~GAZ.NE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. July 1966 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1600 BLA DENSBURG ROA D, N O RT H EAST / W ASHIN GTON, D. c. 20002

Fo r United H orticulture *** to accum ula te, inaease, and disseminate horticultural information

Editorial Committee Directors T erms Expi?'i71 g 1966 FRANCIS DE V OS, Cha irman J. H AROLD CLARKE J O H N L. CREECH Washingtoll FREDERIC P. LEE FREDERIC P. LEE Maryland CARLTON P. LEES CO~ R A D B. LI NK Massachusetts R USSELL J. S EIBERT FREnERICK C . M EYER Pennsylvan ia D ONALD WATSON WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN H awaii T erms Ex pi?'ing 1967 MRS. ROBERT L. E MERY, JR. o [ficers Louisiana A. C. HILDRETH PRESIDENT Colorado D AVID L EACH J OH N H . '''' ALKER Pennsylvania A lexand?'ia, Vi?'ginia CHARLES C . MEYER New York F IR ST VICE· PRESIDENT MRS. STANLEY ROWE Ohio F RED C. CALLE Pill e M ountain, Geo?-gia T erms Expi?-ing 1968 F RANCIS DE V OS M aryland SECON D VI CE-PRESIDENT MRS. E LSA U. K NOLL TOM D . T HROCKMORTON California Des ili/oines, I owa V ICTOR RIES Ohio S TEWART D. " ' INN ACTI NG SECRETARY·TREASURER

GRACE P. 'WILSON R OBE RT WINTZ Bladensburg, Maryland Illinois

The A merican Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred copies--2 pp $7.20; 4 pp $13.20; 8 pp $27.60; 12 pp $39.60; Covers $ 13.20.

Second class postage paid at Baltimore, ~ I a ry l and a nd at additional mailing offi ces. Copyright, © 1966 by The America n Horti cultu ra l Society. lnc. Th e A m erical1 H Ol'lieu/l llral lH agazine is in cl uded as a benefit of mem ­ bership in T he Amer ican H or ticu ltural Society, I ndivid ual Membership dues being 6.00 a year. JULY. 1966

FOR;\,fERLY THE NATIONAL HORTlCULTURAL MAGAZINE VOLUME 45 • NUMBER 3 Contents i'\ew England for Autumn Color D C N ALD "VYMAN ______281

The Saguaro Cactus in Arizona STANLEY NI. ALCORN ______286 Some Aesthetic and Hor,ticultural Aspects of the California R ecl wooc!s EM AN U EL FR ITZ ______296

The " New Look" of our Nation's Botanic Gardens and Arboretums HENR Y T. SKIN N ER ______304

Norfolk's Contribution Toward a Beautiful America FREDERrcK HEUTTE ______.______312

Tulsa, Oklahoma and Beautification ELEANOR HILL ______318

Floriculture-With Honor to the Past .I OHN H . VVALKER ______.______323

Some Contributions of Nurserymen to Ornamental Horticulture RrcHARD P. WHITE ______327

All-America Selections "V. RAY HASTINGS 330 Progress in the Flower Seed Industry CHARLES L. WEDDLE ______337

Some Current Research on Ornamental Plants in USA HENRY M. CATHEY ______34 1

Horticul tural and Gardening Organizations ERNESTA D. BALLARD ______347

How the Newspapers Help the Horne Gardener .J OAN F AUST ______351 How Garden vVriters Can Increase Their Contributions to Horticulture ELSA U PPMAN KNOLL ______353

The Small Community Garden Club GRACE P. WILSON ______. ______355

The Plantsman's Library GEORGE H. IVI. LAWRENCE 357 A Book or Two ______365

JULY COVER ILLUSTRATION Yoshino Cherries (Prill/liS 1'erfoensis) around Tidal Basin, ""ash., D. C.- Nat'l Park Se n ' ice NATIONA L P ARK SERVI CE Flower Garden on West Side of White House, Washington, D. C. "The creation of beauty is a happy experience • •• it adds to one's sense of self-respect and joy."

Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson THE .--\i\IERIC.-\N HORTICCLTURAL MAGAZIl\'£

PREFACE

The July 1966 American Hm·ticultural Magazine is dedicated to the 17th International Horticultural Congress-held for the first time in the United States. H ere in the Maryland suburbs of our Nation's Capital horticulturists from the world OVel" al"e meeting to h'ear papen that touch upon hortintltw"e in all its aspects.

We would have those assembled kn ow A merican horticulture more in timately than can be gained during so short a stay. But ow' country is so large and time so short that this is not possible. To further what you will see and lean? during the Congress, the Board of the AmeYican Horticultural Society directed that this issue be devoted to American HOl·ticultul"e as it exists in 1966. To do this, we asked various leaders in the field of ornamental horticulture and natural beauty to write articles that would be illustrative of the many facets of our American effort. This includes amateurs, prOfessional scientists, commercial rep­ resentatives, those fTOm societies, ottr garden writers, and the planners in the cities we are now engaged in beautifying. We think these samples will give you some idea of the complexity of ornamental plant culture in so gl"eat and val'ied a country, and hope that you will return home conscious of the resurgence of intel"est in garden plants that now pr'evails in the United States.

We have not solved all of OUT pTOblems in implementing a beautification pj'o­ gram, however, you will read how the redwoods and the saguaro cactus are being saved from partial destruction or extinction. And more of our citi­ zens know Of the beauties of a New England autumn as described by Dr. Wyman. We are making progress. Perhaps more so in this year, 1966, than ever before in the hist07"y of our countly. OU?' own gracious First Lady, lVlTs. Lyndon B. Johnson, is leading the gardenen of America in this crusade to bring to all Americans the knowledge of the natuml beauty that has been granted to thlem. We now have an opportunity to build on the natural beauty of our country by applying man's meager capability to the beau.tification of OUT cities. On behalf of the American HOTticultUTal Society and the garden-minded citi­ zens of the United States, we welcome you to the Univel"sity of Maryland and the Ttl!ashington scene. lVe wish Y01l a successful Congress and a safe retun? to your homeland.

J OHN 1.. CREECH For the Editorial Committee Editorial Committee: Fmncis de Vas, Chaiml({n John L. Creech Frederic P. Lee Conrad B. Link Frederick G. Meyej' Wilbur H. Youngman New England for Autumn Color

By DONALD 'NYMAN Arnold ArboTelurn, jamaica Plain , Moss.

New England is one of the promin ~ nt The Reasons for Autumn Color regions in the United States where a u­ To understand this procedure, as well tumn color can be seen at its best. Cer­ as the timel iness of it, one must go to tainly there are other places where the the plants themselves and understand fall foliage colors magnifice ntly, but, just what makes the color in the first be.cause of its many picturesque moun­ place. As everyone knows who has ever tams and lakes, and its peculiar situa­ tudied botany, plan ts are green beca use tion in the well populated northeastern of the chlorophyll in the leav,es. This is corner of the country, or because of the being co ntinually manufactured and de­ c?ncentrated efforts of the people who Lroyed but during the 'warm spring and lIv.e there to publicize it so well, some­ slimmer months it is being made at a h0:-V New En?"land has earned the repu­ filster rate than it is being destroyed. It tatIOn of havmg -the best. "Vhether this is chlorophyll which man ufactures the is true or not, it is that part of the sug'ars that are the food so essential for country where autumn color can be seen pl ant growth. in all its glory during the month of Oc­ These sugars are manufactured m the tob.er. leCl yes e1uring bright sunny days. They Much of New England is covered with are translocated from the leaves to a mixture of hardwood and conifer for­ larger branches and roots where they e5'ts, chiefly the 'Nhi te Pine, Canada are stored for fu tur,e use, and this trans­ Hemlock, and Spruce. This combina­ location takes place chiefly on nights tion of hardwood and conifer forests when the temperature is warm. Hence, grow.i~g together is on.e of the first pre­ through spring and summer, the trees reqUISItes for outstanding color, for and shrubs are busily engaged in manu­ when the hardwoods color in the fall the evergreens provide the green back: facturin~' sugars eluring the day, using ground for contrast. some of it in their growth of new cells especiall y during the spring and early !he White Mountains of New Hamp­ summer, and storing it in other parts shlTe, the Green Mountains of v.ermont during the later part of the summer. and the Berkshires of Massachusetts are famous vacation spots known every­ During all this time, major translocation occurs chiefly at night. where. The mountain lakes and s,treams the broad slow moving rivers in the val: Then in the early fall, night tempera­ leys, all add their bit to the general pic­ tures begin to dip. When they go below ture, for without this type of topogra­ 45°F. it has been shown in the labora­ phy, there could be no outstanding au­ tory, that the sugars are not transloca ted tumn color with any lasting qualities. from the leaves at night, but are The progress of color from the north­ "trapped" there by the low tempera­ ern part of New England down to Long tures. Hence, after a "cold" night the Island Sound, is something all the "na­ leaves are ready to start the manufac­ tives" follow with inter.est each year. ture of more sugars as soon as the sun This procedure may take as much as comes out bright and warm, but the ac­ five weeks to progress from the northern cumulation of the sugars from the pre­ most tip of Maine to southern Con­ vious day are still there. This is the sig­ necticut. During October, if on.e follows nal which triggers deterioration in the the news bulletins, one can find some manufacture of chlorophyll, and at this autumn color at its peak in some p art time, chlorophyll is destroyed in the leaf of ,this grea t area on any single da y. at a faster rate than it is manufactured.

~81 282 THE Al'dERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Two pigments, carotin and xantho­ tumn color comes and goes quickly, phyl are continually masked in most within a week sometimes, but in an leaves up until the time comes when area where land elevaJtions g'o from sea chlorophyll is no longer manufactured. lev.el to 6000 feet, with many sheltered They are in the leaf all the time as can lakes and high mountain tops, there are be shown by placing a piece of adhesive many opportunities for autumn color to tape on a leaf for a few days and then come early to the mountain tops and to removing it, or taking a gr,een leaved linger at lower elevations. potted plan t in to the dark cellar for a few days. Chlorophyll can only be man­ Plants Showing Autumn Color ufactured in the presence of sunlight. It is of inte~est to note that it is the In the dark, the leaves turn yellow, show­ native American trees and shrubs, as ing that these yellow pigments are om­ well as some of those from the Orient nipresent. Consequently, the yellow in which show the best autumn color. autumn color, comes to the fore as the Plants introduced from their native Eu­ green chlorophyll gradually breaks down rope show practically none. Many are and disappears on the advent of cold like the Sycamore Maple or the English weather. Oak the leaves of which merely die on The formation of the red colors in the the tree and drop without displaying any leaves is complicated, but the basic story color whatsoever except green. There is that this also comes as a result of cold are some native American plants in this weather and the break down of chloro­ same category. Fortunately our woods phyll. It is complicated by the faot that and forests ar,e made up of the other though all trees have the yellow pig­ kinds, the oaks and maples and birches ments, all do not show the red coloring -those which are vividly colored under pigments (anthocyanin). the right climatic conditions. Consequently, as fall approaches and There are always those tre.es and one takes a trip through the forested shrubs which turn yellow. The birches lake areas of New England, the first bit make the grea,test display for they are of color to be seen is usually in frost the most numerous in New England. pockets around lakes or in other low The redbuds, hickories, Witch Hazel, spots, where cold air has settled pre­ chestnuts, Goosefoot Maple, American maturely during the night and started Bittersweet, some of the shadblows are the phenomenon of autumn color. Oc­ all in this group. In the suburban areas casionally as one drives along in late where plants have been introduced from August or very early September, one may other parts of this country (as well as notice a single branch that has started aboard) the Norway Maple, Ginkgo, and to color, where all the rest of the shrub Korean Mountain Ash are some out­ or tree is still gr,een. 1£ the plant is ex­ standing examples of trees turning a amined closely, it will probably be found pure yellow color in the fall. that translocation of sugars on this one It is the plants with red autumn color, branch may have been stopped or at or those with both r.ed and yellow which least slowed down by a branch injury make .the magnificent scene so admired of some sort (or in some cases by a throughout the area. The oaks, of course, girdling wire) but since it was only one are outstanding in this respect, but so branch that started to color and not the are the red maples and especially the whole plant, cold temp.erature is not the sugar maples that turn red and yellow. cause. The sumacs growing in poor soils along The mountains, valleys and coastal the roadsides are usually a brilliant red. areas of New England topography, pro­ One of the best of all ,trees in this re­ vide excellent opportunity for many spect is the native Tupelo or Pepperidge variations in the timing of the autumn (Nyssa sylvatica) becaus.e its leaves turn color, one of the reasons why color can a glossy scarIet, making this one tree be long-lasting in this area. In parts of most prominent. The native Flowering the country where the land is fiat, au- Dogwood (Comus florida) with its hori- JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 283 zontal branching and bright red fruits, a large amount of sugars, and if the is also an outstanding and colorful fall nights are definitely cold (below 45°F) plant for its vividly colored red leaves. then there is bound to be excellent red The native Pin Cherry (Prunus 1J en­ coloration. sylvanica) which one sees in an occasion­ On the other hand, if the days in early al hedge row colors red, and the Sassa­ fall are cloudy or rainy, without much fras, a tree growing' chiefly in poor sunshine, and if the nights are mild but gravelly soils and known everywhere not cold, then there are not the striking for its mitten-shaped leaves is a gorgeous differences in color -that one could hope orange to red. Of rather columnar for. A prolonged summer drou~ht may growth, and tending to g-row in groups, adversely effect autumn color also. The this is one of the best of New England's leaves of trees and shrubs may have trees for fall coloration. wilted and started to turn brown along Driving through the suburbs where the edges and even drop prematurely people have had the advantage of se­ without coloring much. The autumn lecting from many plants for use about color spectacle such years is not nearly as their homes, one frequently sees the vivid as it is after periods of perfect vivid red Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus growing conditions, especially when tricnspidata) from the Orient climb­ there has been plenty of rain. ing up the sides of brick or stone build­ All things considered th.en, outstand­ ings. The oriental maples (Acer pal­ ing displays of autumn color are to be matum, ginnala and mandshuricum) seen in areas with beautiful scenery, are vivid scarlet in the fall as is the with the species of plants that color and southern Sourwood (Oxydendrnm arbo­ with the right conditions of climate to reum) from the southeastern United produce that color. All these prerequi­ States. Another southern tree, the Sweet sites are present in New England when, Gum (Liquidambar stymciflua) has the between the start of the last week in interesting- habit of coloring yellow or September, and the end of th.e last week red or both in the fall, and can usually in October, some vivid and colorful be spotted along the hig-hways of south­ views can be seen somewhere aRose from enthusiasttic local publicity agents as the Japan is usually a fine red and yellow "Nation's Playground," for recreation also. These are only a few-there are and vacation-living is a multi-million many others. dollar business in each of the states con­ It is these red colored leaves in the cerned. Mountains, mountain lakes, sea­ fall that bring out the best of color con­ shore, and just plain "back country" pro­ trasts with ,the yellows of the birches vide all the possibilities anyone could and elms as well as the greens of the wish for in spending a relaxing or an coniferous forest trees. These colors are energetic sports-filled vacation period. not as pronounced or vivid some years The various chambers of commerce, of as others. One remembers "good" years course, foster this idea and try to length­ and "poor" years of autumn color, and en the period of attractiveness, the rea­ it is true that the weather has a great son why so much is now being made of cleal to do wi th this. If, in the early autumn color in October. fall, the days are warm with plenty of The state of New Hampshire publishes sunshine so the leaves can manufacture w,eekly autumn color bulletins available THE A.i\fERlc'-\'N HORTICULTURAL ~rAG .\zINE at toll booth stations and various "In­ lain National Forest. Here one can see formation Bureaus" along the highway. breath-taking views of mountains and Other states keep the public fully in­ valleys for miles and miles, simply cov­ formed of the progress of the colorful (ned with deciduous hardwood forests. period from north to south by ample In doing this one should remember the radio and newspaper publicity. The potential photographic possibilities of a automobile associations actually mark trip up Cranmore :Mountain on the Ski­ routes tourists may take to see the most mobile or a really breathtaking trip up outstanding' color during' certain periods. the Cog Railway on Mount 'Nashing­ Consequently, one should keep in touch ton. This is the highest mountain in 'with available publici.ty to ascertain the New England, 6288 feet high, but one best time for the best color at the b.est should rememb.er the autumn color near places. this high elevation comes and goes very Traveling along the seashore has its quickly. It is much better to plan (0 interests in the fall, too, but because of visit the lower mountains when they are the modera-ting effects of the ocean, tem­ at their best, rather than the few tall perature gradients are not as marked ones in the Presidential Range. as they are in the moutltains, henc.e the Another interesting area is in the autumn color may not be as vivid. southern part of New Hampshire in the The burnished red of ,the Bearbeny vicinity of Peterborough. Pack Monad­ (A1'ctostaphylos uva-uTSi), the colors in nock Mountain (2288 ft.) just off Rome the cranberry bogs and plants around 10 I has a pa veel road all the way to the them especially in the Cape Cod area top and the color here about the first or have a beauty all their own, but it is second 'week of October is superb. The not the vivid beauty of the mountains. entire Mt. Monadnock region is noted Driving through the flalt forested areas for its scenery, lakes and winding roads of parts of Maine can be interesting, of great rural interest. The chairlift at especially with side views of lakes and Mt. Sunapee State Park (off Route 103) streams as one goes by. The road from is another means of getting to a hig-h Calais to Bangor has autumn color late elevation and seeing beautiful Lake in September and more inaccessible Sunapee and its surrounding- mountains places like Moosehead Lake and Milli­ of deciduous forests. nocket probably have it eat-lier. For those In Vermont there are many beautiful who like the rugg-ed lake areas of Maine, trips to take at autumn color time. there are the places where one can go but Touring up the Connecticut River Val­ the farther north one goes the larger ley from Brattleboro to 'White River the areas of purely coniferous forests J unction, provides much colorful inter­ with a smaller proportion of deciduous est. Then Route 14 to Barre, the forests and hence less autumn color. "granite cen'ter of America," and ov,er I t is touring through· the high roads one of Vermont's most beautiful high­ of the mountainous ar,eas of New Hamp­ ways (Route 89) to Burling-ton or to shire, Vermont, and Massachusetts where Stowe and Mt. Mansfield (another chair­ one can see the best of autumn color. lift available here) g-ives one an oppor­ This is because these areas are climatical­ tunity to see some of the best and most ly suited to producing vivid colors, the colorful scenery Vermont has to offer. deciduous forests are predominal~ t and Returning on Route 89 and turning the highways skirting the mountains and south on Route 100 down to the Massa­ lakes frequently go to great heights (fol' chusetts border, one follows the base of New England) where one can see for the Green Mountains all the way down miles in all directions. and sees much of the quaint and rural One of the best highways in this cate­ Vermont that has been written about so gory is the Kancamagus Hig-hway from much. This is not a 6 lane speedway, Lincoln, New Hampshire to Conway, but it. is one of the most beautififul New Hampshire, about 341;2 miles roads in New England at autumn color through the heart of the 'Nhite :Moun- time. J ULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 285

j\.1 uch of the Berkshire Mountains in Last b u t not leas t, and this is not only wes tern i'vl assachuse tts is worth seeing in for na tive New Englanders but for October, especially a tour along the Mo­ others who li ve in the eastern part of hawk Highway from Greenfield to Wil­ North America as well-look around liamstown, Massachuse tts (Route 2) yo u. After driving for several hundred then south on Route 7 to Pittsfi eld and miles on a weekend looking for the " bes t" in a utumn color, after frustra­ Great Barrington. Connec ti cut and tion on packed highways or disappoint­ Rhode Island have their bea uty spots men t on seeing only mediocre color, too a t autumn color time. T here are on e often co mes near home, only to literall y hundreds of trips tha t ca n be reali ze that the color r ight there is truly taken to see nature's h andiwork in the bes t, j f it only h ad been properly ap­ fall. precia ted in the fi rst place. The Saguaro Cactus in Arizona

By STANLEY M. ALCORN1 DetJo rtment of Plant Pathology, University of ATizona, Tttcson, ATizona

Attaining heights of 30 or 40 feet, from the Saguaro. According to this au­ the saguaro or giant cactus (Carnegiea thor and Thackery and Leding (27), gigantea) is the largest cactus in the seeds were generally used in making a United States and the northernmost flour, while the remaining pulp was representative of the arborescent species eaten fresh, prepared as a syrup or a of this family. liquor, or was dried for future use. The While it ranges in Sonora, Mexico, practice of fruit collection is still con­ approximately to the Rio Mayo, with ducted by the Papago Indians. With the exception of three small pockets to such a dependence upon ,the saguaro the west of the Colorado Riv,er, the giant fruits, it is little wonder that the Papago cactus is found only in Arizona. Here, year started with their harvest (27). singly, in small clumps, or in forests, The Indians also used the woody, vas­ they grow between the Colorado River cular elemen ts of the saguaro for fenc­ and the western slopes of the Galiuro ing and in the construction of homes. Mountains, east of the San Pedro River, Even today on the Papago reservation and northwestward to the southern hogans can be found with saguaro "rib" slopes of the Hualapai Mountains (26) studs plastered with mud and support­ (Fig. 1) . ing saguaro "rib" rafters roofed with Analogous to the feelings that Cali­ dirt. fornians have for their Redwoods, Ari­ Unfortunately, records relating to the zona has chosen the saguaro blossom as densities of saguaro forests during the the state flower, and the plant has been Spanish and Mexican colonial periods repeatedly utilized piotorially from com­ are not available. However, by 1910 ic strips to westerns, to convey the im­ Shreve (23) noted the scarcity of young pression either of the desert southwest plants in areas west and north of Tucson or the pleasures of winter living in Ari­ and concluded that in neither of these zona. sites was the saguaro stand maintaining Dominant on the upper desert land­ itself. Probably in part due to the scape this cactus, in truth, has long been "pressures" of conservationists stimu­ utilized by ,ecologists as one of the prime lated by these observations, Presiden t indicator plants of the Sonoran Desert. Hoover in 1933 proclaimed that 63,001 In fact, the northern and eastern boun­ acres of Coronado National Forest, east daries of this region are delimi ted by of Tucson, be designated as the Saguaro the saguaro. NMional Monument (SNlVI) because of The economy of the Indian tribes of "scientific interest and the exceptional this desert has long heen closely tied growth ther,eon of various species of cac­ to the saguaro and related ca cti. As ti, including the so-called giant cactus." early as 1795 Pfefferkorn (22) indi­ In 1961 President Kennedy added to cated the use of saguaro fruits as food the Monument an additional 15,640 by the Indians. This was further ampli­ acres of saguaro forest loca,ted on the fied by the report of McGee (17) that western slopes of the Tucson Mountains, 300 mature individuals of the Seri tribe w.est of Tucson (SNM-W). Between consumed about 27,000 pounds of cac­ these two dates President Roosevelt ad­ tus fruits per year. Many of these were ditionally proclaimed that 516 square miles of desert vegetation adjacent to IThe author is particularly grateful to Dr. the Mexican border south of Ajo, Ari­ Raymond M. Turner for critically reviewing this zona, be designated as the Organ Pipe manuscript. Cactus National Monument for the pres- 286 J ULY 1966, VOLUME 45, N U:MBER 3 287

117' 115 ' 113' III' lOS'

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CARNEGIEA GIGANTEA

MILES -H E3 57: Ed 400 0 KILOMETERS bee;; e 700 23·~-l_-____~~~~-~--'---+------+----1r- 23'

117' 115 ' 113' Iii' 109'

Fig. 1 . Distribution @f Ca r n egiea gigantea in the Sonoran Desert. (after S hreve, 1964) 288 THE MvIERICAN HORTICULTURAL TvlAGAZINE ervation of the one stand of senita cacti tive pollination may be accomplished (Lophoce1-eus schottii) in the. Unite~ by nectar-feeding bats at night or by States, prime forests of organ pIpe cactI doves and bees during the day. It fur­ (Lemai1-eOCe1-eu.s thu.Tberi) , scattered ther seems probable that other similar stands of saguaros, and their associated animals can also act as pollinators (19). desert vegetation. From these same studies it was deter­ In an effort to determine the factors mined that approximately 50<;70 of the affecting the declining saguaro popula­ flower buds initiated eventually sur­ tions, research was initiated in the late vived as fruits, i.e., about 60 fruits wer,e 1930's and .early 1940's by personnel of formed per plant per year. Each fruit the University of Arizona and of the averaged 2000 viable seeds. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Inter­ Thus far, the only method of estimat­ rupted by World War II, these investi­ ing a saguaro's age is based upon an gations were expanded in the middle extrapolation from a curve derived from 1950's. While the early interest related measured, annual gTowth of a number to the saguaro peT se) the more recent of plants (II, 23) . A saguaro first studies have, in addition, been con­ blooms when 8 to 10 feet in height or cerned with the use of ' the saguaro as a approximately 40-50 years of age. Cur­ research tool in attempts to attain an­ rent in.formation indicates that the ma­ swers to the much broader questions of jority of saguaros live to be at least 25 the mechanisms of plant survival in an feet in height (4, 9, p. 32, and 20, p. 17) . arid environment and the role of plants This would afford the production of in the total ecosystem in such an en­ some six million viable seeds over an vironment. Thus, the projects have estimated minimal productive life of 50 ranged from chemical analyses of ,the years (11). It is axiomatic that for the saguaro vascular elements (6) to the maintenance of a static population there identification of bee visitors to saguaro only must be a replacement for each blossoms (18) . Collectively, the infor­ individual that dies. Therefore, in this mation garn.ered to date affords us an case only one of the 6 million seeds insight into the factors influencing the must produce a surviving seedling. (Ob. life cycle of one plant in the Sonoran viously, the longer the seed-bearing Desert and strongly suggests the compli­ plant survives,

DR . C. W. F E RGUSO N Fig. 2. Saguaro seedlings typically clustered near a "nurseplant" (now dead). Although the shade is a mesqnite (Prosopis juli6ora), the saguaro is more frequently associated with the palo verde (Cercidium floridum). 290 THE AMERICAN HORTlCULTURAL MAGAZINE this population. When such an estab­ potential seedling is to survive. Ai­ lishment rate is considered in terms of though experimental evidence is lack, the slow growth rate-a plant 6 inches ing, field observations, coupled with cli­ in height would be approximately 9 matological evidence, suggest that the years old (11) -it is small wonder that western geographic boundaries of the sa­ comparatively little is known regarding guaro are determined by rainfall (12, the initial factors affecting the natural 16, 24) . Conceding that the possibl.e det­ establishment of the saguaro in the field. rimental effects of high temperatures per While rodents have long been sus­ se in these areas also must be consid­ pected of being involved in the mortal­ ered, minimal moisture will not only af­ ity of saguaro seedlings (7, 20, 21, 23), fect germination but also the longevity only r,ecently has it been determined of the newly germinated seedling. that lack of shade, soil types and insects Conversely, the eastern and northern may play an even more important role boundaries of the saguaro are probably (28). Superficial samples were removed determined by low temperatures (12, from the soil beneath the canopies of 16, 24). Shreve (12) concluded from a Palo Verde (Cercidium microphyllum) , series of temperature measurements that Mesquite (Prosopis julifiora var. velu­ "the occurrence of a single day with­ tina), Ironwood (Olneya tesota) , and out midday thawing, coupled with a from an open desert site. These were cloudiness that would prevent the in­ placed in separate, rodent-proof plots, ternal temperature of the cactus from half of which were shaded by a layer of going above that of the air, would spell window screen. All of the non-shaded the destruction of Carnegiea." In seek­ plants died within one year, most dying ing verification of this conclusion Hast­ in May and June. Survival of the shaded ings and Turner (12, pp. 19-20) have plants related to the soil type, with a used Arizona weather records to deter­ greater percentage surviving on the mine those localities where the maxi­ lighter colored "open" desert and pal(j mum 24 hour temperature did not rise verde soils. From correlated tempera­ above freezing for at least one day dur­ ture measurements it has been hypothe­ ing the year. An isotherm drawn between sized that the shade effect is at least in those stations recording and not record­ part due to a reduction in summer ing thawing temperatures in a 24 hour temperatures in the proximity of the period nearly duplicates the northern soil surface, with the degree of tempera·, and eastern boundaries of the saguaro as ture change relating to the physical depicted by Shreve (26, p. 148; Fig. I) . structure and color of ,the soil type. It has been known at least since the Howev,er, plants that did survive in the late 1800's that saguaros are susceptible darker ironwood and mesquite soils at­ to a soft-rotting condition (13). How­ tained a larger size than the survivors ever, nearly 40 years elapsed before the in the other soils. Such gTowth may be a disease was determined to be caused by result of the higher nitrogen content of a bacterium, (Erwinia carnegieana) the dark soils (28). These data thus (15). Carried from saguaro to saguaro provide an explanation for the frequent by the night flying moth, Cactobrosi.s close association of saguaros with woody fernaldialis (7) , it was originally perennials of the desert (Fig. 2) and thought that E. carnegieana was re­ particularly the palo verde (30). stricted to the saguaro (15). However, It was further deltermined in these more recent information indicates a tests that the larva of the Gerstaeckeria broader host range (1, 8). While it is weevil attacked small seedlings. Penetrat­ known that seedling saguaros are ing the plant, the feeding insect would susceptible (1, 7), the available field leave only a "hollow shell". As many data indicate that mortality is greatest as 13 percent of the young cacti were among the flowering plants (i.e., plants destroyed by this agent in some spots. 40-50 or more years old; 4). In' estab­ The physical location of the seed is lished plots at SNM more plants important from two other aspects, if the (29.3%) were lost to this disease between U . s. DEPARTMENT OF A GRICULTURE

Fig. 3. A giant cactus dying from bacterial necrosis. The skeleton of a pre­ viously stricken plant is to the right.

