we can begin to forge a new civil rights community organizations can do to help with crime in the streets and poverty are linked. coalition. this problem? Statement. The problem is that there is Congressman Bingham closed the confer­ Answer. Mr. Pierce said both city and state not enough police protection. More respect ence by summarizing some of the many view­ are prepared to cooperate with these groups. for the police is needed. Something must points which were expressed at the various There are many things groups can do in be done to end the animosity between white sessions. In spite of many disagreements, he terms of public education. policemen and Negro citizens. said, there were also certain themes that Question (by Senator Bernstein). It has Statement. A state of war now exists be­ emerged: that the problems of dealing with been said that methadone, a synthetic drug, tween Negroes and whites in America. There crime are exceedingly complex and there are is addictive in and of itself. Is that so? are tremendous pressures. no "gimmicks" or simpl~ solutions; that the Answer. Dr. Dole said methadone, properly Statement. Spokesmen for the Congress of struggle against crime must proceed on many used, produces a blockade that make opiates Senior Citizens praised Mr. Bingham's efforts levels at once, including basic social and eco­ ineffective for the user. Patients get no in Congress on behalf of senior citi3ens. They nomic problems, racial prejudice and the narcotic effect or euphoria. They cannot be said 28 per cent of the poor in New York immediate tasks of providing greater security distinguished from normal people and do are elderly persons. These people are poor in the community; that in all of these activi­ not have the symptoms of addicts. but law-abiding. ties there is a need for additional funds, more Question. Are you advocating a witch hunt Statement. A spokesman for the Junior trained personnel and better understanding for people who use drugs or are you willing Chamber of Commerce supported responsible and cooperation between the police and other to treat them as sick people? gun control legislation. government agencies on the one hand and Answer. Treat them as sick people, Senator Statement. A spokesman for the Bronx private organizations and citizens on the Bernstein said. I advocate confinement, Draft Information and Counseling Service other. psychotherapy, group therapy, educational said the war in Vietnam is draining Amer­ To achieve a greater degree of safety for programs and rehabilitation of all types so ica's resources. It is urgent to resolve this our ci tlzens, he said, the pressing needs are they can readjust to their community when confiict in order to be able to resolve our for more manpower, increased training and they are released from the rehabilitation domestic problems. education, better pay and improved equip­ center. Statement. The New York State Human ment and facilities for police, courts and Rights Law contains unintentional discrim­ correctional systems. Surely, responsible citi­ Question. How long is it necessary to test zens (no matter what their political views) marijuana in order to find out whether it is ination and should be rewritten to eliminate this shortcoming. can agree with police officials on the impor­ harmless? The U.S. Army has been testing tance of moving decisively to meet some of it since 1910 and has found it no more harm­ CONCLUDING PLENARY SESSION these requirements for more effective law ful than alcohol. The principal speaker at the final plenary enforcement. Answer. Senator Bernstein said all medical session of the conference was Bronx Borough For Americans who consider themselves indications are that marijuana does create President Herman Badillo. "liberals," the Congressman said, the need psychological changes and may lead to emo­ for action is especially great. He continued: tional dependency. Based upon this evidence, Mr. Badillo said the rate of crime in the Bronx is about average for New York City, "At a time of rising public concern, the you cannot conclude it is harmless, and until issue of crime in the streets could become a it is proven harmless I will oppose any legal­ but crime is much more prevalent in slum areas of the South Bronx than in the upper major weapon in a serious bid for power by ization of it. elements of the far right--replacing .such Question (by Dr. Dole). What am I to do income Riverdale section. Not only do most of the victims of crime live in poor neigh­ traditional rightwing battle cries as 'com­ about the addicts desperately wanting to get munist subversion.' To date, the liberal com­ into our methadone program? Shall I tell borhoods; these people feel the need for in­ creased police protection most strongly. They munity has left this field almost entirely to them it will not be available for two years, the conservatives. or can I get more facilities? are not at all apathetic about the crime problem. "State and local communities, which have Answer. Mr. Belk said he is not too sure he always had the primary responsibility for would like to see another 500 methadone ad­ In the South Bronx, he