Life Science Inventory of

Rainy Lake, Ontario

Prepared for: Rainy Lake Conservancy

Prepared by: Allan Harris Robert Foster Michael Oldham Wasyl Bakowsky

January 2002

Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______

Abstract A preliminary life science inventory of Rainy Lake was competed between 1995 and 2001. This report encompasses the 2000 report (Harris et al. 2000) and updates it with results of 2001 fieldwork. In 2000, fieldwork was concentrated on the East Arm and central portions of the lake. The 2001 fieldwork sampled 266 locations in 23 person-days in the field. Survey effort focused on Northwest Bay, North Arm, Redgut Bay, East Arm and Grassy Portage Bay.

The flora of Rainy Lake consists of 514 vascular plant species, including 21 provincially rare species. Dwarf bulrush (Lipocarpha macrantha) is known from only two other sites in Canada and is proposed as Endangered at the national level. Aquatic pigmyweed (Crassula aquatica) was previously known from only one other site in Ontario. Six other plants discovered on Rainy Lake are new for Rainy River District.

Significant fauna included American white pelicans, black terns, five provincially rare dragonflies (horned clubtail, lilypad clubtail, midland clubtail, pronghorn clubtail and forcipate emerald), two provincially rare tiger beetles (beach-dune tiger beetle and Cicindela denikei) and one provincially rare butterfly (tawny crescent).

A bird survey completed in 2001 tallied 90 bird species, 86 of which nest in the area. The bird community includes species characteristic of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region such as Baltimore oriole, scarlet tanager, great crested flycatcher and white-breasted nuthatch, along with boreal species such as black-backed woodpecker and gray jay.

A number of significant sites supporting rare species, significant plant communities, or otherwise with high biodiversity values are identified.

A summary of human impacts on the Rainy Lake ecosystem was compiled from the literature. Conservation considerations include the potential impacts of water level regulations on dwarf bulrush and other shoreline species, consideration of habitat values during Crown land disposition, and potential damage to sensitive habitats by increased recreational use of shorelines.

Acknowledgements Funding for the 2000 fieldwork was provided by the Rainy Lake Conservancy, The Nature Conservancy Canada, the Natural Heritage Information Centre, and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (Fort Frances District).

The 2001 life science inventory was supported by a generous grant from the Ontario Trillium Foundation, an agency of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Recreation which receives annually $100 million of government funding generated through Ontario’s charity casino initiative.

______Northern Bioscience Page i January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______We thank Sue Bryan, Darryl MacLeod, and Darren Elder for help with fieldwork. Darren Elder and Colin Jones helped identify dragonfly specimens. Steve Marshall of the University of Guelph provided the photograph of Cicindela denikei. Paul Pratt provided the photograph of pronghorn clubtail.

We especially thank Dale and Phyllis Callaghan, and other members of the Rainy Lake Conservancy for their support, assistance, and hospitality.

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Table of Contents Abstract ...... i Acknowledgements...... i List of Figures ...... iii List of Tables ...... iv List of Appendices ...... iv Introduction...... 1 Methods...... 1 The Rainy Lake Environment...... 5 Provincially Rare Plants...... 12 Regionally Rare Plants...... 21 Significant Fauna ...... 22 Significant Sites ...... 24 Rice Bay Wetland ...... 24 Rat River Wetland...... 24 Pound Net Bay Sandbar ...... 25 Oak Point Island...... 25 Sandpoint Island...... 25 Old Growth Pine Stands...... 25 Environmental Quality...... 29 Water Level Regulation...... 29 Exotic Species...... 29 Logging...... 30 Land Tenure and Development...... 30 Summary...... 34 Conservation Considerations ...... 34 Literature Cited ...... 36

List of Figures Figure 1. The Rainy Lake watershed...... 3 Figure 2. Field sampling locations 1995 - 2001...... 4 Figure 3. Land cover classes of the Rainy Lake shoreline...... 9 Figure 4. Bedrock geology of Rainy Lake...... 10 Figure 5. Surficial geology of Rainy Lake ...... 11 Figure 6. Dwarf bulrush (Lipocarpha micrantha) discovered at Pound Net Bay...... 15 Figure 7. Dwarf bulrush habitat at Pound Net Bay...... 15 Figure 13. Aquatic pigmyweed (Crassula aquatica) discovered at Copenhagen Island. 23 Figure 14. Leonard's small skullcap (Scutellaria leonardii) discovered at Bleak Bay..... 23 Figure 15. Prairie onion (Allium stellatum) is relatively common on Rainy Lake...... 24 Figure 16. Slender beard-tongue (Penstemon gracilis) was discovered in 2001...... 24 Figure 17. Green darner (Anax junius) from Grassy Portage Bay...... 25 Figure 18. Pronghorn clubtail (Gomphus graslinellus) ...... 25 Figure 19. A provincially rare tiger beetle (Cicindela denikei) was discovered at five sites on Rainy Lake...... 31

______Northern Bioscience Page iii January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Figure 20. Lilypad clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer), a provincially rare dragonfly from Redgut Bay...... 31 Figure 21. Rock barren with common ground juniper. Scott Islands, Rainy Lake...... 32 Figure 22. Bur oak community. Grassy Portage Bay, Rainy Lake...... 32 Figure 23. Devil’s Cascade with American White Pelican...... 33 Figure 24. Wetland in Grassy Portage Bay...... 33 Figure 25. Land tenure of the Rainy Lake shoreline...... 36 Figure 26. Human use in the Rainy Lake area...... 38

List of Tables Table 1. Summary of fieldwork dates and locations...... 2 Table 2. Island size distribution on Canadian side of Rainy Lake...... 5 Table 3. Land cover classes (Landsat data) for the Rainy Lake area...... 7 Table 4. Rare plant species at Rainy Lake...... 12

List of Appendices Appendix I. Vascular plants of Rainy Lake...... 39 Appendix II. Birds of Rainy Lake...... 54 Appendix III. Mammals of Rainy Lake...... 58 Appendix IV. Reptiles and amphibians of Rainy Lake...... 59 Appendix V. Dragonflies and damselflies of Rainy Lake...... 60 Appendix VI. List of sampling sites visited in 2000 and 2001...... 62 Appendix VII. Rare bird report for Western Grebe...... 73 Appendix VIII. Maps of selected Rainy Lake wetlands...... 75

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Introduction The Rainy Lake area on the Ontario – Minnesota border is an extensive wilderness of lake, forest and wetland. The lake covers over 85,000 ha (210,000 acres) and has over 3000 km (1864 miles) of shoreline. Much of the Minnesota shoreline is included in Voyageur’s National Park. The Ontario shore is mostly Crown (public) land.

Little is known of the natural heritage of Rainy Lake. Despite its large size and prominence on the US - Canada border, the flora and fauna of the US and Canadian sides have never been thoroughly catalogued.

Biological inventory work on Rainy Lake is needed to support conservation of rare species, vegetation communities, and wetlands. These data can be used to encourage stewardship of natural heritage features by government, private landowners and others. This information could also be used to highlight the potential impacts of water level regulation, shoreline development and increased recreation use.

This report is a compilation of the results of fieldwork conducted between 1995 and 2001. Brief accounts of rare plant and animal species are presented along with distribution maps of selected species. Lists of vascular plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) are included as appendices.

Methods Life science inventory work was conducted on Rainy Lake between 1995 and 2001. Fieldwork was completed by Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC) staff, Wasyl Bakowsky (WDB) and Michael Oldham (MJO), and Robert Foster (RFF) and Allan Harris (AGH) of Northern Bioscience (Table 1). Field assistance was provided by Darren Elder and Darryl MacLeod (OMNR Fort Frances District) and Sue Bryan (SB) (Thunder Bay Field Naturalists).

Fieldwork consisted of shoreline reconnaissance to find sites likely to support rare species or significant plant communities. In particular, sandy shorelines, oak stands, open rock barrens and large wetlands were targeted. Fieldwork to date has been in mid- summer, with no visits before June or after August. High water levels in 2001 made it difficult to find aquatic and shorelines species.

At each sampling site, plant and animal species were documented and significant vegetation communities were described. Sites were typically within 200 m of the lakeshore or its tributaries (Figure 2). Voucher specimens of plant and invertebrate species were collected.

Plant and invertebrate specimens were preparated for submission to a recognized herbarium or museum. Significant sites and species were also documented by photographs, on file at the Natural Heritage Information Centre.

______Northern Bioscience Page 1 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Sketch maps of wetland communities are in Appendix VIII.

Table 1. Summary of fieldwork dates and locations. Date Location Who* August 6, 1995 Reef Point area WDB, MJO June 14 – 15, 1999 Sandpoint Island, Seine Bay, etc. WDB, MJO July 6 – 7, 2000 East Arm, North Arm WDB, MJO July 4 – 6 ,2000 Redgut Bay AGH August 15 – 18, 2000 East Arm RFF, AGH August 22 – 27, 2000 North Arm, Swell Bay, Rice Bay SB, RFF, AGH June 19 – 21 2001 Northwest Bay, Ash Bay RFF, AGH August 2 – 3 2001 North Arm, Manitou Sound RFF, AGH August 4 – 5 2001 Redgut Bay, Porter Inlet RFF, AGH August 6 – 8 2001 East Arm RFF, AGH August 30 2001 Grassy Portage Bay SB, RFF, AGH

* see text for names and affiliation

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The Rainy Lake Environment The Rainy Lake watershed covers almost 2.5 million ha (6 million acres) in Ontario and extends more than 285 km (176 miles) east to west and about 100 km (62 miles) at its widest north to south point (Figure 1). The system flows into the Rainy River, Lake of the Woods and drains via the Winnipeg River System into Hudson Bay.

