A Mano Alzada

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A Mano Alzada UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA Departamento de Informática de Sistemas y Computadores Propuesta Metodológica para el Uso de las Tecnologías de Tinta Digital en los Procesos Formativos del Ámbito de la Educación Superior Tesis Doctoral Autor José-V. Benlloch-Dualde Directores Dr. Félix Buendía García Dr. Juan Carlos Cano Escribá Junio de 2014 A mis padres, Isabel y José María, en deuda de gratitud por todo lo que hicieron por mí. Agradecimientos En primer lugar quiero agradecer toda su dedicación, paciencia y constante aliento a mis directores de tesis, Félix y Juan Carlos. Estoy seguro de que sin ellos esta aventura, ni siquiera hubiera comenzado. A los colegas del equipo de innovación iNNOVATiNK y, muy especialmente, a Lenin Lemus, Pedro Gil, Nati Prieto, Ángel Perles, Jorge Más, Sara Blanc, Carlos Herrero, Daniela Gil, y Adelina Bolta, pues su colaboración ha sido fundamental para la realización de este trabajo. A la dirección de la ETSINF, y muy especialmente a su director, Eduardo Vendrell, y a Miguel Sánchez, que siempre creyeron en nuestro proyecto y lo apoyaron constantemente. A Emilio Bayo, a Juanma García, y al resto de técnicos de la ETSINF y del DISCA, que siempre tuvieron a punto las infraestructuras necesarias para poder desarrollar este trabajo. A Vicky Gutiérrez, por su inestimable colaboración en la parte experimental del mismo. A mi buen colega Oscar Martínez Bonastre, al que tuve la suerte de conocer en un evento hace ya bastantes años y ha sido, sin duda, uno de los que más me ha enseñado en este ámbito. A Vicent Esteban Chapapría, Miguel Ferrando y Miguel Ángel Fernández de Prada, por ofrecerme la oportunidad de presentar el proyecto de innovación a Hewlett Packard, que se convirtió en el germen de todo este trabajo. A José Miguel Carot y Andrea Conchado, por ayudarme a comprender muchos de los conceptos de estadística que he necesitado en este trabajo. A Ángel Rodas, Gabriela Andreu, José Miguel Valiente, Manolo Agustí, Vicente Atienza, Fernando López, Alberto Pérez, Floreal Acebrón, y al resto de compañeros del grupo de Visión por Computador, por todo lo que me han ayudado siempre. Un recuerdo muy particular a Pedro Albertos, que me dio las primeras oportunidades en el ámbito de la investigación. A José Mª Torralba, un referente en nuestra Universidad, por sus sabios consejos y su apoyo incondicional. A Inmaculada Plaza, Francisco Javier Arcega, Juanjo Marcuello, Paco Martínez, Piedad Garrido y al resto de colegas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, por sus sugerencias y apoyo. A Martín Llamas, Juan Carlos Burguillo y Fernando Mikic, colegas de la Universidade de Vigo, por su constante aliento. A mi departamento en su conjunto y, en particular, a algunos de los colegas que más me han ayudado durante esta larga andadura: Ginés Benet, Alfons Crespo, Juan Luis Posadas, María Engracia Gómez, Pedro López, Carlos T. Calafate, Alberto Bonastre, y tantos otros. A mi gran amigo Ángel García, de la Universidad de Málaga que, desde donde quiera que esté, seguro que se alegra por este logro. A mi hermana Isabel, por lo mucho que me ha dado, cuando más lo necesitaba. No querría terminar esta sección sin expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a los que durante estos últimos años se han sacrificado conmigo, mi mujer, María Ángeles, y mis hijos, Víctor e Isabel, y al resto de la familia. Espero poder devolverles parte del tiempo que les he negado. A todos, muchas gracias. Change is like sunshine… some change because they see the light, some change because they feel the heat. Resumen Numerosos estudios sobre el aprendizaje evidencian que la tecnología puede aportar importantes cambios en el aula, reduciendo algunos de los problemas asociados al modelo tradicional centrado en el profesor. Si es indudable que las posibilidades de un ordenador personal son múltiples, éstas se incrementan de forma significativa cuando incorporamos, como elemento de la interfaz de usuario, un bolígrafo especial que produce tinta digital, dando nombre a las llamadas “tecnologías de tinta digital” (pen-based technology). Entre los dispositivos de estas tecnologías destaca la tableta PC, que es un computador portátil convencional cuya pantalla actúa tanto como dispositivo de presentación como de entrada de datos. Estos dispositivos permiten realizar todo tipo de trazos a mano alzada para escribir, dibujar, realizar esquemas y diagramas, producir bocetos, expresar ideas de forma visual, todo ello de forma semejante a como se haría con un bolígrafo y un papel, pero con las ventajas añadidas de los formatos digitales. Si bien la literatura recoge muchas experiencias de uso de estas tecnologías en el ámbito de la educación superior, en general adolecen de una aproximación metodológica que facilite su