said, there is in­ adequate police protection because police­ enforcement and corrections-and rightly dicts. "Besides, it is my opinion-and the so--should provide most of the financial sup­ position of the U.S. government--that meth­ men are afraid. They are no different from the rest of us; they don't want to risk their port for improved police, judicial and cor­ adone is a research program and has still to rectional services. It is obvious, however, that prove itself before it can be expanded." lives when the odds are heavily against them. We can't blame them for this feeling. The the task requires substantially greater re­ PANEL ON GENERAL PROBLEMS OF SECURrrY one-man patrol car just doesn't conform to sources than state and municipal budgets This open discussion session was chaired reality, especially in slum neighbor.hoods. It can provide. Assistance from the federal gov­ by State Senator Harrison J. Goldin and is necessary to push for additional manpower ernment will be required on a scale far Edmond Rovner, administrative assistant to in these areas so the police can patrol in greater than has been envisaged so far." Congressman Bingham. groups of at least two men. Mr. Bingham said the President has taken Question. What kind of federal programs The reality of life in the slums during the a long step in the right direction with his are being set up to halt violence in the summer, the borough president said, is com­ Safe Streets and Crime Control Bill, intro­ ghetto? parable to being on the beach on a hot day duced in Congress last year. He urged the Answer. Mr. Rovner said a great deal is with no water and with all of your clothes citizens organizations represented at the being done, for example the summer job on. It is impossible to sleep in unbearably hot conference to make their voices heard in programs, but much of the responsibility apartments, and residents have nothing to favor of this bill, the proposed Firearms Con­ must rest with local governments. do except sit on their front stoops drinking trol Bill and other legislation discussed by Question. What is being done to help beer well into the night. There is nothing Congressman Celler. He also asked them to police forces deter 'crime? · criminal about this, but it results in situa­ work for the additional funds for police work Answer. Mr. Rovner mentioned, as a short­ tiOil6 which lead to incidents which may which Borough President Badillo so elo­ range program, the President's proposed Safe lead in turn to riots. quently actvocated. Streets and Crime Control Bill, which would What can be done? It is worse than use­ Participating in the conference were of­ provide federal assistance for state and local less to talk about tearing down the slums ficers, representatives and members of :many police forces, and, as a long-range federal when ·there is not one cent in the city or institutions, organizations, and community effort to deal with crime, the whole spectrum state budgets to build low-cost housing. The groups, including the following: of antipoverty programs. only available money com~s from the federal American Jewish Congress: Bronx Gen­ Question. If crime has economic roots, government, and New York City is limited eral Division; Bronx Women's Division; West what economic programs have actually been to 7,500 units a year, compared to the pres­ Bronx Chapter. established? ent waiting list of 135,000 familles. The American Legion, John Fraser Bryan and Answer. Mr. Rovner listed the Office of situation with respect to job training and McNally Posts. Economic Opportunity, job training, public special educational programs is much the American Veterans Committee. and publicly assisted housing and job crea- same. Talk about grand schemes for action Ancient Order of Hi'!_:>~rni

Arthur Murphy Tenants Association. Mount Sain·t Ursula High School. I am happy that the Maine Teachers Association for Help of Retarded Chil- Narcotics Institute Program, Haryou ACT, Association will participate in Teachers­ dren. Inc. in-Politics Weekend. Never before has Association of Community Organizations. National Council of Churches. Association of Jewish Court Attaches. National Council of Jewish Women. our Nation required a higher degree of Bainbridge Neighborhood Association. National Association of Retired Civil Em- citizen participation in politics-at the Bedford Park Civic Association. ployees. local, State, and National levels. Each Beth Abraham Hospital. . National Association of Social Workers. individual should feel he has a definite Benjamin Franklin Reform Democratic New York City Department of Social role in shaping local institutions and Club. Services. local policy. Teachers-in-Politics Week­ Better Organization in Mid-Bronx B'nai New York City Police Department: 7th Di­ end will help in shaping local policy. By B'rith: Bernard Mogilesky Lodge; Inwood vision; 34th, 46th, 48th, 50th precincts. Chapter; Riverdale Chapter; Skyview Lodge. New York City Speech Correction Teachers encouraging teachers to take an active Board of Education. Association. interest in politics the National Educa­ Board of Higher Education. New York State Narcotic Addiction Control tion Association is performing a valuable Bronx Boys Club. Commission. public service. Bronx Community College. Northeast Independent Democratic Club. Bronx Consultation Center. ORT. Bronx County Bar Association. Our Lady of Mercy Convent. Bronx House. Our Lady of Refuge--Holy Name Society. Bronx Grand Juriors Association. Our Saviour Lutheran Church. The Federal Highway Beautification Act Bronx High School of Science. Parkside Day Center. of 1965--A Fraud Bronx Juvenile Court. Pelham Parkway Jewish Center. Bronx Pelham Reform Democratic Club. 34th Precinct Community Council. Bronx Post Office. 