Rainy Lake covers about 92,000 ha (227,000 acres) and is the fifth largest lake in Ontario. It is a typical Precambrian Shield lake with irregular rocky shorelines and numerous islands and a maximum depth of 50 m (55 yards).

The lake has three major basins: the East Arm, North Arm and Redgut Bay. Waters are relatively nutrient poor due to drainage from the granitic watershed (Figure 4, 5). Richer shallow areas with silty substrates are restricted to estuaries and protected bays (Kallemeyn 2000). The lake is unpolluted, with little shoreline development and no heavy industry in the upstream watershed.

Rainy Lake has approximately 3000 km (1850 miles) of shoreline, 1500 km (925 miles) of which is mainland Canadian shoreline and almost 1200 km (740 miles) of island shoreline in Canadian waters. There is approximately 150 km (93 miles) each of mainland and island shoreline within Voyageurs National Park and at least 50 km (31 miles) shoreline outside the park on the American side of Rainy Lake.

Over 2200 islands are present on Rainy Lake (Table 2), nearly 2000 of which are within Canadian waters. There are approximately 200 islands within the Voyageur’s National Park portion of Rainy Lake in addition to at least 50 islands outside the park in American waters. Islands range in size from Sandpoint Island (764 ha; 1888 acres) to small exposed islets of less than 1 ha (2.5 acres).

Table 2. Island size distribution on Canadian side of Rainy Lake. Island Size Number of Total Shoreline Total Area (ha) Islands (km) (ha) <1 1,466 278 334 1-10 383 341 1272 10-100 108 365 3122 >100 11 194 4142 1968 1178 8870

Forests The vegetation surrounding Rainy Lake is mostly Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest. Old growth red and white pine stands are common on shorelines and islands where they have escaped fire and logging. Mixedwood stands with trembling aspen, white birch, and balsam fir are predominant in richer, moister sites. Boreal vegetation, such as jack pine stands and black spruce-dominated peatlands, is less common. Communities of tree

______Northern Bioscience Page 5 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______species at the northern limit of their range, such as basswood, red maple, green ash, and ironwood, are found in warmer than average, moist slopes.

Bur oak savannahs are present on south-facing sloping shorelines. Prairie plants, including a number of provincially rare species, are often associated with oak savannahs. Other rock barrens support open jack pine stands with common juniper. Shorelines are generally bedrock, but sand beaches are found in some bays. Large, rich marshes with submergent and emergent communities are found at river mouths.

Satellite data (Ontario Land Cover Database - Landcover28) was used to analyze forest composition within 1 km of the Canadian portion of the Rainy Lake shoreline. This database was derived from remote-sensed, LANDSAT Thematic Mapper satellite data at a 25 m resolution (Figure 6).

Dense deciduous forests comprise almost half of the shoreline forest cover (Table 3). They have a continuous canopy composed of at least 80% deciduous species and are typically dominated by trembling aspen and white birch. Balsam poplar and black ash are found in moister, richer sites. Sparse deciduous forests have similar species composition and comprise an additional 10% of the shoreline forest area, but have a patchy or sparse canopy (30-70% cover typically). Conifer-dominated mixed forests account for approximately 16% of the shoreline forests are most abundant near MacDonald’s Inlet, northeastern Redgut Bay and the southeastern portion of the lake, and on islands in the North Arm (Table 3, Figure 6). Jack pine, black spruce, white spruce, and/or balsam fir typically comprise over half the canopy cover, with trembling aspen, white birch, and other hardwoods subdominant. They also include red and white pine mixedwoods. Sparse coniferous forests, typically dominated by jack pine, red pine, or black spruce on dry and/or shallow soils, make up 8% of the shoreline forests.

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Table 3. Land cover classes (Landsat data) for the Rainy Lake area (<1km from Canadian shore). Description Land Area (ha) Land Area (%) Dense Deciduous Forest 37,246 47 Mixed Forest – mainly Coniferous 13,018 17 Sparse Deciduous Forest 7,910 10 Sparse Coniferous Forest 6,506 8 Mixed Forest – mainly Deciduous 3,188 4 Bedrock Outcrop 2,956 4 Dense Coniferous Forest 2,317 3 Recent Cutovers 1,922 2 Treed Bog 1,718 2 Treed Fen 879 1 Open Bog 430 <1.0 Settlement and Developed Land 390 <1.0 Pasture & Abandoned Fields 196 <1.0 Old Cuts and Burns 170 <1.0 Open Fen 21 <1.0 Total 78,869 100

The remaining 18% of the area is comprised of bedrock outcrops, bog, fen, cleared land and old burns. Bedrock outcrops represent only 3.7% of the area, but are very significant because rare plant species and communities are often found in these habitats. Peatlands such as open and treed bog and fen are uncommon (<4% of the area) near the Rainy Lake shoreline and have usually developed in small bedrock depressions or sheltered bays (e.g. Blind Bay). Typical communities include bogs and poor fens dominated by ericaceous shrubs and Sphagnum moss with stunted black spruce and tamarack. Shore fens dominated by wire sedge can also be found in wetland complexes (e.g. Rice Bay, Rat River Bay) and sheltered shores.

Recent cutovers account for only 2.4% of the shoreline forests and are found primarily in the Upper Redgut Bay, Swell Bay, and Stokes Bay areas. Active and very recent clearcuts such as those near Rat River Bay are not reflected in the land cover classes. The old cuts and burn classes includes disturbance older than 10 years of age, but disturbances older than 40-50 years are not differentiated and therefore do not reflect the long history of logging in the Rainy Lake area.

Flora The flora of the Rainy Lake area is a mixture of typical boreal plants with elements of southern and prairie vegetation. Southern plant species near the northern limit of their range include jack in the pulpit, smooth solomon’s seal, silver maple, blue ridge carrion flower, ironwood, and yellow birch. Prairie species include big bluestem, fragile prickly pear, Canada milk vetch, blue giant hyssop, and Douglas’s knotweed. A total 514 vascular plant species was tallied during fieldwork, including 21 provincially rare species and six species that are apparently new for Rainy River District (Appendix I).

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Fauna Vertebrate species observed during fieldwork are listed in Appendices II - V. Noteworthy birds include American white pelican and black tern. A bird survey completed in 2001 found 90 bird species, 86 of which nest on Rainy Lake. The bird community includes species characteristic of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region such as Baltimore oriole, scarlet tanager, great crested flycatcher and white- breasted nuthatch along with boreal species such as black-backed woodpecker and gray jay. Additional species likely nest in the area. Nesting evidence was recorded for each species and the data was submitted to the Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas program.

The western (red-sided garter snake) and southern (northern redbelly snake) influences on the fauna are also apparent. A limited survey of selected groups of invertebrates was completed. Of note are five provincially rare species of dragonflies, two species of tiger beetles and one butterfly (described below).

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Provincially Rare Plants The majority of the rare plants are concentrated on the east Arm of Rainy Lake (Table 4). Most are associated with prairie-like habitat on south-facing rocky slopes or sand beaches.

Many of the rare species are found in patches of relict prairie that have persisted since a period of warmer climate approximately 5000 years ago. These relict species and communities usually persist in specialized habitats with warmer and drier than average microclimates where they can out compete most boreal species. They provide a window into the past and may allow a more complete understanding of related disciplines including the post-glacial geology, archaeology and the history of First Nation's use of the Rainy Lake area.

Table 4. Rare plant species at Rainy Lake. No. Rainy Lake Common Name Scientific Name Affiliation Sites Distributi on Beach Heath Hudsonia tomentosa Widespread 1 East Arm Buttonbush Dodder Cuscuta cephalanthi Southern 3 East Arm Dwarf Bulrush Lipocarpha micrantha Widespread - Southern 1 East Arm Giant St. John's-wort Hypericum ascyron Southern 1 East Arm Hayden's Sedge Carex haydenii Eastern 3 East Arm Hill's Oak Quercus ellipsoidalis Southern 32 Widespread Inland Rush Juncus interior Western 6 Widespread Little Prickly Pear Cactus Opuntia fragilis Western 4 East Arm New England Violet Viola novae-angliae Midwestern 1 East Arm Nodding Ladies' Tresses Spiranthes cernua Eastern 1 East Arm Oregon Woodsia Woodsia oregana Western – Northern 1 East Arm Prairie Buttercup Ranunculus rhomboideus Western – Southern 3 Widespread Prairie Onion Allium stellatum Western 22 Widespread Prairie Spikemoss Selaginella densa Western 14 Widespread Racemed Milkwort Polygala polygama Southern 1 East Arm Rough Sand Sedge Cyperus schweinitzii Widespread 3 East Arm Round-headed Bush-clover Lespedeza capitata Southern 1 East Arm Slender Bulrush Scirpus heterochaetus Western 7 East Arm Slender Cliffbrake Cryptogramma stelleri Eastern 1 Redgut Bay Slender Beard-tongue Penstemon gracilis Western 1 North Arm Small Skullcap Scutellaria leonardii Southern 7 East Arm Sun Sedge Carex inops Western – Southern 2 East Arm Switch Grass Panicum virgatum Western – Southern 2 East Arm Upland Wild Muhly Muhlenbergia racemosa Western 1 East Arm Vasey's Rush Juncus vaseyi Eastern 1 Redgut Bay Water Pigmyweed Crassula aquatica Western – Northern 19 Widespread Wild Licorice Glycyrriza lepidota Western 2 Redgut Bay, East Arm

______Northern Bioscience Page 12 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Prairie species often exist in isolated pockets with little or no gene flow with other populations, and can be extremely susceptible to local extinction. Limited gene flow with individuals from within the main range of the species may lead to genetic divergence within these isolated populations. To preserve to full range of genetic diversity within these species and their evolutionary potential, it is therefore essential to protect some of these extra-limital populations.

