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Driving Forces for the Triboelectric Charging of Well-Defined Insulating Material Surfaces

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Driving Forces for the Triboelectric Charging of Well-Defined Insulating Material Surfaces DRIVING FORCES FOR THE TRIBOELECTRIC CHARGING OF WELL-DEFINED INSULATING MATERIAL SURFACES by ANDREW ERIC WANG Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May, 2020 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of ANDREW ERIC WANG candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Committee Chair Daniel J. Lacks, PhD Committee Member Mohan Sankaran, PhD Committee Member John Angus, PhD Committee Member Isaac Greber, PhD Date of Defense March 16th, 2020 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Chapter 3 Tables ................................................................................................................ 2 List of Chapter 4 Tables ................................................................................................................ 2 List of Chapter 5 Tables ................................................................................................................ 2 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Chapter 3 Figures .............................................................................................................. 3 List of Chapter 4 Figures .............................................................................................................. 3 List of Chapter 5 Figures .............................................................................................................. 4 I Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5 II Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Introduction to triboelectric charging .................................................................................. 7 2.2. Select Examples of triboelectric charging ............................................................................. 8 2.3. Ongoing progress .................................................................................................................. 9 III First-principles calculation of contact electrification and validation by experiment ................ 11 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.1 Calculations ................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Experiments .................................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Results .................................................................................................................................. 18 3.4 Discussion and conclusions .................................................................................................. 24 3.5 Notes .................................................................................................................................... 28 3.6 Additional Notes .................................................................................................................. 28 3.7 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 29 IV Dependence of triboelectric charging behavior on material microstructure ........................... 30 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.1 Experiments .................................................................................................................. 32 4.2.1 Simulations .................................................................................................................... 35 4.3 Results .................................................................................................................................. 37 4.3.1 Stress-strain measurements ......................................................................................... 37 4.3.2 Triboelectric charging experiments .............................................................................. 38 4.3.3 Materials characterization ............................................................................................ 41 4.3.3 Molecular simulations ................................................................................................... 44 4.4 Discussion and conclusions .................................................................................................. 47 4.5 Additional Notes .................................................................................................................. 50 4.6 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 50 V Contact Charge Transfer Between Inorganic Dielectric Solids of Different Surface Roughness 51 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 52 5.2 Experimental ........................................................................................................................ 53 5.3 Results .................................................................................................................................. 55 5.3.1 Results on Glass Slides .................................................................................................. 55 5.3.2 Results on N and P-type Silicon..................................................................................... 60 5.4 Discussion and conclusions .................................................................................................. 64 5.5 Additional Notes .................................................................................................................. 65 5.6 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 65 VII Conclusions and Future Directions ........................................................................................... 66 7.1. Conclusions and Future Directions ..................................................................................... 66 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 69 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 69 First-principles calculation of contact electrification and validation by experiment ................ 72 Dependence of triboelectric charging behavior on material microstructure ............................ 74 Contact Charge Transfer Between Inorganic Dielectric Solids of Different Surface Roughness 80 1 List of Tables List of Chapter 3 Tables [p 22] Table 3.1. Averaged net surface charge density of quartz and sapphire List of Chapter 4 Tables - List of Chapter 5 Tables [p 53] Table 5.1. Glass slide roughness categories [p 58] Table 5.2. Summary of polarity data on glass slides [p 61] Table 5.3. Summary of polarity data on silicon 2 List of Figures List of Chapter 3 Figures [p 15] 3.1 Modeled [0001] quartz and [0001] sapphire system [p 19] 3.2 Total energy of quartz-sapphire system as a function of separation distance [p 20] 3.3 Charge on sapphire and quartz slabs from simulation [p 21] 3.4 Raw net surface charge densities from contact charging of sapphire against quartz as a function of humidity [p 23] 3.5 Averaged XPS spectra of [0001] sapphire and [0001] quartz [p 24] 3.6 Electrostatic potential energy obtained from DFT calculations of surfaces [p 28] 3.7 Charge on sapphire slab obtained from calculations List of Chapter 4 Figures [p 34] 4.1 Asymmetric and Symmetric contact of PTFE Strips [p 37] 4.2 Stress-strain measurements for PTFE films [p 40] 4.3 Summary of contact charging measurements [p 41] 4.4 XRD and Raman characterization of PTFE samples [p 42] 4.5 Transmittance of strained and unstrained PTFE [p 43] 4.6 Optical images of void growth in strained PTFE films 3 [p 44] 4.7 SEM images of PTFE films strained to fracture [p 44] 4.8 Simulation results for molecular properties of PTFE [p 45] 4.9 Simulation results of microstructure of PTFE system [p 47] 4.10 Quasistatic simulations of void formation List of Chapter 5 Figures [p 54] 5.1 Optical comparisons of glass roughness [p 56] 5.2 Mean net charge transfer densities with and without UV excitation [p 57] 5.3 Triboelectric series of glass at different surface roughness [p 62] 5.4 Mean net charge densities of smooth and rough N-type and P-type silicon wafers [p 63] 5.5 Charge density
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