46th Precinct Community Council. HON. THOMAS M. PELLY Bronx Protestant Council. 52nd Precinct Community Council. OF WASHINGTON Bronx Therapeutic Council. Presidents Council: School Districts 6 and Bronx Young Democrats. 10. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Bronxwood Advisory Council. Port Authority Police Benevolent Associa­ Friday, April 5, 1968 Catholic Inter-racial Council. tion, Inc. Catholic War Veterans. Public SChools Nos. 7X, 24, 26, 41, 46, 57, Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, the Wash­ Chester Civic Improvement Association. 67X, 78,91,97, 122,189. ington State Roadside Council has been Christ Episcopal Church. Riverdale Council on Youth. one of the most active groups in the Christopher Columbus High School. Riverdale Country School. country working for scenic highways, Church of the Mediator High School. Riverdale Merchants Association. parks, bicycle and hiking trails, billboard Church of the Holy Spirit. Riverdale Neighborhood House. control, and underground wiring. Church of the Visitation Mother's Club. Riverdale-Yonkers Society for Ethical Cul- In this connection, the roadside coun­ Civic Center of Israel. ture. Civic Improvement Association of North­ Sacred Heart of Mary Academy. cil had a deep interest in the Federal eastBronx. Jacob H. Schiff Center. Highway Beautification Act of 1965. The Columbus Evander Youth and Adult Cen- St. Edmund's Church, Men's Guild. council predicted when the act was ter. St. Elizabeth Church, Holy Name Society. passed that it would be a djsaster, and Columbus Esca All1ance. St. Francis of Assist. would actually retard highway beautifi­ Community Planning Board No. 5. St. Gabriel School. cation, and now, in its newsletter No. 13, Creston Avenue Baptist Church. St. Mary's Church, Holy Name Society. it points out that this is just the case. St. Margaret Mary School. Decatur Democratic Club. I believe Members of Congress and other Democratic Organization of Latin Ameri- St. Nicholas of Tolentine. can Countries. St. Philip Neri School. readers of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Will Dodge Vocational High School. St. Simon Stock Church. find these comments of interest. East Tremont Child Care Center. St. Stephen's Methodist Church. The full text of the article follows: East Tremont Neighborhood Association. Tremont Methodist Church. THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION AcT Evander Childs High School. Theodore Roosevelt High School. OF 1965 IS A FRAUD University Heights Community AQsociation. Franklin D. Roosevelt Independent Demo­ The Federal Highway Beautification Act of cratic Club. University Heights Presbyterian Church. Victory Day Care Center. 1965 in so far as it applies to billboard con­ Fordham Civic Association. trol is a fraud because of the circumstances Fordham Heights Community Organiza- Walton High School. Washington Avenue Neighborhood Associa- of its passage, because of its language which tion. actually calls for the promotion of billboards, Fordham Lutheran Church. tion. West Bronx Council. because it encourages b1llboard alleys at the Fordham University. entrances to the cities and towns on the Frances Schervier Home. William Hodson Community Center. Workmen's Circle, Branch 1082. major highways, because it upsets the exist­ Free Sons of Israel. ing sign control programs in the states, be­ Fort Tryon Jewish Center. Yeshiva University. Young Israel of Kingsbridge. cause the Act makes it virtually impossible Girl Scouts of America. for the states to have a better law, and be­ Good Shepherd Parish. Young Republican Club. Zionist Organization of America. cause it does violence to the public's expec­ Hadassah: Balfour, Brandeis, Pelham tations. Also, the other parts of the federal Parkway, Tel Aviv Groups. law which apply to rSCreening of junkyards Holy Spirit School. and roadside improvement have major de­ Horace Mann High School. fects and crippling loopholes. Hunter College. Teachers-in-Politics Weekend The Washington Post said in an editorial Immaculate Conception Church. on May 10, 1967: Inwood-Marble Hill New Frontier Demo- "The Highway Beautification Act, as it crats, Inc. HON. EDMUND S. MUSKIE applies to outdoor advertising, has turned Jewish Center of Williamsbridge. OF MAINE out to be one of the most disappointing John F. Kennedy Independent Democratic IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES statutes Oongress ever enacted. It was known Club. at the time the bill was enacted in 1965 that Junior High Schools Nos. 44, 45, 79, 135, Friday, April 5, 1968 it contained some striking defects. Now some 141, 143. Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, I was of the legislators who are most intere.sted in Kingsbridge Heights Jewish Center. pleased to learn that the National Edu- protecting highways from unsightly distrac- Knights of Columbus. tions are saying that the law is worse than Knights of Pythias. cation Association has designated the no law at all. In some states it will actually Knolls Community Council. weekend of April 5 to 7 as Teachers-in- create b1llboard advertising where none League of Women Voters. Politics Weekend. This weekend, which existed before." Little League Baseball Inc., District 23. will be observed throughout the country, This is strong language but the record Local School Boards Nos. 10, 11. is designed to focus the attention of backs it up. Marble Hill Tenants Association. teachers, parents, and politicians on the Three years ago President Johnson sent a. Manhattan College. importance of recognizing that educa- special message to Congress on Natural MARK: Committee for Civil Rights. tional policy decisions are political deci- Beauty. Some of the proposals, like the ones Messiah Lutheran Church. to combat pollution of various sorts, had Monterey Community Association. sions and that educators must take an been around for years, and some were new. Mosholu Civic Association. active role in helping shape those The remarkable feature of the President's Mosholu Montefiore Community Center. decisions. • program was its "packaging." Take difficUlt 9162 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 5, 1968 problems like water pollution, air pollution, were gathered in the East Room of the White board restrictions imposed by many states. It billboards, junkyards, mining scars and House to witness the final presentation of was my judgment that the bill was hastily honky-tonk seashores and put them all to­ the several panel reports to the President, drawn and considered, that its cost will be gether, and say that the issue is beauty, and the delegates were again appalled to hear vastly more than anticipated, and that, in who can come out for making the country the origina.l staff-prepared roadside report, many respects, it will constitute a regressive uglier? not their own hard line, being read to the influence." (Representative THOMAS S. To give the beautification program a proper President (Washington Post, May 27, 1965). FOLEY, Fifth District.) launching, President Johnson in May 1965, The last straw cam-e when the President ". . . On an issue of vital importance to sponsored a special White House conference. announced, to the delegates, that a news re­ the State of Washington, the opportunity to Several people from the Roadside Council lease had already been made that morning present the facts and explain an amendment were among the 800 delegates to the confer­ revealing his highway beauty bill-a bill was almost nil. Instead, there was an arbi­ ence. The White House Conference on Nat­ which contained the original language fa­ trary steam roller type of operation in action ural Beauty was no bed of roses-it turned vored by the billboard interests. Concluding under orders from the White House which out to be a shambles. Many went away angry. that the "jig was up", the roadside beauty swept aside all attempts to improve or alter There was widespread disappointment that lovers shrugged their shoulders, put on their the bill ... Now it seems this new Federal the conference talked about how nice it hats and went home (Washington Post, May law will create serious con stitutional prob­ would be to have posi~s by the roadside, and 27, 1965). Not a few were outraged to realize lems for the State and disrupt our program pretty buildings instead of ugly buildings, that their presence at the Conference on that has proven so effective." (Representative but avoided such harder questions as to how Natural Beauty was mere window dressing THOMAS M. PELLY, First District.) to keep highway departments and the Bureau for a program which had been decided upon "The bill was replete with unworkable, un­ of Public Roads from paving their way prior to the conference. From that time on wise, and unfair provisions. Many state gov­ through parks. they would have nothing to do with the ernments, including our State of Washington, The conference started out with no more Administration bill. complained it would thwart already compre­ eager participants than the representatives The final blow was to come when Congress hensive state beautification laws by unjustly of the garden clubs and the citizens' roadside further weakened th.: legislation by: imposing financial penalties and legal diffi­ councils throughout the country, who had (1) Including in the beautification act culties impossible to overcome. Governor for years been waging lonely battles against the stated objective of promotion of outdoor Evans of our State, after receiving advice billboard interests and highway departments, advertising. from the State Attorney General's Office and and who now found that their cause was all (2) Requiring