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Wild Flowers of Greenland

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Flemming Rune Wild Flowers of Greenland Gronlands vilde planter niviarsiaq' - young girl - the national flower of Greenland Contents - Indhold ™ page / side Preface 8 Forord 10 The flora of Greenland 12 Gronlands flora 14 Key to plant families of Greenland 16 Nogle til gronlandske plantefamilier 23 Lycophyta (Clubmosses) - Ulvefodvaskster Class Lycopsida - Ulvefodklassen 1. Family Lycopodiaceae - Ulvefodfamilien 30 Huperzia, Lycopodium, Diphasiastrum - Ulvefod 2. Family Selaginellaceae - Dvaergulvefodfamilien 33 Selaginella - Dvasrgulvefod 3. Family Isoetaceae - Brasenfodefamilien 34 Isoetes - Brasenfode Monilophyta (Ferns) - Bregner Class Equisetopsida - Padderokklassen Order Equisetales - Padderokordenen 4. Family Equisetaceae - Padderokfamilien 35 Equisetum - Padderok Class Psilotopsida - Psilotumklassen Order Ophioglossales - Slangetungeordenen 5. Family Ophioglossaceae - Slangetungefamilien 37 Botrychium, Ophioglossum - Manerude, Slangetunge Class Polypodiopsida - Bregneklassen Order Polypodiales - Bregneordenen 6. Family Aspleniaceae - Radelovfamilien 39 Asplenium - Radelov 7. Family Thelypteridaceae - Dunbregnefamilien 40 Phegoptehs - Dunbregne 8. Family Woodisaceae-Fjerbregnefamilien 41 Athyrium, Gymnocarpium, Cystopteris, Woodsia - Fjerbregne, Egebregne, Baegerbregne, Frynsebregne 9. Family Dryopteridaceae - Mangelovfamilien 45 Dryopteris, Polystichum - Mangelov, Skjoldbregne 10. Family Polypodiaceae - Engelsodfamilien 48 Polypodium - Engelsod Spermatophyta (Seed plants) - Froplanter Gymnosperms - N0genfr0ede planter Order Pinales - Naletraesordenen 11. Family Cupressaceae - Cypresfamilien 49 Juniperus - Ene 3 Angiosperms - Daskfroede planter Superorder Lilianae, non-commelinid monocots - Liljeoverordenen Order Alismatales - Skebladordenen 12. Family Tofieldiaceae - Bj0mebrodfamilien 50 Tofieldia - Bjornebrod 13. Family Juncaginaceae - Trehagefamilien 52 Triglochin - Trehage 14. Family Zosteraceae - Baendeltangfamilien 53 Zostera - Basndeltang 15. Family Potamogetoneceae - Vandaksfamilien 53 Stuckenia, Potamogeton - Vandaks Order Asparagales - Aspargesordenen 16. Family Orchidaceae - Orkidefamilien 57 Listera, Corallorhiza, Platanthera, Pseudorchis, Amerorchis - Fliglaebe, Koralrod, Gogelilje, Saskspore (Satyrblomst), Rhizom-Gogeurt 17. Family Iridaceae - Irisfamilien 61 Sisyrinchium - Blaoje 18. Family Asparagaceae - Aspargesfamilien 61 Streptopus - Fjeldkonval Superorder Lilianae, commelinid monocots - Liljeoverordenen, graeslign. Order Poales - Graesordenen 19. Family Typhaceae - Dunhammerfamilien 62 Sparganium - Pindsvineknop 20. Family Juncaceae - Sivfamilien 64 Juncus, Luzula - Siv, Frytle 21. Family Cyperaceae - Halvgraesfamilien 77 Eriophorum, Eleocharis, Trichophorum, Kobresia, Carex- Kasruld, Sumpstra, Kogleaks, Kobresie, Star 22. Family Poaceae - Grassfamilien 113 Elymus, Leymus, Anthoxanthum, Hierochloe, Trisetum, Avenella, Vahlodea, Deschampsia, Calamagrostis, Agrostis, Festuca, Poa, Dupontia, Arctophila, Puccinellia, Phippsia, Pucciphippsia, Arctagrostis, Pleuropogon, Phleum, Catabrosa, Danthonia, Alopecurus, Nardus - Hundekvik, Marehalm, Gulaks, Festgraas, Guldhavre, Bunke, Rypebunke, Hvene, Svingel, Rapgraes, Tundragraes, Haengegraes, Annelgrass, Snegraes, Svalbardgraes, Polarhvene, Sabinegraes, Rottehale, Taeppegraes, Praariehavre, Raavehale, Katteskaeg Superorder Ranunculanae, peripheral eudicots - Ranunkeloverordenen Order Ranunculales Dumortier - Ranunkelordenen 23. Family Ranunculaceae - Ranunkelfamilien 133 Ranunculus, Coptidium, Anemone, Halerpestes, Coptis, Thalictrum - Ranunkel, Laplandsranunkel, Anemone, Saltranunkel, Gyldentrad, Frostjerne 24. Family Papaveraceae - Valmuefamilien 144 Papaver - Valmue 4 Superorder, core eudicots, unplaced at superord. level - Ukendt overorden Order Saxifragales - Stenbraekordenen 