January, 1942 and January, 1961 than forests throughout the northern Sonoran to any other cause (4). Ordinarily the Desert, Hastings and Turner (10, 12, and saguaro is able to contain infections by 20, p. 17) have confirmed, on the basis the formation of a highly lignified (6) of the relativ,e numbers of tall to short callus tissue around the site (7). How­ plants, that saguaro populations are de­ ever, under circumstances which are yet clining in some portions of the SNM, imperfectly known, although prolonged an observation first recorded by Wilder exposure to cold may be a factor (20), (29), and SNM-W and in certain areas callus is either not formed or the bac­ along the south slopes of the Catalina terium is able to breach the barrier. The Mountains. However, these plants are end result is the death of the plant (Fig. increasing in numbers in other portions 3). It is rather trite to say that an indi­ of the Catalinas and in the vicinity of vidual will sooner or later die from one Ventana Cave (approximately 50 air cause or another, but during the 1942- miles west of Tucson) . The forests seem 1961 period 2.4% of the saguaros under to be static in MacDougal's Crater and observation were blown over by heavy in the Pinacate Mountains of northwest­ winds. However, aside from reasons of ern Sonora, Mexico. aesthetic and scientific interest, the loss As part of a larger study of vegetation of a mature plant is only significant changes in the Sonoran Desert, with the where such a loss will r,educe the seed aid of a remarkable series of repeat pho­ source for repopulation, in a population tographs (12) these authors have also that is otherwise static or declining in determined that although the saguaro numbers. population has remained static, there From studies of a number of saguaro has been a general decline of other veg- 292 THE AMERICA HORTTCULTURAL MAGAZINE etation in the :Mexican sites. A general Broadly speaking, they (12) suggest reduction in vegetation also occurs at that a changing climate of incr.easing the SNM sites (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7) . In con­ temperatures and decreasing moisture trast, with the exception of the SNM-W over the last 80 years, coupled with over­ area, palo verdes have increased in the grazing by cattle and the associated re­ Tucson Mountains. duction in ground cover, are primarily

H. L. Sl-IANZ COLLECTIO N, COURTESY OF DR. '~1 . S. PHILLIPS

Fig. 4. This photograph of a low lying hill in the north forest area at Saguo aro National Monument shows the concentration of desert flora in 1935.

DR. j A"MES R ODNEY HASTINGS Ai': O DR. R AYMOND I'\lJ. TURNER Fig. 5. Twenty seven years later (1962) the hillside in Fig. 4 appeared as this. Note the reduction in numbers of saguaros and the thinning of the woody shrubs in the foreground. JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 293

Fig. 6. Taken about one-half mile east of Figs. 4 and 5, this photo indicates the degree of desert growth, in 1936, on flat terrain.

DR. JAMES RODNEY HASTI NGS AND DR. R AYMOND M . TURNI:.R

H . L. S HANZ COLLECTION, COURr ESY OF DR. Vif. S. PHILLIPS Fig. 7. By 1960 the populations of saguaros and woody perennials had also decreased in this area. (The saguaro at the extreme right died by 1962.) n addiJtion fewer barrel cacti (Frocactus wislizenii) lind the smaller desert perennials exist. 294 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE responsible for the reduction of the de­ normal desert vegetation was reduced or sert flora in the more arid regions and destroyed. As late as 1960 as many as the appearance of such flora at higher 20-30 goats have be.en seen browsing in elevations (i.e., the desert boundary has the saguaro forest at SNM. Water rap­ been shifted upwards). Secondary to this idly evaporated and/ or quickly ran off. has been the invasion of the de,teriorated Roden ts turned to secondary food range lands by mesquite. Rodents and sources, including saguaros. With in­ jack rabbits are also felt to he of sec­ creasing temperatures and aridity, the ondary importance, their impact as for­ populations of saguaro forests (particu­ agers merely accentuating the state of larly those in marginal circumstances) decline. became sta·tic or began to decline in With this background some conjec­ numbers. Under the latter circum­ tures might be made with respect to the stances, the imposition of additional, survival of the saguaro. For successful perhaps local, stresses (as a reduction establishment the seeds must be exposed in the numbers of animals preying on to sufficient moisture, appropriate tem­ rodents or a high incidence of bacterial peratures, and light. The seedling par­ soft rot) would accelerate the demise of ticularly must be insulated from cold, a given forest. This appears to he the sheltered from intense summer light case with respect to the north forest at (probably because of the heat factor), the SNM. A statistical evaluation of and protected from animals. available survival data indicates that if Apparently the northern Sonoran Des­ present conditions continue to prevail, ert ecosystem before the late 1800's was this stand will become extinct by ap­ sufficiently "in balance" to meet the re­ proximately 2000 A.D. (4). quirements of the saguaro. Rainfall was Shreve felt that slow growing, long timely and sufficient; the normal flora lived perennials gave "the desert an ex­ provided the canopy necessary for pro­ tremely stable character" (25). The var­ tecting the seedling from the summer ious studies indicate that the saguaro sun and the winter cold, and the small, populations are not so stable, and some foraging animals had their preferred forests seem destined for extinction; they foods. How:ever, wi,th the introduction of also indicate that the giant cactus, itself, cattle and subsequent overgrazing the should live on.

Bibliographr

1. Alcorn, Stanley M. (1961). Some hosts of 7. Boyle, Alice M. (1949). Further studies of En vinia carnegieana. Plant Dis. Reptr. 45: the bacterial necrosis of the giant cactus. 587-590. Phytopathology 39: 1029-1052. 2. Alcorn, Stanley M., S. E. McGregor, George 8. Graf, Penelope (1965). The relationship of D. Butler, Jr., and Edwin B. Kurtz, Jr. Drosophila nigrospi'racula and Erwinia (1959). Pollination requirements of the carnegieana to the bacterial necrosis of saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea). Cactus and Carnegiea gigantea. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Succulent J. 31:39-41. Arizona, Tucson. 74 p. 3. Alcorn, Stanley M. and Edwin B. Kurtz, Jr. 9. Green, Christine R. and William D. Sellers (1959) . Some factors affecting the germina­ (Ed.) (1964). Arizona Climate. The Univ. tion of seed of the saguaro cactus (Carne­ of Arizona, Tucson. 503 p. giea gigantea). Amer. J. Botany 46:526-529. 4. Alcorn, Stanley M. and Curtis May (1962) . 10. Hastings, James Rodney (1961). Precipita­ Attrition of a saguaro forest. Plant Dis. tion and saguaro growth. Arid Lands Col­ Reptr. 46: 156-158. loquia, 1959-60, 1960-61. The Univ. of Ari­ 5. Benson, Lyman (1940) . The cacti of Ari­ zona. p. 30-38. zona. Univ. of Ariz. Bioi. Sci . Bull. #4, Vol. II. Hastings, James Rodney and Stanley M. AI­ 10 (1) . 134 p. com (1961) . Physical detenninations of 6. Berry, James W., Anmin Ho, and Cornelius growth and age in the giant cactus. J. Ariz. Steelink (1960) . Constituents of the saguaro Acad. Sci. 2:32-39. (Carnegiea gigantea) . I. Proximate analysis 12. Hastings, James Rodney and Raymond M. of the woody tissues. J. Organic Chern. 25: Turner (1965). The Changing Mile. Univ. 1267-1268. of Arizona Press, Tucson. 317 p. JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 295

13. Hubbard, H. G. (1899). Insect fauna of the 22. Pfefferkorn, Ignaz (1795). Sonora, a descrip­ giant cactus of Arizona: Letters from the tion of the province. T. E. Treutlein trans­ Southwest. Psyche 8, Supp!. 1:1-14. lation. Coronado Historical Series. Univ. of 14. Kernel' von Marilaun, H. (1895). The nat­ New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1949. Vol. ural history of plants. F. W . Oliver transla­ 12. 329 p. tion. Henry Holt & Co., New York. Vol. 2, 23. Shreve, Forrest (1910). The rate of estab­ Part 1:347. lishment of the giant cactus. Plant World 15. Lightle, Paul C., Elizabeth T. Stanclring, 13 :235-240. and J. G. Brown (1942). A bacterial necrosis 24. Shreve, Forrest (1911). The influence of of the giant cactus. Phytopathology 32:303- low temperatures on the distribution of the 313. giant cactus. Plant Wo'-!d 14:136-146. 16. Lowe, Charles H., J1'. (1959). Contemporary 25. Shreve, Forrest (1917). The es tablishment biota of the Sonoran Desert: Problems. of desert perennials. ]. of Ecology 5:210-216. Arid Lands Colloquia 1958-59. The Univ. 26. Shreve, Forrest (1964). Vegetation of the of Arizona. p. 54-74. Sonoran Desert, in Vegetation anel Flora of 17. McGee, W. J. (1898). The Seri Indians. the Sonoran Desert, Vol. 1. by Forrest Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, No. 12, Shreve and Ira L. Wiggins. Stanford Uni­ 1895-96. U.S. Government Printing Office, versity Press, Stan ford. 840 p. Washington, D. C. p. 9-344. 27. Thackery, Frank A. anel L. R . Leeling 18. McGregor, S. E., Stanley M. Alcom, Ed~vin (1929). The giant cactus of Arizona. ]. of B. Kurtz, Jr., and George D. Butler, Jr. He1'edity 20:401-414. (1959) . Bee visitors to saguaro flowers. J. Econ. Entomology 52:1002-1004. 28. Turner, Raymond M., Stanley M. Alcorn, 19. McGregor, S. E., Stanley M. Alcorn, and George Olin, and John A. Booth (1966). George Olin (1962). Pollination and pol­ The influence of sh ade, soil, and water on saguaro seedling establishment. linating agents of the saguaro. Ecology 43: Botan. Gaz. In press. 259-267. 20. Niering, W. A., R. H. Whittaker, and C. H. 29. Wilder, Judith C. (1940). Saguaros olel and Lowe. (1963.) The saguaro: A population in young. Desert Plant Lite 12:65-66. relation to environment. Science 142: 15-23. 30. Yang, Tien W'ei and Charles H . Lowe, J1'. 21. Peebles, R . H . and Harvey Parker (1946) . (1956). Correlation of major vegetation Watching the saguaro bloom. Desert Plant climaxes with soil characteristics of the Life 18:55-60. Sonoran Desert. Science 123:542. Some Aesthetic and Horticultural Aspects of the California Redwoods

By EMANUEL FRITZ P?'ofessoT of FOTesITY, EmaiLus, Univenity of California, B erkele)'

Many decades before the launching of Sierra redwood groves, gives the traveler the present campaign to conserve beau­ an opportunity to visit only the grove ty, far sighted men and women saw to nearest him or all of them in one sou.rh­ it that g'enerous samples of the primeval north tour. It spares him also the in­ redwood forests and groves were pre­ convenience of being funnelled into a served for all time. Both ,the Sierra and crowded reception area. the Coast redwood species, ever since The Sierra redwood is easily the most their discovery in California, have ex­ impressive individual of the two red­ cited the imagination and wonder of woods. It is the mastodon of trees. Its scientists and laymen. majesty is enhanced by the stateliness of Mariposa Grove of Sierra redwoods two of its associates, the sugar pine and was made "inaliable for all time" in the ponderosa pine, the world's largest 1864 by Congress along with Yosemite pines. Nothing, forestwise, is more en­ Valley. There probably never was more rapturing than a group of mature speci­ than 50,000 acres, if that much, of the mens of these pines and a few big Sierra Sierra redwood. A small amount has redwoods. Generally, the Sierra red­ been cut, but, at present, at least 95 wood is a "loner"; it does not average percen t of these great trees are preserved one specimen per acre, whereas the in public parks and forests, never to be Coast redwood is gregarious, with 20 to cut. 30 large specimens per acre on the best The Coast redwood was, originall y, of soils. A lone Sierra redwood stands out gr.eater extent-l,500,000 acres of forest, among its neighbors of other species like plus another 400,000 acres of small out­ a craggy, brawny super giant among a liers and thin stands. In 1890, Arm­ group of fine-limbed athletes. In very strong Grove in Sonoma County was few groves does this species outnumber preserved and, in 1900, the state ac­ its associates to make a forest of red­ quired the Big Basin redwoods in Santa wood. Cruz County. In 1918 the Save-the­ The coast species is the taller of the Redwoods League was organized and, two redwoods by 50 feet. In the pri­ due to its efforts, the total acreage of meval forest on the same 40 acres, there primeval coast redwoods pre&erved has ma y be trees of all ages-from under grown to over 50,000 acres, plus another 100 years to over 1000. It is called an 50,000 acres of collateral lands~young "alleged forest" and also a "climax for­ forests and protection belts. The League est"-one which always presents the same has concen tra ted its efforts on acquiring general appearance although constantly small or large stands that are deemed to remaking itself. To the stranger there be superlative in every respect. Since may appear to be too few saplings to re­ such stands are not to be found except place trees that fall. But in a forest in on river benches and on the lower por­ which trees can live beyond 1000 years, tions of adjoining slopes, the state red­ there is no need for but one sapling wood parks, fortunately, are distributed here and there. A sapling the size of a in each of the redwood counties from broom handle may be 30 to over 50 the Santa Lucia Mountains, south of years old, barely remaining alive, but so San Francisco, to near the Oregon bor­ persistent, that it is ready to take the der. This distribution, like that of the place of a veteran, "sticking it ou t" like 296 JULY ]966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 297

a bat.tali·on surrounded by enemy sol­ derstanding of wher.e each species grows diers. This charact.erist.ic is an eloquent naturally as a primeval forest and that manifest.at.ion of coast. redwood's abilit.y both have been regarded for nearly a t.o endure shade and has given many century as being of the same genus and people t.he impression that. t.he t.ree is a have been known in common parlance slow grow.er. Act.ually, it can make very as rec1wood since their discovery. rapid growt.h, given a chance, a faotor Its needles are quit.e short, % inch, t.hat. makes possible reforest.at.ion for and are so close to the t.wig as to give continuous lumbering, i.e., the replace­ the appearance of a Juniper. Young ment of t.he forest when it is cut. Bret t.rees present a feathery aspect. Many Harte has called the Coast redwood the are now rear,ed for Christmas trees. In "poor relation" of the Sierra redwood. its native habitat, Sierra redwood grows This is surprising because Bret Harte, at elevations between 4500 and 8000 feet for a short time, lived in the redwood and can endure considerable freezing forest and should have been deeply im­ temperatures provided that the freeze pressed by the heavy stands. does not endure long and is not ac­ Both species of redwood have been companied by dry winds. It will not plan ted outside their small natural endure the occasional dry and long con­ range, not only in California, but also tinued cold of a northeastern United in Oregon, vVashington, British Colum­ States winter. Such weat.her may not oc­ bia, Germany, France, Spain, Aust.ralia, cur but once in 50 or more years. There New Zealand, South Africa, and else­ was a fine specimen on Wells College where. Apparently, when discovery of campus, on Cayuga Lake in New York the trees became known to the world, State, which lived about 70 years. I saw public and private gardeners every­ it in 1930 and, abou t 2 years la ter, it where wanted specimens to ornament was killed in a long, exceptionally cold their surroundings. Now that many of winter. The northernmost Sierra red­ the planted trees, particularly Sierra red­ wood in eastern United States, more woods, have approached or past 100 than 70 years old, stands in Painter years they accentuate their presence in Arboretum near Lima, Pennsylvania. the landscape by overtopping the other On the Pacific Coast, the climate is more trees. Driving the roads of Germany, favorable north into British Columbia. France, and Eng-land, they attract im­ At Parliament Park in Victoria, just. op­ mediate attention wherever they have posit.e the boat landing, is a fine speci­ been permitted to r.emain that loni?;. men of about. 5 feet diameter. On a They not only add to the general beauty nearby st.reet. are several of ,t.he same but excite interest and become conver­ and larger size. In Tualatin Valley, sation pieces when approached closely east of Portland, Oregon, is t.he largest enough to see their massive trunks. and oldest. plantat.ion, some 40 trees After the above general comments the plant.ed in the 1850's along a farm lane. horticul turi$1t win waft t to know more In Europe, Sierra redwood dot.s the about individual characteristics of red­ landscape from t.he 'Medit.erranean north woods for guidance in using them for throug-h France and Germany. Take a landscaping or specimen trees. For this boat. ride on Lake Geneva, Switzerland, purpose emphasis will be placed on and you can count near a hundred. In young trees planted for ornamentation. Germany many a chat.eau has one or two at. the main entrance. In the ex­ The Two Redwoods as Ornamentals perinlental forest at Weinheim, is a Sierra Redwood (Sequoiadendron gigan­ stand of about. 130 very tall trees re­ teum) sembling very closely the young U.S. Sierra redwood is also called Big-tree, stands that followed early-day logging. Giant Sequoia and, in Europe, Welling­ These trees were upwards of 75 years tonia. old. The European experience teaches The names used in this article are that this tree should be planted only preferred because t.hey convey an un- where it has a chance to remain 50 The Sierra Redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum, is the world's bulkiest tree, reaching diameters of over 20 feet at breast height and a height of 300 feet. The specimen here pictured, stands in Calaveras Grove State ·Park in the Sierra Nevada, where this species made its debut to the world in 1852. Though sometimes occurring in close groups it generally stands alone, screened by sugar and ponderosa pines and white fir. Many firs have crowded into the forest in the past century as a result of fire protection and, possibly to the detriment of the redwood's vigo'r. years or more, and where it win have rapid. In early life, if it gets as much plenty of room. The European speci­ water as it can use, it can increase its mens also indicate by their form and diameter from one to ,two inches per leader that they are far from having year and an average of 12 " to 18" per reached their ultimate height. year in height. It appears to do best in Sierra redwood has a rather dense climates oE cold but not severe winters, crown, broad at the base and sharp­ and warm to hot summers. But it re­ pointed at the peak. The crown density quires considerable moisture. Its roots obscures the branches. In its n a tural extend well beyond the diameter of its habitat the form is more slender. This crown and are, compared with the size s'pecies 'does not sprout from the stump oE the tr,ee, rather shallow. Most of them and only ephemerally from the trunk. are in the top four feet of the soil. There Its growth rate in good soil is very is no tap root. JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBEK D 299

In its native habitat Sierra redwood Christmas wreaths. has no tree-killing disease or insect. Its Coast redwood is a very graceful tree heartwood, however, is subject to attact in youth. But there are several forms by Poria sequoiae, a wood-rotting fun­ of branching and of leaves that horti­ gus. Some of the greafern-like paHern. Strangely, some fornia, where surface sprinkling is regu­ specimens of this species h ave two kinds lar to maintain the lawns. Coast red­ of ne,e dles-the type just described and wood stores large quantities of water in one, usually only in the upper crown, its heartwood, as much as two and oc­ resembling the needles of Sierra red­ casionally three times as much water as wood so closely as to have lead casu al the weight of wood substan ce. Very like­ observers to claim them as such. This ly, the tree is able to draw upon this dual leaf form occurs on old trees in stored supply in locations where free the primeval forest as well as on young soil wa,ter is very low in summer time. trees, bu t is in the minority. The more Coast redwood possesses an important common fl at sprays are popular for characteristic not found in its Sierra ~ ) T H E Ai\ IERIC.-\ N HORT ICULTURAL MAGAZINE relati \'e-the ability to sprollt from the nar form, similar to that of a Lombardy stump of a felled tree. In fac t, should poplar. The new twigs arise from dor­ the foliage of a standing tree be killed mant buds. These buds originate at the by heat rising from a surface fire, the pith and extend ou tward each year as trunk itself and some of the larger much as the trunk grows in radius. branches will burst out with new twigs, Any injury caused by fire, or excessive giving the tree, for many yea rs, a colum- pruning, ca n stimula te the buds to pro-

A Community of Coast Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, of varying diam­ eters in Humboldt State Redwoods Park. In the background are several tall slender redwoods, while in the middle distance are three saplings which, because of the shade of the large trees, have grown very slowly and are" about 50 years old. In time, one of them will likely replace a giant that has fallen. The grollnd co'ver i,s oxalis, sword fern, berriecZ shru.bs, ancZ an occasional tanoak.

SA\' E-ll'HE-REDWOODS LEACt:E JULY 1966, VOLUi\fE 45. NUi\fBER 3 301

uuce twigs. Sometimes a bud bifurcates, South Carolina. One is reported in S.E. developin~' twin buds, and these in turn Virginia.) * Trying to plant it farther can proli£era'te to form a mass of such north is a waste of effort. In South Af­ densely congregated buds as to cause rica, New Zealand, Australia, and Ha­ la teral annual extension to exceed the waii, it has been tried for commercial thickness of a growth ring and even· forestation with prospects of success. tually produce a wart-like protuberance, or "burl." Basal burls sometimes weigh Culture many ton and ar,e sought out for the Both species of redwood respond to production of novelties. Smaller ones, ordinary techniques and care in raising if sawed from the tree and placed, seedlings. Of course, the seed should be sawed-surface down, in a dish of water, tested for viability. A pound contains wi ll sprout vigorously to produce a fern­ about 100,000 seeds but only from 3 to like bouquet of twigs. 40 per cent are viable. Seed from cones Seeds are produced between the cone cut off and dropped to the ground by scales, as in other conifers, but in the squirrels, usaully is the best. New seed­ case of redwood, are surrounded by tan­ lings are delicate and must be defended nin which, when dry, falls out as flakes. against dessication and "damping off." Being readily soluble in water, it can Some seed suppliers advertise in A me1'i­ stain clothing a blood-red. Occasional can F01'ests and ,the .lournal of FOl·estl)'. trees in California, during periods of Growers interested in buying seedlings heavy dew and while the cones are still can obtain names of suppliers by ad­ green, permit the tannin to dissolve in dressing Chambers of Commerce in the cone and drip to garden furniture Davis, St. Helena, Ukiah, Fort Bragg-, and parked cars. and Eureka in California. The Garber­ The r.ed heartwood of Coast redwood, ville chamber can direct one to a sup­ like that of Sierra redwood, is subject to plier of burlwood and burls for sprout­ infection by P01'ia sequoiae, but young ing. trees protected against root or basal Several precautions are in order: damage are not likely to be attacked. Redwoods, because of their ultimate siz.e, Other than this, coast redwood is sin­ should not be planted along narrow gularly free from disease or insect ene­ streets or in small gardens. As they gTOW Inies that affect vigor or cause death. larger they cause concern for safety and But, in squirrel areas, young {rees may objectionable in terference wi th views. be disfigured by these tre.e climbers Sierra red wood can be thinned of girdling the main stem in early spring branches to restore views without danger when the thin bark is easily stripped. of resprouting. If Coast redwood ob­ The coast species of redwood cannot scures a view, inter£erring branches endur,e as much cold as the Sierra should be removed over a period of species. About 20°F, if not sustained years to red uce or preven t sprou'ts im­ too long, can be endured with no more mediately closing in. Neither species harm than leaf damage. For this rea­ should be topped. Should it b.ecome son one finds coast redwoods planted necessary, a new multi-branched top only in relatively frost-fre.e localities. should be expected. In Europe they are found mainly in Coast redwood can be reared also Spain, Italy, southern France and Eng­ from cuttings in the usual manner but land, and not as commonly as Sierra the cuttings should be from terminal, redwood. Several seen in Germany erect, twigs. were badly crippled in especially colel Coast r.edwood, because of the basal winters; had they not the ability to burl, should be defended against trunk sprout they would have been killed. In and root damage to avoid basal sprout­ the United States, the coast species has ing. If it does occur, the sprouts can be not given much success except in the Southeast (a fine specimen stands in .. A specimen of some size stands on the cam· ous of William and Mary College. ,,,Ti1Iiamsburg. JVfagnolia Gardens near Charleston, Va. (Ed.) 302 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

EMANUEL FRill;

Selective cutting in a Coast Redwood stand after the large mature trees have been cut. AppecDrance of such a stand after logging depends on the number of small trees in the forest- in this case, a large number. Otherwise, the residual stand would look much thinner but a new crop from the seeds of the standing trees would become established earlier. After logging and re­ lease from competition the residual trees grow more rapidly in diameter and quality. About 80 percent of all redwood is cut in this manner. Where this method is not feasible because of windthrow, cutting is clean and the cutover land, after debris burning, is either planted or reseeded for the next crop. sheared and treated as a hedge ,to make Of this area more than one-sixth, or what would then appear to be a b.ench about 53,000 acres, is preserved in surrounding the trunk. And, finally parks, largely the result of the work of don't believe the stories that either red­ the 50-year old Save-the-Redwoods wood can be planted outdoors any~"'here. League. Another 50,000 acres of light stands, reforesting and open lands min­ Primeval Redwood Parks gled with or ad joining the parks, also Ever since the discov.ery of the red­ have been acquired. Based on the r,e­ woods, there was an appreciation of maining cubic volume) the public parks their uniqueness and for the wonder and already include one third; the State inspiration they arouse and, consequent­ Parks include the very best groves and ly, efforts were made to preserve sample are worth a transcontinental journey for areas. As already stated, 95 percent of a visit. In Rockefeller Forest of some the Sierra redwoods are preserved. Of 13,000 acres, are stands often described the Coast redwoods, it is reported that as the "acme of perfection" for Coast 300,000 acres of primeval forest remain. redwood. Still in private hands but JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 303 held available for addition to the parks have a beauty of their own and offer in­ are about 6000 acres of similar stands. spiration as well, though in an ecologi­ These were voluntarily by-pass.ed by the cal sense-the terrific baltle constantly owners in their lumbering operations, being- waged among the trees and with some for more than 25 years, until the other vegetation for ascendancy. It is a Save-the-Redwoods League obtains the survival battle that has many parallels in purchasing funds. In 1964, Californians private and business life, such as the voted a bond issue of $150,000,000 for constant change and adjustment and the parks, a large part of this sum is des­ influence of hereditary and site factors. tined for more redwood purchases. Last It is as fascinating a study as seeing y.ear 2100 acres were added. There is no humans grow from childhood to old age. likelihood that the "ear-marked" groves will be cu t before the purchase money About 20,000 acres of lumber indus­ becomes available. Future generations try forest lands recently have be.en made will have plenty of opportunity to available to the general public for rec­ view primeval redwood forests. In ad­ reation. The tourist should visit not dition, young forests for general recre­ only the primeval state parks but also ation are multiplying. These are on young forests for a more complete pic­ former cutover lands. Those that have ture of forest beauty in the redwood passed or are approaching 100 years region. The "New Look" of our Nation's Botanic Gardens and Arboretums

By HENRY T. SKINNER Di?"ecIO?", U.S. Nat£onal Al-boretum1

nays of the staid botanical garden, small theatres designed for this purpose, with a decaying greenhouse or two, and both attracts and enlightens the public. with static collections of the favorite The eclu catiol11 l process, which has its plants of a past generation, are num­ own requirements, results in more audi­ bered. Competition is an all important toriums and class rooms for formal in­ ingredient of ,the modern age, and in an struction, and in emphasis on nature ("ra of spiralling wsts even botanic gar­ trails and all kinds of educational plant dens find that they must modernize and groupings. Trails and plantings may be adapt-both to compete for adequate "self-help" exhibits, explained by signs, funding, and to promote successful pro­ leaflets, or electronic recordings, or oral­ grams. A vast, urban, small-home-own­ ly by paid or volunteer guides. ing society is in desperate need of easily To encourag.e longer visitation, and assimilated informa

more occasional boats and barges plying projects of this kind, but new artistry, man-made waterways and lakes. imagination, execution, and promotion I believe ,the most striking botanic have counted heavily in making the garden innovations of recent years-ones latter-day versions so successful. to which most of us would award the So many new botanic gardens and palm-are the new spheres and domes of arboretums are coming into being, and concrete, aluminum and Plexiglas which older ones are making so many changes, more than serve the purpose of the tra­ that the few accompanying illustrations ditional conserva tory. As the crystal serve to provide no more than a sam­ palaces of a new age, these forms exert pling of some of the more conspicuous a public appeal which cannot be dis­ kinds of changes to be seen on all sides. counted. As marvels of mechanical ar­ Each phase could be elaborated, from tistry, they also possess the potentials for design and programs, to the use of new providing a hitherto unattainable varie­ plants in new ways, and the description ty of controlled growth conditions both and recording of these plants by new for display and for research exploita­ techniques. It is evident that botanic gardens and tion. arboretums are abundantly conscious of A second notable innovation of a dif­ a horticultpural awakening of the general ferent kind is found in the Sunset-in­ public. They are preparing to play a eI uced Howeri ng of an old idea-the dis­ strong role in providing the ,education play of demonstration home gardens. and research so essen tial to long-term An affluent small-home-owning society success of a nationwide beautification may have become especially receptive to program.