the states to pay for any the State Highway Department, warned that the rage. They did not claim to have invented billboards made illegal by state legislation, the bill directly conflicts with Washington beauty, but they did feel that they had with the federal government picking up the zoning laws and would open a "Pandora's earned a leadership role. As they soon learned, tab for 75 percent of the costs. box" of litigation and require unwarranted this was not to be. The conference staff had Observers were charmed to notice that bill­ public expenditures. The Governor pointed apparently decided in advance what the re­ board company lobbyists and others allied out that the proposed Federal exemption of sults of the two day conference were going with them were working closely with the Ad­ highway signs in commercial and industrial to be. The staff had prepared draft copies ministration rep:resentatives to get the law areas is directly counter to the protection of the reports, which, based on what tran­ passed. against such signs presently written into spired subseqeuntly, the conferees were ex­ For decades state and local governments Washington State law. 'If this bill passes and pected to rubber stamp. have regulated billboards under their zoning supersedes our State law it would be a step The roadside beauty panel received a draft laws and the courts have backed them up. backwards,' the Governor cautioned, and proposal of their report, drawn up in advance Firmly established by legal decisions handed added, 'The State of Washington neither by the conference staff. The panelists were down in many states are the principles that: needs nor wants this type of legislation.'" appalled to find that the prospective report ( 1) Outdoor advertising is essentially a use (Representative CATHERINE MAY, Fourth Dis­ contained "goodies" that the billboard in­ of the public highways, rather than a bona trict.) terests had been trying to peddle to state fide use of the land. TWo and one-half years have now passed legislatures for years without success. (2) When a reasonable period for amor­ since Congress passed the Highway Beauti­ It has come out that an employee of the tization has been completed, non-conforming fication Act of 1965. Even so, only ten states Department of Commerce, who was one of billboards may be classed as a public nui­ have signed agreements with the Secretary the Conference staff members associated with sance and may be required to be removed un­ of Transportation to regulate billboards pur­ drafting the roadside panel report, had been der the state's zoning powers. suant to the federal law. Forty states, Wash­ negotiating for two years with billboard Enactment of good sign ordinances is cer­ ington State included, continue to ignore the operators to draft legislation which the bill­ tain to be retarded. Pressures are intense on federal law even though the law provided for board interests would support (Washington law-makers at all levels, and whenever an a noncompliance penalty of ten percent of Post, March 28, 1965). That staff member, effective sign ordinance is enacted, it is only the federal-aid highway funds beginning Lowell K. Bridwell, is now the Federal High­ after a long, hard struggle--nearly always January 1, 1968. However, with this evidence way Administrator. by a close vote. Add an indeterminate public of lack of support for the federal law, the The effect of one provision of the report expense to buy billboards, on top of the other Secretary of Transportation has announced would be the exemption from billboard arguments employed by the foes of billboard that he is holding the penalty provisions in regulation of the roadsides along the en­ control, and the scales will swing heavily abeyance. trances and through the downtown areas of against ordinances requiring removal of non­ On March 20, 1967, Rep. John C. Kluczyn­ the cities and towns on the nation's princi­ conforming signs. It may be a thing of the ski, Ohairman, and Rep. William C. Cr-amer, pal highways. These areas are the "front past. ranking minority member, of the Subcom­ doors" and "portals" of the nation and areas Further, we and many other people object mittee on Roads of the congressional House where billboards naturally collect and which to ransoming back the scenery that belongs Public Works Committee, stated in a news caused the demand for billboard legislation to the public by right. It seems elementary release: to start with. As the national headquarters that the public that built the roads has the "It is unfortunate, but in our opinion of the American Automobile Association has right to view the scenery that those roads true, that the Act is not susceptible of suc­ pointed out: open up. The most charitable thing that can cessful administration, and we believe that "Control of roadside advertising in the areas be said for the congressional action was that if we are to preserve the highway beautifica­ of interchanges in municipal and metropoli­ the subject was complex and they did not tion program in which we are all vitally in­ tan areas is vitally important to the effective­ know what they were