Other species are at the northern limit of their range and able to persist due to warmer than average microclimate on the Rainy Lake shore.

The following plant species discovered on Rainy Lake are rare in Ontario (Oldham 1999). Provincial conservation priority ranks (SRANKS) are provided: SH Historically known from Ontario, but not verified recently S1 Extremely rare in Ontario; usually five or fewer occurrences in the province. S2 Very rare in Ontario; usually between six and 20 occurrences. S2S3 Ontario rank is either S2 or S3, but current information is insufficient to determine which rank applies. S3 Rare in Ontario; usually between 21 and 100 occurrences.

Oregon Woodsia Woodsia oregana D. Eaton This small fern was discovered on rocky shores and cliffs at six locations. Its range extends from western North America through the northern Great Lakes region (FNA 1993). It has been collected in Kenora and Thunder Bay districts, Manitoulin Island, the Bruce Peninsula and eastern Ontario. (S3).

Prairie Spikemoss Selaginella densa Rydb. This small moss-like plant was discovered on rocky ridges at numerous sites on Rainy Lake. Easily confused with the more common rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris). It is known from numerous sites between Lake of the Woods and Thunder Bay (Oldham 1999). (S2).

Hayden's Sedge Carex haydenii Dewey Hayden’s sedge was found in a diversity of habitats including moist woods, shores and sand beaches. An eastern species, its range extends from south of the Great Lakes to the Rainy Lake – Lake of the Woods area (Argus et al. 1982 - 1987). (S2).

Sun Sedge Carex inops L.H. Bailey Sun sedge was found at two sites on dry rocky shores. A prairie species, its range extends to Minnesota and the Lake of the Woods – Rainy Lake area, and south to southern Ontario (Argus et al. 1982 - 1987). (S1).

______Northern Bioscience Page 13 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Rough Sand Sedge Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Rough sand sedge was discovered on sandy beaches at two locations. Widespread, its range extends north to Rainy Lake and northern Minnesota. (S3).

Dwarf Bulrush Lipocarpha micrantha (M. Vahl) G.C. Tucker This small sedge was discovered in 2000 on a low sandbar island in Pound Net Bay (Figure 6, 7). The island was barely above water level and measured only about 25 m by 8 m. Vegetation was dominated by sweet gale (Myrica gale), black-sheathed bulrush (Scirpus cyperinus) and ticklegrass (Agrostis scabra) with open, lightly vegetated patches. About 75 plants were present on wet sand, just above the water level. Dwarf bulrush is an annual species known from only two other sites in Canada, including Lake of the Woods and Lake Osoyoos, British Columbia. Four other Canadian populations have apparently been extirpated (Sabourin et al. 1992, Smith et al. 2001). The Pound Net Bay site was revisited in 2001, but the island was flooded out and no dwarf bulrush plants were present, but it probably persists in the seed bank. This species is ranked as “Threatened” at the provincial level and proposed “Endangered” at the federal level (Smith et al. 2001). (S1).

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Figure 6. Dwarf bulrush (Lipocarpha micrantha) discovered at Pound Net Bay.

Figure 7. Dwarf bulrush habitat at Pound Net Bay.

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Slender Bulrush Scirpus heterochaetus Chase Locally abundant in marshes at the east end of Rainy Lake, sometimes forming extensive stands. A western species, widespread but local in northern Ontario. Some specimens collected at Rainy Lake are apparently hybrids between slender bulrush and hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus). (S2).

Inland Rush Juncus interior Wiegand Inland rush was found on rocky shores at several locations. Its range includes the prairies of North America, extending eastward to Kenora and Rainy River districts and southern and central Ontario (FNA 2000, Oldham 1999). This rush is locally common on rocky shores on Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods. (S3).

Vasey’s Rush Juncus vaseyii Engelm. Vasey’s rush was discovered at the end of Porter Inlet off Redgut Bay. Its range extends through the Great Lakes Region with scattered locations to the north and west including several sites in Thunder Bay, Kenora and Rainy River districts (FNA 2000). (S3).

Prairie Onion Allium stellatum Fraser ex Ker Gawl. Prairie onion was located on rocky, south-facing shores at a number of sites (Error! Reference source not found.). It ranges through the prairies and into the Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake areas in Ontario. (S3).

Upland Wild Muhly Muhlenbergia racemosa (Mich.) BSG. This grass was discovered on a rocky shore at Sandpoint Island. Its range extends from the prairies, through the Lake of the Woods area to the north shore of Lake Superior (Argus et al. 1982 - 1987). (S2).

Wild Licorice Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt. ex Pursh Wild licorice was discovered at Kettle Island, near Kettle Falls, on the U.S. border in 2000. In 2001, a second population was discovered at the north side of Porter Inlet of Redgut Bay. It is relatively common in Voyageur’s National Park, Minnesota. A prairie species, it is also known from Lake of the Woods, Rainy River and historically in southern Ontario. (S1)

Fragile Prickly Pear Cactus Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Fragile prickly pear is found on open, rocky islands and shorelines of Rainy Lake. In addition to the sites listed below, there are also unconfirmed reports from Bare Island, Black Island, and several other sites. This is a western species with disjunct populations at Rainy Lake, Oak Lake, Lake of the Woods, and one site in southern Ontario (Argus et al. 1982 - 1987). (S2).

______Northern Bioscience Page 16 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Beach Heath Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. This low shrub is locally common on a beach on Sandpoint Island. Widespread in North America, but rare and local in Ontario. It is known from Lake of the Woods and the Thunder Bay area and also in southern Ontario. (S2S3)

Buttonbush Dodder Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Buttonbush dodder was discovered on moist shorelines at three sites. Asters were the predominant host plant for this parasitic vine. Previously known from Thunder Bay and Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake marks the northern edge of its range (Argus et al. 1982 - 1987). (S2).

Aquatic Pigmyweed Crassula aquatica (L.) Schoenl. Aquatic pigmyweed was discovered at 19 locations on Rainy Lake (Figure 13). This tiny submergent was previously collected only once in Ontario, from the Sioux Lookout area in 1961 (Argus et al. 1982 - 1987). Habitat is shallow water on sandy or rocky substrate. It also grows above the water level on wet shorelines. High water levels in 2001 impaired efforts to find additional populations of this plant. Aquatic pygmyweed is locally common in Voyageur’s National Park, but has been suggested as “Proposed Endangered” in Minnesota (Coffin and Pfannmuller 1988). (SH).

Hill's Oak Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill Locally common on Rainy Lake, this species was seen at numerous locations. Typical habitat is bedrock knolls, usually with bur oak. Its range is mainly south of the Great Lakes, with populations in the Lake of the Woods to Rainy Lake area and in southern Ontario. (S3).

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Figure 13. Aquatic pigmyweed (Crassula aquatica) discovered at Copenhagen Island.

Figure 14. Leonard's small skullcap (Scutellaria leonardii) discovered at Bleak Bay.

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Figure 15. Prairie onion (Allium stellatum) is relatively common on Rainy Lake.

Figure 16. Slender beard-tongue (Penstemon gracilis) was discovered in 2001. ______Northern Bioscience 19 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______

Figure 17. Green darner (Anax junius) from Grassy Portage Bay.

Figure 18. Pronghorn clubtail (Gomphus graslinellus) (photo by Paul Pratt). ______Northern Bioscience 20 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______

Leonard’s Small Skullcap Scutellaria leonardii Michx. Leonard’s small skullcap was found on bedrock shores at seven locations (Figure 14). Its range extends from Lake of the Woods, through the US Midwest and into southern Ontario. Sometimes considered a subspecies of small skullcap (Scutellaria parvula var leonardii). (S2).

Slender Beard-tongue Penstemon gracilis Nutt. A small population of this showy wildflower was found on an open rocky slope on Ash Narrows (Figure 16). It is a prairie species that extends into extreme western Ontario at Lake of the Woods (Argus et al. 1982 – 1987). This is the first record of the species at Rainy Lake. (S2)

Floating Marsh-marigold Caltha natans Pall. Although floating marsh-marigold was not found during the current study, it is known from the Rainy Lake area. In 1992, it was collected on a tributary of Rice Bay (48o 45’ 00.0” N 93o 04’ 48.3” W). A brief search of that site in 2000 failed to discover any plants, but it probably persists within the watershed since the habitat remains intact. Floating marsh- marigold is also known from at least one site on the Minnesota side of Rainy Lake (David Symansky pers. comm.). Its Ontario range consists of a narrow band extending through Kenora and Rainy River districts to Quetico Provincial Park (FNA 1997). Recommended as “Proposed Endangered” in Minnesota by Coffin and Pfannmuller (1988). (S2).

Prairie Buttercup Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie Prairie buttercup was found in 2000 on an open, rocky, south-facing grassy slope and forest edge on the Seine River. In 2001, two additional populations were discovered on the North Arm of Rainy Lake. Its range extends from the prairies, south of the Great Lakes to southern Ontario. It is known from Lake of the Woods and Woodland Caribou Provincial Park. (S3)

Regionally Rare Plants The following species discovered during fieldwork on Rainy Lake are not previously known from Rainy River District, and therefore are considered to be “regionally rare”.