Visitor parking at the Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, has been resolved by installation of this area accommodating 1,000 cal'S. Visiton are led by the broad crosswalk to the R eception Center, which also includes an information center, an auditoTl:um, a tour coordinatol"s and security officer'S headqu(l1"ters, rest l'ooms, and public telephones. The whole is sCl'ee ned from the gardens proper by a long soil bank appropriately graded and planted. The gaT­ den is entel'e d through a pedestrian tunnel, skillfully designed fOT its decorative eff ect and impact.

LONG WOOD GARDENS U. S. D E>PA RTMENT OF ACRICULTURE

A corner of the new administration-laboratory building at the United States National Arboretum. With outwardly deceptive provision of 37,500 square feet of floM space, this building combines a lecture-exhibit hall (left), with libmry, offices, general and cytological laboratories, and a two-story herbarium wing with a capacity for upwards of a million specimens. The water-surTOund~d auditorium is especially attmctive under night illumination of fountain jets and coltlmns. The design by Deigert and Yerkes won an awal-d from the American Institute of ATChitects, and has been judged as one of the best of the Washington, D. C. area.

CALLAWAY GARDENS

) A solution for the dining prob­ lem at Callaway Gardens, Pine ! Mountain, Georgia. Th~s unique modern facility commands a view 1 of a recreation swimming lake. Twenty-one mushroom-like units, each 24 feet in diameter, can ac­ commodate a large number of guests. Refl-eshments are prepared and served from two enclosed units. Comfort facilities are also pTOvided in another closed-in mushTOom sec­ tion. The Pavilion, placed as it is, in a delightful setting, has dmwn favomble international comment. Designed by Aeck Associates, At- lanta, Georgia. JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 307

iY[ISSOURl BOTANICAL GARDEN Opened in 1960, the Climatron of the Missouri Botanical Garden presaged a new era in the design and functioning of botanic garden conservatories. The Climatron is a Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome composed of aluminum tubing armnged in hexagonal patterns, lined by a layer of 'l4 inch thick Plexiglas suspended just below the dome fmmework. Measuring 70 feet high and 175 feet in diameter, it covers a ground surface of 23,000 square feet. Climate is con­ trolled by two independent air circulation systems with temiJerature, humidity, and volume of air automatically regulated by fans, dampers, and water spmy nozzles activated by pneumatic switch'es. A n unusual interior fea ttbre is the brea.k in terrain levels which, like the Palm House at Kew Gardens, pennits a viewing of jtLngle vegetation from tree-top height. The Climatron achieves phenomenal g1"Owth of tropical vegetation and is popular with the public. Admission is fifty cents. MILWA UKEE COUNTY P ARK COMMISSION Carrying conservatory design into new areas of originality, the triple domes of the new Mitchell Park horticultural conservatory have become a striking­ feature of the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, skyline. To red~~ce snow accumulation in Milwau,kee's northern latitude, and for maximum sunlight, the conodial dome was chosen in preference to the lower geodesic pattern . Each dome is 87 feet high and 140 feet in diameter. Construction is of reinforced concrete swpporting a skin Of glass and aluminum. No sha.ding is requi?'ed since the 750,000 cubic fe et of air of each stntcture can be changed, if necessary, in 3Y2 minutes. The present three-dome complex for tmpical, dry climate, and show plantings has been in­ stalled at a cost of four and one-half million dollars. A four·th dome will be added. The design is by Donald L. Grieb, Milwaukee.

More conventional in shape, but again incorporating many new features of construction and air conditioned operation, is the year-old Boettcher Me­ morial Conservatory of the Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, Colorado. This stnlcture is 160 fe et long by 72 feet wide and 51 feet high, and cornstruction is of concrete, pOU1'e d in place to SUpPO?·t a covemge of ~ inch thick Plexiglas panes which becomes progressively smalle?' from base to ridge. D esign of the conservatory is by Hornbein and White of Denve'r, and the cost has been about one million do llaTS . With SUpPO?·t greenhouses, it is part of a complex planned also to include a hOTti cu. ltu ral hall for tmnsie17t exhibits.

DENVER B OTAN IC GA RD ENS JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 309

Oriental gardens had a considerable vogue in this country toward the close of the last century. A current resurgence of inteTest pamllels an unmistakable impact of the Orient upon H! estern architect'ttre and the decomtive arts. New Japanese gardens are also appearing. Complete with lahe and Japanese Tea House, this garden was recently constructed at the UniveTSity of lVashington Arboretum, Seattle, T'Vashington. The view is to the northwest, w£th the Yuhimi­ Gata lantem in the foreground, and with the Kobe lantem, Kasu-Gata, in the middle distance. Sepa1-ately fenced, this leading arboretum attraction draws 42,000 visitors per year at a chm"ge of ten cents per IJe1"son.

BRIAN O. lVlULLIGAN Upon the installation of four instantly successful demon­ stration home gardens by the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum in cooperation with Sunset Magazine, a new era in home demonstration gardens was inaugurated. Ea,ch gOTden, evolved around a dis­ tinctive-we theme, has been de­ sign ed to show visitors the new ideas, new plants, and new con­ struction ma tet'ia Is which can be used in home landscaping. This is a view of the gm'den designed for a family that likes to enteT­ tain. B esides the deck area shown, the1'e is also a covered lallai and fire pit. It is vis'ual­ ized that in actual use of the garden the guests may congre­ gate a t each of these areas for conve1'Sation and a social how'. Designed by B ettler Baldwin and Owen Peters.

Los ANGEI VS 5 1".-\n: ,\ .' ll COl" I\ . \l{ B.LR! 1 1 "

Among new arboretum plantings, an effective development at the State Uni­ 'versity of New York's Planting Fields Arboretum near Oyster Bay, L. I., New York, is the Synoptic Shrub Garden. Eilcompassing fi ve aeTes in area, the ga rden Iw s been designed to jJresen t a sy 'l1 opsis or selection of the fin est oma­ m ental shn lbs reco mmended /01' Long Island and the N ew York j\1etropolitan area. From th e outset of its construction an important goal has been to present more than 400 selected sixcies an d varieties in an aTtistic and tasteful arrange­ m e'l1t, one w hich 'w ill stim ulate in/nest among stlldents, prOfessional horticttl­ turists, ml(i til e pllblic. TIl e 1!m'iety of fill e plants merits partic'llla?' consideration by gardell designeTS .

G OTTSCHO-SCHLEIS NER, 1 NC. BFI II '\CRATH G r\R:1E:-:S Camellia Planting- Bellingrath Gardells, Theodore, Alabama. The growing s1Jecialization, by botcmic gCl'l'dens, in oll e 01' '/I101'C plal1t gencra particulaTly adapted to their soil or climatic cO ll cii /i oll S, is desil'aulc, Olle good collection, properly recorded and maintained, may ue wOl,th [m- 'II1O?"e [O?" stlldy and Tesearch purposes than a dozen haphazaTd 01' iJ(/l·tial gro'llpings, As certain olde?" orboretums have specialized in lilacs, crabapplcs, palms 01' slIcclllents, so certain n ewer gar­ dens are building comprehensive collectioll s of IlOll ies, 1J ),racantha, eucalyptus, rose species, and othen, R enow l1 ed [01' its show plantings of many hinds, B ellin­ grath Gm'dens of Theodol'e, A labama, have elected to specialize in camellias, Illustmted hel'e is a pOl-tion of the n ew cameliia. aTboTetum, which p rovides op­ portunity to?" the comparison of flow ering and growth habits of upwards of 900 vaTieties, all gmwillg under qllite similar (01lditions,

GORDO'I \rITCIl ELL Solving the problem of within-gardens transporta­ tion at the Norfolk Botani­ cal Gardens, Norfolk, Vir· ginia. Car pm'king is restl'jct­ ed to fee pal'king lots, b'llt in tel-jor tTanspOlta tion a fIords a choice of jeep twins 01' awning-topped cana,l bm'ges, There is a charge fo r each, and both are very populm', The boarding point is n em' th e garden teahouse seen il1 the background of this pic­ ture, A contempora1), - style headqum'ters building, with li brm'y, offices and audit ori- urn, is nearby, Norfolk's Contribution Toward a Beautiful America

By FREDERIC HEUTTE Fo?'meriy DirectO?', Norfolk Botanical GaI'clens, No·rfolh, Va.

From time to time as we travel been known for azaleas and camellias throughout America, we are attracted by which hold sway during March, April, a community which unwittingly seems and May. Home owners participate to to reflect pride as distinguished through the extent that one leading nurseryman its individual homes. This is not usually told me he had been trying for 20 years dicated by the size of the village or city, to keep ahead of the demand, but by nor does it seem to be influenced by per lVIay was always sold out. capita wealth. No community has an ex- About 20 years ago, oleanders made elusive on beauty. their appearance in Norfolk gardens. It I have lived in Norfolk for thirty years was said ,then, that the first hard winter as a gardener. This great naval city of would get them. However, a record 9°F. 300,000 people is made up at least of one- several years ago did not prevent their fourth transients. I have had a chance sub-tropical splendor from adding a col­ to analyze the source of its qualities in orful interlude during June and July. response to the American Horticulture They vie with crepe myr,tles which Magazine's request to cite Norfolk as bloom between July 4th and Labor Day. representative of man's attempt to beau- The story of the crepe myrtle in the tify his living and workipg environment. Norfolk area however, is a saga unto If I were limited to giving one good itself. It arrived here nearly a hundred example or formula, I would say, "That years ago, as some of the knarled old beauty in any community can only be specimens testify, eventually escaping cul­ realized through the combined effort of tivation from abandoned farms in near­ its individual homeDwners." In the case by counties. ArDund 1930 the garden of Norfolk, fDr instance, the majority of clubs asked the City Df Norfolk to' adDpt the lawns are SDwn in winter rye every it as a city emblem and flDwer. This was fall, to' give the winter greenness so done with the provisO' that it be planted noticeable to visitors .. . simple but ef- wherever pDssible alDng streets and pub­ f!j!ctive, althDugh I am told by reliable lic prDperties. Since then, nO' less than sources that it takes 3,000 tons of seed, 100,000 have been planted, and because tci>ns of fertilizer and countless numbers Df tbis, the entire city takes Dn a festive of man-hours, mostly frDm week-end appearance during the tourist season. gardeners, to' do the job. One neW-CDmer One street, one mile long, boasts 1001 remarked "they shame you into this job trees over 15 feet tall-a fair recDrd for h~re." a city which rDse Dut of mudflats as an ; I ShDUld explain that tidewater Vir- incDrpora ted tDwn in 1682 on II acres Df gipia is cDnsidered a transitionary turf land! at-ea, where evergreen grasses dO' nDt During the depressiDn of the mid 30's, prosper, (such as blue-grass), and ber- Norfolk decided to build a garden that muda which thrives, brDwns out frDm wDuld rival Charleston azalea gardens, November to May. So six milliDn pounds taking advantage Df federal funds. It of rye grass is sold over the various chose as a si te ] 25 acres Df land border­ counters. ing a new municipal airport surrDunded Our City and its envirDns, where this by water-shed prDperties and abDunding yearning for beauty abounds, has lDng in 10blDlly pines and qogwoods. It was 312 JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 313

to become a most ambitious project. By With this background and publicity, May 1947 it made the national head­ the City of Norfolk embarked on an­ lines. The National Geographic Maga­ other ambitious beautification project zine featured our City under the title in 1958, adding a further 125 acres of "Nautical Norfolk Turns to Azaleas." In land to the .gardens, and changing its natural color, the story said in part "75,- name to the Norfolk Botanical Gardens 000 naleas burst into bloom in this (or "Gardens by the Sea") . By 1966 over youthful addition to the nation's floral a million dollars has been spent, half of show places." Since then, these have it on buildings to be used for flower grown to be over 12 feet tall and with shows and a horticultural center. others number over 250,000 plants, bor­ This development has had one goal­ dering on 11 miles of trails. Other spe­ to help its citizens who are interested in cies of plants have been added, among beauty decide which plants they would the most notable of which are 50,000 like to grow. The botanical gardens have camellias in over 800 varieties and 12,000 become the information center from rhododendrons, numbering 185 varieties which we hope to further develop a more and species. beautiful Norfolk. This garden became the si te for the ' IVe were told that our climate was not annual International Azalea Festival. suited to grow lilies. But through the The 13th such festival was held this year help of Jan de Graff of Oregon Bulb on April 23 , 1966 and Miss Kari Borton, Farms, we found out differently and pro­ daughter of Prime l'vIinister and Mrs. gressed to the extent that the 1967 Na­ Per Borton of Norway, was crowned tional Lily show will be held here. Nor­ Queen. A ceremony takes place each year folk has played host to several national at this time in honor of NATO whose plant society meetings, including the headquarters are located in Norfolk. Last American Horticultural Congress. year's Queen was Luci Baines Johnson, When Mrs. L. B. Johnson started her crowned by her fa ther, the Presiden t. drive to make America beautiful and

The Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority has been one of the biggest contributors to local beauty.

FREDERIC H EUTTE Norfolk has attempted to preserve the past through its gardens. The Adam Thoroughgood House built in 1636, America's oldest brick house with its restored colonial gar- den.

FREDERI C HEUTn: appealed for help, Norfolk responded train both professionals and amateurs, with 500 mature azaleas along with some and guide the often misled home gar­ Japanese Black Pine, to landscape a dener who falls prey to glamorous adver­ small triangle near the Nation's Capi tol. tising of plants which are not adapted Perhaps our greatest contribution how­ to their particular clima teo In the pas t ever has been the raising of 25,000 aza­ thirty years the Parks Department and leas from cuttings. These will be ready the botanical garden have dedicated to set out in the spring of 1968. their efforts to serve the public and cir­ This is not really a gift on our part, culate timely information. ,Ve a~so act but a "thank you" to the Federal Gm'­ as trial grounds for new and better ernment, for sponsoring a gardeners plants. ,"'e have been most fortunate to training program during 1965, utilizing have been chosen as collaborators in this 20 retarded young men. The therapy of particular climatic zone for the USDA. gardening worked wonders with . these plant introduction and e\"aluation pro­ boys. It is hoped that other communi­ gram. Other botanical gardens provide ties will develop similar programs. This plants on an exchange basis. ''''hile year we ha\"e 35 in training, and the again we do not claim to be exclusive azaleas destined for "Washington will be in this field of endeavor, we have tried under their special care. 'We have hired not to remain just plan t collectors, bu t permanently four of these apprentices, attempt to distribute and popularize and are proud to haye pioneered this those plants we f€It would best serve our particular project. area. We have done this through our Norfolk has long realized tha t the local nurseries, with which we have had beautification of any area must stem excellent relations. Until such time as from a well informed public. To de­ our city fathers became convinced tha t velop beauty through plants, we must bea u tifica tion was meri torious the local JULY 1966, VOLUi\fE 45, NUMBER 3 315 nurseries helped generously in establish­ published monthly. Under a redevelop­ ing islands of beauty in our city in co­ ment scheme, new boulevards and streets operation with garden clubs and civic are evolving, planned by the famous Sa­ leagues. They realize now that it paid saki firm. In the overall planning of the off. One landscape job alone around new Norfolk, the City wisely placed on the Civic Center C0.5t over $50,000. the planning commission a landscape In this connection one of our bigge t architect, who himself heads one of the contributors to local beauty has been the large nursery firms in the community. Norfolk Housing Authority. 'While the In ,this manner beautification is not like­ hOllsing itself is standard on a national ly to be neglected. scale, the landscaping and the mainte­ Perhaps no facet of a City's life is as nance of the grounds has been recog­ important as the school sys tem. Here nized as the finest in America. The Ex­ again it is believed Norfolk se t a first in ecutive Director pronounced from the having school grounds designed and beginning that proper housing itself was maintained by the Department of Parks not sufficient to rehabilitate people. & .Recreation. Since children from all They must be surrounded with beautiful walks of life congregate at the school plants. I remember how higher authori­ it is hoped ,that they will be influenced ties condemned the practice of planting by their surroundings. At first this was camellias and azaleas around the proj­ not easy to sell the ide ato the school, ects, but again with the help of local board and authorities, but the people nurseries, these "vere supplied at _the through their parent/teachers associa­ sa me cost as privet. tions spoke up in favor ... at first they The Authority has encouraged the supplied the meager funds to buy a £e-w tenants to form garden clubs and has shrubs, and the local nurseries supplied sponsored lectures on the subject. Hints the trees on Arbor Day. This has be­ on gardening and other information is come so popular that the school board

Fifteen years ago a streetcar right of way 5 miles long, now a parkway featuring camellias, azaleas, crt~pe myrtle, and bulbs.

FRED ]. HABIT, JR. 316 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE now is the first to insist on proper plant­ square miles containing 300,000 people. ing and maintenance. This is an area traversed by the many \'Vhile Norfolk did not meet the na­ estuaries which determine the main tional standard in park acreage per cap­ physical patterns of a tidewater region, ita when it started this practice, it used where many homes border tidal basins every acre to the best advantage. On the and backwash rivers. Many gardeners basis that school grounds are not only have learned how to cope with this situ­ used during school hours, but are a vital ation, and use what we are beginning to force in community recreation, both pas­ call amphibious plants. These will grow sive and active, this philosophy has since alongside such natives as the Baccharis been emulated in many other communi­ or Salt Water Bush. So far Pittosporum ties. It was started here 25 years ago, tobira, Ilex vomitoria, all quinces hor­ when children could not even play out­ tensias, fig trees, many species of Etwny­ dors after a rain until the ground dried moilS, Elaeagnus, H emerocallis and oth­ out. Most of our playing fields now ers, thrive under saline invasions, which form a part of that winter rye carpet occur periodically when planted only a mentioned in the beginning of this foot above high tide. Again necessity article is the mother of invention even in deal­ One of Norfolk's first horticul,tural ing with nature. Some day I am sure, show cases was planted on its main ar­ the tidal waters of Virginia will be re­ tery, "Granby Street," over which trolley splendent with color, carefully woven tracks had hauled many generations of within the patterns of native marsh ci tizens. 'When this was discon tinued in grasses- perhaps another first for this the 1940's a thirty foot media strip was City by the sea. left, five miles of which has been planted. The beauty of America depends upon Perhaps this planting has done more such trials and tribula,tions as are only than any other project to stimulate that mentioned here to prove that it must be sense of pride which must prevail before promoted through people, and not only you can harness the spirit of a commu­ those who claim distinction in the field nity. At the time it was planted this of landscaping and horticulture. The parkway was not an ordinary planting. sooner we learn that the creation of It featured azaleas, camellias, the City's beauty through plants must be inspired, emblem, the crepe myr,tle, and a ~reens­ the quicker there will awaken that capa­ ward that was the envy of all who saw bility which is dormant in most of us. As it. There are many such parkways in in the case of dormant buds, it will America today, but perhaps only few spring to life when creative light is given. which have developed so mature a dis­ On this chord I end my plea that hor­ play of beauty. ticulture should be dramatized so as to To plant a city of lasting beauty, often inspire youth ,to make it a career. Let we are tempted to use short-lived plan ts. us not forget that we are competing with The live oaks of Norfolk were in most the space age, but that everything in part started from nine bushels of acorns horticulture does not depend on test from trees that were here when Captain tubes. Never before in the history of our John Smith landed in 1609. This sandy country has beautification had a better spit of land is now preserved as a park sponsor. The First Lady of our land, called "Sarah Constance Shrine" in and our Federal government has accept­ honor of one of his ships. It is nice to ed the idea that beauty is important to feel that many of these trees may still every day living. survive 500 years from now as a legacy In America there has developed a tre­ 0.£ what had been done by this genera­ mendous vacuum between college train­ tIon .... beautification must be inspired. ing and laboring in the field of garden­ Bli t m a larger sense, the 1400 acres ing and horticulture. \'Ve should strive or so of public properties which h ave to fill this void with garden technicians been landscaped within the city of Nor­ or whatever we choose to call them. Eu­ folk are but a small portion of the 63 rope has done this for centuries and un- JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 317 less we can su cceed in training people m uscles as well as minds dedicated to the to become custodians of our great Amer­ task before us. ican dream, with its thousands of miles This is a challenge that must be ac­ of landscaped super highways and beau­ cepted not only by the colleges, but the tifica tion projects, we may defeat our many fine proving gTounds throughout purpose. Norfolk, in a very small way, America, parks, botanical gardens and has been able to lift herself by h er own arboretums. I hope that the 17th Inter­ boots,traps, as have many other similar national Horticultural Congress, meet­ communities, but now we are talking ing for the first time in America, may big, and therefore must act and think give some thought to this problem. big. without losing our perspectives. 'iIVe. here in Norfolk, hope that by the Here we have a challenge. one that will time this article is read, that our two require the nimble hands of the house­ year "professional gardener's training wife who tends her pots o£ geraniums, program" will have been ratified by the no less than the knowledge of the scien­ authorities in whose hands it now rests. tifically-orien.ted college professor. Some­ Perhaps we may start another first, at where along the line we need educated least in the State of Virginia.

H A YCOK PHOTORAMIC. INC. The Heritage, an exquisite riverside estate turned into a treasure-house 0/ oriental art, surrounded by a typical English manor garden. Tulsa, Oklahoma and Beautification

By ELEANOR HILT. American H oTticultuml Societ))

There are three factors that contribute acquired additional property to convert to Tulsa's beauty-its youth, the use of into beautiful parking areas. In some natural gas for heating, and the fact that instances the city has allowed streets to because it is located in a prosperous oil be closed near churches to make for bet­ and gas area its growing pains have not ter landscape effect if the street was not been complicated by serious money prob­ an artery of travel and used principally lems. In less than 70 years Tulsa has de­ by churchgoers. veloped from a tiny prairie town to a A mall has been created by prohibit­ city of one-third of a million people. ing parking for three blocks on the main There are few old buildings and these street of the downtown area. Planters are constantly being wrecked to make contain yaupon holly (!lex vomitoria) , room for new and more modern ones or azaleas, and Harry Lauder's Walking­ parking facilities as the quick step of stick (Corylus avellana 'Contorta'). progress goes forward. Owing to the Shade trees have been planted in heating medium there is no soot problem openings in the side walks in the rest of -a fifty year old building is as clean as the business area. The new civic center if it had been built yesterday. to the west of the business district has Tulsa has been beautified in three three large reflecting pools with foun­ areas-private, civic, and commercial. tains in a block-long flag allee where the Special accolades should go to a nucleus flags of the city of Tulsa, the state of of experimental gardeners and a few Oklahoma, the tribal flags of the Choc­ nurserymen who have consistently tried taw, Chickasaw, .seminole, Cherokee, new and unusual material in the effort Creek, and Osage Indians, ,the flags of to find plants that will grow where rain­ the United States during different peri­ fall may be insufficient at times, winds ods of its history, the flags of France, high, and winter temperatures may Spain and other national flags relating fluctuate. The trend in private land­ to the history of Oklahoma fly on special scaping is to have open public and pri­ occasions. Each flag was a gift and each vate areas enclosed by walls or fences pole is marked with the donor's name with espaliered trees or vines trained on and the identity of the flag. Trees have them in patterns. This makes possible been placed in planters in the parking the growing of some plants that require lot and the grounds near the library are a little more protection than they would landscaped with flowering crab apples receive in open areas. Owing to the in­ and tree wisterias. There is a fine speci­ creased difficulty in acquiring compe­ men of Atlantic Cedar (Cedrus atlantica.) tent gardeners the tendency in landscap­ to the northeast of the library. These ing is to have well-designed green gar­ plantings are lighted at night. dens with a few bulbs or flowerino-b The bypass connecting two turnpikes shrubs for accent through the year. This has been planted by subscription. makes for easy maintenance. Through donations the more hardy Church landscaping is no longer varieties of trees ai1d shrubs were pro­ limited. As churches have moved to ~he vided as memorials and honoriums. Care suburbs adequate landscaped parking was guaranteed for two years after which space has been provided. Many churches time the planting should be able to sur­ have purchased enough acreage so that vive under normal conditions. they can have large lawns and trees. Tulsa has 87 parks, 27 of which are Older churches in downtown areas have undeveloped. They comprise a total of 318 LEROY RA N UAI..L The Tulsa Rose Garden showing the first five terraces.