doing. terested, we should recognize that fact and ness of official routing and traffic control Four of the seven Washington State con­ revise the Act so that it will be successful ... signs--more imperative probably, than in gressmen voted against the federal High­ Congress has failed for over a year to ap­ rural areas. Traffic flow and safety is jeopard­ way Beautification Act of 1965, as did all of propriate money to keep the federal Act ized when motorists must cope with uncon­ Oregon's congressmen, even though the White alive. While the law is technically on the trolled competition of commercial advertising House pulled out all stops to pass the new books, it is moribund and of little positive and official signs near interchanges on high legislation. Here are excerpts from statements value. Senators Magnuson and Jackson and speed expressways." of the four Washington State congressmen Reps. Pelly and Adams have all introduced After a heated debate among the panel­ who opposed the new federal law: bills in Congress to drastically overhaul the ists, in which the delegates on the floor also "The Federal Billboard Act might disrupt Highway Beautification Act of 1965. So far participated, the panel report was revised our excellent Washington State Act which the Administration has opposed any change. to state that the majority of the panelis,ts is a better law than the one Congress passed. There is general depression in the Bureau felt that the entire length of the new Inter­ This bill did not provide sufficient safeguards of Public Roads concerning highway beauti­ state freeways and the primary road systems for states such as ours which have pioneered fication. They know that they are saddled should be protected from the indiscriminate in this field. It also opens a Pandora's box with a bad law. They know that resistance placement of billboards. The single vo.te of litigation." (Representative BRocK ADAMs, to the law is widespread even among con­ against the panel position was by a billboard Seventh District.) servationists and other people interested in company representative from Waco, Texas, "Attempts were made by delegation mem­ highway beautification. They know more who stated from the speakers platform that bers from Washington and Hawail to clarify than anyone else that the law is administra­ this was "not far from the Pedernales River." the legislative history during debate with tively a botch, and they know that Congress Later that afternoon when the conferees the aim of protecting more stringent bill- is not likely to vote funds to keep the Act April 8, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 9163 alive unless prodded to do so by the billboard sometimes insensitive to the people's community. He has proven himself many interests. needs. NEA encouragement of political times to be a great asset to the California It is revealing that the billboard companies State Legislautre. publicly proclaim, by full page advertise­ activity by teachers-whose jobs involve ments and by Letters to the Editor, their them intimately in society's problems-­ In Sacramento's Third Congressional support for the federal law (Seattle PI, June is to be welcomed. District, I am always ready to assist 8, 1965 and December 1, 1967). In their sup­ Moreover, because of the Federal Gov­ teachers at all levels of education to pro­ port they stand virtually alone, for we do not ernment's massive entry into aid to edu­ mote better government through educa­ know of any national organization, histori­ cation in recent years, teachers have a tional-political involvement. cally associated with beautification, the pres­ duty to use their hard-won knowledge of ervation of natural beauty and the promo­ education's strengths and weaknesses to tion of safe and scenic highway travel, that work for continuing improvement in edu­ supports the federal law. That the billboard A Tragic Action companies are virtually alone in their sup­ cation policy. port of the federal law is evidence of a law Finally, greater teacher involvement which does little to control billboards. in politics would certainly yield results HON. JOHN E. MOSS Congress must be made to realize that the beneficial to our youngsters. With so OF CALIFORNIA federal Highway Beautification Act of 1965 is many students already deeply involved a fraud on the public expectations. The fed­ in politics, the wisdom and maturity of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES eral law must be repealed and the Congress politically experienced teachers would, I Friday, April 5, 1968 must start all over again to prepare proper legislation. As it now stands highway beauti­ believe, do much to steer student idealism Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, the assassina­ fication may be retarded for a decade or into constructive, rather than destruc­ tion of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., takes more. Orderly programs for this purpose can­ tive, channels. from our Nation much of its pride and not fl.ower in the states in the face of the I invite more teachers to run for public much of its integrity. Our image is tar­ federal law. The