Slender Cliffbrake Cryptogramma stellari (S.Gmelin) Prantl Slender cliffbrake grows on a cliff on the east side of Spawn Narrows on Redgut Bay. This species has a disjunct range in North America, with populations in the Maritimes - upper Great Lakes area and British Columbia – Alaska (FNA 1993). The Rainy Lake population is the western-most in Ontario.

Nodding Ladies' Tresses Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Nodding ladies’tresses was discovered in an abandoned gravel pit near Pocket Pond. Although widespread in Southern Ontario, it apparently has not been previously documented in northern Ontario (Whiting and Catling 1986). In Minnesota, however, its range extends to the Ontario border near Rainy Lake (Owenby and Morley 1991). ______Northern Bioscience Page 21 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______

Switch Grass Panicum virgatum L. Switch grass was discovered on shorelines at two locations on Rainy Lake. It also grows along Highway 11 near the Seine River bridge, with other prairie species. The Rainy Lake shoreline sites, however, are the only known occurrences of this species in undisturbed natural habitat in Rainy River District. Switch grass is known from the north end of Lake of the Woods (Kenora District) and southern Ontario (Dore and McNeill 1980).

Round-headed Bush-clover Lespedeza capitata Michx. About 10 plants, tentatively identified as this prairie species, were discovered in mesic woods on Green Island (reported by Claudia Horne and verified by AGH). A flower garden is within 20 m of the site, raising the possibility that it may be introduced. However, the plants are in essentially undisturbed forest with few other non-native species and the gardener has no recollection of planting this species. If native, this is apparently the first northwestern Ontario record (Fassett 1939). Its range extends as far north as central Minnesota (Owenby and Morley 1991).

Giant St. John's-wort Hypericum ascyon L. A large patch of giant St. John’s-wort was discovered in a beaver meadow on a small stream at the north end of Pound Net Bay. The nearest known Ontario population is on Manitoulin Island (Gillett and Robson 1981), but its range extends into northern Minnesota (Ownbey and Morley 1991).

Racemed Milkwort Polygala polygama Walter Discovered in dry open woods at Vague Point in the East Arm of Rainy Lake. This is apparently the first Rainy River District record, although it has been collected in Kenora District near Ingolf (Gillett 1968). Its range extends to northern Minnesota (Owenby and Morley 1991).

Significant Fauna The following birds and insects are provincially rare with an S-rank of S1 to S3 (NHIC 2000).

BIRDS

American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos American white pelicans are frequently seen throughout the breeding season on Rainy Lake. These birds are probably wanderers from Lake of the Woods since there are no known nesting colonies on Rainy Lake. American white pelicans are expanding their range in Ontario and the abundance of potential nesting islands on Rainy Lake suggest that they may eventually establish a nesting population. This species is ranked as Endangered in Ontario. (S2).

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Black Tern Chlidonias niger A family of black terns (two adults and one immature) was seen in the Rat River Wetland on August 16 2000. None were observed there in August 2001. The extensive rich marsh is suitable nesting habitat (Austen et al. 1994) and this family probably nested here. They nest at Lake of the Woods and scattered locations across northern Ontario, but are declining over much of their southern Ontario range due to loss of wetland habitat. Black terns are ranked as Vulnerable in Ontario. (S3).

Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis A western grebe was seen near Red Pine Island in 2000 (see Appendix VII for sighting details). Western grebes are rarely seen in Ontario, but this was probably a vagrant from farther west, rather than a locally nesting bird.

DRAGONFLIES

Horned Clubtail Arigomphus cornutus Found on the Seine River on June 15 1999 and on the east side of Turkey Island on June 21, 2001. This species is not listed for Rainy River District by Catling & Brownell (2000), but has been collected at Atikokan and Fort Frances (Darren Elder pers. comm.). Its range extends through the Great Lakes Basin, west to Manitoba and North Dakota (Dunkle 2000). (S2).

Lilypad Clubtail Arigomphus furcifer This dragonfly was discovered cruising over deep water on Redgut Bay on July 3, 2000, and is apparently the first record in Rainy River District (Catling and Brownell 2000, Oldham and Elder 2000). Its range extends from New England, through the Great Lakes Basin to the west end of Lake Superior (Dunkle 2000). (S2S3)

Midland Clubtail Gomphus fraternus Discovered at a sand beach on the South Arm of Rainy Lake on July 6, 2000. Its range includes the northeastern US and southern Canada (Dunkle 2000). (S3)

Pronghorn Clubtail Gomphus graslinellus Discovered at several locations in the East Arm of Rainy Lake on July 6, 2000 and June 19- 21, 2001 in the North Arm (Figure 12). These are evidently the first records of this species in Rainy River District (Catling and Brownell 2000, Oldham and Elder 2000). Its range includes the central US and southern Canada (Dunkle 2000). (S2S3).

Forcipate Emerald Somatochlora forcipata Collected at the north side of Ash Bay, west of mouth of Paddy Bay on June 6, 2001. Its range includes much of Canada east of Alberta (Dunkle 2000), although is has infrequently collected west of Ontario (Walker and Corbet 1975). (S2S3)

______Northern Bioscience Page 23 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______TIGER BEETLES

Tiger Beetle Cicindela denikei A bright green tiger beetle with a global range restricted to northwestern Ontario and a small area of northern Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba. It is locally common on open rock outcrops at Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods. Recommended as “Proposed Endangered” in Minnesota by Coffin and Pfannmuller (1988). (S3?).

Beach-dune Tiger Beetle Cicindela hirticollis Only three Ontario records in the last 20 years and none west of the Thunder Bay area according to Sutherland (1999). Recently found at a number of new sites in both southern and northern Ontario. A species of dunes and sandy shores. Southern Ontario populations appear to have declined due to shoreline development and increased recreational pressure. (S2?).

BUTTERFLIES

Tawny Crescent Phyciodes batesii This butterfly was found at Sandpoint Island on June 14, 1999. Widespread across central North America (Opler and Malikul 1992). (S3).

Significant Sites The following sites are particularly significant because they support large number of rare species, represent significant plant communities, have high biodiversity values, or are important for wildlife. Refer to Appendix VI for locations.

Rice Bay Wetland This large, rich, diverse wetland encompasses over 500 ha of marsh, swamp bog, and fen. Provincially rare plants include aquatic pigmyweed, and slender bulrush. Floating marsh- marigold was observed here in 1992 and, although not observed in 2000, probably persists in the watershed. This wetland was the only location on Rainy Lake where yellow birch was encountered.

Rat River Wetland This extensive wetland at the mouth of the Rat River has very large stands of wild rice. The rice provides a feeding and staging area for ducks: over 50 wood ducks, along with other waterfowl were observed on August 16, 2000. Many more ducks were present in the dense rice stands, but impossible to count. Black terns (ranked as Vulnerable in Ontario) evidently nest here. Provincially rare species include slender bulrush (thousands of culms) and pronghorn clubtail dragonfly.

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Pound Net Bay Sandbar This small island supports dwarf bulrush (ranked as Threatened at the national and provincial levels) and a large population of the provincially rare aquatic pigmyweed. Fieldwork earlier or later in the season may find other rare plants on this wet sandbar. Its low profile makes it vulnerable to water level fluctuations. The island is also susceptible to human disturbance due to its small size.

Oak Point Island The south end of Oak Point Island supports the best example of a mesic bur oak stand encountered on Rainy Lake. Some very large (> 35 cm diameter) oaks grow here. Provincially rare Hill’s oak grows here. Wild licorice is found on a nearby island.

Sandpoint Island The sand beach at the south side of Sandpoint Island supports several provincially rare species, including beach heath, rough sand sedge, inland rush, and beach dune tiger beetle. Prairie spikemoss, Oregon woodsia, prairie onion, fragile prickly pear cactus and upland wild muhly are on nearby rocky shores.

Old Growth Pine Stands The area surrounding Rainy Lake contains the highest proportions of red and white pine in northwestern Ontario (Bowling and Niznowski 1996, Perera and Baldwin 1993). Magnificent old growth stands are commonly encountered on shores and islands. Concern about declines in old growth pine forest communities has prompted conservation measures across Ontario.

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Figure 19. A provincially rare tiger beetle (Cicindela denikei) was discovered at five sites on Rainy Lake. (photo by Steve Marshall).

Figure 20. Lilypad clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer), a provincially rare dragonfly from Redgut Bay.

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Figure 21. Rock barren with common ground juniper. Scott Islands, Rainy Lake.

Figure 22. Bur oak community. Grassy Portage Bay, Rainy Lake.

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Figure 23. Devil’s Cascade with American White Pelican.

Figure 24. Wetland in Grassy Portage Bay. ______Northern Bioscience Page 28 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______

Environmental Quality Water Level Regulation The water level on Rainy Lake is regulated by a dam at Fort Frances / International Falls. The dam, built in 1905, raised the water level by about 2 m.

The original upper and lower limits for water level regulation (“rule curve”) differ from a natural lake and may have harmed the aquatic environment. The lake is believed to be less productive and less stable than a lake with a natural water regime.

Water level regulation may have impacted the fisheries in Rainy Lake. Low water levels in the spring prevent walleye and northern pike from using preferred spawning areas. Cold- water species such as lake whitefish and cisco may also be at risk if their eggs are destroyed by a large late winter drawdown (Kallemeyn 2000).