3,996 acres. Mohawk Park, the largest, swimming pool to serve the southeastern comprised of 2,S23 acres contains two 1S­ section of the city. John Zink Park will hole golf courses, the zoo, many picnic contain a large rock garden planted with areas and the reservoir for the city's many ferns and native plants when com­ water supply which is brought from the pleted. This park was a gift from John mountains 60 miles away. Zeigler Park Zink and the rock garden is being con­ which covers 22 acres has a recreation structed at his expense to control erosion center with an indoor gymnasium and on an embankment. swimming pool. Frank H. Reed Park, \IVoodward Park contains the city rock named for an early day Tulsan ""ho had garden, the herb garden of Anne Hath­ a grea t interest in children, con tains a away Garden Club, the test garden of the recreation center with an indoor gym­ National Chrysantheum Society for gar­ nasium and swimming pool and the first den chrysanthemums, the petunia test of the 23 wading pools built in the city garden of the Tulsa Council Qf Garden parks by a trust fund set lip by Mr. Clubs, the All American Rose Selections Reed. McClure Park has a large gym­ test garden, and the Tulsa Rose Garden. nasium, recreation center building, The rose garden was established by the sports field and an Olympic swimming Tulsa Garden Club in 1934 on terraces pool which is the pride of the city. Max­ built in the park with the agreement that well Park, the most recent pal"k, contains it would provide the roses if the park de­ a junior swimming pool, a ball diamond, partment. would care for them. In 1938 tennis courts, and recrea Lion center. La­ Lhis planting was given Better Homes Fortune Park, the gift of .los. r\. LaFor­ and Gardens' "More Beautiful America tune con tains an IS-hole golf course and Achievement Award" and the Tulsa Gar- 320 THE AMERlCAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE den Club was cited for 'outstanding ac­ week. By m;rangement with the county agent's office a horticulturist-landscape complishment in civic improvement and in recognition of vision, industry and architect is on duty mornings. civic pride.' In the intervening years five In 1964 the use of five acres of the terraces have been completed and more grounds east of the Garden Center build­ than 10,000 roses have been planted. ing was pledged by the city to the Gar­ Pools are featured on several of the ter­ den Cen ter for the establishment of a races which range in si ze from 100 x small arboretum. A sprinkling system 210 feet to 227 x 210 and plan tings of has been installed and trees and shrubs ornamental trees and shrubs are used in are being acquired from donations. The the landscaping. This planting has had planting was designed and the varieties much publicity and as a result many to be grown were selected by the Garden roses, some still under number, are pro­ Center horticulturist with the aid of a vided by various companies prior to in­ committee of competent growers. The troduction. The success of this garden original cost of a tree or shrub covers resulted in the establishmen t of the All cost of perpetual care. Each is marked American Rose Selections Test Garden with the botanical name and the name on the sixth terrace in 1945. For 20 years of the donor or honoree. Uncommon it was under the supervision of Arthur trees which will grow without coddling F. Truex, a former president of the that are included in the planting are:­ American Rose Society and is now super­ Bald Cypress, Dawn Redwood, Atlan tic vised by Homer L. Spencer of the Men's Cedar, Cedar of Lebanon, Cu.nning­ Rose Club. On any sunny day during hamia, California Incense Cedar, four the growing season the garden will have varieties of Flowering Dogwood, 'White many visitors making notes about the Redbud, Cin¢Jw and the pyramidal performance of individual varieties. As variety, Fringe Tree, Shagbark Hickory, a result Tulsa has truly become a city ten varieties of oaks including the South­ of roses. ern Live Oak, Japanese Pagoda Tree, South of and adjoining vVoodward Oriental Persimmon, five varieties of Park is the Tulsa Garden Center. In pine, Black Hills, Morheim and Colo­ 1953 at the instigation of garden club rado Blue Spruce, Sour and Sweet Gum, members a 15-room mansion on nine American Linden, a selection of mag­ acres of ground was acquired through a nolias including M. seiboldii and M. bond issue and is operated under a 15- virginiana, ten varieties of maple includ­ year lease from the City Park Depart­ ing vVeir's cut leaf, common "Vitch ment. An auditorium that seats 450 peo­ Hazel, ZelkovCl, Tulip Tree, and eight ple was added in 1957. In this buildng varieties of flowering crabapples. are held garden cl u b meetings, flower ar­ Among the better shrubs and small rangement classes, horticultural and trees planted are:-Camellia sasanqtw. landscape design lectures in addition to 'Dawn', red and white Crepe Myrtle, Cal­ two large spring flower shows, a chrys­ li carpa, Winged Euonymus and Eitony­ anthemum show, a Christmas display, mus elata 'Compacta', 16 varieties of the annual orchid show, and many small­ evergreen hollies including 'Wilson's er shows. The building is staffed by a holly, two deciduous hollies and two paid receptionist, librarian, custodian, Yaupon, .three varieties of Pyracantha, secretary, and a volunteer director. The seven viburnums including the High expenses of this staff, maintenance and Bush Cranberry, Harry Lauder' 'Nalk­ repair of the building are borne by in­ ingstick, upright yew, the witch hazel c~me from rentals, membership fees, a 'Orange Glow' and Japanese Fantail gift shop, donations from various erar- ·Willow. This area has been designated , ~ e,en clubs and their projects, the spring as a songbird sanctuary and the area plant sale and the fall rummage sale, contains many bird feeders and martin travel tours and interested individuals. houses. A circulating library of 3,200 horticul­ A projection for the future is the tural books is kept open five days a beautification of the river and the con- JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 321

trol of the pollution problem where re­ i\lIagnolia stellata, a Golden Chain tree, fineries dump waste into the river. There Chinese 'Nitchhazel, azaleas, the crab­ will be a series of lO-foot dams over a apple 'Red Jade', double flowering distance of about 12 miles that will back cherry, white and pink dogwoods includ­ up the water into a series of shallow ing a large specimen of the double lakes. The banks of the lakes will be flowered 'Pluribracteata', 'Schwedleri' landscaped creating a River Park. maple and a holly planting including a There are two museums both 'with large female American holly with a 21- large landscaped grounds. Philbrook foot spread. Museum is set in a natural grove with For twenty years the Chamber of Com­ many fine old trees, including some merce has maintained an active interest Chestnut Oak which are not common in commercial beautification. '''Thenever here. The Italian style building which the permit [or a new building is issued is landscaped in an appropriate manner the owner receives a letter asking that was the gift of the oilman, ,,,Taite Phil­ sufficient money be allowed to provide lips. It is supported by memberships and [or adequate landscaping. During the by the income from a clown town office spring and summer they award their In­ building also a gift of the donor. The dustrial Beautification Plaque monthly Thomas A. Gilcrease Museum of Ameri­ [or improvemnt in three categories:­ can Art was a private museum before i nel ustrial, commercial, and church being acquired by the city through a bea 11 tification. bond issue. The 23-acre grounds contain An ont tanding winner of this award

LEROY RANDALL Background of a flower shop parking lot. This facility won the Chamber of Commerce Industrial Beautification Plaque. THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE for improvement in the commercial di­ street. In the downtown areas the set­ vision is Mrs. DeHavens Flower Shop. b acks and the upper stories of the build­ T he building formerly of red brick with ings themselves may have shrub and a spotty design and trim of limestone small tree plantings. A number of banks was painted gray and two porches of with drive-in faci lities have good bas ic hand hewn timbers with shake roofs plantings which are supplemented by were added. On one side an outmoded potted bulbs, azaleas, annuals, and chry­ filling station "vas wrecked to provide santhemums in season . parking space and on the other a long Many n ew shopping centers are well­ shack u sed as a vegetable stand and a six landscaped, with a few grassy areas and by ten foot sectional building used as a bench es for weary shoppers. Trees pro­ liquor store were raised so that there viele pleasan t p arking, relief from hea t might be additional parking. A wall and as well as bea u ty and make the skeleton grap e stake fence with a nice fi gurine as for a veritable fairyland when lighted at the center of in terest screen off the neigh­ Christmas. "Have you seen---, have boring houses. The planting is simple you seen---, have you seen---?" and no unusual plants h ave been used. So people go to see and stay to buy and The trend in commercial landscaping merchan ts realize that 'beau ty is good is to have small landscaped plots in front business.' Thus the seed for more beauty of buildings which are set back from the is planted . Floricllltllre-With Honor to the Past

By JOlm H . \,VALKER Executl1le Director, Society ot American Florists and [' l-(' . ~id('nl. Am(,)'icnn T-lo l'li c1l1Iu1'(1/ , oci('/),

Commercial floriculture has long been vantages of hot "vater and steam were a leading industry in European coun­ brought ou t in discussions which some­ tries, although the United States has times waxed hot enough to heat many a made much rapid progress in the pro­ greenhouse. duction and distribu tion of flowers and In 189<} a bill providing for SAF's ornamentals during tile past half ceu­ charter wa s passed by both houses of tury. Congress. 1\. charter had been sought to Like horticul ture, floricul ture was gi ve the Society a sta LuS, a position, and practiced almost exclusively in private a legal existence as a national body. homes before the nineteenth century. However, when this bill went to Presi­ New England colonists brought flower dent Cleveland, he vetoed it on the and plant seeds with them and ex­ grounds that it failed to carry out the changed them with the Indians for corn, purpose amI objects of those interested potatoes, tobacco, and grapes. In turn, in its passage. H e £elt the interests of the seeds were distributed inland to florists would be badly served by a cor­ tribes in remote sections of our coun­ poration confined to the furtherance of try even before -the white settlers ar­ garden culture. This veto was actually rived here. the cause for the addition of "Orna­ Commercial floriculturists, previous to mental Horticulturists" to the title of the organization of the Society of Amer­ the Society in 1897. The Society was ican Florists, had representation in the finally successful in 1901 and President American Association of Nurserymen, lVlcKinley signed the bill on March 3, Florists and Seedsmen-the forefather o( 1901. the present American Association o( By 1900 there were between 9,000 and Nurserymen. It was found, however, 10,000 establishments engaged in grow­ that the diverse interests of the three ing and selling plants and flowers in a branches could not be properly cared commercial way. The SAF membership for under one organization. Therefore; had grown to 553. Many more whole­ during a meeting of the Association of sale establishments were appearing, to 1883, John Thorpe and E. G. Hill took add to the 31 which were in existlence in initiatory steps to form a s.epara te or­ 1890. ganization. Their preliminary work and In 1910 commercial floriculture was a little quiet canvassing resulted in a given real assistance in the formation of meeting in Chicago during June, 1884. a retailers section of the Society. The Twenty-one florists attended this plan in general contemplated a trade meeting to form an associa tion of flo­ arrangement by which business in dis­ rists. The name Society of American tant towns could be exchanged on a safe Florists was suggested by Frank Pierson basis as to quality of stock and cr.edit. and was finally adopted. A temporary organization of the Flo­ The first convention was held in Cin­ rists' Telegraph Delivery was effected at cinnati, Ohio, in August of 1885. At Pittsburgh on January 27, 1910. In Au­ this time there were almost 400 mem­ gust of that year a meeting was held bers on the rolls. The heating' and ven­ during SAF's Rochester convention and tilating of greenhouses were a main sub­ a constitution and bylaws were adopted. ject for discussion and the relative ad- Thus the Florists' Telegraph Delivery, 323 324 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL 'MAGAZINE now known as Florists' Transwodd De­ country and the expansion of new green­ livery Association, came into being. house construction continued at a Commercial floriculture expanded healthy rate. Obviously, this proves that greatly in America during this period. flowers are even more of a necessity to SAF's first publicity

By RICHARD P. 'WHITE D ireCIO?-, H07-ticultLl'ral R es·ulTch Institute, In c. JiVashington, D. C.

Nurserymen the world around are noicles) , and Red M.aple (Ace?" ntbntm) alert in recognizing variations in plan ts will be found listed in nursery cata­ with potential commercial value. Close­ logues-all resul ring from observations ly associated with plants every day of of nurserymen in detecting variations their lives, nurserymen become expert from the species, followed by vegetative in detecting seedling varian ts, sports propagation and introduction as horti­ and mutations that may occur in the cultural varieties to the public. thousands of plants of a single variety The American elm (Ulmus ameri­ produced. cana) has produced such variauts as the Large quantity production of plants in 'Moline', 'Princeton', 'Golden Column', the commercial nurseries of the United and others. These have all been discov­ States to supply our mass markets, offers ered by nll rserymen and in troduced as unlimited opportunity for such observa­ clones. tions by those wholesale plant growers In shrubs the same situation exists. In who have the inclination to search out almost any popular shrub, horticultural and introduce variations from the nor­ varieties are found to exist and commer­ mal of any species that they may detect. cial nurserymen have detected these and These become horticultural varieties or have introduced many as clones of su­ cultivars in the trade. perior value. The privets are note­ This desire on the part of the com­ worthy in this regard. mercial grower is due to competitive Similar comments dould be made reasons. To offer an "improved" variety about almost any ornamen.tal plant spe­ of a well known plant has always been cies grown in the United States in great advantageous. At times, we must can­ quantities by wholesale nursery growers didly admit, this competitive situation who supply a high percentage of our has undoubtedly resulted in the intro­ large mass markets. This is due to : duction of horticultural varieties not I) the opportu n i ty to detect variants in suffici.en tl y different from those already the pmduction of large numbers of a in the trade to be of real superior value. seedling population and 2) the competitive advantage of having However, the keen observation of nur­ something "new" with desirable quali­ serymen in the early days has brought ties to offer the public. to the public via commercial channels Up to 1930 commercial nurserymen such outstanding introductions as were motivated largely by the competi­ Stark's Delicious apple, Kelsey's Weep­ tive advantage of having temporarily a ing hemlock, and a numher of other new horticultural variety which other weeping, prostra te, spreading, fasti~' ia te nurserymen coulll not offer to the p uh­ and dense [om1s of -the Canadian hem­ lic. It did nOl lake long, howevt!l', lock; many varieties in Taxus again cov­ for the competition to produce a suit­ ering every conceivable type of growth alble stock of this horticultural variety habit and color variation from deep s\nce plants could be purchased on the gTeen to variegated. ope'n market and be reproduced vege­ Among the shade trees, nmuerous tatively. The competItIve advanLage clones of the .J apanese Maple (A ceT pal­ soon disappeared. matwn) , Norway Maple (Acer plata- In 1930 this was changed. In May of 327 328 THE Ai\'lERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE that year the Plant Patent Act was shrubs, ground covers, turf grasses, pe­ signed into law by President Hoover, rennials, small fruits, florist crops, and providing protection to the nurserymen VInes . who discovered or produced by hybridi­ . The rose has received by far the larg­ za tion and selection these new plan ts . est number of plant patents since pas­ Nurserymen and others from that time sage of the Plant Patent Act. This is al­ forward were able to patent new horoti­ most entirely due to the cooperative ef­ cultural varieties, provided they were forts of All America Rose Selections, an different from related kinds as deter­ organization of 24 rose growers of the mined by the United States Patent Of­ United States, devoted to the breeding, fice with .the advice of the United States selection, testing and introduction of Department of Agriculture. The Patent new and better roses for American gar­ laws of the United States provide sev­ dens. enteen years exclusive control of the The organization fosters the establish­ new discovery, which means in the hor­ ment and maintenance of rose test and ticultural field, a prohibi,tion against demonstration gardens in the United vegetative reproduction of the patented States. Currently there are 24 such -test plant for that period of time without a gardens, where new :roses are grown, license from -the patent holder. tested, evaluated and rated by experts With this incentive, the search for bet­ before being offered to the public. These ter varieties by commercial horticulture 24 test gardens are scattered over the was greatly stimulated. The first plant United States from New England to patent was granted in August ]931 to an southern California and from Georgia everblooming, climbing Van Fleet rose to Seattle, cov.ering all climatic concli­ named 'The New Dawn' which it truly tions of the United States. was. Since then over 2,600 plant pat­ Testing of any "new" rose is carried ents have been granted to nurserymen, on in these varying climatic areas and florists, plant hybridizers, horticulturists, under ordinary field conditions for two and others. Over 500 patents have run growing seasons. The judges are rose their span of seventeen years and are experts, including Leaders in ,the com­ now public property. mercial rose industry, professors of or­ The variety of plants that have been namental horticulture in leading state gTanted patents is wide. The American Universities, park directors and amateur Association of Nurserymen, Inc., has rosarians of proven knowledge and abil­ pu blished a listing of all plan t paten ts ity. with common names from 1931 to 1962, After two y,ears of field trials, the with supplements for 1963, 1964, and judges select only the ,top-rated rose va­ 1965, covering every plant . patent from rieties for All America Award. Some # 1 to #2584. * years no selections are made when in the Those with the most numerous pat­ opinion of the judges no variety could ented varieties are: be ranked high enough for the Award. In this way the public gets the benefit Apple (66) Gladiolus (75) of a two year testing of new roses before Azalea (113) Nectarine (66) they are offered for sale by .the producers. Camellia (39) Peach (173) All America Rose Selections was orga­ Carnation (53) Rose (1192) nized in 1938, wi th the fi,st selections Chrysanthemum (160) Strawberry (34) made in 1940. Since 1940 sixty-eight va­ Fuchsia (28) rieties have been selected as All Amer­ Patented varieties are recorded in 155 ica Rose award winners. It is estimated species from Abelia to Zellwva, cover­ tha t 50 to 60 per cen t of all roses pro­ ing shade, flowering, fruit and nut trees, duced and bought by the gardening pub­ lic today are award winners, showing · Plant patents with Common Names. Ameri· can Association of Nurserymen, Inc., 835 South­ general acceptance of the winners as the ern Bldg., Washington D. C. 20005. $2.00. Sup­ better modern ros.es for American gar­ plements, 50¢ each. dens. JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 329

Commercial nurserymen continue new qualities for street planting'. Nurs­ their individual observation and selec­ erymen will continue to make such con­ tion for "new and improved" varieties tributions to the improvement of hor­ in a highly competitive market with ticutural plants for ornamental use. all its stimulating rewards. Many new Finally, the nurserymen's contribu­ introductions are not patented. Since tions toward a more beautiful America the rose leads in popularity as Amer­ have not been confined to the introduc­ ica's first flower, it holds the greatest tion of improved horitcultural vanetles promise for offsetting the great costs of of ornamental plants. From 1928 to maintaining a breeding program by any 1932, commercial nurserymen through commercial nurseryman. \l\Tithout some their national organization, the Ameri­ hope of recovering a part of the heavy can Association of Nurserymen, spon­ expenses involved, through protection sored a nationwide program of beauti­ of propagating rights by the introducer, fication, three objectiv,es of which were: commercial concerns could hardly afford to return

By W . RAY HASTINGS E x ecu t ive SecTe taTY- T reasuTe'r 11 11 America Selections, HarrisbuTg, Pa .

Founded in 1932 at Atlanta Georgia solicited from all known plant breeders by the Southern Seedmen's Association, from around the world. All were in­ All-America Sel.ections established twen­ vited to enter their new varieties in the ty trial grounds for the pre-introductory AAS t ~- i : d s . Entries came from seed testing and evaluating of proposed new firms, private, amateur and government seed cultivars. breeders. In the second year of trials, Ten trial grounds for veg'etables and there were 101 vegetable and 149 flower ten for flowers were established under entries, many of them from overseas. resident judges in whom the seed indus­ At first no entry or other fe.es were try had the grea.test confidence. They charged. already had trials for their own firms It was soon found that some entries. and with most cultivated varieties in were not new varieties but evidently be­ commerce for comparison ratings. lieved by their entrants to be improv,ed The American Seed Trade Associa­ strain selection sufficiently different to tion co-sponsored the organization the be given new names. Such perhaps following year and the other sectional, accounted for many new names given Canadian and some state seedsmen's as­ to existing varieties, confusing to seeds­ sociations voluntarily gave their endorse­ men as well as to the public. T he trials ments or sponsorships soon afterwards. were first started for the knowledge of New creations and discoveries were the seedsmen, so they would know of the

ALI.·AMERICA SELECTlONS Harry A. Joy, AAS Flower Judge, allti TV. Ray Hastings, Chairman, AAS, checking All-America trials and comparative varieties, at Rochester, Mich. Oakview Farms, of Ferry-Morse Seed Co., July 1941. 330 JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 331

really different and superior new varie­ trade magazines. All seedsmen had the ties to offer their customers. opportunity of purchasing s.eeds of the Before All-America trials, commercial award winners and helping with cooper­ breeders and their firms usually kept ative promotion of these introductions. their new varieties secret, away from the The gardening public could purchase sight of rival firms until introduction. seeds from usual sources of seed supply Under that system the introducing firm and have these most worthy flowers and first offered seed when it had a very vegeta bles in their gardens as soon as small quantity because tha t was all it the originators' next door neighbors. could expect to sell. Even if an especial­ AA.5 was a success from the start. ly good variety, there would be several Needing more climatic regions repre­ years before other seedsmen could test sented, as well as more judges for aver­ it under their soil and climatic con cli­ aged all-season judgment, new judges tions and feel safe in obtaining seeds to and trial locations were gradually added recommend and offer to their custom­ un til we now have 28 flower and 26 ers. Also, expense of promotion was vegetable trial loca tions to better repre­ usually more than received from seed sent the gardening areas of North Amer­ sales. ica, Canada to Mexico. New judges are Every gardener and planter should provision.al until ,their reports and trials want the best varieties of their kinds are approved by the nine AAS directors or types and colors and for their pur­ who are elected by the Council of poses. Even with their own trials under judges. purely local conditions seedsmen could All-America Selections is self-perpetu­ hardly widely recommend a fairly new ating by its judges. It is incorporated variety. Some good varieties were lost en­ as a non-profit educational institution, tirely because the originators could not separate from any other organiza;tion afford to promote them and there was and self-sustaining at the present time. little inducement to support a breeding It works closely with the seed industry program. and, until in recent years, was supported With an outstanding new variety, be­ by voluntary subscripti,ons from seed lieved bes t for its purpose to date, co­ trade associations and seed firms. Only operative promotion does provide a ,the Southern Seedsmen's Association profit to all concerned, assures a suc­ continues a nominal subscription. cessful introduction and is a distinct No judges, directors or elected officers service to the public. receive any remuneration for their serv­ Before AAS was started, some home ices or expenses. Only the Executive magazine editors were in a dilemma for Secretary and helper receive compensa­ newsworthy garden articles of d€pend• tion for full time service and providing able nature. They knew little about headquarters offices. new varieties and frequently published Seeds of all entries are sent to the writers' articles on unknown subjects, Executive Secretary, where they are en­ sometimes misleading, not tested and closed in AAS packets and sent to the unobtainable by the public. "Where judges under priority code number only can I get authentic information on for source identification. Source is not worthy new things and a wfi.ter for revealed even to the directors. them?", I was asked. On the entry application form, the There were no newspaper garden entrant is asked to name the nearest, editors or columns in 1932 although sev­ most competitiv,e, variety or varieties to eral magazines published gardening ar­ his entry. He also gives a description as ticles. The Garden Club movement was to type, height, color of flower or fruit, in its infancy and it needed subject recommended use, claims of distinction, material of new interest. etc. This information, except for par­ Leading home and farm magazines entage or breeding information, is sent featured the first year's All-America Se­ to the judges along with seeds of n.earest lections in 1933, as did seed and florist comparison varieties for planting along 332 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL :MAGAZINE side the entry. IE more competitive and recent awa~' d varieties are sent to comparisons are known they also are all garden, home and farm magazines, sent. IE voted award requirements and all sizable newspapers and syndicates, all other more competitive comparisons other known garden writers. Radio and sh([)Uld have been used, such an entrant television broadcasters help in bringing may be asked to repeat his entry the this most interesting and newsworthy following year when the more competi­ garden informati,on to the public. tive comparison would accompany it, While monthly magazin.es may use the for re-evaluation. . publicity in only one or possibly two After judges' reports are received and issues, for flowers and vegetables, news­ award points tabulated, this information paper garden editors frequently use sev­ is sent to entrants and judges alike. The eral Ito all of the release articles during tabulations show how each judge voted the spring months. Publications with on each entry but still without the names over a hundred million circulation use of the entrants. Comments of -the judges this publicty material because AAS is the are also sent to the entrants .on their only generally accepted authority on new own entries, often helpful in their breed­ garden varieties. ing programs. We also supply publications, accord­ There are minimum award poin t re­ ing to their preference, illustration m

ALL·AM ERI CA SELECTIONS All-America Selection-.Z966 COSITIOS 'Sunset'. 334 THE .-\:\fERIC.-\X HORTICULTURAL :\I.-\G_-\zINE

is the annual meeting place for flower agreed not to grow any seeds of other seed breeders, growers and leading dis­ AAS award vari.eties to sell or otherwise tributors of North America, attended distribute for the first three years from by some seeds men from overseas. introduction. Furthermore, seed distrib­ Beginning with dinner, Monday eve­ utors agTee to purchase seeds of these ning is devoted to the annual Interna­ award varieties grown by their original tional Flow,er Seed Conference, usually ?:rowers only for the first three years from concerned with new vane tIes, their introduction. Thus, the originator, his breeding, handling and promotion. Dis­ firm or agent, as a'ward variety owner cllssion of AAS rules and regulations, retains control of all wholesale sales for for clarifica.tion and fu ll understanding the first three years from introduction. and valued recommendations to its Di­ No other varieties have this protection. rectors come from this conference. More On AAS award varieties both the seed AAS flower judges and entrants attend distributors and their customers, garden­ this conference than the regular Council ers and planters, are assured of original meetings in January or June. However, strains from breeders' stock seeds only all AAS Council meetings are open for for these first three years. I t is pre­ all interested in taking an active part sumed that other seed growers will de­ in the deliberations. Only voting is "elop comparable strains from open pol­ legally confined to the judges and their linated AAS varieties after three years. proxies. There is nothing secretive 111 vVe try to reach all established and AAS. prospective garden.ers through the vari­ Handling of en tries for protection of ous media, either for economic and beau­ ownership and so-called breeders' rights tification reasons or for those who make are important in AAS. Seeds sent for gardening the greatest hobby on Earth. trial remain the property of the entrant. People want and need the best seeds and Each judge is accountable for seeds of all varieties. entries sent to him. He is responsibl.e for AAS provides authentic new variety growing or having them properly grown guidance to the garden seed industry under his direction and attention and to the public, and is anxious to en­ throughout the growing season. No courag'e plant breeders of all countries seeds, pollen, or any other reproductive in the creation of superior vegetables material may be saved, used or trans­ and more beauti,ful flowers. To the ported from the trials. most worlthy o-eations it is our privilege Breeders of first generation (F]) hy­ to honor them with awards, and throug'h brids have the knowledge of their in­ the seedsmen of North America to have bred parentage and may keep tha t in­ them conveniently obtainable on this formation to themselves for varietv continent. Through confidence in our ownership protection. On open polli­ most helpful media articles and adver­ nated lines or varieties, br,eeders have tising, public demand assures successful had no such protection. introduction for the new All-America 'We have what is termed the AAS Selections. They are believed to be the Gentlemen's Agreement. It h as no legal best of their kinds and for their purposes status whatever, but seed growers have to date.

ALL-AMERICA SELECTIONS-TRIAL LOCATIONS AND JUDGES-1966 VEGETABLES Ca lifornia, El Cen tro Archibald M . Dessert Dessert Seed Co. California, Gridley Dr. Oscar Pearson Seed Research Specialists Californi'a, Hollister Fred '''T. Rohnert Rohnert Seed Co. Cali forni,a, San Juan John J. McCabe Ferry-Morse Seed Co. Bautista Connecticut, Storrs Prof. Joseph M. Lent Univ. of Connecticut JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 335

Florida, Bradenton Paul E. Helsel Asgrow Seed Co. Florida, Gainesille Dr. Victor F. Nettles Univ. of Florida Georgia, Pine Mountain Donald M. Hastings H_ G. Hastings Co. Idaho, Twin F'alls James L. Musser Charter Seed Co. Illinois, Wheaton Carl Dietz Vaughn's Seed Co. Iowa, Shenandoah John R. Topham Earl May Seed & Nursery Co. Louisiana, Lafayette Prof Harland P. Riley Southwestern La. Univ. Maryland, Beltsville Dr. Raymon E. "Vebb USDA Plant Industry Station Dr. Eduardo Alv arez Productora Nacional de Mexico, Chapingo) Luna Semillas Mexico, El Roque) and and Mexico, Toluca ) Dr. Guillermo Hernan- Horticultural Institu- dez Bravo tions Minnesota, Ivlinnea polis Lawrence VV . Corbett N orthru p, King & Co. New Jersey, Bridgeton Joseph Steinke Asgrow Seed Co. New York, Rochester Joseph Harris, Jr. Joseph Harris Co. North Carolina, Raleigh Prof. Robert Schmidt N. C. State University Ontario, St. Cat.harines '''T. Harry Gale Stokes Seeds, Ltd. Pennsylvania, Doylestown Theodore C. Torrey W. Atlee Burpee Co. Pennsylvania, University Dr. Ivlartin L. Odland Pennsylvania State Univ. Park Quebec, Montreal Gerard de Maisonneu ve Superior Seed Co. Texas, Lubbock Prof. Robert R. Reed Texas Tech. Institute "Washington, Nit. Vernon Robert l'vlacDonald Alf Christianson Co.