Seattle Times said in an offic·e, and I · look forward to meeting nished for all to see. That the tragic editorial on October 6, 1966: more of my former colleagues in the halls action stems from a tradition of violence "No law at all would be better than an act of Oongress in the not too distant future. which is a mockery of all the noble words and prejudice-and history of man's in­ that have been uttered in Washington, D.C., hwnanity to man-is beyond question. about beautifying America's highways." This Nation can ill afford the loss of In the meantime the states had better hang More Teachers Should Take Active Roles its leaders possessing true greatness. Let onto the billboard control laws that they us hope for all that another with the have, of which the Washington State "High­ in Politics vision-the calm courage of Dr. King­ way Advertising Control Act of 1961" is the emerges to lead the cause to which he best in the land. HON. JOHN E. MOSS gave his all. OF CALIFORNIA Much progress has been made toward IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES understanding and equality-much more must be made-with an ever-increasing Teachers-in-Politics Friday, April 5, 1968 sense of urgency and an understanding Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, this weekend that human hopes and aspirations, legi­ HON. CLARENCE D. LONG has been designated by the National Edu­ timate in their objectives, cannot be held OF MARYLAND cation Association as Teachers-In-Poli­ on leash. Dr. King preached nonviolence. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tics Weekend. Let us hope his dreams can be achieved Not only do I approve of teachers par­ by his methods. Failure would be a na­ Friday, April 5, 1968 ticipating in politics, I strongly urge more tional tragedy, fully integrated in its Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, teachers to take active roles and give destructive force. as a former professor, I wish to congratu­ constructive leadership in the political late the National Education Association life of our Nation. for sponsoring a Teachers-in-Politics Teachers are equipped to give guidance The "Pueblo"-How Long, Mr. President? Weekend beginning April 5, and to en­ to the community and they have a re­ dorse the NEA's efforts to increase sponsibility to generate and instill in our teacher participation in politics. students an interest in our Government. HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE In a democracy, every informed citi­ Great men in government, like Presi­ OF IOWA zen should play an active role in the po­ dent Lyndon Johnson and Senator IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES litical process. The increasing influence EUGENE McCARTHY, are former teachers-­ Friday, April 5, 1968 of every level of government on our daily as was former President Woodrow Wil­ lives makes citizen participation ever son. Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, this is the more essential in order to exercise effec­ In my district, State Senator Albert 74th day the U.S.S. Pueblo and her crew tive popular control over a government Rodda is a product of of the educational have been in North Korean hands.

HOUSE, O ~F REPRESENTATIVES-Monday, April 8, 1968

The House met at 12 o'clock noon. walk through the valley of the shadow of MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, death. May Thy presence make them A message from the Senate by . Mr. D.D., offered the following prayer: strong, give them courage, and hold Arrington, one of its clerks, announced Yea, though I walk through the valley them steadfast to good will even in the that the Senate had passed without of the shadow of death, I will tear no midst of ill will. amendment bills of the House of the fol­ evil: tor Thou art with me.-Psalm 23: 4. "Cure Thy children's warring madness, lowing titles: Almighty God, Father of all men, Bend our pride to Thy control; H.R. 5799. An act to amend the District of stunned by the suddenness of tragedy Shame our wanton, selfish gladness, Columbia Uniform Gifts to Minors Act to and shocked by the fury of violence, we Rich in things and poor in soul, provide that gifts to minors made under such act may be deposited in savings and loan as­ turn to Thee for help in this hour of our Grant us wisdom, grant us courage national need. May the spirit of wisdom sociations and related institutions, and for That we fail not man nor Thee." guide us, the grace of understanding other purposes; and lead us, and the love of compassion di­ Amen. H.R. 16324. An act to authorize appropria­ rect us that we may find our way to the tions to the Atomic Energy Commission in accordance with section 261 of the Atomic promised land of freedom for all, jus­ THE JOURNAL Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and for other tice for all, peace for all, and finding the purposes. way give us courage to walk in it. Tbe Journal of the proceedings of We pray that the comfort of Thy spirit Thursday, April 4, 1968, was read and The message also announced that the may abide in the hearts of those who approved. Senate had passed bills of the following