Wetlands on Rainy Lake have different species of aquatic plants and less structural diversity (i.e. plants tend to be all the same height at a particular depth) compared to lakes without dams (Wilcox and Meeker 1991).

The nesting success of common loons, grebes and other aquatic birds may have been reduced by water level changes in the early nesting season. Beaver, otter and other aquatic species may also have been affected.

Shoreline plant communities were submerged when water levels were raised. Impacts on rare plants such as dwarf bulrush and aquatic pygmy weed are not known.

A revised rule curve introduced in 2000 is intended to restore a more natural water regime. Monitoring of the impacts of the new rule curve on wetlands, fisheries and other values will be initiated in 2002.

Exotic Species Rainy Lake has relatively few non-native species, but some have altered wetland and aquatic environments.

Introduced fish species may have contributed to declines in walleye populations and other changes to aquatic communities. Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was discovered in Rainy Lake in 1990. Two popular sportfish, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) and black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) are also introduced to Rainy Lake.

Several plant species have invaded wetlands on Rainy Lake. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) was discovered at the Windy Point boat launch (15 486781E 5393068 N) in 2001. About a dozen plants were growing in a moist area at the edge of the parking lot. Although known from the US side of Namakan Lake, this is the first known occurrence of the species on the Ontario side of Rainy Lake. Purple loosestrife is well known for being invasive in wetland habitats.

______Northern Bioscience Page 29 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia) is relatively common in marshes on Rainy Lake. It is apparently a recent invader to Rainy and Namakan lakes (Foster and Harris 2000) and already dominates several marshes at the expense of other emergent plant species.

Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and common reed (Phragmites australis) are widespread on Rainy Lake. Native and exotic strains of both species are present in Ontario, but are very difficult to distinguish. The exotic strains can be extremely aggressive and dominate wetland communities. Populations on Rainy Lake are probably native since they are isolated from human sources and appear to be non-invasive.

About 40 other weed species are known from Rainy Lake, but are confined to human- disturbed habitats and show little sign of being invasive.

Logging Commercial logging in the Rainy Lake area began in the late 1800s shortly after construction of the Dawson Trail in the 1870’s and the railroad to International Falls in 1907.

The Rat Portage Lumber Company logged on the Ontario side of Rainy Lake between 1885 and 1915. Logs were rafted down Rainy Lake and the Rainy River and across Lake of the Woods to Kenora (Heinselmann 1996). Intensive logging of pines on the US side continued until the 1930s (Truer 1979).

After depleting most of the easily accessible mature pine forests, efforts turned to pulpwood logging. Recent (since about 1960) logging has taken place in less than 5% of the forests within 1 km (0.62 miles) of the lakeshore. However, most of the Rainy Lake watershed is made up of commercial forest. Recent cutovers are found in the Upper Redgut Bay, Swell Bay, Rat River Bay, and Stokes Bay areas.

The logging history is reflected in the current composition of the lakeshore forests. Mature red and white pine forests were probably reduced from about 15% of the landscape to about 5% (Heinselmann 1996). Most of the remaining pine forest is on islands and shorelines. Trembling aspen and white birch dominate the second growth forest.

Logging also contributed to the extirpation of woodland caribou around Rainy Lake and across the southern part of northwestern Ontario in the early 1900s. Woodland caribou are sensitive to the effects of forest fragmentation on the predator prey balance between caribou, moose and wolves.

Land Tenure and Development Three residential areas, the Couchiching Indian Reserve, Fort Frances, and International Falls, border the western end of Rainy Lake. Over 1300 buildings are within 200 m (219 yards) of the Rainy Lake shoreline (Figure 26). About 100 of these are within the Fort Frances townsite (McIrvine Township). Most of the other 1200 buildings are concentrated along Highway 11 between Fort Frances and the south end of Redgut Bay.

______Northern Bioscience Page 30 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Approximately 12% of the Canadian shoreline of Rainy Lake is privately held, totaling 215 km (134 miles) and 115 km (72 miles) of island and mainland shoreline respectively (Figure 25). This represents 13% of the island shoreline and 12% of the total shoreline. Approximately 932 ha (2303 acres) or 10.5% of the island area on the Canadian portion of the lake is privately held and almost 40% (198 of 502) of the Canadian islands greater than 1 ha (2.5 acres) are partially or completely in private ownership. Many of the privately held island properties are scattered throughout the North Arm or concentrated in the area northwest of Sandpoint Island. Most islands in the eastern portion of Rainy Lake are Crown land. Mainland properties are primarily found east of Fort Frances in the Reef Point- Rocky Inlet–Windy Point area, or other road accessible locations. The majority (>75%) of the shoreline, island area, and waters of the American portion of Rainy Lake are within Voyageurs National Park, with the remaining portion east of International Falls in mixed ownership.

In addition to Voyageurs National Park on the American portion of Rainy Lake, there are four protected areas on the Canadian side, all of which have been relatively recently established (within the last 5 years). The Rainy Lake Islands Conservation Reserve (C2344) encompasses approximately 5477 ha (13,534 acres) and includes most of the Crown land islands within Rainy Lake. Browns Inlet Conservation Reserve (C2350) protects 3185 ha (7870 acres) of mainland between Browns Inlet and Standingstone Point in the North Arm. Sandpoint Island Provincial Park is a Natural Environment Park that encompasses 764 ha (1888 acres). Goose Island is a 114-ha (282 acre) provincial park with a Nature Reserve designation. In total, about 40% of the Canadian Rainy Lake mainland and island shoreline falls within parks and conservation reserve (Figure 25).

There are seven First Nation Indian Reserves (I.R.) on or immediately adjacent to Rainy Lake including: Rainy Lake Indian Reserves 17A, 26A, 26B, 26C in the North Arm and Redgut Bay; Seine River I.R. 23B on Seine Bay; Agency I.R. 1 on Sand Bay; and Couchiching I.R.16A and Rainy Lake Indian Reserve 18C on Stanjikoming Bay. Traditional use areas cover all of Rainy Lake. In total, Indian reserves account for about 8% of the Rainy Lake shoreline.

Private Land Indian Reserve

Park and Conservation Reserve Crown Land

Figure 25. Land tenure of the Rainy Lake mainland and island shoreline (source: OMNR data).

______Northern Bioscience Page 31 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Two major transportation corridors, Highway 11 and the CNR rail line, cross the lake on the Noden Causeway. Highway 502 runs north to south between Redgut Bay and the North Arm. Other roads access the west side of the North Arm. Much of the eastern part of the East Arm lacks road access (Figure 26). There are seven main public access points to the Canadian side of the lake and five designated camping spots.

At least 14 active mining claims are within 1 km (0.62 miles) of the lake, notably on Pine Point and shoreline properties in Walkirk Township. At least 27 gravel pits and 1 quarry are within 1 km of Rainy Lake. There are no active or abandoned mines within 1 km of the Ontario side of Rainy Lake, although there are historical mine sites on the Minnesota side.

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Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______

Summary Rainy Lake is home to a diversity of plant and animal species representative of the Great Lake - St Lawrence and boreal forest regions. A total of 21 species of provincially rare plants, two significant nesting bird species, and eight provincially rare insects inhabit the lakeshore. Significant habitats include sand beaches, old growth red and white pine stands, and south-facing rocky slopes with oak savannah and prairie vegetation. Noteworthy sites include Sandpoint Island, wetlands at Rat River and Rice Bay, Pound Net Bay and Oak Point Island.

Compared to many of Ontario’s large lakes, the Rainy Lake ecosystem is largely intact, but a number of factors threaten its integrity.

Water level regulation by the dam at Fort Frances – International Falls has altered wetland vegetation and fish and wildlife habitat. Efforts to restore a more natural water level regime and monitor effects on the environment were initiated in 2000. Water quality remains high, with little shoreline development and no large industry in the upstream watershed.

Exotic species are a potential threat to the aquatic environment. Narrow-leaved cattail has already invaded some wetlands and purple loosestrife was discovered in 2001 on the Rainy Lake shore. Rainbow smelt (discovered in Rainy Lake in 1990) along with introduced black crappie and smallmouth bass, may alter the aquatic food chain.

Logging in the early 1900s removed much of the old red and white pine forest in the Rainy Lake watershed, although significant stands remain on shores and islands. Logging continues to take place in much of the watershed, but the immediate shoreline is protected in a buffer zone.

A major transportation corridor with Highway 11 and the CNR rail line crosses the lake, posing the risk of spills, pollution, and invasive species.

Shoreline development is an ongoing threat to the integrity of the shoreline with implications for water quality, habitat degradation and rare species. Currently, relatively little of the shoreline has been developed. About 40% of the Ontario shoreline, including most of the islands, is protected in parks and conservation reserves. Crown land makes up 40% of the island and mainland shore and the remaining 20% is split between private land and Indian Reserve land.

Conservation Considerations The following should be considered to protect the rare species and other natural heritage values: 1. Water level regulation may have negative impacts on pigmy bulrush and other shoreline species that depend on a natural drawdown – flooding cycle. Alteration of the water regime could result in increased competition from more vigorous plant or impair seed production or germination. 2. Crown land disposition should recognize the significance of natural heritage features.

______Northern Bioscience Page 34 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______3. Excessive recreational use of beaches could be harmful to several species of rare plants as well as the beach dune tiger beetle. 4. A shoreline management plan for Rainy Lake is needed to guide shoreline development, overall capacity of the immediate watershed, forestry management practices, road access and other land management decisions.

