ISBN 978-80-969702-0-9 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF SPORT AND RECREATION DEVOLOPMENT IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Dušan Leška (Ed.) COMENIUS UNIVERSITY IN BRATISLAVA FACULTY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT Dušan Leška (Ed.) SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF SPORT AND RECREATION DEVOLOPMENT IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BRATISLAVA 2007 Social Dimensions of Sport and Recreation Devolopment in Central European Countries Dušan Leška (Ed.) Contents Dušan Leška: Introduction . 5 Part I. Organisational and Economic Issues of Sport 1. Dušan Leška (Slovak Republic): The Status of Sport in the Modern Society in Slovakia . 6 2. Ján Junger (Slovak Republic): The Legislative Framework of the Sports Coordination Scheme in the Slovak Republic . 16 3. Jela Labudová, Dagmar Tóthová (Slovak Republic): Trends of Organisation and Development of Sport for All in Slovak Republic . 25 Part II. Philosophy and Sociology of Sport 4. Jerzy Kosiewicz (Poland): On Education for Noble Sports Rivalry . 32 5. Aleš Sekot (Czech Republic): Women and Sport - Sociological and Historical Dimensions . 37 6. Joanna Femiak (Poland): Sport from the Viewpoint of Anthropological and Sociological Views of John Paul II . 46 This Book was Published as a Result of Research Project VEGA 1/2526/05 7. Konrad Zieliński (Poland): Love, Physical Education and Sport . 50 „ Sports Management at the Level of Local and Regional Public Administration in Slovakia“. 8. Jana Vrabcová (Slovak Republic): Sport - Entertainment - Society . 56 Author: Dušan Leška (Ed.) Scientific Reviewer: Associate Prof. Aleš Sekot, PhD. 9. Alexandra Šmidkeová (Slovak Republic): Sport, Values and Society . 61 Editorial Cooperation: Elena Malíková, Igor Kováč Graphics: Peter Buček (Artwell Design, s.r.o.) Part III. Mass Media and Management of Sport Publisher: Artwell Creative, s.r.o., for National Sport Center and Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, Bratislava, 2007 10. Darina Hlaváčová (Slovak Republic): The Influence of Mass Media on Sport . 66 11. Piotr Rymarczyk (Poland): Sport for All in Polish Lifestyle Magazines - An Analysis of Monthly Periodicals „Twój Styl“ and CKM“ . 77 ISBN: 978-80-969702-0-9 2 3 Social Dimensions of Sport and Recreation Devolopment in Central European Countries Dušan Leška (Ed.) 12. Andrzej Smolen, Zbigniew Pavlak (Poland): Legal Organisational Framework for Business Activities of Sports Clubs in Poland . 81 Introduction 13. Viktor Benko, Rudolf Schichor (Slovak Republic): This publication is dedicated to the function of sport in Central European countries System of Financing Sport on the Level of State Administration . 89 - Poland, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. All these countries have come out from 14. Richard Grosz (Slovak Republic): Place of Self-Government in Sport . 96 analogical economical, political, social and cultural circumstances. They have all been facing similar problems before the revolution and have been solving similar tasks of the social life‘s 15. Zbigniew Pavlak, Andrzej Smolen (Poland): Ethical Problems with transformation which included sport. During the process of this transformation the status Human Resources Management at Sports Clubs . 100 of sport in the society has also been changing. It has been creating its new organizational structures and has also been adapting to the new conditions of the market economy. 16. Jakub Mosz (Poland): Sports Stadium as Tourist Attraction . 109 Moreover, new forms of management and financing have been searched for. We can state that the stage of transformation of the economical and political sphere in Part IV. Ritualism and Martial Arts our countries has been successfully finished. All these states have become members of the European Union, new, standard political and economical climate has arisen. In this context 17. Eva Laiferová (Slovak Republic): another question shows up whether this transformation has been successfully ended also in the Ritualism in the Sport in New Spirituality Context . 114 sphere of sport and how sport fulfils its mission, what theoretical questions come out from its development in today‘s modern society. 18. Tomasz Stawiszynski (Poland): Tantra and Dzogchen - Two Buddhist Ways of Overcoming Dualism between Body and Mind . 121 This monograph provides a view on selected theoretical problems, which are nowadays coming to the center of attention. It is mainly the sphere of creating the organizational, economical 19. Zdenko Reguli (Czech Republic): Won hwa do: and legal conditions for development of sport, philosophical and sociological problems as Martial Art as a Weapon of New Religion . 124 well as questions of the importance of mass media for its development, importance of sport management on the level of clubs, local, or state administration. Questions of ritualism in 20. Wojciech J. Cynarski, Kazimierz Obodyński (Poland): Physical Education and Recreation in the Light sport, martial arts and their philosophical legacy in contrary with modern society are also of Anthropology of Martial Arts . 