25. Family Crassulaceae - Stenurtfamilien 145 Rhodiola, Sedum - Rosenrod, Stenurt 26. Family Saxifragaceae - Stenbraekfamilien 148 Micranthes, Saxifraga, Chrysosplenium - Stenbraek, Milturt 27. Family Haloragaceae - Tusindbladfamilien 159 Myriophyllum - Tusindblad Superorder Caryophyllanae, core eudicots - Nellikeoverordenen Order Caryophyllales - Nellikeordenen 28. Family Droseraceae - Soldugfamilien 160 Drosera - Soldug 29. Family Plumbaginaceae - Hindebasgerfamilien 161 Armeria - Fareleger 30. Family Polygonaceae - Skedeknasfamilien 163 Koenigia, Oxyria, Bistorta, Rumex - Dvaegsyre, Fjeldsyre, Pileurt, Skraappe 31. Family Caryophyllaceae - Nellikefamilien 168 Silene, Viscaria, Sagina, Cerastium, Spergularia, Stellaria, Minuartia, Honckenya, Arenaha - Limurt, Tjasrenellike, Firling, Honsetarm, Hindeknas, Fladstjerne. Norel, Strandarve, Sandvaner 32. Family Montiaceae - Vandarvefamilien 183 Montia - Vandarve 33. Family Amaranthaceae - Amarantfamilien 167 Atriplex - Maslde Superorder Rosanae, core eudicots - Rosenoverordenen Order Celastrales - Benvedordenen 34. Family Celestraceae - Benvedfamilien 184 Parnassia - Leverurt Order Malpighiales - Kinatraeordenen 35. Family Violaceae - Violfamilien 185 Viola - Viol 36. Family Salicaceae - Pilefamilien 186 Salix - Pil Order Fabales - /Erteblomstordenen 37. Family Fabaceae - /Erteblomstfamilien 191 Lathyrus, Vicia - Fladbaslg, Vikke 38. Family Polygalaceae - Maelkeurtfamilien 191 Polygala - Maslkeurt Order Fagales Engler - Bogeordenen 39. Family Betulaceae - Birkefamilien ..' 192 Betula, Alnus - Birk, /El Order Rosales - Rosenordenen 40. Family Rosaceae - Rosenfamilien 195 Dryas, Rubus, Comarum, Geum, Potentilla, Sibbaldia, Alchemilla, Sorbus- Rypelyng, Klynger, Kragefod, Nellikerod, Potentil, Trefingerurt, Lovefod, Ron 5 Order Geraniales - Storkenasbordenen 41. Family Geraniaceae- Storkenaebfamilien 209 Geranium - Storkenaeb Order Myrtales - Myrteordenen 42. Family Onagraceae - Natlysfamilien 209 Chamerion, Epilobium - Gederams, Dueurt Order Brassicales - Korsblomstordenen 43. Family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) - Korsblomstfamilien 215 Cardamine, Rorippa, Erysimum, Eutrema, Crucihimalaya, Arabis, Boechera, Arabidopsis, Subularia, Draba, Cochlearia, Lesquerella, Braya - Fjeldkarse, Engkarse, Guldkarse, Hjorneklap, Polarraeddike, Gasemad, Kalkkarse, Sylblad, Draba, Kokleare, Kugleskulpe, Braya Superorder Asteranae, core eudicots - Kurvblomstoverordenen Order Cornales - Kornelordenen 44. Family Cornaceae - Kornelfamilien 232 Cornus - Kornel Order Ericales - Lyngordenen 45. Family Polemoniaceae - Floksfamilien 233 Polemonium - Jakobsstige 46. Family Primulaceae - Kodriverfamilien 233 Primula, Androsace, Trientalis - Kodriver, Fjeldarve, Skovstjerne 47. Family Diapensiaceae - Fjeldprydfamilien 235 Diapensia - Fjeldpryd 48. Family Ericaceae - Lyngfamilien 236 Arctostaphylos, Arctous, Cassiope, Harrimanella, Loiseleuria, Phyllodoce, Rhododendron, Andromeda, Vaccinium, Pyrola, Orthilia, Empetrum - Melbaerris, Kantlyng, Moslyng, Kryblyng, Blalyng, Alperose, Post, Rosmarinlyng, Bolle ('Blabaer'), Tyttebaer, Tranebaer, Vintergron, Revling ('Sortebaer') Unassigned to order - Ukendt orden 49. Family Boragihaceae - Rubladfamilien 251 Mertensia - Hestetunge Order Gentianales - Ensianordenen 50. Family Rubiaceae - Krapfamilien 252 Galium - Snerre 51. Family Gentianaceae - Ensianfamilien 254 Gentianopsis, Gentiana, Gentianella, Lomatogomium - Ensian Order Lamiales - Laebeblomstordenen 52. Family Plantaginaceae - Vejbredfamilien 259 Plantago, Callitriche, H/ppuris-Vejbred, Vandstjerne, Hestehale 53. Family Scrophulariaceae - Maskeblomstfamilien 262 Limosella, Veronica, Rhinanthus, Bartsia, Euphrasia, Pedicu- laris - Dyndurt, /Erenpris, Skjaller, Sorttop, 0jentrost, Troldurt 54. Family Lamiaceae - Laebeblomstfamilien 274 Thymus - Timian 55. Family Lentibulariaceae - Blaarerodfamilien 275 Pinguicula, Utriculaha - Vibefedt, Blaererod 