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Literature Cited Argus, G.W., K.M. Pryer, D.J. White, and C.J. Keddy. Eds. 1982 – 1987. Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario. Four Parts. National Museum of Natural Sciences. Ottawa. (looseleaf).

Austen, M.J.W., M.D.Cadman, and R.D.James. 1994. Ontario Birds at Risk Status and Conservation Needs. Federation of Ontario Naturalists. Don Mills. 165 pp.

Bowling, C. and G. Niznowski. 1996. White pine in northwestern Ontario: Distribution, silviculture history and prospects. Ont. Min. of Natur. Resour. Northwest Sci. and Technol. Thunder Bay, Ont. Tech. Report TR-94. 29 pp + Appendices.

Catling, P.M., and V.R. Brownell. 2000. Damselflies and Dragonflies (Odonata) of Ontario: Resource Guide and Annotated List. Privately published, Metcalfe, Ontario. 198 pages.

Coffin, B. and L. Pfannmuller. 1988. Minnesota’s Endangered Flora and Fauna. Univ. of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.

Dore, W.G. and J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph 28. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply & Services, Ottawa.

Dunkle, S.W. 2000. Dragonflies through Binoculars. Oxford University Press. New York. 266 pp.

Fassett, N.C. 1939. The Leguminous Plants of Wisconsin. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 157 pp.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors). 1993. Flora of North America. Volume 2. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York. 475 pp.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors). 1997. Flora of North America. Volume 3. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York. 590 pp.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors). 2000. Flora of North America. Volume 22. Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part) and Zingiberidae. Oxford University Press, New York. 352 pp.

Foster, R.F. and A.G. Harris. 2001. Invasive plants survey Voyageurs National Park. unpublished report.

______Northern Bioscience Page 36 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Gillett, J.M. 1968. The Milkworts of Canada. Monograph No. 5, Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Ottawa.

Gillett, J.M. and N.K.B. Robson. 1981. The St. John’s-worts of Canada (Guttiferae). National Museums of Canada. Publications in Botany, No. 11.

Harris, A.G., M.J. Oldham, R.F. Foster and W.D. Bakowsky. 2000. Preliminary life science inventory of Rainy Lake, Ontario. Unpublished report. Prepared for the Rainy Lake Conservancy.

Heninselman, M.L. 1996. Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem. Univ. of Minn. Press, St. Paul, Minn.

Kallemeyn, L.W. 2000. Proceedings of the Rainy Lake – Namakan Reservoir ecological monitoring workshop. International Falls, MN. January 11 – 12 2000.

Natural Heritage Information Centre. 2000. NHIC List of Ontario Birds, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Odonata. (http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/mnr/nhic/queries/ listout.cfm?el=ab). NHIC, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Oldham, M.J. 1999. Natural heritage resources of Ontario: rare vascular plants. Third Edition. Natural Heritage Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. 53 pp.

Oldham, M.J. and D.R. Elder. 2000. Noteworthy Odonata records from northwestern Ontario. Pages 28-33, in "Ontario Odonata Volume 1" (P.M. Catling, C. Jones and P. Pratt, editors), Toronto Entomologists' Association, Toronto, Ontario.

Opler, P.A. and V. Malikul. 1992. Eastern Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.

Owenby, G.B. and T. Morley 1991. Vascular Plants of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.

Perera, A.H. and D.J.B. Baldwin 1993. Spatial characteristics of eastern white pine and red pine in Ontario. Ontario Forest Research Institute. Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Project. Report No. 9. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Sabourin, A., M.J. Oldham, and D. Paquette. 1992. Status report on the small-flowered Lipocarpha, Lipocarpha micrantha (syn. Hemicarpha micrantha) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 26 pp.

T.W. Smith, G. Douglas and A. Harris. 2001. Update COSEWIC Status Report on Small- Flowered Lipocarpha (Lipocarpha micrantha) (syn. Hemicarpha micrantha). Draft Report submitted to COSEWIC.

______Northern Bioscience Page 37 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory ______Sutherland, D.A. 1999. Status of Tiger Beetles in Ontario. Natural Heritage Information Centre Newsletter 5(2):1-2.

Whiting, R.E. and P.M. Catling 1986. Orchids of Ontario: An Illustrated Guide. The CanaColl Foundation. Ottawa.

Wilcox, D.A. and J.E. Meeker. 1991. Disturbance effects on aquatic vegetation in regulated and unregulated lakes in northern Minnesota. Can. J. Bot. 69: 1542 – 1551.

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Appendix I. Vascular plants of Rainy Lake. The following species were found at Rainy Lake during fieldwork in 1995 – 2001. Introduced species are marked "I". Provincially rare species (Oldham 1999) are marked "P". Species new for Rainy River District are marked "+". Species marked "*" are represented by a voucher specimen.

FAMILY EQUISETACEAE Horsetail Family * Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile L. Water Horsetail Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring Rush Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Shade Horsetail Equisetum sylvaticum L. Woodland Horsetail * Equisetum variegatum Schleicher Variegated Horsetail

FAMILY DENNSTAETIACEAE Bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Bracken

FAMILY DRYOPTERIDACEAE True Fern Family Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Lady Fern * Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fragile Fern * Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H.P.Fuchs Spinulose Wood Fern Dryopteris cristata (L.) A.Gray Crested Wood Fern * Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott Fragrant Cliff Fern * Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman Oak Fern Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todara Ostrich Fern * Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern * Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br. Rusty Woodsia * P Woodsia oregana D. Eaton Oregon Woodsia

FAMILY OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Succulent Fern Family Botrychium multifidum (S. Gmelin) Rupr. Leathery Grape Fern Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern

FAMILY OSMUNDACEAE Flowering Fern Family * Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern

FAMILY POLYPODIACEAE Polypody Family * Polypodium virginianum L. Rock Polypody

FAMILY PTERIDACEAE Brake Family * RR Cryptogramma stelleri (S. Gmelin) Prantl Slender Cliffbrake

FAMILY THELYPTERIDACEAE Marsh Fern Family * Phegopteris connectilis (Michaux) Watt Long Beech Fern

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* Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott Marsh Fern

FAMILY ISOETACEAE Quillwort Family * Isoetes echinospora Durieu Braun's Quillwort * Isoetes lacustris L. Lake Quillwort

FAMILY LYCOPODIACEAE Clubmoss Family Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub Ground Cedar * Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. Shining Fir-moss * Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub Northern Bog Clubmoss Lycopodium annotinum L. Bristly Clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum L. Common Clubmoss Lycopodium dendroideum Michaux Prickly Tree Clubmoss * Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog Clubmoss * Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux Shining Clubmoss Lycopodium obscurum L. Flat -branched Tree Clubmoss

FAMILY SELAGINELLACEAE Spikemoss Family * P Selaginella densa Rydb. Prairie Spikemoss * Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring Rock Spikemoss

FAMILY CUPRESSACEAE Juniper Family Juniperus communis L. Common Ground Juniper * Juniperus horizontalis Moench Creeping Juniper Thuja occidentalis L. Eastern White Cedar

FAMILY PINACEAE Pine Family Abies balsamea (L.) Miller Balsam Fir Larix laricina (Duroi) K.Koch Tamarack Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce Picea mariana (Miller) BSP Black Spruce Pinus banksiana Lambert Jack Pine Pinus resinosa Sol. ex Aiton Red Pine Pinus strobus L. White Pine

FAMILY TAXACEAE Yew Family Taxus canadensis Marshall Canada Yew FAMILY ALISMATACEAE Water Plantain Family Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Broad-leaved Water Plantain Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheldon Floating Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaf Arrowhead * Sagittaria rigida Pursh Stiff Arrowhead

FAMILY ARACEAE Arum Family * Acorus americanus L. Sweet Flag Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Jack -in-the-Pulpit Calla palustris L. Water Calla

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FAMILY CYPERACEAE Sedge Family Carex adusta Boott Burnt Sedge * Carex aenea Fern. Copper Sedge * Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. Water Sedge * Carex arcta Boott Bear Sedge * Carex arctata Boott Compressed Sedge * Carex atherodes Sprengel Slough Sedge * Carex backii F.Boott Back's Sedge * Carex bebbii (L. Bailey) Olney ex Fern. Bebb's Sedge * Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie ex Lunell Short -headed Sedge Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poiret ex Lam. Brownish Sedge * Carex canescens L. Silvery Sedge * Carex castanea Wahlenb. Chestnut Sedge * Carex communis L. Bailey Common Sedge * Carex crawfordii Fern. Crawford's Sedge Carex crinita Lam. Fringed Sedge Carex deflexa Hornem. Depressed Sedge Carex deweyana Schwein. Dewey's Sedge * Carex disperma Dewey Two-seeded Sedge * Carex echinata Murray Star Sedge Carex foenea Willd. Dry-spiked Sedge * Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful Sedge * P Carex haydenii Dewey Hayden's Sedge * P Carex inops L.H. Bailey Sun Sedge Carex interior L. Bailey Inland Sedge * Carex intumescens Rudge Bladder Sedge * Carex lacustris Willd. Lake Sedge * Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Wire Sedge * Carex lenticularis Michaux Lenticular Sedge Carex leptalea Wahlenb. Bristle-stalked Sedge * Carex leptonervia (Fern.) Fern. Finely-nerved Sedge Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua Lam. Quaking Sedge * Carex merritt-fernaldii Mackenzie Merritt Fernald's Sedge Carex oligosperma Michaux Few-seeded Sedge * Carex peckii Howe Peck's Sedge Carex pellita Willd. Woolly Sedge * Carex pensylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge * Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse Sedge * P Carex rossii Boott Ross' Sedge * Carex rostrata Stokes Beaked Sedge * Carex scoparia Schk. ex Willd. Broom Sedge * Carex siccata Dewey Silvery-flowered Hay Sedge * Carex stipata Muhlenb. ex Willd. Stipitate Sedge Carex stricta Lam. Tussock Sedge * Carex tenera Dewey Weak Sedge * Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. Sparse-flowered Sedge ______Northern Bioscience Page 41 January 2002 Rainy Lake Life Science Inventory Appendices ______