FLOWERS British Columbia, North Thomas Barber Retired Editoi- Surrey California, EI Centro Donald Dodds Dessert Seed Co. CaliEornia, EI Mon te John Mondry Bodger Seeds, Ltd. California, Guadalupe John Waller ' Va lIer Flowerseed Co. California, Lompoc David Denholm. Denholm Seed Co. California, San Juan Elmer G. Twedt Ferry-Morse Seed Co. Bautista Colorado, Paonia Charles L. 'Veddle Pan-American Seeds Inc. Georgia, Pine :Mountain Donald M. Hastings H. G. Hastings Co. Illinois, Urbana Prof. G. M. Fosler U ni v. of Illinois Illinois, West Chicago G. Carl B·all Geo. J. Ball, Inc. Illinois, '''''heaton Edward H. Vaughn Vaughn's Seed Co. Iowa, Shenandoah John R . Topham Earl May Seed & Nursery Co. Louisiana, Lafayette Prof. .T ames A. Foret Southwestern La. Univ. Massachusetts, \l\Taltham Prof. Franklin J. Univ. of Mass.-Field Campbell Station Minnesota, Minneapolis Bruce Johnstone Northrup, King & Co. New York, Cambridge Lyman N. '''Thite Asgrow Seed Co. New York, Farmingdale, Prof. Daniel Dowel N. Y. Agricultural L.I. Institute New York, Rochester Fred J. Statt Joseph Harris Co. Ontario, Hamilton .T ames Redman Royal Botanical Gardens Ontario, St. Catharines ,V. Harry Gale Stokes Seeds, Ltd. 336 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL lvIAGAZINE

Pennsylvania, Doylestown David Burpee VV. Atlee Burpee Co. Pennsylvania, King of Henry F. Michell III Prussia Henry F. Michell Co. Pennsylvania, Smethport Ronnie T. German H. G. German Co. Pennsylvani'a, University Pro£. Robert P. Meahl Park Pennsylvania State U niv. Quebec, Montreal Henri Perron W. H. Perron Co. South Carolina, Greenwood George B. Park George \I\T. Park Seed Texas, Lubbock Prof. Edward \I\T. Co. Zukauckas, Jr. ' Texas Tech. Institute Virginia, Blacksburg Dr. Paul L. Smeal Va. Polytechnic Institute At Large-Guest Judge Holmes Bloomer Mandeville & King Co.

ALL-AMERICA SELECTIONS-FLO'WER DEMONSTRATION GARDENS-1966 (Not Official Trial Grounds but Additional Display Locations for 1964-67 Award vVinners) California, Arcadia George H. Spalding, Los Angeles State & Co. Supt. Arboretum Colorado, Colorado Springs Mrs. Marion Black Horticultural Arts Williams Society Colorado, Fort Collins Jerry Nelson, Show Mgr. Colorado State Univ. Connecticut, Storrs Prof. Joseph M. Lent Univ. of Connecticut District of Columbia Dr. Henry T. Skinner U. S. National Arbore- tum Georgia, Pine Mountain Dr. Fred C. Galle Callaway Gardens Iowa, Ames Prof. Ben F. Vance Iowa State Univ. Iowa, Eldora Prof. John NIa.tusch Iowa Training School for Boys Kentucky, Lexington Prof. Jan \ 1'11. Abernathie U niv. of Kentucky Louisiana, Many Miss Kitty M. Simpson Hodges Gardens Maryland, Beltsville Dr. Victor R. Boswell USDA Plant Ind. Station Maryland, College Park Dr. Conrad Link Univ. of Maryland Michigan, E,ast Lansing Prof. Richard F. Stinson Michigan State Univ. Michigan, Tipton Prof. Milton Baron Hidden Lake Gardens Minnesota, Minneapolis Carl Holst, Supt. Minneapolis Park Board Missouri, Kansas City Miss Rachel Snyder Flower & Garden Test Garden New Jersey, New Brunswick Prof. Malcolm R. Rutgers University Harrison New York, Tuxedo Charles Lewis, Hort. Sterling Forest Gardens Ohio, Mansfield Dr. Ray C. Allen, Dir. Kingwood Center Ontario, Ottawa Dr. A. R. Buckley Canada Central Exp. Farm Ontario, Toronto Thomas \1'11. Thompson, Edwards Gardens Dir. Pennsylvania, Hershey Tames Bohb, V.P. Hershey Esta tes Pennsylvania, Kennett Dr. Russell J. Seibert, Longwood Gardens Square Dir. Virginia, Norfolk Frederic Heutte, Dir. N or£olk Botanical Gardens \l\Tisconsin, Milwaukee John E. Voight, Dir. \tVhitnall Park Progress in the Flower Seed Indllstry

By CHARLES L. WEDDLE Pan A men'am Seeds l/1 c., Paonia, ColoHldo

The efforts of man to develop new method of propagation. Nevertheless, and better ornamental plants has per­ we floundered [or ce nturies before we haps been less intense through the age fin ally learned even partially to control but it certainly h as been no less con­ the uniformity of seed propag'ated sistent than his efforts to develop better plants. A t best, we could produce pop­ plants for food and fib er. It is quite ulations with a relatively high perce nt­ probable, in fact, that ornamental plants age of plants with desired characteristics. were domes ticated by primitive man Plant breeding is the story of man's even before he found it necessary to attempts to control the heredity of cultivate plants for food. The instinc­ plants grown by putting into each and tive desire of man to embellish his sur­ every on.e as many as possible the de­ roundings and his person and to modi­ sired traits sought. A seed industry is fy his environment for the better led him the natural outgrowth of plant breeding naturally into sylvan surroundings. efforts. Creative plant breeding, in When such were not available, he soon which we are able to produce uniform learned to cr,eate them himself b y cul­ varieti es with new combinations of tivating plants for shade and, in gen­ characters or eve n n.ew characteristics is eral, to make his surroundings beautiful a relatively infant art, less than a gen­ and more pleasant. The cultivation of eration olel in its applica tion to orna­ plants for ornamentation has been close­ mentals. ly associated throughout history with the Propagatin g materials (bulbs, corm~. more advanced islands of civilization. rhizomes and so forth) became com­ Mesopotamia was the cradle of civiliza­ mercial commodities in Europe during tion and gave us not only the wheat the Renaissance and probably flower plan t but also the first hanging gardens, seeds were found in trade not long be­ built by Nebuchadnezzar's son in Baby­ fore. Flow,er seeds were produced in lon. New York State by ,the middle of the Early horticulturists were quick to note nineteenth ce n tury and by the early that individual plants of the same species 1900's production had become estab­ differed greatly in quality, color, vigor lished in California. It was not until and other characteristics. Man has al­ the beginning of World War I that the ways attempted to achieve uniformity of production of flower seeds in this coun­ perfection, in the plants that he grows. try began to he capable of supplying Naturally he chose ,the better specimens domestic needs and some for export. for propagation, and just as naturally From the beginning, American flower he discovered asexual propagation as the seed buyers were interes ted in quality. easiest means of achieving perfect uni­ Almost wi thou t exception American flow­ formity. He was just as quick to learn er seed growing firms were founded by that propagation by seeds was far sim­ individuals interested in br,eeding and pler and easier than asexual propaga­ in improving the quality of flower seed tion. Furthermore, not all species were strains. adapted to asexual propagation. There The evolution of annual flowers un­ was, howev,er, the problem of variability der domestication has taken place very from seeds. Seedlings were noted to rapidly and American seedsmen can take produce stronger, healthier plants and the credit for the dev,elopment of many for many species there was no other species, some of which probably would 337 338 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE not have attracted the attention of Euro­ be inadequate to meet the new demands pean breeders had it not been for for quality. In mass selection only the American interest and work. Although female or seed parent was chosen and the sweet pea was important in Eng­ pollination left to chance. American land, where the early work was done, seedsmen, however, soon became wise to the name of Burpee is tightly linked the fact tha t many species could be self with the development of the sweet pea. pollinated and the practice of caging' in­ The first double forms of zinnias were dividual sel,ections for the purpose of in­ introduced by the Fr.ench seedsman, Vil­ suring self pollination became common. morin, in 1860 and a few separate colors In-breeding was soon found to be the were available from Peter Henderson, only sure method of producing varieties the American seedsman, in the early which could be coun ted upon to remain 1900's; but it was not until 1919 when stable from generation to generation. Bodger, one of the early California seed At this SUHre in the development of the growers, marked the first big step in the flower seed industry new types and po­ development of the modern zinnia by in­ rpntially new varieties were plentiful. troducing' the dahlia flowered strain in The natural variability of the species several colors. The marigold was an (many of which were newly domesti- early interest of the Burpee company cated), chance cross-pollina tion in the and that firm has contributed immeasur­ seed fields, together wi th planned cross­ ably to the dev.elopment of both types of ings resulted in many new varieties and, marigold: the so-called French and the after the first 'iVorld "Var, separate color American types. varieties of annual flowers became rela­ Although separate color varieties of tively abundant. In-breeding, however, annual flowers began to be fairly com­ is not fool proof. Pioneer flower br,eed­ mon after the turn of the century, high ers found that there was a loss of vigor standards of quality had not be(ln at­ and fertility with each succeeding gen­ tained in those days and variablity was eration. Noting this, many breeders dis­ great. Varieties which were fairly true carded the method and reverted to mass for color were usually quite variable for selection. Furthermore, it was difficult other characteristics such as height, habit, to incorporate all the good characters and time of bloom. Early flower breed­ desired into one strain. Uniformity was ers depended upon mass selection for gained at the expense of vigor and pro­ "fixing" the desired characters in a vari­ ductivity. Hence, earlier seedsmen used ety. Individual plants or groups of in­ in-breeding very cautiously and often dividuals, chosen were isolated from the stopp,ed before complete uniformity was less desirable ones and allowed to set attained and soon the progress in flower seed. The breeder paid little attention breeding leveled off. Early breeders to controlling pollination and the rate often depended upon chance hybrids or of improvement was slow. The na tural­ variations as the source of new varieties. ly self-pollinated species, of course, were Early seed company flower breeders, the first to yield true uniform varieties such as Ian Sinclair and Frank Cuth­ but all continually had to be "rogued." bertson, were European trained by the The process of selection had to be re­ apprenticeship method. "Vhat they peated every year and the desired uni­ lacked in science they more than com­ formity of quality was seldom attained. pensated for by dedication and keen Varieti.es had a tendency to "run-out" perceptive eyes and long experience with or revert to the old undesirable types plants. They were astu te in distinguish­ when recessive traits, hidden in the pop­ ing small differences which are heredi­ ulation, segregated out. tary from those which are environmen­ Demands of gardeners for uniformity tal. Furthermore, they knew what was and better varieties, however, increased wanted by the gardener. Hybridization and as knowledge of the infant science for the purpose of re-combination fol­ of genetics became more widespread, the lowed by carefully controlled in-breed­ older empirical methods were found to ing and rigid selection in subsequent JULY 1966, \'OLu~rE -15 , r\l ' ~JBER 3 339 g' e peration~ , e\'entually became lhe tion was required, the returns were .fair­ primary tool of the modern flower ly good because of the large number of breeder. seeds produced by one pollination. Hy­ brid petunias were a phenomenal suc­ Fl Hybrids cess and by 1960 several growers were Increasing demands for uniformity involved and th.e gTeat majority of pe­ forced breeders to resort more and more tunia seeds sold were of the hybrid va­ to in-breeding until many varieties in­ rieties. troduced were too lacking in "igor and Unfortunately, hybrid seed of not all difficul t to grow for the a"erage garden­ species and classes of flowers can be mass er. Petunia 'Twinkles' was a good ex­ produced. The main obstacle is the lack ample: Zinnia 'Rosie O'Grady' and of either functional male steriLes or some 'Blaze' were others. Haying heard of the quick easy method of emasculation. work ,,,,,ith hybrid corn, a few flower Petunia flowers are readily emasculated breeders hegan experimenting with Fl by hand because the flower parts are not hybrids. As early as 1940 Burpee olel closely associated and the anthers can seed of an F] hybrid marigoll, using a readily be lifted out with fingers or genetic male sterile as the female paren t. forceps before the flowers open and the Experimental results 'with hybrid varie­ pollen sheds, effecting undesirable self­ ties were "ery encouraging but few seed pollination. Snapdragons also are quick­ growers were optimistic enough to think ly and easily emasculated just prior to that the cost of hybrid seed production, anthesis by simply slipping the corolla especially if hand pollina tion were in­ from its attachment at the base of the volved, could be recovered in the selling ovary. Garden snapdragons also were price of the seed. In Fl hybrids, however, converted to Fl hybrids by Pan Ameri­ it was realized that for the first time can and, as of now, practically all of tbe both uniformity and vigor could be forcing snapdragons grown are hybrid achieved in a single variety! Also groups varieties and several companies offer of new characters could be added, which F 1 hybrid garden varieties in several had not been seen in combination be­ typ.es. In other species, however, such fore. It was realized that some varieties as pansies, sweet peas, and larkspur the and types, for example the double pe­ pistils and anthers are closely associated tunia, would be impossible to produce and emasculation is either costly, time any other way. Cut flower growers consuming, or else practically impossi­ w.ere the first to take advantage of the ble. Several growers have attempted to Fl hybrid technique and Fl hybrid snap­ offer Fl hybrid pansies but so far have dragon seeds were a"ailable as early as been unable to deliver quantities of 1935. F 1 hybrid double petunias were seed. Burpee has led th.e way in the pro­ offered bv a Tap anese breeder about the duction of F 1 hybrid marigolds and zin­ same year. During the early years of the nias and are offering several varieties. second 'World 'I\Tar a Canadian gro'wer, Seed supplies as yet, however, are insuf­ Mr. R. Simonet of Edmonton, Alberta, ficient to meet the demand. began offering some F] hybrid double The possibilities for gTeatly improved petunias and by 1946 Burpees were of­ and new varieties by F 1 hybrid tech­ fering two varieties of small flow.ered nique, nevertheless, are so great that doubles. In 1946 Pan American Seed considerable effort is being expended by Company was founded for the purpose the seed companies to add other crops of breeding and growing specialty F 1 to those bei\1g produced as hybrids. In hybrid flower seeds, primarily petunias the zinnia many new colors can be pro­ and snapdragons. duced as hybrids that would never be The petunia was well adapted to hy­ seen otherwise except in field grown brid seed production, first because of the mixtur.es. In pansies an infinite variety economic importance of ,the crop to the of separate colors, with large flowers and bedding plant industry and secondly, al­ much freer blooming, longer standing though hand .emasculation and pollina- plants are the promise of F 1 hybrids. No THE r\MERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE doubt the seed production problems will sume that it will grow. Much is being be solved. done by the horticulture press, the All American seedsmen are r.ealizing that America Selections and government the Fl hybrid technique, in spite of the agencies ,to encourage higher standards above implications, is more than a sep­ of quality in flower seed breeding and arate technique. It is the embodiment, production. Great things, therefore, may and hence the most effective approach, be expected from flower breeding firms of all ,the separate techniques of science and seed producing firms in the future. as applied to flower improvement, com­ Many seed companies have dedicated, bining the best cultural skills, hybrid­ experienced, and trained men capable ization for planned recombination, care­ of directing well organized programs, ful se lection for incorporating large aware of existing bottlenecks and chal­ numbers of desirable traits, and finally lenged by the vision of what can be done the crossing of prov.en in-breds into com­ when they are eliminated. America has mercially reproducible hybrids. Despite >taken a position of leadership in flower all the tremendous advantages that F 1 seed production and research and may hybrid varieties have for the gardener or well be expected, to maintain it. Cli­ the commercial grower, for the seed matic advantages are an important fac­ grower it still adds up to more work in tor, but not to be discounted is Ameri­ breeding, maintenance of strains and in can ingenuity and daring, sufficient to seed production. expend large sums of money on breed­ For the seedsman, however, hybrids ing and other 'types of research even do have one big advantage: namely when there is no assurance that it will the built-in protection for the breeder­ prove profitable. American seedsmen grower firm's investment in research and have set their own high standards of development. Since F 1 hybrids, for their quality and ethics and are seldom hap­ production each year, depend upon py unless they can constantly improve crossing the original parent in-breds them. Home gardeners, as seed buyers, owned by the breeder seedsman, the lat­ are more often than not surprised at the ter can exercise ownership and control high quality of flower seeds and the ex­ just as though he had a patent on ,the cellence and quality of new varieties process. In-br.ed varieties, however, since offered. they can be reproduced from seed of the Variety improvement and new variety variety itself, are lost to the breeder who production as shown by ,the number of has no chance to re-coup even the cost entries in the All-America Selections of the breeding, much less a profit. For trials, has steadily increased since 1950. this simple reason the great majority of In 1966, forty-three varieties have been research efforts by seed companies is he­ entered in the AAS trials: 5 snap­ ing spent on those crops which can be dragons, 6 China asters, 8 geraniums, 3 produced as hybrids. It is to be feared impatiens, 2 marigolds, 4 zinnias, and that other worthy crops which greatly 2 petunias, with one entry each of need improvement will be neglected. Salv-ia, Statice, Begonia, Dianthus, Celo­ By modern standards flower seed grow­ sia, and flowering cabbage. ing is not big business. However, with a The gardeners of the world can rest maturing econo·my and culture in ,the assured that there will be a continuing United States and with more emphasis supply of good new varieties of annuals on national beautification, one can as- from American seedsmen. Some Cllrrent Research. On Ornamental Plants in USA

By HENRY lVI . CATHEY

Ho!-ticu/ttLrist, CrOjJS R esec/!"cli Division1

The methods of growing and handling Since phytochrome is a photoreversi­ ornamental plants are constantly chang­ bIe pigment, intermittent light is as effec­ ing in the United States of America. tive as continuous light in obtaining Two sources contribute to the change in long day responses on plants. Artificial the practices now used by ornamental light given 5% to 20% of the time in plan t growers. First, some changes oc­ cycles of 30 minutes or less is as effective cur due to new equipment or new rnate­ on plants lighted continuously for a sim­ rial. The first ob"ious comLinations of ilar number of hours, such as 4, 8, or 16. equipment and plant material thus pro­ Current research is concerned with the duce a new and effective way of han­ control of the growth of seedlings and dling the plants. A good example of this stock plants through the manipulation type of development is the widespread of day length and light quality. Artificial use of pad-and-fan cooling to reduce the light sources are also being studied to air temperature in greenhouses. Even enhance photosynthesis. In recent years though the equipment was developed for very high output fluorescent, mercury use in arid regions, the usefulness of vapor, and sodium lamps have become pad-and-fan cooling is generally accepted available for research in this area. For throughout the USA. the maximum utilization of added levels Second, many of the changes result of carbon dioxide during the seedling from research on the genetics, physiol­ and stock plant stages of growth, the ogy, pathology, entomology, and engi­ effect of high levels of artificial light are neering of ornamental plants. This arti­ being investigated. Growth rooms are cle relates some 0'£ the areas of research being designed in the United States to which are of current interest and sug­ provide not only control of temperature, gests their usefulness in the fu ture han­ light quality, and light duration, but dling of ornamental plants. also control of humidity, gaseous compo­ si tion, air velocity, and partial pressure I. Light. Evidence is accumulating that of the atmosphere. The very complex phytochrome, the blue, photoreversible interactions of ligh t with the other en­ pigment, is present in all green plants. vironmental factors will be studied in Phytochrome controls photomorphogene­ great detail. sis in plants. Visible radiant energy trig­ gers the action of phytochrome in proc­ II. Carbon dioxide and gas exchange. esses such as seed germination, stem Enhancement of the levels of carbon di­ elongation, leaf expansion, flowering, oxide in greenhouses is now almost rou­ fruiting, and coloration. tine in the culture of carnations, lettuce, roses, and tomatoes. The quality of the lAgricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart· flowers produced is much superior to ment of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland. those produced on plants grown in con- 341 THE t\i\IERTC.\:-\ HOR.TICULTURAL MAGAZINE

\'entional greenhouses. 1"1any other fertilizers supplement the nutrients pro­ plants are now being Lested in their vided by the dry fertilizers. Control of response to enhanced levels of carbon di­ nutrient supply and release is also ob­ oxide. Because carbon dioxide acceler­ tained by mixing in the media particles ates growth and promotes early flowering of water-soluble fertilizers coated with and fruiting, the time required to grow resins or particles of relatively insoluble a particular plant is greatly reduced. fertilizers_ The nutrients are made avail­ Current research deals with the problem able to the plant on a slow-release basis. of applying carbon dioxide from various The optimum dosages of the slow-release sources, the duration of treatment, the fertilizers are difficult to standardize; interactions of carbon dioxide with light, they vary with the time of year and with temperature, and nutrition. As bonuses, the frequency of watering. They are used air movement is also being controlled. primarily as a supplementary source of Air is intentionally introduced from ,the nutrients. Soil testing of water-soluble outside, and the plants are grown at nutrients has been llsed for many years higher temperatures and nutritional lev­ as an index of the optimum nutritional els than formerly used. Use of carbon regimens for growing ornamental plants. dioxide is thus promoting a re-examina­ Current research is concerned with re­ tion of the growing techniques for plants lating the plant responses to the content and eventually will be an aid in the of the leaf tissue for nitrogen, phos­ growing of any plant in the greenhouse. phorus, potassium, calcium, and magne­ Many of the old baselines as to the time sium. Standard curves of the leaf compo­ required to produce a salable plant are sition values suggests the optimum nun-i­ being re-evaluated. tional levels and balance for crop pro­ duction, keeping quality of the harvested III. T empemttlTe. A re-appraisal is also flowers, and disease tolerance of the har­ being made of the optimum tempera­ vested plants. tures for starting and maturing orna­ mental plants. Along with nutrition, V. Watering methods. Techniques for light and carbon dioxide, the optimum automating the watering of plants have temperature for net accumulation of dry been a constant area of interest in the weight is higher during the time the USA. The most common method studied plant is a seedling than 'when it is a ma­ today consists of plastic pipe fitted with ture plant. Current research is concerned fine plastic tubes running to the indi­ with relating the optimum temperature vidual pots or plants. The plants are for the growth of large plants in a mini­ placed on mesh benches without staging. mum time. They are watered and fertilized auto­ matically by a time clock controlling a IV. Growing media and nutrition. Com­ solenoid valve. The frequency of water­ posted soils as a growing media for orna­ ing may also be regulated by growing mental plants are disappearing from one pot plant on scales as an indicator of wa ter loss. A predetermined amount U.S. horticulture. Research programs at se\'era I Sta te experimen t sta tions have of water is applied when the pot plant developed media which are disease-free becomes dry. for near-sterile growing. The artificial Intermittent mist is commonly used to mixes are compos ted of peat, fine sand, to apply water and carbon dioxide auto­ perlite, and vermiculite of various sizes nated mist is now being studied as a way and proportions. Lime and dry fertiliz­ to apply water and carbon dioxide auto­ ers are added to the:- mixes to provide the matically to cuttings, seedlings, and desired acidi ty, buffering capacity, and transplanted plants. nutrient balance. The artificial mixes are now available for use by growers and VI. Growth regulators. Regulation of the homeowners in standardized bags pre­ growth characteristics of plants through pared at central assembly points. Liquid the use of chemical growth retardants is JULY 1966, VOLUl'vIE 45, NUMBER 3 343

Dr. Neil W. Stuart with azaleas induced to flower in the summer by use of growth retarding chemicals.

now widely studied and used on many parthenocarpic setting of fruits. Auxin­ ornamental plants entering the U.S. mar­ like compounds are used as herbicides in ket. Growth retardants such as phosfon, the production of woody plants. Current Cyocel and B-Nine retard internode research is concerned with identifying elongation of many ornamental plants. the selectivity of the plants to the chemi­ At maturity, the treated and untreated cals and techniques for formulating and plants have a similar number of nodes. applying the herbicides. The gibberel­ In proportion to the dosage of the lins are used to substitute for low tem­ growth retardant the internode is re­ perature on camellia and rhododendron duced in length. Growth retardants, plants. The treated flowers open much through the restriction of growth, pro­ sooner, develop into larger flowers, and mote prompt initiation of flower buds persist longer than flowers on untreated on azalea, apple, gardenia, holly, and plants. Each individual flower is treated rhododendron. Plants properly treated by placing a drop of a concentrated solu­ with growth retardants become resistant tion of gibberellin at the base of the to smog, toleran t of sal t in the soil, and flower bud. less susceptible to drying winds. Current research is concerned with im­ VII. PTopagation. ·With the advent of plementing the effects of the growth re­ mist propagation, inert, well-drained tardants into techniques for the year­ rooting media, and proper use of root­ round flowering of rhododendrons and promoting chemicals, the emphasis in azaleas and the histological and bio­ studying propagation of ornamental chemical changes in the treated plants. plants has shifted to other areas. One Other growth regulators used in the area of current research is concerned with culture of ornamental plants are auxins the naturally occurring co-factors in­ or gibberellins. The auxins are used to volved in the rooting of plants. Several promote the rooting of cuttings and the non-specific chemicals are being found 344 THE Al\IERICAN HORTICULTURAL l\L\.GAZI 1E

which enhance the root-promoting activ­ VIII. Post harvest physiology. Extending ity of the naturally occurring auxins. the useful life of ornamental plants is Also, differences are being found in the be.ing studied through the modification composition of easy-to-root and hard-to­ of the atmosphere and by the applica­ root plants. Second, the losses of nutri­ tion of chemicals. Senescence is delayed ents and other metabolites from cuttings by the use of lower than normal oxygen, rootino' under intermittent mis

IX. Plant protection. Many kinds of chemicals are used to control pests on ornamental plants. Current research is concerned with regulating pests through means other than chemical. Aluminum sheeting placed on the ground or level 'with the top of the plants prevents the landing of certain insects. Chemicals are being stlldied which immobilize insects, They Ii terally stick the insects to the plants. Also predatory insects are being introduced to limit the number of harm­ ful insects. Females in the natural popu­ lation of insects are rendered infertile when they mate with males released in large numbers after they have been sterilized by gamma radiation or by chemica ls. Eel1lJle sex JttractJnts Jre being used to lure males to their death or to contact with a sterilizing chemical. Insecticides are now being atomized into the atmosphere through the use of me­ chanical or thermal fogging machines. The fogging machines have features which combine the speed of application of aerosols and the localized treatment JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 345

USDA Dr. Curtis May exammtng inoculated American elms being tested for re­ sistance to Dutch elm disease.