130 becoming very relevant. Some problems of the research in sport and recreation are also included. Publication gives results of the research as well as actual problems of development of sport Part V. Selected Problems of Research on Physical Activity in modern society from new attractive perspectives that are becoming the center of attention not just in Slovakia, but also in Czech Republic and Poland. Monograph is from reputable 21. Zuzana Sakáčová (Slovak Republic): Limits of Athlete‘s Claim Enforcement . 137 authors and scientists who are active in universities. We believe this publication will attract the interest of professionals and scientists and will 22. Jozef Oborný, Klaudia Korvínová (Slovak Republic): contribute to the knowledge of actual trends of development of sport and recreation in our Student Social Attitudes via Tourist Activities . 147 countries. We also believe it becomes an impulse for further learning and use of sport for the benefit of our society. 23. Klaudia Zusková, Ján Junger (Slovak Republic): A Social Aspect of Certain Forms of Recreational Physical Education and Sport . 153 Associate Professor Dušan Leška, PhD. 24. Anna Blahutová (Slovak Republic) - The System of Sport Preparation as a Social Factor of Sport Performance in Downhill Skiing . 162 4 5 Social Dimensions of Sport and Recreation Devolopment in Central European Countries Dušan Leška (Ed.) The biggest problem of Slovakia is that one of the results of the process of transformation is also the absence or only a small representation of the middle class and the majority is the extreme income groups. The highest income group was making in the year 2001 4,1%, the lowest 43,2%, while the low class and lower middle class are making together 62,4% households. (VASECKA, 2002, p. 219). Middle class is making about 24,5%, it is not Part I. consistent from the view of the relationship of the cultural and material status. (Chart Organisational and Economic Issues of Sport nr. 1) Groups that are according to the cultural status belong to the middle class (from the view of qualification, values they believe in, lifestyle) don‘t find adequate status in the function and management of the society and do not have an adequate income. The level of their incomes is coming closer to the lower classes. That is explaining the different attitudes toward sport activities of this group. Chart nr.1: Socioeconomic status of the households in Slovakia in the years 1998 to 2001 Doc. PhDr. Dušan Leška, PhD. (in %) Department of Sport Humanistic Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia THE STATUS OF SPORT IN THE MODERN SOCIETY IN SLOVAKIA1 Transformation of the society Slovak Republic has been going through deep changes after the year 1989; these changes have influenced all parts of the social life. The core was transformation from the totalitarian system to the democratic political system, transformation of the central planned economy More than half of the households is from the view of their incomes somewhere around to the market oriented economy, big change in the social and mental sphere. The process the average salary and a majority - 75,5% on the level of 0,5 - 1,5 fold of the average salary. of transformation was complicated also because of the split of the Czechoslovak Republic Ratio of the citizens in poverty grew up in the year 2000 to the level of 11,3%, while in and foundation of independent Slovakia after the year 1993. Deep social changes had an the year this number was only 7,2% (Radicova, 2001, p. 531). It means in the society is influence also on the field of physical education and sport, which is an organic part of a majority of the lowest class groups, the highest class group is marginal and the middle the society. They have been connected and still are connected to the subsystem of sport, class is limited. its adaptation for new circumstances - its bonds to the wider social environment and According to the results of the statistical office of the European Union Eurostat 21% conditions that it is making for its function. of Slovaks is currently under the threshold of poverty, which is the highest rate of the countries belonging to the Visegrad four. (Poverty is the biggest threat for Slovaks, Social effect of transformation 2004). Besides that, in Slovakia is still a pretty high unemployment rate, even though it Necessary changes of the process of transformation our society has been going through decreased rapidly from 17% to 10% from the economically active population. It is varying were accompanied also with negative aspects in the economical, social and cultural field. in different regions of Slovakia markedly though. In some regions it is about 30%. From A specialty of the social differentiation, which is a part of the process of transformation, all the unemployed is about half, which means these people are in the evidence of the is a fact that it is not coming simultaneously with an increase of the living standard of the employment office for more than a year. majority of population as it was in the developed countries, but with a notable decrease of This social situation is connected with the structure of expenses of households.