Carex tonsa var. rugosperma (Fern.) Bickn. Shaved Sedge * Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. Blunt Broom Sedge Carex trisperma Dewey Three-fruited Sedge Carex utriculata Boott Beaked Sedge * Carex vesicaria L. Inflated Sedge * P Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Rough Sand Sedge * Cyperus squarrosus L. Squarrose Umbrella Sedge * Cyperus strigosus L. Straw-colored Cyperus * Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton Three-way Sedge Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes Needle Spikerush * Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & Schultes Ovate Spikerush * Eleocharis smallii Britton Marsh Spikerush * Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. Slender Cottongrass * Eriophorum vaginatum (Fern.) Hulten Dense Cottongrass Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Green Cottongrass * P Lipocarpha micrantha (M. Vahl) G.C. Tucker Dwarf Bulrush * Rhynchospora alba (L.) M.Vahl White Beakrush * Scirpus acutus Muhlenb. ex Bigelow Hardstem Bulrush Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth Black-sheathed Bulrush * Scirpus fluviatilis (Torrey) A.Gray River Bulrush * P Scirpus heterochaetus Chase Slender Bulrush Scirpus validus L. Softstem Bulrush

FAMILY HYDROCHARITACEAE Frog's-bit Family * Elodea canadensis Rich. ex. Michaux Canada Waterweed * Vallisneria americana Michaux Tapegrass

FAMILY IRIDACEAE Iris Family Iris versicolor L. Wild Iris * Sisyrinchium montanum E. Greene Common Blue-eyed Grass

FAMILY JUNCACEAE Rush Family Juncus balticus Willd. Baltic Rush * Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. Short -tailed Rush * Juncus dudleyi Wieg. Dudley's Rush * Juncus filiformis L. Thread Rush * P Juncus interior Wiegand Inland Rush * Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer Mud Rush * P Juncus vaseyi Engelm. Vasey's Rush Luzula acuminata Raf. Hairy Wood Rush

FAMILY LEMNACEAE Duckweed Family * Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed * Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden Greater Duckweed

FAMILY LILIACEAE Lily Family * P Allium stellatum Fraser ex Der Gawler Prairie Onion I Asparagus officinalis L. Aspa ragus

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* Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. Blue Bead Lily * Lilium philadelphicum L. Wood Lily Maianthemum canadense Desf. Wild Lily-of-the-valley * Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link False Spikenard * Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link Star -flowered Solomon's Seal * Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda Three-leaved Solomon's Seal * Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot Smooth Solomon's Seal Trillium cernuum L. Nodding Trillium * Uvularia grandiflora Smith Yellow Bellwort

FAMILY NAJADACEAE Naiad Family * Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostkov & W.Schmidt Slender Naiad FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE Orchid Family Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. Spotted Coral Root Corallorhiza striata Lindley Striped Coral Root * Cypripedium acaule Aiton Stemless Ladyslipper * Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R.Br. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain * Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br. Dwarf Rattlesnake Plantain Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Checkered Rattlesnake Plantain Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindley Northern Green Orchis * Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindley Small Purple-fringed Orchis * + Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Nodding Ladies' Tresses

FAMILY POACEAE Grass Family * I Agrostis gigantea Roth Redtop Agrostis scabra Willd. Ticklegrass Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem * Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome * Bromus inermis Leyss. Awnless Brome * Bromus kalmii A.Gray Wild Chess Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) P.Beauv. Bluejoint Grass * Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler Northern Reed Grass * Cinna latifolia (Trevir. ex Goeppinger) Griseb. in Drooping Woodreed * Danthonia spicata (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roemer & Poverty Grass * Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. Tufted Hair Grass * I Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber ex Scwein.) Smooth Crabgrass Elymus canadensis L. Canada Wild Rye * Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould in Shinn. Slender Wheat Grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild Rye I Festuca brevipila Tracey Hard Fescue * Festuca saximontana Rybd. Rocky Mountain Fescue * Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch. Northern Manna Grass * Glyceria canadensis (Michaux) Trin. Rattlesnake Manna Grass Glyceria grandis S. Watson Tall Manna Grass * Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. Hitchc. Fowl Manna Grass * Hierochloe odorata (L.) P.Beauv. Sweet Grass Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut Grass

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* Milium effusum L. Wood Millet Grass * Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Marsh Muhly * Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Mexican Muhly * Oryzopsis asperifolia Michaux Rough-leaved Mountain Rice Oryzopsis pungens (Torrey ex Sprengel) A.Hitchc. Ricegrass * Panicum acuminatum Sw. Woolly Panic Grass * Panicum boreale Nash Northern Panic Grass * Panicum capillare L. Witch Grass * Panicum depauperatum Muhlenb. Impoverished Panic Grass Panicum linearifolium Scribner Narrow-leaved Panic Grass * + Panicum virgatum L. Switch Grass * Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray Yellow Panic Grass * Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass * I Phleum pratense L. Timothy * Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel Giant Reed * I Poa annua L. Blue Grass * Poa compressa L. Canada Blue Grass * Poa glauca M. Vahl Glaucous Blue Grass * I Poa nemoralis L. Wood Blue Grass * Poa palustris L. Fowl Blue Grass * I Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue Grass * Poa saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. Forest Meadow Grass * Schizachne purpurascens (Torrey) Swallen Purple Melic Grass * Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nees Little Bluestem * I Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Green Foxtail * Spartina pectinata Link Fresh-water Cord Grass * Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray Sand Dropseed Torreyochloa fernaldii (A. Hitchc.) Church Northern Manna Grass * Zizania palustris L. Wild Rice

FAMILY POTAMOGETONACEAE Pondweed Family * Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerman Large-leaf Pondweed * Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber Slender Pondweed * Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Ribbon-leaf Pondweed * Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondweed Potamogeton gramineus L. Variable-leaved Pondweed * Potamogeton natans L. Floating-leaved Pondweed * Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydb. Richardson's Pondweed * Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes Fern Pondweed * Potamogeton spirillus Tuckerman Snail's-seed Pondweed * Potamogeton zosteriformis Fern. Flat -stemmed Pondweed

FAMILY SMILACACEAE Carrion Flower Family * Smilax lasioneura Hook. Blue Ridge Carrion Flower

FAMILY SPARGANIACEAE Bur-reed Family

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* Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.ex A. Gray Large-fruited Bur -reed

FAMILY TYPHACEAE Cattail Family Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cattail Typha latifolia L. Common Cattail

FAMILY ACERACEAE Maple Family Acer negundo L Manitoba Maple * Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple * Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple

FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE Amaranth Family * Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer Tuberous Amaranth

FAMILY ANACARDIACEAE Sumac Family * Rhus glab ra L. Smooth Sumac * Rhus radicans L. Poison Ivy

FAMILY APIACEAE Parsley Family * Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulblet-bearing Water Hemlock * Cicuta maculata L. Spotted Cowbane * Heracleum lanatum Michaux Cow Parsnip Osmorhiza claytonii (Michaux) C.B. Clark Bland Sweet Cicely * Sanicula marilandica L. Black Snakeroot Sium suave Walter Water Parsnip * Zizia aurea (L.) Koch Golden Alexanders

FAMILY APOCYNACEAE Dogbane Family Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dog Bane Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp

FAMILY ARALIACEAE Ginseng Family Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla * Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard

FAMILY ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Birthwort Family * Asarum canadense L. Wild Ginger

FAMILY ASCLEPIADACEAE Milkweed Family Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed

FAMILY ASTERACEAE Sunflower Family * Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow * Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Common Ragweed * Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Perennial Ragweed * Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.ex Pearly Everlasting

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* Antennaria neglecta E. Greene Field Pussytoes Antennaria parlinii Fern. Parlin's Pussytoes * Artemisia campestris L. Tall Wormwood * Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Western Mugwort * Aster lanceolatus Willd. Panicled Western Aster * Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton Calico Aster Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster * Aster nemoralis Aiton Bog Aster * Aster puniceus L. Purple-stemmed Aster * Aster umbellatus Miller Flat -topped Aster * Bidens cernua L. Nodding Begga rticks * Bidens frondosa L. Bur Marigold I Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Ox-eye Daisy * I Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle * Cirsium muticum Michaux Swamp Thistle * Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Horseweed * Erigeron strigosus Muhlenb. ex Willd. Rough Daisy Fleabane * Eupatorium maculatum L. Joe Pye Weed Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Boneset Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Grass-leaved Goldenrod * I Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower * Helianthus giganteus L. Giant Sunflower * I Helianthus maximilianii Schrader Maximilian's Sunflower * I Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange Hawkweed * Hieracium kalmii L. Kalm's Hawkweed Hieracium scabrum Michaux Rough Hawkweed * Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. Tall Blue Lettuce * Lactuca canadensis L. Wild Lettuce Megalodonta beckii (Torrey ex Spreng) E.Greene Water Marigold Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries Sweet Coltsfoot Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) A.Gray Arrow-leaved Coltsfoot Prenanthes alba L. White Lettuce * Senecio pauciflorus Pursh Few-flowered Ragwort * Senecio pauperculus Michaux Northern Ragwort Solidago canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod * Solidago gigantea Aiton Greater Goldenrod * Solidago hispida Muhlenb. Upland Goldenrod Solidago juncea Aiton Smooth Goldenrod * Solidago nemoralis Aiton Wood Goldenrod * Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Marsh Goldenrod I Sonchus arvensis L. Perennial Sow Thistle I Taraxacum officinale G. Weber Common Dandelion * I Tragopogon dubius Scop. Goat's Beard