of liquid sprays. The carriers and the patibilities of the pollen and seed par­ surfactants used to prepare the concen­ en ts or they are excising the embryos trates determine the effectiveness of lhe prior to the maturity of the seed. The insecticides. plant explorer is also contributing to the creation of new types of ornamental X. Plant b1-eeding. Ornamental plants plants by introducing different forms of are grown from seed or clonal material. the cultivated plants. The most notable The seed of many ornamental plants are change has been the introduction of a now F 1 hybrids. They are produced by salmon pink species of poinsettia from crossing two or more inbred lines. Cur­ Mexico and the creation of commercial rent research is concerned with the pro­ poinsettia cultivars in the new color. duction of F 1 hybrids in the field through the use of male or cytoplasmic sterility. XI. Plant pathology. The development of The genetics of many ornamental disease-free stock plants is a major re­ plants are too complex to produce in­ search area with ornamental plants. bred lines which are necessary to pro­ Techniques are being developed to diag­ duce Fl hybrid plants from seed. The nose one or se\'eral viruses in a plant by ornamental plant breeders are currently serological methods and by biological studying many aspects of the barriers-to­ indices on alternate hosts. JVIeristem cul­ breeding to produce new cultivars. They ture and heat therapy are used to free are treating the plants with colchicine the plants of the viruses. Current re­ to double the chromosome number. The search is concerned with the identifica­ size and texture of the flowers of lily, tion and purification of the viruses in daylily, and rose are greatly enhanced. the plants, increasing the sensitivity and They are also treating the flowers with reliability of the biological indices, and growth substances to overcome incom- developing techniques for the mainte- 346 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE nance of a nucleus of disease-free stock on ornamental plants in the USA. The plants. names and the institutions involved in The following lines of research have the various research projects may be only recently become of interest: found in the listings of abstracts and I. Protection of ornamental plants papers published in the Proceedings of from urbanization-air, water, and soil the American Society for Horticultural pollutants. Science, in HortScience, and in the pub­ 2. Techniques to make plants toler­ lications of the Federal and State Experi­ ant of people and traffic. ment Stations. 3. Techniques for the automation of Trade names are used in this publica­ pruning, thinning, disbudding, and tion solely for the purpose of providing emasculating plants by mechanical, ge­ specific information. Mention of a trade netical, or applied chemical means. name does not constitute a guarantee or 4. Breeding ornamental plants which warranty of the product by the U.S. De­ are disease resistant. partment of Agriculture or an endorse­ This brief review gives only a sam­ ment by the Department over other prod­ pling of the current research activities ucts not mentioned. Horticllltural and Gardening Organizations

By ERNESTA D. BALLARD EXl'culive SeCTel({?)', Penn. HOj,ti clI ll1lUl/ .'lori-elj'

This article is concerned with horti­ they were confident that their children cultural and gardening organizations as and grandchildren would continue to distinguished from educational and sci ­ Iiv.e on the family holdings and enjoy en tific insti tutions, such as agricultural the trees their grandfathers had plan ted. colleges, technological institu tes, botani­ The Pennsylvania and the Massa­ cal gardens and arboretums. However, it chusetts Horticultural Societies were or­ is not always possible to draw a clear line ganized in 1827 and 1829, respectively. between the two groups. Many botani­ The Pennsylvania Society'S charter states cal gardens offer the same kind of serv­ that it was formed " forr the purpose Of ices and programs provided by horti­ pTOmoting and encoumging horrticul­ cultural societies. Some horticultural tw"e by improving the growth of vege­ societies have sponsored and supported tables, plants, t?"ees, fntits and flowers, a local botanical garden or arboretum. and of introducing into OU?" country In general the groups discussed here new varieties and species." The min­ are membership societies run for the utes of the first meeting tell us that its benefit of their members and (in some object was " to inspire a taste fOT one of cases) for the public at large. The the most mtional and pleasing amuse­ larger ones are often organized as non­ ments of ma.n, and to facilitate the profit corporations. Others are unin­ means of cultiva.ting that taste." corporated associations operating under At the ou tset, horticul tural societies constitutions and by-laws resembling wer,e learned insti tutions. Their mem­ those of a social club. bership included the leading scholars and practitioners in the field, and their debates and proceedings were in the Horticultural Societies forefront of ,the scientific knowledge of Organized horticulture in America be­ the day. However, with the passage of gan in the first half of the nineteenth time and the enlargement of agricultural century in the prosperous and stable and botanical knowledge, academic lead­ communities along the eastern seaboard. ership passed to the U.S. Department Men of affairs, steeped in the tradition of Agriculture and the land grant col­ of Franklin and J efferson, had a wide­ leges and universities. The horticultural ranging interest in the natural sciences. societies were relega ted to their second­ Not the least among these was horti­ ary objective-the cultivation of a taste culture, for it combined the fascination for horticulture among' the public at of the exotic with hard-headed practi­ large and a source of information for cality. The great merchants of Boston both amateurs and professionals. They and Philadelphia had many contacts became service, rather than scientific, or­ abroad from which to obtain new and ganizations. The populari ty of their interesting species. And most of them services is shown by the growth of the owned large tracts of land in the coun­ societies. Today there are at least 25 try (in addition to their city houses) state and regional groups across the where they could grow their importa­ country, with a combined membership tions. Perhaps most important of all, exceeding 50,000. 347 THE ,\i\IERTCAN HORTICULTURAL :MAGJ\ZINE

In keeping with their tradition as in­ in Philadelphia. The Chicago Horticul­ stitutions of learning, most of the older tural Society sponsors and organizes a horticultural societies have substantial large part of the Chicago Spring Flower libraries which are us-ed by writers and Show. In addition, all the Societies work by scientific and professional researchers with garden clubs and plant societi.es as well as by amateur hor,ticulturists and in staging special and seasonal shows. gardeners. The library of the Massa­ Tours, field trips, demonstrations, ex­ chusetts Horticultural Society numbers hibits, lectures, instructional clinics, gar­ 30,000 volumes and is the most compre­ den visits and seed and plant exchanges hensive collection of horticultural works are included in the varied programs in the English speaking world. The Hor­ these organizations offer their members. ticultural Society of New York has 15,000 They serve as clearing houses for the books in its circulating library; the latest and best information at a time Pennsylvania Horticultural Society has when gardeners are overcome with wide­ 9,000. These and some of the other large ly advertised new developments. In societies have professional librarians some instances they are taking an impor­ whose services include circulation of tant part in civic beautification pro­ books and reference work for members. grams, giving advice and frequently on­ Another service that most of the horti­ the-spot assistance in the selection of cultural societies offer is the publica.tion plant materials for housing projects, pub­ of newsletters and bulletins consisting lic parks, schools, and shopping malls. in some cases of detailed horticultural No matter where its efforts are directed, information and original articles and the primary functions of a horticultural in others listings of activities. In addi­ society is to maintain standards of taste tion, ,these societies often publish hand­ and excellence in a field which will be of books and yearbooks. The Massachu­ increasing importance in an affluent so­ setts Horticultural Society publishes ciety. Horticulture) an outstanding monthly Horticultural societies generally have magazine, which several of the other so­ a professional staff and a substantial cieties buy for distribution to their mem­ budget financed through membership bers. dues, activities, fees, and in some cases From their earliest days, horticultural flower show admissions. Several of the societies have been associated with shows older societies have considerable endow­ and exhibitions. Originally these em­ ments dating back to the days when they phasized greenhouse plants, fruits and were among the foremost organiza'tions vegetables. More recently they have con­ of learning and science. centrated on flowers, ornamental Serving all the regional and state hor­ plants, gardens and gardening designs. ticultural organizations, plant societies The larger shows alw include commer­ and garden clubs is the recently reor­ cial displays of gardening tools, acces­ ganized American Horticultural Society, sories, fertilizers, chemicals and plant with headquarters in "Vashington, D.C. material; and they are apt to have re­ One hundred and seventy organizations markably elaborate educational exhibits and businesses make up its affiliate demonstrating improved techniques in membership. There are also 4,500 lawn care, plant propagation, city gar­ individual supporting members. The dening, indoor gardening, mulching, and American Horticultural Society pub­ other specialized activities. lishes Gardeners Forum eight times The Massachusetts Horticultural Socie­ a year and the Amet'ican Horticul­ ty runs the New England Spring Flower tural Magazine quarterly. It sponsors Show. The Horticultural Society of New the annual Garden Symposium at Colo­ York takes half the responsibility for the nial Williamsburg and holds an annual International Flower Show in New York Congress at which 300 to 400 delegates City. The Pennsylvania Horticultural aAd members gather ,to hear talks on Society originally and again recently has horticultural developments and to ex­ been running the Spring Flower Show change ideas. JULY 1966, VOLUME 4·5, NUMBER 3 349

The potential of the American Horti­ important in garden club programs. cuI tural Society for further growth in Classes in nature study, plant identifica­ membership and prestige is immense. tion and gardening are included in The collective membership of all Amer­ their efforts to instill a love of growing ican Horticultural Society affilia.tes now things and an awareness of natural beau­ numbers nearly 800,000 people. The af­ ty. Both the national and regional or­ filia tes publish nearly 200 publications. ganizations make annual awards to in­ As the national body increases in stature dividuals and organizations for horti­ and size, it can expect as many as 200 cultural achievements and for outstand­ additional local and regional groups to ing work in conservation. join. An organization with such a Garden clubs are organized, run, di­ membership could playa leading part in rected and joined by volunteers, with­ the national effort for natural beauty. out professional staff. They operate on limited budgets, supported entirely by Garden Clubs modest membership dues. While garden The development of garden clubs be­ club leaders tend to remain active for gan after the turn of the century reflect­ many years, actual terms in office are ing the migra tion of the well-to-do from usually limited to two or three years. the city to the suburbs. Today there are Hence, there is a constantly changing about 15,500 women's garden clubs in roster of individuals in the key positions the United States with a total member­ of the sta.te and national clubs. ship of nearly 500,000. Some are affili­ Beginning in the 1930's, garden clubs ated with similar groups in other coun­ and their members began to organize tries, and practically all are affiliated garden centers to provide facilities and with one of ,three national federations. services for their meetings and pro­ The National Council of State Garden grams. Such centers typically include Clubs, Inc., is made up of 50 state feder· auditoriums, workshops, meeting rooms ations with a total of about 15,000 and grounds with test plots and demon­ clubs. The Garden Club of America is stration gardens. The larger ones have less cosmopolitan and considerably libraries, professional staffs and com­ smaller. Its 170 member clubs spread munity programs of their own in addi­ across the continent into Hawaii. Its tion to the activities of the sponsoring projects and influence are impressive clubs. in rela,tion to its size. The Women's Wfiile the garden club movement has National Farm and Garden Association, been mostly by and for women, the Inc. is the smallest of the three federa­ Men's Garden Club of America is grow­ tions with total membership of 8,000. ing rapidly. At present it consists of From the beginning, garden clubs 200 member clubs in eight regions, wi.th have taken pride in their service to the a total membership of some 10,000. community at large. While their pro­ Plant testing, seed and plant exchanges, grams have always included many activi­ and the giving of awards are among the ties to improve the gardening skills and activities of these clubs which, like their knowledge of their members, they have female counterparts, are intensely civic devoted at least as much time and effort minded. to civic beautification and the conserva­ tion of natural resources. Their projects Plant Societies have included general and specialized . The days when the "many-sided Fran~~ flower shows, the establishment and land­ lin" could grasp the whole of hortiqt11- ' scaping of parks, preservation of natural tural knowledge are long since plast. areas of horticultural interest, highway The opening up of tropical plant life beautification and the development of and the proliferation of technological horticultural therapy. They also support developments have made it impossible education in horticulture, landscape de­ for anyone, least of all the amateur, to sign, and conservation. claim all horticulture as his province. Work with childr,en and youth is also Man likes to be an expert, even if i·t 350 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is only in the production of dahlias or cialty groups in the country_ Their com­ chrysanthemums, or the growing of bined membership totals over 80,000 in­ plants under artificial light. To satisfy dividuals. Most have local or regional this desire, a large number of specialized units in addi tion to the national organi­ organizations have been formed over the zations. Some of the larger societies have last fifty years. Some of these devote professional staff in their national their alten tion to particular kinds of headquarters. These executive directors plants such as orchids or roses; others are responsible for :the society'S publica­ are concerned with particular activities tion and for keeping in touch with the such as rock gardening. They afford chapters and branches. their members access to detailed and comprehensive knowledge in rather nar­ \'Vhile the membership figures quoted row fields of concentration. Those in the foregoing discussion are impres­ which specialize in particular plants are sive, it is plain that the organizations generally recognized as official national described are reaching only a small pro­ or international registrars for new portion of their natural constituency. cultivars. There are, by rough estimate, 35 million All of the societies issue bulletins or home-owners in this country. An ever journals, some monthly and others bi­ growing proportion of their homes are monthly or quarterly. These publica­ in a suburban setting which virtually re­ tions are authoritative references for quires them to take some interests in students, hobbyists, and researchers. lawns, trees, ~hrubs , and gardens. They Their articles, while not always in the spend $4Y2 billion dollars a year on gar­ most polished literary style, are gener­ den supplies, and their income and lei­ ally based on the writer's actual experi­ sure time are growing. ence and as such are highly valued by The challenge for all horticultural amateurs and professionals alike. In ad­ and gardening groups is to find ways Ito dition, each national plant society usual­ interest and enlist the participation of ly has at l.east one convention and show these multitudes of potential honicul­ a year, to which members of the regional turists-to make them aware of the beau­ and local branches send delegates as well ty and fascination of the world of plants as plants and cut specimens. -to help them cultivate the "rational The leadership and majority member­ and pleasing amusement" of horticul­ ship in plant societies is apt to be com­ ture-and in the long run to contribute posed of men, rather than women, but to the preservation of natural beauty often participation in the group's ac­ and the transformation of our blighted tivities becomes a family enterprise. cities into pleasant places for people to There are 40 plant societies and spe- live_ How the Newspapers Help the Home Gardener

By JOAN FAUST Gm'den Erlitm', N ew Y01'h Times

A young bride telephoned the garden the circula tion and size of the paper and news office of a large metropolitan daily the equivalent balance of advertising and asked, "'What shall I do about all space. the bulbs and Leaves pushing up through Garden news is published in all 50 the soil? My husband says to give them states. Even Alaska, with its permafrost vitamin pills, water or something, but and few outdoor growing months, has I don't know what to do?" garden news in the Anchorage Daily Telephone calls such as these are Times. California, with its sunny weath­ probably made to many garden news of­ er, boasts the most garden-minded news­ fices in newspapers all over the United papers: 47. Texas follows with 34. In States. If the questions do not come addition to the newspapers, there are 14 over the telephone, they come by mail. syndicated columnists who write on As it turned out, the bewildered bride gardening. had grown up in a city apartment and Size, however, is no criterion on the had never confronted a real garden until value that every garden-minded news­ she and her husband signed a lease on a paper plays in the proper upbringing of gTound-floor apartment with a "postage­ the well-hoed gardener. Because the stamp" sized yard. (Her husband was United States embraces such a wide di­ not much closer to the soil, except his versity in climates, the local focus of the wife said that he did spend one week on newspaper is ideal for disseminating ac­ a farm.) curate information. The garden col­ The bride's first step was a wise one. umns can be specific on planting dates, She turned to a reliable source for her when to plan protective measures for informa,tion. She was off to a good start particular pests and diseases, hints for as a gardener. vegetable and fruit harvesting and so Many new gardeners, such as the many other gardening activities which young couple, sprout each year as newly­ depend on accurate timing. weds buy homes or city-bound families The garden news writers can also as­ move to greener pastures in the suburbs. sess local soil, exposure and weather A great majority of these newcomers to conditions and make particular recom­ the trowel and hoe fraternity rely on mendations. They can also report on the garden information provided by local emergencies and guide the gar­ their local newspapers. dener through them. A case in point, Four hundred eighty five newspapers is the current drought in the Northeast in the United States print garden news of several years standing. The g'arden features. Some of the larger publications press is keeping on the alert to inform have extensive weekly supplements with their readers of new regulations on wa­ large color spreads. Others print sepa­ tering restrictions, to report measures rate garden supplements on a regular which can be taken to control soil mois­ schedule several times a year in addi­ ture, to suggest which plants can be tion ,to featuring weekly garden pages. grown, and to explain how to rescue The smaller papers may have space for plants that have been damaged by only a weekly column or partial page of drought. news. News space is dependent upon In addition, garden editors also have 351 352 THE AMERTCAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE the opportunity to corr,ect misinforma­ America Roses test the new introduc­ tion which is, at times, widespread. It tions and honor the best of them by appears in flagrant promotion effor.ts of choosing them for a selections award. opportunists who would take advantage Announcements are made in January of an uninformed public. These wares for seed introductions and in June for are marketed by door-to-door salesmen, roses. In addition, many editors visit through the mails, and through adver­ the various seed houses and nurseries to tising. see the new plaThts for themselves. Or, Gardeners' interests are not confined to they test the new introductions in the their own back yards. They like to be garden, prior to public announcement, informed of the events taking place in so that they may tell their readers how their world and newspapers can tell the roses, annuals or vegetables perform them about them. In an indirect way, in .their own locale. these news features help gardener ,educa­ Reader interest in this type of news tion. The columns announce courses, often stirs high respons.e. Recently, two lectures and demonstrations thalt are news articles which appeared on The conducted by garden clubs, extension New York Times Garden Pages reported services, nature organizations, or in on a new type of cucumber and some larger cities by botanic gardens and hardy bamboo. Both the news office and plant societies. The news columns also t?e nurserymen, who supplied the par­ encourage garden club and civic activi­ tIcular plants, w.ere swamped with let­ ties by reporting of good deeds done, or ters and phone calls. by pointing out deeds that might be The New York Times Sunday edition, done. Published reports of accomplish­ in which the garden news appears, has a ments in civic beautification, garden c.irculation of over 1,400,000, and pub­ therapy programs, conservation and lIshes more garden advertising than any planning, urban r,enewal and planning other publication. It is read in 10,698 often encourage other good works. cities and towns of the United States. Readers' le,tters, therefore, come from all There are times when gardeners pre­ over the country-California, Texas, Il­ fer to just sit back and "be inspired," linois, the New England States or, upon rather than review all the ,things they occasion, from as far away as Alaska or should be doing outdoors. They are in­ terested in gardens that they might Europe. someday visit, in the trends of land­ Readers' letters usually fall into two scape architecture, and how they may categories: requests for plant·buying redesign parts of .their own yard. Of s~:>urces, or questions on growing a par­ tIcular plant. Each letter is answered special interest are in-depth articles on "how to grow" particular plants. personally by mail. The Times news 0If­ fice maintains a current catalogue file of Many gardeners are clippers. They cut nursery and seed houses from all over the articles from the paper and save them country, and it has a garden reference for future reference. Sometimes they be­ library available to the staff. co~e so worn from wear, they have to According to a recent survey, there wnte to the publications for new copies. are 42 million home gardeners in the . Seed and nursery catalogues appear United States. They grow all kinds of 111 January and February. To coincide plan ts and garden in all kinds of soils with this, the garden press is serviced by and climates. It can easily be wagered the nurseries, seed houses and manufac­ that a good number of them have their turers with news reports of their intro­ initial garden upbringing by reading duotions for the year. Organizations such the weekly features of their local news­ as the All-America Selections and All- papers. How Garden Writers Can Increase Th.eir Contriblltions to Horticulture By ELSA UPPMAN KNOLL Se'nior Eclito'r, Sunset LV! ngnzine

By request of the editor or the Ameri­ lalors. There have b,ecll similar drastic can Horticultural Magazine, this article new developments in fertilizers and soil was to have been a report on the con­ amendments, and also in plant breed­ tribution of garden magazines to Ameri­ ing (hybrid lilies and induced tetra­ can hor,ticulture-an assessment of what ploidy are examples) . they now offer. In a sense, it still is uch No garden writer is on safe ground a report. But there also is a strong em­ unless be is informed on the latest horti­ phasis on how garden writers, in leagLLe cultural developments. Fortunately, with botanists, horticulturists, and land­ there is no dearth of authorities to help scape architects, and their various organ­ him. A writer has access to the specialists izations, might enhance their contribu­ in universities, colleges, agricultural ex­ tion and increase their help to the gar­ periment stations, and various state and deners of America. federal agencies. County agents and lo­ Garden writing in the United States cal farm advisors are further invaluable is almost as diverse as the country it­ sources of technical and practical in­ self. This is a natural and healthy sign, formation. The jobs of checking and refiecting the many kinds of people in­ re-checking data are time consuming, terested in gardening: people of differ­ but they are indispensable to writing ent tastes, needs, and income levels. ,that makes any real contribution to There seems to be a garden magazine horticulture. or specialists' journal on almost any Of course, the majority of articles in plant or phase of gardening imaginable. garden magazines simply have to do with Each must satisfy a need, contribute growing and using plants. But here, something worthwhile, or it would soon again, the writer who wants to be sure disappear. of his facts checks and re-checks. Sup­ Certain cri teria should apply to all pose that you are writing about a plant garden writing: it should be accurate, that you have grown for y,ears. Your timely, and clearly presented. Of course, neighbor also grows it. Your local nur­ editorial policy, style, format, art work, sery sells it. Your favorite catalog lists and photography all play important it. Out of this tight little package of re­ parts in making a publication elegant search you describe rthe plant, tell how and sophisticated, friendly and cha:tty, to grow it, and where to put it in the or serious and scholarly. But to make garden. But is the article really com­ a significant contribution to horticul­ plete? By tal king to a horticulturist ture, it must first of all present the facts nurseryman, landscape architect, or ex­ straight. perienced gardener (preferably all four, The simple definition of horticulture and more) living in another part of the as "the art or science of growing fruits, county or state, you might add some­ vegetables, fiowers, or ornamental thing new to horticultural literature. plants" gives scarcely a hint of the ac­ You might report how the same plant tual complexities of horticulture as we performs under several different condi­ know it today. For example, look at tions, in different soils, varying expo­ what has happened since vVorld 'War II sures, a nd even in difteren,t climates. in thM part of the chemical industry An often overlooked but vitally im­ given over to the production of insecti­ portant prerequisite to useful garden cides, fungicides, herbicides, soil steri­ writing is making sure that the plants lants, and growth stimulants and regu- you write about are actually available. 353 354 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZ[NE

\Vhen writers don't do this, garden edi­ tal plants to be labeled with the botani­ tors must spend considerable time an­ cal n ame. But there is still much to be swering Letters from frustrated garden. done in educating the gardening public. ers and disgruntled nurserymen. Garden writers can and should lead the Some readers may be interested in way as part of their contribution to hor­ the way this matter of availability is ticul ture. checked by Sunset Magazine. After years Contributions to horticultural knowl­ of depending, unsuccessfully, on a few edge could be greatly enriched if there nurseries and catalogs as possible sources were closer communication between the of supply for plants mentioned in ar­ three key people in the horticultural ticles, Sunset's garden department has complex: the botanist, the horticulturist. finally worked out a nearly foolproof and the landscape architect or designer. system. Briefly, here is how it works: Too rarely do these three people join Six weeks before publication of a given forces. issue, approximately 500 wholesale grow­ In this vast country it's impossible to ers in the eight "Western states covered have the tight centralization one finds in by Sunset's circulation receive a list of England, where the Royal Horticultural plants to be mentioned in tha-t issue. Society serves as a clearing house for Each grower writes down the quantity of horticultural information. In that small each plant he has available, and then country, there is no problem in estab­ mails the list back to Sunset. (Inci­ lishing close communication. Writers, dentally, if returns indicate an inade­ horticulturists, botanists, nurserymen, quate supply of certain plants, thos.e growers, botanic garden superintend­ plants are dropped from the article; or ents, and p:ardeners of all types- from a the article is postponed until the plants de Rothschild to a cottage gardener­ become available in sufficient supply.) get together in meetings, attend the Approximately two weeks before pub­ monthly shows in London, visit the trial lication of the issue, Sunset's garden de­ grounds at "Wisley. The horticultural partment sends about 4,000 copies of a message is spread from one end of the Garden Preview to retail nurserymen country to the other; everyone in the and garden suppliers. This preview con­ field knows what the other person or tains brief resumes of all garden articles organization is doing. and lists of plants mentioned. In paren­ Here, garden organizations and plant theses after each plant name are num­ hobby groups tend to pay little atten­ bers keyed to a list of wholesale growers tion to other garden organizations or on the back page. Thus, retail nursery­ plant groups. Ornamental horticulture men can place orders with growers in in this country would gain tremendously time to have plants on hand when if such groups could join in some way. readers of the magazine ask for them. Several broadly based organizations in No one would insist that all magazines this country could serve :to bridge the be patterned along common lines, but gaps between splinter groups, and draw there is one point in garden writing in together various horticultural skills. Of which uniformi ty and editorial consis­ these groups, probably the best equipped tency would be a blessing. That is the to set up a central clearing house for matter of plant nomenclature. By keep­ horticultural information is the Ameri­ ing in touch wi,th the latest name changes can Horticultural Society. To a degree, writers can eliminate much of the in­ it already serves this function. The job consistency and inaccuracy that mar of reaching into the far corners of this otherwise excellent garden writing. In country, and establishing lines of com­ due time, such a policy would no doubt munication among hundreds of differ­ be reflected in greater accuracy and con­ ent organizations would be costly and sistency in plant labeling in catalogs and time-consuming. But it is something that nurseries. could and should be done before too In the state of California, the agri­ many years if we are serious about tht cultural code requires woody ornamen- advancement of horticulture. The Small Community Garden Club

By GRACE P. WILSON Sec'retoTY- TTeOSUTe1', AmeTican H OTlicull'UTOl Sociely

The small community garden club­ participation in programs as well as out· what is its role in American Horticul­ side speakers are necessary to keep club ture? Is it a group seriously interested enthusiasm high so that goals can be in horticulture, or is its primary function reached and projects accomplished. social-a ladies "tea party" with per­ Guest speakers who use audio-visual aids haps some interest in "toNured" or who bring "give-aways" such as seeds flowers in "way-out" arrangements. Per­ or cuttings are very popular. Knowl­ haps there are some such groups, but edgeable speakers are located by con­ here I will tell you of another kind, the sulting plant societies, county agricul­ type that I believe to be in the majority. tural extension agents and 'services, col­ The group was formed in a small leges, arboretums, and Park Boards in residential community where most of the the area. Garden and nature writers people were in the middle income from ,the local newspaper and hobby bracket. They lived in custom built gardeners may also consent to speak for houses and practically all of them were the group. Many communities fail to interested in their home grounds. Many realize that there is an unlimited reser­ realized that they lacked the knowledge voir of horticultural knowledge in their necessary for the selection, proper place­ own back yards among rose, dahlia, ment, and care of plant materials for azalea, box, chrysanthemums, hemero­ their own homes or for the grounds of callis, and holly hobbyists. the community buildings, streets, and After organizing in the Spring, we parks. Although most of the organizers, were brave enough to schedule our firs:t myself among them, were women, we show for that Fall. We felt that it would decided on open membership and en­ stimulate interest in horticulture, devel­ couraged couples and interested men to op an aesthetic sense, and be educational join. From the very beginning we both to our members and ,to other resi­ planned educational programs, most of dents of the community. We stressed them on some phase of horticultur,e. ,t\Te horticultural and educational exhibits had programs on conservation and plant and have followed this rule in every preservation, beautification of streets, show since that first one without the parks, and roadsides, and a few general lapse of a single year. programs on flower arranging. We soon By the .time the group had been or­ found that it was better to confine most ganized for about a year, we felt we of the flower arranging to small work­ had progressed enough so that we could shops or demonstra:tions scheduled just divide our programs into two parts; first prior to flower shows tha t we sponsored a fifteen minute member-participation or _shows of other clubs that we par­ section which drew on the reservoir ticipAted in. mentioned above, and -second, an out­ At this point in the life of any fledg­ side speaker. This system proved effec­ ling club, the programs planned to high­ tive and we could now share what knowl­ light meetings assume prime impor­ edlSe we had or had gained with all the tance. These will depend, of course, other members. upon just what kind of an organization Now we were ready to undertake some has evolved, but whatever it is, member civic projects. One of our earliest efforts 355 356 THE Ai\IERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE was to landscape the grounds of the tion in the actual work of improving local Church that had been generous their surroundings is a wonderful morale enough to allow us space to hold our booster. meetings. A landscape architect friend An enthusiastic horticulturist working drew up the plans and suggested plant with another group of retarded boys, materials to be used. The Church pur­ decided that there were many kinds of chased the plants as the Club finances work in the horticultural field these were limited and our men in the club young people could be trained to per­ provided the' labor to get the plants in form, and thus become useful, produc­ the ground. From this initial project we tive CItIzens. How many of us have progressed to street planting, beautify­ stopped to think how the boring task of ing the community entrance, and plant­ washing flower pots, for example, ap­ ing the school grounds. pears to a retarded boy. This simple, '!\Then we were well organized and but necessary task can be taught and the running smoothly, we began to think of boy who masters it soon takes great pride affiliating with other groups, first the in doing it exceptionally well and is county, then the state, regional, and na­ gratified that he is not only performing tional organizations, among them the a useful work bu t is also abLe to earn American Horticultural Society. This we money. did and are participating in the many Flower arranging has a part in Gar­ activities, such as community projeots den Therapy, too. Many of our mem­ ou tside our own area, conserva tion, bers go to mental hospitals and teach horticultural, anel educational programs. the women patients this art and many We sponsor a Junior Gardening group, patients have progTessed to the point take part in the annual Christmas they are willing to participate in demon­ Greens Show at the U. S. Botanic Gar­ stra tions. den, help with the Fern Valley project and Guide Service at the U. S. National Another project that gave our group Arboretum. We have taken advantage much sa tisfaction was the "Garden of of the Flower Show Judging Schools and :Meditation." A friendly landscape archi­ Landscape Design Study Courses and tect donated plans for a low main­ now provide many accredited judges and tenance garden. Plant material was also landscape critics from our members. donated. We followed the plan and as Some of our most rewarding projects the garden took shape, there were fur­ are the works we do with the retarded ther gifts of plants from Church mem­ and disturbed children in the area. One bers who wanted to donate a plant in such project involved a school for dis­ memory of :it loved one. Now 'the gar­ turbed boys which was located at an old den is finished. What a lovely, restful Nike site. The grounds were just as spot it is, serene and peaceful. bleak and uninviting as you probably We feel that our garden club has imagine them, but now with the help of found its place and that our plans and "people power" and plants from our projects are taking shape. We are proud own gardens, the grounds are rapidly and gratified that we ar,e adding inter­ changing and becoming beautified. This est and enthusiasm to the ever increas­ "people power" includes the young resi­ ing task of making and keeping our dents at the school and their participa- land truly "America the Reautiful." The Plantsman's Library*