correcta integración. El objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en desarrollar una propuesta metodológica que, partiendo de un determinado modelo instructivo, permita guiar a los docentes en la incorporación de las tecnologías de tinta digital, de una manera sistemática. Utilizando el modelo de diseño instructivo ADDIE como referencia, los procedimientos propuestos se basan en el modelado previo mediante mapas conceptuales de los distintos elementos de conocimiento que caracterizan, por un lado, el enfoque instructivo del curso o experiencia formativa y, por otro, las tecnologías que se va a incorporar. El proceso de correspondencia entre dominios se encarga de buscar aquellas relaciones que hacen posible la generación de las recomendaciones de uso de las tecnologías. Esta propuesta ha sido complementada con la introducción de un catálogo de patrones de diseño de tinta digital que, actuando como mecanismos mediadores, resumen lo que desde nuestra experiencia consideramos buenas prácticas en el uso de estas tecnologías. Nuestra propuesta metodológica ha sido evaluada mediante la participación de sus principales destinatarios, profesores y alumnos. Los resultados obtenidos tanto en los numerosos talleres a profesores, como en las experiencias de aula en grupos convencionales, han probado que dichas propuestas pueden ser una forma efectiva de integrar las tecnologías de tinta digital en los procesos formativos. Abstract Numerous studies show that ICTs can bring about major changes in the classroom, thereby easing some of the problems associated with the traditional, teacher-centered model of instruction. The personal computer’s already numerous and unquestionable capabilities increase markedly when a special pen that produces digital ink—hence, the term pen-based technologies (PBTs)—is added as a component of the user interface. The tablet PC—a conventional portable computer with a screen that acts as a device for both presentation and data entry, —is among the leading devices that use this technology. These devices accept all types of strokes made by the user’s hand, raised to the screen, for writing, drawing, creating schematics and diagrams, making sketches, expressing ideas visually—all in a manner similar to the way one would do it using pen and paper but with the additional advantages of the digital format. Although there is an extensive literature describing experiences using these technologies in the scope of higher education, they in general lack a methodological approach that facilitates their successful integration. Thus, the main goal of this thesis is to develop a methodological approach that, starting from a particular instructional model, provides instructors with guidelines to incorporate pen-based technologies in a systematic way. By making use of the ADDIE instructional design model as a reference, the procedures proposed are based on an initial modeling using concept maps of the various knowledge elements characterizing 1) the instructional approach for the course or training experience and 2) the technology to be incorporated—the PBTs, in our case. The matching process between domains is responsible for searching those relationships that makes possible to generate guidelines of how introducing the technologies. This proposal is complemented by the introduction of a catalogue of “digital ink” design patterns that working as mediating artifacts, synthesize what we consider good practices in using these technologies. Our proposed methodology has been assessed by its main audience, both teachers and students. The results obtained in the numerous workshops for teachers, and classroom experiences in conventional groups, have shown that these proposals can be an effective way to integrate pen-based technologies in educational processes. Resum Nombrosos estudis sobre l'aprenentatge evidencien que la tecnologia pot aportar importants canvis en l'aula, reduint alguns dels problemes associats al model tradicional centrat en el professor. Si és indubtable que les possibilitats d'un ordinador personal són múltiples, estes s'incrementen de forma significativa quan incorporem, com a element de la interfície d'usuari, un bolígraf especial que produïx tinta digital, donant nom a les crides "tecnologías de tinta digital" (pen-based technology). Entre els dispositius d'estes tecnologies destaca la tauleta PC, que és un ordinador portàtil convencional la pantalla del qual actua tant com dispositiu de presentació com d'entrada de dades. Estos dispositius permeten realitzar tot tipus de traços a mà alçada per a escriure, dibuixar, realitzar esquemes i diagrames, produir esbossos, expressar idees de forma visual, tot això de forma semblant a com es faria amb un bolígraf i un paper, però amb els avantatges afegides dels formats digitals. Si bé la literatura
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