6 Order Asterales - Kurvblomstordenen 56. Family Campanulaceae - Klokkefamilien 276 Campanula - Klokke 57. Family Menyanthaceae - Bukkebladfamilien 278 Menyanthes - Bukkeblad 58. Family Asteraceae - Kurvblomstfamilien 279 Taraxacum, Hieracium, Scorzonehoides, Omalotheca, Antennaria. Erigeron, Achillea, Tripleurospermum, Artemisia, Arnica - Maalkebotte, Hogeurt, Borst, Evighedsblomst, Kattefod, Bakkestjeme, Rollike, Kamille, Bynke, Guldblomme Order Dipsacales - Kartebolleordenen 59. Family Caprifoliaceae - Gedebladfamilien 297 Linnaea - Linnaea Order Apiales - Skaarmplanteordenen 60. Family Apiaceae - Skasrmplantefamilien 298 Angelica, Ligusticum - Kvan, Lostilk Appendices: Dandelion (Taraxacum) in Greenland - with synopsis 300 Hawkweed (Hieracium) in Greenland - with synopsis 302 Sedges (Carex) and grasses (Poaceae) in Greenland - with synopses 304 Taxonomic changes in this flora 310 Latin name changes since 'The Flora of Greenland' 3rd edition 1978 312 Abbreviations and authors of plant names in Greenland 314 Literature 319 Index to species 322 A dedication by the author - En dedikation fra forfatteren 349 The sequence of Greenland plant families in the flora is based on recent phylogenetic studies. This system is in many ways controversial, and it will most probably be subjected to several adjustments in future. Further information on the scientific background can be obtained from e.g. A. R. Smith et al., 2006: A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55 (3): 705-731; V. H. Heywood et al., 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World, Kew Publishing, 424 p.; and Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2009: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105-121. Raekkefolgen af de gronlandske plantefamilier i floraen er i hoj grad valgt ud fra nyere arvelighedsstudier (kromosomstudier).;Dette system er pa mange mader kontroversielt og vil formentlig skulle aandres og justeres mange gange i de kommende ar, efterhanden som vi bliver klogere. Men det er dog det bedste bud i ojeblikket pa plantemes slaegtskab, som dette har udviklet sig gennem evolutionen. Mange planteslasgter og -familier har mattet 'skifte plads' i systemet i forhold til tidligere, og flere sterre grupper har aendret status. Den videnskabe- lige baggrund herfor kan bl.a. studeres i ovennasvnte vasrker..
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    phylogenetworks EXPLORING RETICULATE EVOLUTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION Bastienne Vriesendorp Promotor: Prof. dr. M.S.M. Sosef Hoogleraar Biosystematiek Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotoren: Dr. F.T. Bakker Universitair Docent, leerstoelgroep Biosystematiek Wageningen Universiteit Dr. R.G. van den Berg Universitair Hoofddocent, leerstoelgroep Biosystematiek Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. J.A.M. Leunissen (Wageningen Universiteit) Prof. dr. E.F. Smets (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. P.H. van Tienderen (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Dr. P.H. Hovenkamp (Universiteit Leiden) Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool Biodiversiteit phylogenetworks EXPLORING RETICULATE EVOLUTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION Bastienne Vriesendorp Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 12 september 2007 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Bastienne Vriesendorp (2007) Phylogenetworks: Exploring reticulate evolution and its consequences for phylogenetic reconstruction PhD thesis Wageningen University, The Netherlands With references – with summaries in English and Dutch ISBN 978-90-8504-703-2 aan mijn ouders CONTENTS chapter 1 General Introduction 9 chapter 2 Hybridization: History, terminology and evolutionary significance 15 chapter 3 Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution in angiosperms: what can we do? 41 chapter 4 Mosaic DNA