GEORGE H. M. LAWRENCE Director The Rachel McMast.ers Miller Hunt Botanical Library

Liberty Hyde Bailey once told me, "a tion and introduction-the fireside books gardener grows plants, but a plantsman for enrichment and depth of knowledge, knows plants." Every gardener worth his and (5) the monographs of the plants salt aspires to become a plantsman, a themselves, or of groups (e.g., trees and goal -to be reached through the study, shrubs, perennials, wildflowers, herbs, reading, and consulting of books, as well etc.) . as knowing the plants themselves. Every To avoid long lists of books, the liter­ leading country has its own galaxy of ature for each area is presented sepa­ gardening literature, and America is no rately, each with p.ersonal notes and exception. In the belief that the meta­ commentaries-admittedly subjective, morphosis of many a g'ardener into a and sometimes contestable. Omitted are plantsman is suppressed ,through igno­ most of the older "classical" works since rance of the pertinent literature, a se­ often they are difficult to obtain, are lection of books to be sought in the per­ costly when available, and represent sonal library of a plantsman follows. items of greater interest to the collector The gardener and the plantsman are than to the working plantsman. The concerned with plants. So also are bot­ titles given in anyone subject area are anists, and the true plantsman lnust selections from among many. They re­ know of and have recourse to some flect no attempt to include the "best," books that are more botanical than hor­ and there is no attempt to make any list ticuitural. There is no hard line be­ complete. The attempt is made, how­ tween the two disciplines or their respec­ ever, to show the scope and depth of our tive l'iteratures. literature in these ar,eas as produced by The American plantsman's library is of American authors, but for the use and wide scope, for he may garden in sum­ enlightenment of all. mer in the l'wr.tnern states and in winter Reference Works in warmer ~ubtropical climates; or he may, garden outdoors and in his own To the plantsman, a reference work greenhouse-conservatory. His library in­ may be broadly encyclopedic, or it may clud!,!s works in many categories, partic­ be more technical than his daily needs ular~y those of (1) reference, including' require but which he consults from time botanical aids to better knowing plant to time to understand hetter the plan ts structures, functions, and identifica uion, he would grow. (2) platH culture, propag:ltion, and the r. F'IlC'yciopulic wo'rlis and cl£ctionaries. control of pests aIll! diseases, (3) plants These are the one- to multivolume o[ other lands deserving of trial in the wurks chaIt embrace ali aspects of horti­ culture and its practices. Every plants­ Rarden, (4) ~ I rcounts of pLtnt explora- man will count one or more of these a must. No one is truly better than an­ ,. Majority of these books, it in p,.int, may other. Each has its place. Many are the be obtained by members, at substantial savings. Cont~ct Secretary, AHS, 1600 Bladensburg Rd., persons who regularly consult two or NE, Wash., D. C. 20002. more . .! ! II :357 358 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Bailey, L. H.-Manual of Cultivated Graf, A. B.-Exotica 3. Rutherford, Plants. Ed. 2. New York, The Mac­ N.J., Roehrs Co., 1963. millan Co., 1949. This is surely the most complete More accurate in its nomenclature and fully illustrated work of its kind than HOYtus Second, this manual is de­ in any language. The 1,828-page signed for the use of the serious and tome, available also in a 2-vo1. format, more advanced a111ateur, and for the provides text in telegraphic form and professional. It is a botanical treatise 12,025 photographic fi gures 231 in on the identification and nomencla­ color-of all the genera and species of ture of the more commonly cultivated conservatory and related plants known plants of this country and of all cul­ to be cultivated in America. tural groups. Hoyt, R. S.-Check Lists of Ornamental Bailey, L. H. & E. Z.-Hortus Second. A Plants of Subtropical Regions. A Concise Dictionary of Gardening, Handbook for Reference. San Diego, General Horticulture and Cultivated Calif., Livingston Press, 1958.-1n­ Plants in North America. New York, cludes lists and descriptions of species. The Macmillan Co., 1941. Neal, M.C.-In Gardens of Hawaii. Rev. . --- .- The Standard Cyclopedia of Ed. [Honolulu], Bishop Museum Horticulture. 6 vols. New York, The Press, 1965. Macmillan Co. 191 4-17. Ed. 2. 6 This is basically a manual for the vols. 1922. identification and nomenclature of The 2nd edition differs only in the the cultivated ferns and flowering correction of typographical errors, plants of the tropics-including many plus a supplement composed of a find­ of California and Florida. It is a cor­ ing-list harmonizing horticultural with nerstone reference for all seriously botanical names. A "new edition," concern.ed with tropical and subtrop­ differing in no respects from the 2nd, ical gardening. was published on india paper in 3 vol­ Nickerson Color Fan. Washington, umes in 1925. This, and every print­ D.C., Amer. Horticultural Society, ing since that date, are only reprints 1957. of the 1922 edition. No matter what A color-fan of 40 hues of maximum date may appear on a title-page of a chroma, displaying 262 named color copy of this encyclopedia, the textual samples. con ten t is that of the 191 4-17 edi tion. Rehder, A.- Manual of Cultivated Trees Taking into consideration the age of and Shrubs Hardy in North America, its contents, it remains the best buy Exclusive of the Subtropical and for the money. Warmer Temperate Regions. Ed. 2. Everett, T. H.-The New Illttstrated En­ New York, The Macmillan Co. 1940. cyclopedia of Gardening. 6 vols. New The publisher's disconcerting prac­ York, Gr,eystone Press, 1960. tice of placing later printing dates on Farrington, E. I.-The Gardener's A l­ the title-page is considered an unethi­ manac. Ed. 11. [Boston], Massachu­ cal suggestion of currency of content. setts Horticultural Society, 1954. All printings later than 1940 are identical with the original. Like Bail­ Faust, L.-The New York Times Gar­ J. ey's Manual, this is a "must" for the den Book. New York, Alfred Knopf, serious plantsman concerned with any 1960. appreciable variety of woody plants. Fernald, M. L. & Kinsey, A. C. -Edible For its age, it has no peer. Wild Plants of Eastern North America. Snyder, R.-The Complete Book for Rev. by R. C. Rollins. New York, Gal·deneTS. Princeton, N.]., Van Nos- . Harper & Bros., 1958.-1ncludes uses trand Co., 1964. in prepared foods, beverages, and A comprehensive reference, recom­ condiments, together with section on mended especially for the beginner poisonous plants likely to be mistaken seeking a non-technical relatively in­ for edible ones. expensive work. JULY 1966, VOLUME 15, NUMBER 3 359

Taylor, N.-The Guide to Garden Flow­ groups, h abita t characteristics, plant ers. Boston, Houghlon-;\Iiffiin Co., behavior in the wild. In addition, it 1958. is a beautiful book. ---.-Toylor's Encyclopedia of Gar­ Pla tt, R .-Ou?' Flowering World. New den ing, H orticttl ture, and Landscape York, Dodd Mead & Co., 1947. Design. Boston, Houghton-Mifflin Co., A scholarly survey in non-technical 1961. language of factO'rs and hypotheses n. General references-botanical and purported to account for the distribu­ horticultural. These include the backup tion of plants throughout the world, books, to be consulted for technical in­ now and during the geological past. formation and to provide botanical ex­ Includes a bibliography. planations to horticultural functions or The YeclTbook of Agriculture. U. S. De­ procedures; it includes selected flora s to p artment of Agriculture. Washington, better enable one to identify plants of D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office. 1948 a particular area, or to learn their cor­ et seq . rect name. Commencing with that for 1948, at least 7 of these Yearbooks are works Bailey, L. H.-How Plants Get Their to be studied and consulted by the Names. New York, The Macmillan plantsman. Authoritative and com­ Co., 1933. Reprinted by Dover Pub­ plete, each is a monograph on its sub­ lications, New York, 1963. ject, and each contains abundant ref­ Although the rules of botanical no­ erences to supporting literature. menclature have undergone revisions Those recommended, with year of since 1933, this remains the only lucid publication, are: readable account on the subject. Dickinson, A.-The Fint Book of Grass, 1948 Seeds, 1961 Plants. New York, Franklin W atts, Insects, 1952 Trees, 1949 1953. L and, 1958 Water, 1955 This book is written at a very ele­ Plant Diseases, 1953 mentary level, is lavishly and beauti­ Kru tch, .T . \1\1".-The Gardeners W orZd. fully illustrated, but is strictly for the New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1959. novice. A sumptuous and fascinating back­ Rickett, H. W.-Botany for Gardeners. ground book, presenting with com­ New York, The Macmillan Co., 1957. mentaries selected quO'tations in ex­ An excellent, readable survey of tenso, in chronological sequence, from plant structures and classification, of the world's great contributors to our physiological functions and their hor­ plant literature. The essence of a sub­ ticultural applications. Written and stantial library is her.e brilliantly com­ illus.trated by a botanist for the horti­ pressed in a sing'le vol ume. culturist. Moldenke, H. N . & A. L.-Plants of the Lawrence, G. H. M.-An Introduction to Bible. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Bo­ plant Taxonomy. New York, The tanica Co., 1952. Includes a copious Macmillan Co., 1955. bibliography. An elemental text, including also Stephenson, J. \IV.-The Gardener's Di­ an illustrated glossary of most of the rectory. Garden City, N. Y., Hanover terms encountered in botanical de­ House, 1960. scriptions of plants. A valuable reference providing Gleason, H. A. & Cronquist, A.-The data on all leading American horti­ Natural Geogmphy ot Plants. New cultural organizations, educational York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1964. centers, and research institutions, on A background book, useful to the places throughout U.S.A. of horticul­ travelling horticulturist, and to he tural interest, and a short bibliography who introduces to his garden plants of current gardening literature. native of other parts of this country. Hill, A. vV.-Economic Botany. A T ext­ It is a fine account of vegetation book of Useful Plants and Plant Prod- 360 THE AIVIERTCAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

ucts. Ed. 2. New York, McGraw-Hill, Rickett, H . W.-The N ew Field Book of 1952.-A standard work, unsur­ American TVild Flowers. New York, passed for its comprehensiveness. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1963. Kingsbury, J. M.-Poisonous Plants of Cobb, B.-A Field Guide to the Ferns the United States and Canada. Engle­ and Their Related Families of N orth­ wood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., eastern and Central North America, 1964. ... Boston. Houghton Mifflin, 1956.­ Treats the poisonous properties of Beautifully illustrated. some cultivated ornamentals, and of Wherry, E. T.-The Fern Guide. North­ other plants important to many horti­ eastern and Midland U.S. and Adja­ culturists. cent Canada. Garden City, N.Y., Dou­ Muenscher, W. C.-Weeds. Ed. 2. New bleday & Co., 1961. York, The Macmillan Co., 1955. Small, J. K-Manual of the Southeastern The most authoritative book on the Flora; giving Descriptions of the Seed identification and distribution of Plants Growing Naturally in Florida, weeds in the U.S.A. Its recommended Alabama, Mississippi, Eastern Louisi­ control measures have heen super­ ana, T ennessee, North Carolina, ceded in most instances, but no one South Carolina, and Georgia. New volume, more up to date than this, has York, Privately Published, 1933. displaced it for the horticulturist. Dorman, C.-Flowers Native to the IIf. Selected {loms. Every horticulturist, Deep South. Baton Rouge, La., Clait­ and especially the traveller-collector, re­ or's Book Store, 1958. quires botanical works about the native Wherry, E. T .-The Southern Fern plants of the country. No single title Guide, Garden City, N.Y., Double­ accounts for all plants and for some day & Co.,1964. areas no work is of recent vintage. For books about wildflowers for garden use, Steyermark, ]. A.-Flora of Missouri. see below under Monogmphs. The Ames, Ia., Iowa State Univ. Press, books comprising these floras are ar­ 1962. ranged geographically: north to south, Lundell, C. L.-Flora of T exas. Vols. and east to wes

Plant Culture, Propagation, Sunset liVest ern Garden Bool1. Menlo Pests & Diseases Park, Calif., Lane Puhl. Co., 1954. T. ClIltu?'e of plants alld gardens (in­ Teuscher, H.-Window-Box Gardening. cluding design) is covered by a formi­ New York, The Macmillan Co., 1956. dable literature and titles given here Thomas, G. L., Jr.-Garden Pools, lead one to the very elementary and in­ Water-lilies and Goldfish. Princeton, termediate works. See also under Ency­ N.]., D. Van Nostrand Co., 1958. clopedias, above. Wyman, D.-Ground Cover Plants. New Aldrich, D. G. et al.-The Care and York, The Macmillan Co., 1956. Feeding at Garden Plants. vVashing­ ---.-The Saturday Morning Gar­ ton, D.C., Amer. Society for Horticul­ dener. A Guide to Easy Maintenance. tural Science, 1954. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1961. Ballard, E. D.-The Art at Training J f. Plrmt '/Jropagation has received less Plants. New York, Harper & Bros., attention in recent years than formerly. [1962J. Of the two books cited, that by vVells is ---.-Garden in Your House. New for the more advanced plantsman and York, Harper & Bros., 1958. -that by Wright is more for the heginner. Christopher, E. P.-The Pruning Man­ '!\Tells, J. .J.-Plant Propagation Prac- ual. New York, The Macmillan Co., tices. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1954. 1955. "Vright, R. C. Church, T. D.-Gardens are to?' People. M.-Plant Propagation New York, Reinhold Press, 1955. and Garden Practice. New York, Cri­ Greene, W. F. & Blomquist, H. L.­ terion Press, 1956. Flowers at the South, Native and Ex­ Ill. Pests and diseases have received con­ otic. Chapel Hill, Univ. of North siderable impetus in recent decades, Carolina Press, 1953. but most of ,the books on the subject are A treatment, by species (each illus­ directed to the professional growers. trated) of showy plants suitable for Among those books that are useful to gardens of the Gulf states, the Caro­ the ornamentalist are the following: lina, and some adjacent areas. ChUpp, C. & Sherf, A. F.-Vegetable Hume, H. H.-Gardening in the Lower Diseases and Their Control. N.Y., South. Rev. ed. New York, The Mac­ The Ronald Press Co., 1960. millan Co., 1954. Pirone, P. P. et al.-Diseases and Pests ot Ornamental Plants. Ed. 3. New York Kuck, L. E. & Tongg, R. C.-The Mod­ ern Tropical Garden. Honolulu, The Ronald Press Co., 1960. Tongg Pub!. Co., 1955. Shurtleff, M. C.-How to Cont?'ol Plant Disease in Home and Garden. Ames, Lawrence, E.-Gardens in Winter. New la., Iowa State U niv. Press, 1962. York, Harper & Bros., [l961J.-The Westcott, C.-Plant Disease Handbook. emphasis is on gardens o.f the south­ Ed. 2. Princeton, N.]., D. Van Nos­ eastern states. trand Co., 1960. Lees, C. B.-Budget Landscaping. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1960. Plants of Other Lands Ochse, ]. ]., Soule, M. J. et al.-Tropi­ For American Gardens cal and Subtropical Agriculture. 2 Background books by American au­ vols. New York, The Macmillan Co., thors that recount the history of plants 1961.-Includes excellent accounts of in our gardens, -or of plants that deserve fruit-producing species that may also trial in our gardens, are reported here. be grown for ornamen t. In some instances, the author is the Parcher, E. S.-Shady Gardens: How to plant explorer who introduced an item, Plan and Grow Them. Englewood but more often the book is a compila­ Cliffs, N.]., Prentice-Hall, 1955. tion from earlier literature. Stevenson, T.-PruninO' Guide tor Trees Fairchild, D.-The World Grows Round b ' Shrubs and Vines. Washington, D. C., My Door. New York, Charles Scrib­ Robert B. Luce, 1946. ner's Sons, 1947. 3()2 T H E r\1\fERTC,-\ N HORTICULTURAL MAGAZTNE

Li , H. L.-The Gm'den FloweTS of China. Sons, 1943. Collecting experiences In New York, Ronald Press Co., 1959. the Philippines and Indonesia. ---.-The Origin and Cultivation of ---.-The World was my Garden . Shade and Omamental Trees. Phila­ New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, delphia, Pa., U niv_ of Pennsylvania ] 948.-An autobiography. Press, 1963.-Plants, largely, from the Jewett, F. L. & McCausland, C. L. Orient. Plant Hunters. Boston, Houghton Mif­ Matschat, C. H.-Mexican Plants faT flin Co., 1958. American Gardens. Boston, Houghton Peattie, D. C.-Green Laurels. New Mifflin Co., 1935. York, Simon & Schuster, 1936. Menninger, E.-Flowering TTees of the Steele, A. R .-Flowers for th e King. World for Tropics and W aT11~ C li­ Durham, N.C., Duke University mates. New York, Hearthside Press, Press, 1964. Inc., [1962]. von H agen, V. W .-The Gl'een World of Siren, O.-Gardens of China. New York, Naturalists. A Treasury of Five Cen­ Ronald Press Co., 1949. turies of Natural Histo?")! in South Watkins, ]. V .-Gardens of the Antilles. America. New York, Greenberg, 1948. Gainesville, Fla., Univ. of Florida Press, 1952. Monographs about Plants Wilson, E. H.- Aristocrats of the Gar­ This section includes horticultural den. Boston, Mass., The Stratford Co., and botanical books about particular 1926. groups of plants or plant genera, found ---.-Aristocrats of the Trees. Bos­ to be useful to the more advanced ton, Mass., The Stratford Co., 1930. plantsman inter.ested in the group or ---.-China, Mother of Gardens. Bos­ particular plant. ton, Mass., The Stratford Co., [1929J. I . H el-bs for culinary and decorative ---.-The Romance of Our Trees. uses are treated in many books for the Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday Page plantsman. The following is a smal! se­ & Co., 1920. lection, mostly from the more recent pu blica tions. Plant Explorers and their Clarkson, R . E.-Herbs, Theil- Cultw'e Introductions and Uses. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1942. These background books provide the ---.-Magic Gardens. A Modem source material from which the plants­ Chronicle of H erbs and Savory Seeds. man learns that there is a heritage for New York, The Macmillan Co., 1939. so much that is in our gardens. Space De Sounin, L.-Magic in H erbs. New permits only a limited selection, and a York, M. Barrows & Co., 1941. bibliography of titles in this ca.tegory Fox, H. M.-The Years in M y H eT b Gar­ numbers in excess of 400 items. den. N.ew York, The Macmillan Co., Dorrance, A.-GTe en Cargoes. Garden 1953. City, N.Y., Doubleday Doran & Co., Kamm, M. "V.-Old-time H erbs for 1945.-A popular account, includes a Northern Gardens. Boston, Mass., bibliography. Little Brown & Co., 1938. Douglas, D.-Joumal Kept by David 1\ Iiloradovich, M.-The Home Garden Douglas During his T ravels in North Book of H erbs and Spices. Garden America, 1823-1827 .... With Appen­ City, N.Y., Doubleday & Co., 1952. dices . . . New York, Antiquarian Muenscher, W. C. & Rice, M.-Garden Press Ltd., 1959. Spice and Wild Pot-H erbs. Ithaca, Fairchild, D.- Exploring for Plants. N.Y., Cornell Univ. Press, 1955.-11- New York, The Macmillan Co., 1930. lustrated from woodcuts by Elfriede -Based on the Allison Armour exp.e­ Abbe. ditions of 1925-27. Simmons, A. G.-Herb Gardening in ---.-Garden Islands of the Great Five Seasons. Princeton, N.]., D. Van East. New York, Charles Scribner's Nostrand Co., 1964. JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 363

II. Wildflowers sui,table for introduction Perkins, H. O.-Espaliers and Vines for into cultivation, and especially for the Home Gardener. Princeton, N. J., woodland streamside planting, have D. Van Nos'trand Co., 1964. prompted the study of several special­ Symonds, G. W. D. & Merwin, A. W.­ ists. The Shrub Identification Book. New Aiken, G. D.-Pioneering with Wild­ York, 1\11. Barrows & Co., 1963. flowers. [n.p.], Stephen Daye Press, Wigginton, B. E.-Trees and Shrubs for 1946.-Reissue of the 1933 edition. the Southeast .Athens, Ga., Univ. of Hershey, J.-Wild Flowers to Know and Georgia Press. 1963. Grow. Princeton, N.J., D. Van No­ strand Co., 1964. Wyman, D.-Shrubs and Vines fo r Hull, H. S.-Wild Flowers for Your GaT­ American Gardens. New York, The den. New York, M. Barrows & Co., Macmillan Co., 1949. 1952. ---.-Trees for American Gardens. Steffeck, E. F.-Wild Flowen and How New York, The Macmillan Co., 1951. to Grow Them. New York, Crown IV. H eTba ceous plants (annuals, bien­ Publishers, 1954. nials, perennials) . Taylor, K. S. & Hamblin, S. F.-Hand· Cumming, R. W. & Lee, R. E.-Con­ book of Wild Flower Cultivation. tempomTY PeTennials. New York, The . New York, The Macmillan Co., 1963. Macmillan Co., 1960. IIf. Wood)' plants (trees, shrubs, vines) Green, L. M.-PeTennials in A Bishop's are the subject of many horticu1tural Garden. Philadelphia, Pa., Dorrance monographs. Some of the older works Co., 1953. continue to serve as standard works of Kelly, G. W.-Shm-t Guide to the Peren­ reference. For others, see above under nial Garden Flowe1"$. New York, References, items by Bailey, and Rehder. Crown Publishers, 1964. Bailey, L. H. -The Cultivated Conifen V. Monographs Of plant genem by in Nm-th Amel"ica, Comprising the American authors and published during Pine Family and the Taxads. New the last two decades number well over York, The Macmillan Co., 1933.-The 100, not counting the substantial con­ work is both botanical and horticul­ tributions that have appeared in our tural. periodical Ii terature. Presented below is Barrett, M. F.-Common Exotic Trees a very small selection of titles for the of South Florida. (Dicotyledons) . more common genera. Gainesville, Fla., U niv. of Florida Press, 1956. African Violets Cloud, K. M. P.-Evergreen and FloweT­ Moore, H. E., Jr.-African Violets, Glox­ ing Shrubs f01" Your Garden. Phila­ inias and theiT Relatives. New York, delphia, Pa., Chilton Press, 1958. The Macmillan Co., 1957. faust, J. L.-The New York Times Book Wilson, H. V. P.-The New Complete of Trees and Shrubs. New York, Al­ Book of AfTican Violets. New York, fred A. Knopf, 1964. M. Barrows & Co., 1963. Howard, F.-Landscaping with Vines. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1959. Begonia Hull, G. F.-Bonsai for Americans. Gar­ Brown, W.-Tuberous Begonias: A den City, N. Y., Doubleday & Co., Complete Guide fOT Amateur and 1965. Specialists. New York, M. Barrows & Lynn, R. P.-Bonsai: Trees and Shrubs. Co., 1948. New York, The Ronald Press Co., 1964. Buxton, B.-Check List of Begonias. Los Menninger, E. A.-What Flowering Tree Angeles, Ca1i£., Amer. Begonia So- _ is That? R ev. Ed. Stuart, Fla., E. A. ciety, 1957. Menninger, 1958.-Deals with orna­ Krauss, H.-Begonias [01' th e Amel'ican mental trees for the tropics and sub­ Home and Garden. New York, The tropics. Macmillan Co., 1947. 364 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Camellia 1961.-for critical review, see Amer. Hort. Mag. 41: 36. 1962. Hertrich, W .-Camellias in the Hunting­ Slate, G. L.-Lilies for American Gar­ ton Gardens. 3 vols. San Marino, dens. New York, Charles Scribner's Cali£., The Huntington Library. 1954- Sons, 1939. 1959. Burne, H. H.-Camellias in America. Ed. Orchids 2. Harrisburg, Pa. J. Horace McFar­ Fennell, T. A. Jr.-Orchids for the Home land, 1957. Threkeld, J. L.-The Camellia Book. and Gm-den. Rev. Ed. New York, Princeton, N. J., D. Van Nostrand Rinehart, 1959. Hawkes, A. D.- OTChids, their Botany Co., [1962J. Tourjee C. C. (Ed.) -Camellia Culture. and Ctdtv,re. New York, Harper & New York, The Macmillan Co., 1958. Bros., 1961. Northen, R . T.-Home Orchid Grow­ Geraniums ing. Prince/ton, N. J., D. Van No­ Krauss, H. K.-Geraniums for the Home strand Co., 1950. Withner, C. L.- The Orchids: A Scien­ and Garden. New York, The Macmil­ tific Sttrvey. New York, The Ronald lan Co., 1955. Wilson, H. V. P.- Geraniums, Pelargoni­ Press Co., 1959.-A modern manual ums for Windows and Gardens. Ed. of orchidology. 3. New York, M. Barrows & Co., Rhododendrons 1957. (including Azaleas) Holly Leach, D. G.-Rhododendrons Of the Dengler, H. W.-Handbook of Hollies. World and How to Grow Them. New Washington, D. C., Amer. Horti­ York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1961. Le.e, F. P.-The Azalea Book. Ed. 2. cultural Society, 1957. Hume, H . H.-Hollies. New York, The Princeton, N. ]., D. Van Nostrand Macmillan Co., 1953. Co., 1965. Roses Iris Allen, R. C.-Roses for Every Gm'den, Mitchell, S. B.-Iris for Every Garden. New York, M. Barrows & Co., 1948. New York, M. Barrows & Co. 1949.­ Champneys, H.- Encyclopedia of Roses Reprinted 1960. and Rose Culture. Rev. by C. L. Randolph, L. F.-Garden Irises. St. Withner. Englewood Cliffs, N. ]., Louis, Mo., American Iris Society, Prentice-Hall, Inc. [1957J. 1959.-The most comprehensive and Modern Roses 6. Harrisburg, Pa., The modern treatise on the genus. McFarland c., 1965.-An internation­ al dictionary of rose species and culti­ Lilies vars. Rockwell, F. F., Grayson, E. C. & de Shepherd, R. E.-History of the Rose. Graff, J.-The Complete Book Of New York, The Macmillan Co., 1954. Lilies. New York, Doubleday &: Co., -Includes a bibliography. A Book or Two

The Bamboos- A Fresh Perspective country from coll ections made over 17 years the author lived in China. By F. A. j'vlcClure. Harvard University Press, Essentially, the book is an analytical treatise Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1966. 347 pages. on the bamboo plant as a living organism cover­ Illustrated. 10 .00. (Library) ing the seedling, \·egetative phase, and reproduc­ Books stl·ictly about bamboos are rare and the tive phase. Nothing about the bamboo l)lant has appearance of this new work by the recognized gone undiagnosed. i"Iost of the information is world authority will immediately catch the eye based upon the personal obeservations of the of horticulturists who enjoy growing these plants. au thor over a 40-year period, first in China and Bamboos occupy a unique place among plants of more recently in Bethesda, Maryland, where he ornamental value as all who have grown them grows bamboo in his garden. The chapter on will agree. While many people object to the run­ propagation will be of special interest to al l who ning bamboos, and they can become a problem, grow bamboos. it is possible to control the rhizomes by the sim­ The author's own drawings are included ple technique of sinking metal flashin.g into the among the many excellent illustrations and pho­ ground on an angle away from the plants. tographs which form one of the most important Perhaps many think of fishing poles in rela­ and useful features of the book. Two appendices tion to bamboo, yet these plants are tremen­ include a generic key to bamboos under cultiva­ dously important in paper making and for build­ tion in the United States and Puerto Rico and ing purposes in the Orient and some other areas. a most useful finding list of bamboos and nurs­ They are grown extensively for ornament wher­ eries offering them in the United States. A ever they can be cultivated successfully. Bam­ glossary of special terms applicable to bamboos boos, for example, are widely grown in the more is another most useful addition, and finally there temperate parts of this country from Washing­ is an index for scientific names and a separate ton, D. C. south and along the Pacific coast to su b ject index. southern .British Columbia, and are extensively F. G. MEYER grown in parts of Latin America for building. In western Europe bamboo is widely grown for ornamental purposes. In Africa, the mountain bamboo of Ethiopia, Kenya, and the Mountains Manual of Cultivated Conifers of the Moon is used to build houses. By P. den Ouden in collaboration with B. K. Botanically, bamboos are grasses, but they are Boom. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Nether­ unique among all the grasses in possessing woody lands. 1965. 526 pages. Illustrated. $15 .00. culms (up to 12 inches in diameter) with a (Library) tendency to flower only at rare intervals. Spread of bamboos is mostly by vegetative means, usu­ In scope, this book was designed to include ally by rhizomes or modifications thereof. all conifer species and cultivars grown in tem­ Dr. McClure began his studies on the bamboos perate regions and includes 303 species and hy­ during the period 1924 to 1927 under the U. S. brids, 208 botanical varieties, and 1935 cultivars. Department of Agriculture, as an Agricultural Aiming for completeness, the book includes de­ explorer in China. A large bamboo garden was scriptions of culti\·ars and varieties from the established at Lingnan University at Canton of time of Linnaeus (1753) , even though many ()ver 600 accessions of living bamboos for ob­ Cll ltivars have been lost and are no longer selvation and comparison. Later on, 250 num­ known in the trade. For this reason, the book bers of living plants were introduced into this will become a standard finding list of conifer

(Books available lor loan to the membership a'Te designated: (Library). Those not so designated m·e in private collections and m·e not available for loan. Books available lor sale to the Membership a'Te designated with the special reduced price and are subject to the usual change of price without notice. Orders must be sent through the American Horticultural Society accompanied by the proper payment. Please allow two to three weeks for delivery. Those not designated for sale to the Membenhip at reduced pTices can be purchased through the Society, however, at the retail prices given. In these instances the full profit is ,·eceived by the Society to be used fOT increased services and benefits of the Membership.) 365 THE AMERTCAN HORTIC.ULTURAL M.\GAZINE names and an extremely useful reference work. time when long range planning is widespread in ML Pieler den Ouden, until a very short time connection with the officially sanctioned pro­ before his death in 1964, continued an active in­ grams of beautification, not only of homes and terest in his favorite subject, the conifers, and estates, but of highways and other public areas_ the bulk of the data is his. But failing health There have been enough examples in past and age prevented him from completing the experience of the use of plants, beautiful enough book and for this reason the final preparation in themselves, but not natives, that failed be­ for publication was under the able direction of cause they could not survive with the minimum Dr. B. K. Boom, well known horticultural tax­ of maintenance they received, after the initial onomist of Wageningen in the Netherlands. enthusiasms had faded. As a nurseryman in Boskoop, Mr. den Ouden The book will be of value to nurserymen as gained a wealth of practical experience in grow­ well, since they will find in it suggestions for ing and observing conifers over many years. His species not now commonly grown, that will sur­ first major work "Coniferen-Ephedm en Gink­ vive in areas now being considered for public go" published in 1949 was a standard reference plantings for which he has supplied materials. long out of print. It is a pity the present work This one element may assure the success in lacks Ginkgo and Ephedm. Unfortunately, works plan tinges for which he has supplied materials. such as these go out of date the day they are All nurserymen are aware of the balance that printed because nurserymen and others are con­ must be attained successfully in maintenance. stantly flooding the trade with "new" names for Dr. Dorman states clearly that her book does plants often of questionable distinctness, leading not contain all the plarlts that might well have only to further confusion. Nevertheless, the been considered, but she presents her data, or­ present volume will long remain a standard ganized in sections, to stress the values of the reference work. plants by seasons, by color of flowers, fruit and The format clearly distinguishes between coni­ foliage, and in relation to the specific types of fers now in cultivation and those no longer areas to be planted, with due notice of shade, known which are printed in smaller type. The sun, soil types physical and chemical, and dares book is copiously illustrated with excellent black offer definite advice as related to causes of fail­ and white photographs of plants in the wild and ure. This last is a rare offering. in gardens; also, some detailed drawings are in· The advice given is so sound that one can only cluded of cones and branchlets. The book is ar· regret that the national coverage is not even ranged alphabetically by genera, therefore no in­ more complete than it is. dex is needed, beginning with Abies and ending The book is largely illustrated by Dr. Dor­ with Tsuga. Additional in.formation of value at mon's drawings, which are fine as always. The the end of the book covers seed density and ger­ half tones are less excellent. One finds a few mination, diseases and pests, an index of syno­ errors, and one accident of caption. But one nyms, and finally venlacular and trade names. also finds a list of other books that may be con­ Technically, the book is beautifully produced sulted, a list of nursery addresses, covering many and fully measures up to the high standards if not all of the plants discussed. If one wishes known for this publisher. The present volume to be captious, the chief criticism will be that is a milestone among specialized horticultural the book is not even longer, and the discussions books. even more detailed.

F. G. MEYER B. Y. MORRISON

Natives Preferred Rose Growing Complete By Caroline Dormon. Claitor Book Store, By E. B. LeGrice. Faber & Faber Ltd., 24 P. o. BOX 239, Baton Rouge, La. 70821. 1965. Russell Sq., London. 1965. 265 pages. Illus­ 218 pages. Illustrated. $5.00. trated. 15 in color. $5.90. (Library) As in all well planned and weI! written books, .'\ complete book on roses written for the Eng­ this volume starts with a preface that forcefully lish gardener. The first part deals with culture and clearly sets forth the urgencies the author in all of its several phases. Part II is entitled felt in bringing special attention to the native "Showing Roses" but actually covers such topics materials she discusses, and definitely marks out as the different rose types and where they may the limitations she set for herself. be used in the garden, the exhibiting of roses, While Dr. Dorman, as artist, is possibly moved the lise of roses as decorative materials and the first of all by her passion for beauty, her love growing of roses under glass by the amateur. for and knowledge of native species that have Part III is devoted to the genetics and hybridiz­ never been fully appreciated and now stand in ing of roses, the history of modern roses and the peril of extinction or extermination in many raising and evaluating of new seedlings. The areas, give her book not only a value to any gar­ chapter on the varieties to grow will interest the dener but make a handbook of great value to all rose enthusiast with suggestions of important conservationists. The writing of the book, long varieties and brief descriptions in all of the main in progress, and the fruit of years of study and species and hybrid groups. gardening practice, comes from the press at a CONRAD B. LINK JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 367

Anyone Can Grow Roses design of content has evolved and is generally fo llowed: Descriptions of large rhododendron .B y Cynthia Wescott. 4th Edition. D. Van N os­ gardens in the British Isles (this year Werring­ trand Co. Inc., Princeton, N. J. 1965. 220 ton Park and Arduaine); expl oring and coll ect­ pages. $5.95. (Library) Members Price $5.05. ing trips (this year North East India and New A revised updated edition of a very practical Guinea); accounts of shows a nd ex hibits and and authoritative book on loo ses. It is written to garden tours in Australia, England, Scotland, and be useful to the rose grower in any part of the Un iced States; li sts a nd descriptions of rhodo­ United States. Dr. Westcott is a we ll known plant dendrons receiving awa rds as the result of Wis­ pathologist who has made roses a special interest. ley trials or at Society ex hibitions; descriptions This book reflects her own experiences in grow­ of new ly registered rhododendrons; and inter­ ing roses, in supervising the care of rose ga rdens mittent articles on breeding. propagation, and and in a particular way her studies of rose pests taxonom y (this yea r H obbie hybrids from Ger­ and their control. A book to start an y g'ardener many. a new Rhododendron slI ccothii and R. into rose growing. lIIellell"lichii a nd its h ybrids in J apan). The newly registered rhododendrons include CO:-':RAD .B . LINK about 40 azaleas introduced by B. Y. Morrison of Pass Christia n. MiSSissippi. These are .Back Acres aza lea h ybrids, a continuation of Morrison's The Concise British Flora in Colour wo rk with the G lenn Da le h ybrid azaleas, but seeking flowers with white or very light throats By '''' . Keble Martin. Ebury Press and Mi chael a nd co lored borders. These plants probably are Joseph, England. 1955. 231 pages, 100 color Morrison's last introductions before his death in plates. $5.00. Janua ry of this year. This is a \'olume of 100 color plates displaying In addition to the rhododendron materials 1480 British native wildflowers and occasionall y there are five a rticles on ca mellia gardens, ex­ a n escaped alien. " 'ith an a,'erage of over 14 hibits, and meelings. Oustandin g are the nu­ flow ers for each JO by 8 inch plate, the plates merous black and wh ite and color illustrations. are fil led to overflowing. H owever, each flow er FREDERIC P. LEE on a plate is carefull y separated from the others, a lthough the eye may take a few moments to fmd it in the crowd. The drawings a re scientifi cally accurate and give the imPl-ession of painstaking affection and Fuchsias, a Complete Guide to Their ski ll. The color used in reproduction of the Propagation and Cultivation for individual original drawings, despite the low House and Garden price of the volume, is good on the whole, with By Stanley J. ' ,Vilso n. St. Martin's Press, Inc. , the green of leaves suffering most. 175 Fifth Ave., New York, ?'<. Y. 10010. 1965. On the page opposite a plate each flower is 293 pages. Illustrated. $10.00 (Library) identified by botanical and common name and Members Price $8.50. accompanied by a 4- or 5-line description of the plant. A glossary of botanical terms is included. Mr. W ilson's book is full of de tail which every Prior to ordination, The Reverend Martin Fuchsia enthusiast will want to have at h and. studied for a degree in botany at Oxford. H e For Britishers, it is a must because it is at once collected, painted and identified his specim ens a source of complete cultural directions, exhibit­ over a 60 -year period. The volume represents a ing suggestions and a guide for the choice of li fetime of recurrent effort persisted in despite va ri eties available in Great Britain. The Chap­ heavy daily duties as a churchman. H.R.H. ters, "The Fuchsia and its History" and "H y­ Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, adds in a bridization" are alone worth the price of the foreword his praise for the achievement. book. For Americans, es pecially those of us who live FREDERIC P. L EE in the northeast, the book is a reference to be highly recommended. The cultural notes con­ tain many references to the use of the British­ The Rhododendron and Camellia venerated John Innes soil mixes. These were an Year Book, 1966 early and valuable advance in simplifying pot­ Edited by P. M . Synge and J. W . O. Platt, ting soil mixes. Fortunately for us, we have the published by The Royal Hortinlltural SOCiety, wonderful Peat-lite mixes developed by Cornell London, England. 1965. 248 pages. 68 plates, University, which produce as fme or better 9 in color. $2.40. plants, more uniformly than many other soil mixes. This is the twentieth anniversary issue of As is natural, and as Mr. ' ,Vilson points out, The Rhododendron Yearbook and its successor, American and British uses of Fuchsias are some­ The Rhododendron and Camellia Yea>- Book by what different. ' ,Ve gt"Ow a greater proportioll The Roya l Horticultural Society of Great Brit­ of Fuchsias in hanging baskets than are used in ain. Naturally over the period a rather fixed Britain. His clear directions [or growing these 368 THE Al\-IERICAN HORTICULTURAL IVL\GAZINE plants for exhibition may stimulate Americans let appealing to both the amateur and profes­ to grow more bush and standard shaped Fuchsias. sional botanists alike. Unfortunately, some of the There are 132 pages devoted to the names, his­ nomenclature follows the old American Code tory and descriptions of more than 750 species that was replaced by the International Code in and cultivars of Fuchsia. Since some experts 1935 . believe there are several thousand Fuchsia cul­ The index of botanical names is quite helpful tivars loose in the world, no list will likely con­ for the pronunciation of the scientific names; tain all of one's favorites. As an example, I grow each Latin entry is followed by a phonetic pro­ over 50 varieties of bush and trailing Fuchsias nunciation, with the accented syllables in italics commercially, but found only 27 of them in Mr. and .the others in Roman type. Wilson's long list. He has included nine names Illustrations have also been used to make the and addresses of British growers. I wrote to all booklet more meaningful. These include several of them and have received several replies with scattered black and white photographs. Also, interesting lists of varieties. There are 72 Ameri­ there are a few pages, a~ well as the front and can growers listed with addresses. I wrote to 12 back covers, with color photographs. Generally of them, picked at random. Five letters have speaking, with one or two exceptions where the been returned, " Moved-no forwarding address," composition, color or focus could be improved, but the rest sent lists and prices. the quality of these photographs is quite good. The colored illustrations in the book are all I feel that this booklet will be both useful too few, but they do the lovely Fuchsia all the and helpful to those persons interested in the j L1stice it desel'ves. more common ferns and seed plants of the Park. On the other hand, I would suggest that a future PAUL E. CASE edition include an updating of the nomencla­ ture, more individual plant descriptions and illustrations, and also some sort of a key to aid in the iden tification of the various grou ps of Guide to Plants of the Everglades plants. As it now stands, if one is not familiar National Park with the plant, he has no easy way of finding a name by using this booklet, except to read each By Alex D. Hawkes. Tropical Isle Publishers, family description until such a description fits Inc., P.O. Box 613, Coral Gables, Florida 33134_ the plant in question. 1965. 61 pages. Illustrated. $2.00. Nevertheless, for the first publication of its kind, it is a breakthrough the many years with­ This attractive little booklet of 51 pages is the out such an item, and I would suggest it to any­ only readily accessible literature concerning the one interested in the vascular flora of the Ever­ plant life of the Everglades National Park, Flor­ glades National Park. ida, one of oLlr larger national parks. The Park was established in 1947 to protect and to pre­ PETER M. MAZZEO serve for future generations the many fine plants, among the other natural features, that may be found in this area and nowhere else in the United States. The title, however, is somewhat The Daffodil and Tulip misleading, as only the ferns and seed plants are Year Book, 1966 included, leaving completely untreated all of the P. M. Synge, J . W. O. Platt, and Elspeth Na­ numerous " lower" plants. pier, Editors, published by The Roya l Horti­ 'Within the h-amework of the booklet the au­ cultural Society, Vincent Square, S. W'. J, Lon­ thor has, in add~tion to a discussion of the vari­ don. 1965. 200 pages. Illustrated (4 in color) . ous plants, included a general discussion of the 52.40. physical features and botanical formations of the Park. To help the visitor better utilize the One of the interesting aspects of the Da ffodil booklet, he has also cited a number of locations and Tulip Year Books which now number 31 where each of these formations may be found. since 191 3-annually since the end of ''''orld Therefore, one may not only be able to read W ar II-is their reflection of the rising inter­ about them, but also to see them as they really est in daffodils in the United States, a develop­ exist in nature, which of course makes the in­ ment which the editors have noted and faith· formation much more meaningful. fully reported as good editors would. To discuss the various plants, he has grouped Twenty years ago the year book for 1946 con­ them into their respective families that are ar­ tained only a single chapter of American origin: ranged alphabetically according to their com­ one by Jan de Graaff on ;;Factors in Hybrid mon names. Since there are so many species of Daffodil Selection." Two decades later the 1966 plants represented in this area, only one or two Year Book is dedica ted to an AmeTican for the of the more characteristic and common members first time: John C. Wister, who, with the late of each family are discussed. This is somewhat B. Y. Morrison, had a great deal to do with the unfortunate, but perhaps more may be added awakening appreciation of daffodils in this coun­ in a fu ture edition. try. Two chapters report on American shows Both the scientific and common family, generic, and favored varieties, Mrs. J . Lionel Richardson and specific names are given, making this book- records her impressions of daffodils in Southern JULY 1966, VOLUME 45, NUl\[BER 3 369

Ca lifornia, and Jefferson-Brown pays tribute to trations, which i,s the major fault, especially for a the reversed bicolors created by Grant E. Mitsch work intended primarily for popular consump­ of Canby, Oregon. tiOn. The volume does include, however, an A Jess obvions but more significant penetra­ illustrated glossary at the end, which is a most tion of the home of the exhibition daffodil is useful inclusion. Nevertheless, Dr. v"eber's book the frequency with which one who reads the will be most useful to travellers and to others fine-print reports of English shows finds varieties who visit the Colorado Front Range. bred and introduced by Mitsch taking top hon· Except for a few parts of this country, alto­ ors. Classes for reversed bicolors are now com­ gether too few books of this kind are available pl etely dominated by his creations; 'Spellbinder' for local consumption and for schools. The and 'Binkie' no longer are good enough. technical floras are of little help to the unin­ While of necessity a year book must find space formed and win too few fdends to botany. More for the current news of home and overseas, lists handbooks pitched to local lise and to schools of show winners, and newly registered varieties, should be wrillen for all parts of the country. nevertheless room is always found for papers of County floras could be most useful in this respec't. scholarship. The chapter on XorcisStls X john­ F. G. MEYER s/onii by Cyril r. Coleman tidies up a dusty corner of daffodil taxonomy and J. T. H esling provides an absorbing account of how applied science has learned to control the stem and bulb Piscataqua Papers: Gardening from eelwonu which devastated the European bulb fi elds fifty years ago. C. R. Wootton and J. v". the Merrimack to the Kennebec Blanchard write on their personal experiences Published by the Piscataqua Garden Club, with jonquil hybrids and miniatures and reveal York Harbor. Maine. 1965. viii + 148 pages. that in these-and doubtless most other forms­ S3.50 (postpaid mail orders should be ad­ the genetic possibilities of t he daffodil are far dressed to Mrs. H erman Pike. York Harbor, from being fully explored. Maine). (Library). Year by year .the Daffodil and Tulip Yea! Books which now nearly fill a shelf have achieved This is an interesting potpourri of gardening a competence, possibly somewhat bland, which information for the "area from the Merrimack places them well beyond any but the most cap­ to the Kennebec. extending inland for about tious criticism. This writer is not a tulip fan­ twenty-five miles." As such it discusses the very cier and warms to the abundance of material on special horticultural problems of this bit of New daffOdils, but if he was an apostle of the .tulip, England coast for both the summer visitor and he might well have reason to complain that the the year-round resident. The conten.ts cover six oqject of his horticultural affections scarcely re­ main topics: History and Early Gardens, Practi­ ceives its due share of attention. cal Horticulture (the major portion), Flower A rranging, Indoor Gardening, Natural History, GEO. S. LEE, JR. and A Gardener's Calendar. The Piscataqua Garden Club has tapped a host or authors who include the gamut from university professors Handbook of Plants of the and professional horticulturists to plain dirt gar­ Colorado Front Range deners; the only serious omission appears to be the name of this journal from the list given By William A. Weber. University of Colorado (page 80) of " Useful Magazines." This reviewer Press, Boulder. 1961. 232 pages (2nd ed) . hopes this was the result of an 01 ersight! $4.00. (Library) VV. H. Hoor.)o' The Front Range is the easternmost extension of the Colorado Rockies and includes some of the most spectacular mountain scenery on the North American continent. Rising dramatically Descriptive Catalogue of a few miles west of Denver, this range introduces West Australian Plants the easterner to one of the grand sights of the Edited b)' J. S. Beard. Published by the So­ American Far ·West. The treeless Great Plains ciety for Growing Australian Plants. 1965. 122 are replaceci b y snow-capped alpine peaks, some pag-es. Illustrated. (Library) . ol'er 14.000 fe et high , crystal clear streams. and 1 erdant evergreen forests. In season the native \\'est Australia is nOled for its wealth of wild­ nora of the Front Rang-e ranks among- the most flowers. Many of these are found only in this colorful and varied in this country. State of the island continent. Unlike other States The present volume of 232 pages is the 2nd of the Australian Commonwealth, West Austra­ edition of a work that first appeared in 1953. lia, unfortunately. lacks a descriptive manual of Dr. Weber, as a professional botanist, has written its spectacular flora. A simple systematic list pre­ a highly useful popular, semi-technical field pared in 1931 by the then government botanist, handbook to nearly 1400 native plants of the Charles A. Gardner, is the sole source of our area. This amounts to about half of the total knowledge of the plants of ''''est Australia. nora of Colorado. The book is without ill us· Thanks to the editorship of Dr. J . S. Beard, Di· 370 THE AMERICAN HORTrCUL TURAL l'vIAGAZINE rector of the new developing Botanic Garden in covers in detail many of tbe steps which are im­ King's Park, Perth, we now have a modification portant to amateurs and professionals alike in and amplification of Gardner's census in this developing a successful procedure. The list of paperback published by the Society for Growing known interspecific hybrids is a staggering one Australian Plants. In much abbreviated tele­ and certainly is indicative of the long way camel· graphic style (following Gardner's taxonomy) lia breeding has come in its search for the each species is listed together with data (where " ideal" camellia. It also leads one to wonder if available) on kind of plant, general size, flower this trend toward mixing up our camellia species color, flowering months, localities of occurrence, might not possibly go too far. Under the section and soil and/or vegetation type. Some 38 species ·-R esearch , two new methods of inducing cut­ are illustrated with color photographs which, un­ tings to root a re discussed-one involving a nurse fortunately, are not too well reproduced. There seed grafting technique, the other the use of is a brief introductory descdption of the vegeta­ germinated seed extracts. Last, but by no means tional provinces of "Vest Australia a nd-for the least, is the discussion of the genetics of camel­ gardener-concise suggestions on planning, mak­ lias and the camellia breeding progress report ing, and maintaining a garden of native "Vest of the Los Angeles State & County Arboretum­ Australian species. Notes o n specific recommend- further proof of progress toward breeding better ed subject and propagation problems conclude camellias for all of us. this handy reference book. In the United States 'NILLIAM L. ACKJ::RMAN this volume will be especially welcome to gar­ deners in Southern California where plants of West Australia find conditions most suitable for successful growth. Trees for New Jersey Streets W. H . HOD GE By the New J ersey Federation of Shade Tree Commissions, Blake Hall, Rutgers, College of Agriculture, New Brunswick, N. J. 1965. $1.00. The American Camellia A booklet intended to serve as a guide in the ~electing a nd ma intaining of street trees. Sug­ Yearbook, 1966 gestions are given on the general planting and Edited by Jose ph H. Pyron, Amer. Camellia care of young trees planted as street trees. Lists Society. Tifton, Ga. 1965. 345 pages. Illustrated of trees are given based on mature size, on gen­ in co lor and black and white. (Librar y) eral shape and those for specific locations as on plazas or paved malls, near the sea shore or for The 1966 Camellia Yearbook contains a very planting under extreme city conditions. inf.ormative collection of articles which are sep­ a rated into eight major sections: Camellia Per­ sonalities, Culture, Travels, Varieties, H ybrids, Gibberellic Acid, R esearch, and Misce llaneous. The New Book of Foliage In the first section tribu te is made to Charles Arrangements Puddle, Bodnant Gardens, England, and Ferol By Emma Hodkinsom Cyphers. H earthside (Mrs. Sam M.) Zerkowsky, Tammia Nursery, Press, Inc., 381 Park Ave. South, New York, Slidell , Louisiana, for their separate work with N. Y. 10016. 1965. 152 pages, cloth. Illustrated. camellias. $4.95. (Library). Members Price $4.21. As always, the yearbook's section on culture This is a delightful, comprehensive and in­ brings forth an array of techniques and expe­ structive book, full of know-how on preparing, riences, so me new, some old, but always of the treating and arranging foliage all through the utmost concern to the dedicated ca mellia grower year. There are 85 black and white photographs and hobbyist. The use of gibberellic acid in which should encourage everyone, from gardener promoting better blooms, which in the previous -with an abundance of plant material-to yearbOOk was the SUbject of one article under apartment dweller-who may have to resort to culture, h as this year been elevated to an entire material found beside the highways and by­ section of six articles. Although the topic of ways, to make attractive arrangements of long­ much controversy in the past, gibbing appar­ lasting m a terials. The Chapter on the use of ently is here to stay. evergreens for Christmas arrangements with sug· New varieties in substantial numbers each gestions on highlighting the materials with year are a good sign of an active, thrivi ng in­ glitter, snow and accessories that mean Christ­ dustry-and so must the camellia industry there­ mas, will be of interest to many. fore be. This year's variety section, composed of The author points out in her short Chapter seven articles on the subject, helps keep the camellia fancier well posted about promiSing on Modern Arraf.lgements that we need to be new camellias now being offered. awaJ'e of ever changing concepts and technical Intra- and interspecific hybridization are the innovation, to be able to enjoy the products of foundations of successful breeding and develop­ the m any variables. Many will enjoy the pic­ ment of new camellia varieties. This subject is tures of the modem arrangements that will handled separately under two sections: H ybrids fit so beautifully in the contemporary home. and R esearch. In the first, backyard h ybridizing MARIE W. LEE JULY 19fifi, VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3 371

A.dventure in, My Garden but a new evaluation of some of the things aI ­ rC i1

, t

f ..

Nickerson Color Fan The American Horticultural groups, but the Nickerson Color industries and socleUes dealing Society has been interested for Fan, which has been approved with color systems in A'merica. many years in making available by America's outstanding color The chart uses color names that to the horticultural public a foundation, can well become the have been selected as standard popularly priced color chart that standard everywhere. by the Inter-Society Color Coun­ could be used as a standard in Included with the color chart cil and the National Bureau of all phases of horticulture. Ac­ is a twelve-page booklet explain. Standards. curate charts, in the past, have ing the use of tlie fan in detail. been too costly to publish at a Printed in small type, on each Judges who have used the fan moderate price. color, is the popular color name report that the colar chips are No color chart, except those and its numerical designation in so easy to handle, particularly with a thousand colors or more, the Munsell System of Color when working with color classes. can contain all the colors needed Notations which is fast becoming that they prefer it to any other by all the various horticultural accepted as standard by many color reference. ------_. American HortiCMltural Society-1600 Bladensburg Road, N.E.-Washington 2, D. C.

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