FAMILY BALSAMINACEAE Touch-me-not Family * Impatiens capensis Meerb. Jewel Weed

FAMILY BETULACEAE Birch Family

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Alnus incana (L.) Moench Speckled Alder * Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. Green Alder * Betula alleghaniensis Britton Yellow Birch * Betula papyrifera Marshall White Birch * Betula pumila L. Dwarf Birch * Corylus cornuta Marshall Beaked Hazelnut * Ostrya virginiana (miller) K. Kock Ironwood

FAMILY BRASSICACEAE Mustard Family * Arabis divaricarpa Nels. Divaricate Rock Cress * Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock Cress * Cardamine parviflora L. Small-flowered Bitter Cress Lepidium densiflorum Schrader Peppergrass * Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser Marsh Yellow Cress

FAMILY CABOMBACEAE Water Shield Family * Brasenia schreberi J. Gmelin Water Shield FAMILY CACTACEAE Cactus Family * P Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Little Prickly Pear Cactus

FAMILY CALLITRICHACEAE Water Starwort Family Callitriche palustris L. Common Water Starwort

FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE Harebell Family Campanula aparinoides Pursh Marsh Bellflower * Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell

FAMILY CAPRIFOLIACEAE Honeysuckle Family * Diervilla lonicera Miller Bush Honeysuckle Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower Lonicera canadensis Bartram Canada Fly Honeysuckle * Lonicera dioica L. Limber Honeysuckle * Lonicera hirsuta Eaton Hairy Honeysuckle Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly Honeysuckle * Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens (Michx.) House Red-berried Elder * Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake Snowberry * Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry * Viburnum rafinesquianum Schultes Downy Arrow Wood * Viburnum trilobum Marshall High -bush Cranberry

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE Pink Family * Cerastium arvense L. Field Chickweed * I Cerastium fontanum Baumg. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed * Cerastium nutans Raf. Nodding Chickweed * Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw. Rock Sandwort * Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly

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* I Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Bladder Campion * Stellaria longifolia Muhlenb. ex Willd. Long -leaved Stitchwort

FAMILY CELASTRACEAE Bittersweet Family * Celastrus scandens L. Climbing Bittersweet

FAMILY CERATOPHYLLACEAE Hornwort Family * Ceratophyllum demersum L. Coontail

FAMILY CHENOPODIACEAE Goosefoot Family I Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters * Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. Berlandier's Goosefoot * Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Raf. Maple-leaved Goosefoot

FAMILY CISTACEAE Rockrose Family * P Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Beach Heath * Lechea intermedia Legg. Pinweed

FAMILY CONVOLVULACEAE Morning Glory Family * P Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Buttonbush Dodder

FAMILY CORNACEAE Dogwood Family Cornus canadensis L. Bunchberry * Cornus foemina ssp. racemosa Miller Red-panicled Dogwood * Cornus rugosa Lam. Round-leaved Dogwood * Cornus stolonifera Michaux Red Osier Dogwood

FAMILY CRASSULACEAE Stonecrop Family * P Crassula aquatica (L.) Schoenl. Water Pigmyweed I Sedum aizoon L. Live-forever

FAMILY DROSERACEAE Sundew Family * Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew

FAMILY ELATINACEAE Waterwort Family * Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fischer & C.A. Mey. Smaller Waterwort

FAMILY ERICACEAE Heath Family * Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel Common Bearberry * Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Leatherleaf * Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhlenb. ex Bigelow Creeping Snowberry * Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen * Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. Bog Laurel * Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Labrador Tea Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton Low Blueberry Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux Velvet-leaved Blueberry * Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry

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FAMILY FABACEAE Pea Family * Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog Peanut * Astragalus canadensis L. Canada Milk Vetch * P Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt. ex Pursh Wild Licorice * Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Pale Vetchling * Lathyrus palustris L. Marsh Vetchling * Lathyrus venosus Muhlenb.ex Willd. Wild Sweet Pea * + Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed Bush-clover * I Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa, Lucerne * I Melilotus alba Medikus White Sweet Clover I Trifolium arvense L. Rabbitfoot Clover I Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover * I Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover * I Trifolium repens L. White Clover * Vicia americana Muhlenb. ex Willd. Common Vetch

FAMILY FAGACEAE Beech Family * P Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill Hill's Oak * Quercus macrocarpa Michaux Bur Oak

FAMILY FUMARIACEAE Fumitory Family * Corydalis aurea Willd. Golden Corydalis Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. Pale Corydalis

FAMILY GENTIANACEAE Gentian Family * Halenia deflexa (Smith) Griseb. Spurred Gentian

FAMILY GERANIACEAE Geranium Family * Geranium bicknellii Britton Bicknell's Cranesbill

FAMILY GROSSULARIACEAE Currant Family * Ribes glandulosum Grauer Skunk Currant Ribes hudsonianum Richardson Northern Wild Black Currant * Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Bristly Wild Gooseberry Ribes triste Pall. Swamp Red Currant

FAMILY GUTTIFERAE St. John's-wort Family * + Hypericum ascyron L. Giant St. John's -wort * Hypericum majus (A.Gray) Britton Larger St. Johnswort * Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason Marsh St. Johnswort

FAMILY HALORAGACEAE Water Milfoil Family * Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Alternate-flowered Water Milfoil * Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov Northern Water Milfoil Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Bracted Water Milfoil

FAMILY LAMIACEAE Mint Family * Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop

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Clinopodium vulgare L. Wild Basil * Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. American Dragonhead * I Galeopsis tetrahit L. Common Hemp Nettle I Glechoma hederacea L. Gill over the Ground * Lycopus americanus Muhlenb. ex Bartram Water Horehound Lycopus uniflorus Michaux Northern Bugleweed * Mentha arvensis L. Field Mint * Scutellaria galericulata L. Common Skullcap * Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad Dog Skullcap * P Scutellaria leonardii Michx. Small Skullcap * I Stachys palustris L. Woundwort

FAMILY LENTIBULARIACEAE Bladderwort Family Utricularia intermedia Hayne Flat -leaved Bladderwort * Utricularia minor L. Lesser Bladderwort * Utricularia vulgaris L. Common Bladderwort

FAMILY LINACEAE Flax Family * I Linum usitatissimum L. Common Flax

FAMILY LYTHRACEAE Loosestrife Family * I Lythrum salicaria L. Purple Loosestrife

FAMILY MOLLUGINACEAE Carpetweed Family * I Mollugo verticillata L. Carpetweed

FAMILY MONOTROPACEAE Indian Pipe Family * Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe

FAMILY MYRICACEAE Bayberry Family * Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter Sweet Fern Myrica gale L. Sweet Gale

FAMILY NYMPHAEACEAE Water-lily Family * Nuphar variegata Durand in Clinton Yellow Pond Lily * Nymphaea odorata Dryander ex Aiton Fragrant Water Lily Nymphaea tetragona Georgi Least Water Lily

FAMILY OLEACEAE Olive Family Fraxinus nigra Marshall Black Ash * Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash

FAMILY ONAGRACEAE Evening-primrose * Circaea alpina L. Small Enchanter's Nightshade Circaea lutetiana L. Canada Enchanter's Nightshade Epilobium angustifolium L. Fireweed * Epilobium coloratum Biehler Purple-leaved Willow-herb * Epilobium hirsutum L. Great Hairy Willow-herb

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* Epilobium palustre L. Marsh Willow Herb * Oenothera biennis L. Common Evening Primrose * Oenothera perennis L. Small Sundrops

FAMILY OXALIDACEAE Wood Sorrel Family * Oxalis stricta L. Common Sorrel

FAMILY PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain Family * Littorella americana Fern. Shore Plantain * I Plantago major L. Common Plantain

FAMILY POLYGALACEAE Milkwort Family * + Polygala polygama Walter Racemed Milkwort

FAMILY POLYGONACEAE Buckwheat Family * Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Common Buckwheat Polygonum amphibium L. Water Smartweed * I Polygonum convolvulus L. Black Bindweed * Polygonum douglasii Greene Douglas's Knotweed I Polygonum hydropiper L. Marsh Pepper Polygonum lapathifolium L. Common Smartweed * Polygonum punctatum Elliott Water Smartweed * Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-Leaved Tear-thumb * Polygonum scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat * I Rumex acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel Rumex orbiculatus A. Gray Great Water Dock * Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech.f. Willow-leaved Dock

FAMILY PORTULACACEAE Purslane Family I Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane

FAMILY PRIMULACEAE Primrose Family * Lysimachia ciliata L. Fringed Loosestrife * Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP Swamp Loosestrife * Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Tufted Loosestrife Trientalis borealis Raf. Starflower

FAMILY PYROLACEAE Wintergreen Family Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton Pipsissewa Moneses uniflora (L.) A.Gray One -flowered Pyrola * Pyrola asarifolia Michaux Pink Wintergreen Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Greenish Wintergreen * Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Common Shinleaf

FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE Buttercup Family * Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. Red Baneberry * Anemone canadensis L. Canada Anemone * Anemone cylindrica A. Gray Long -headed Anemone

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Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild Columbine * Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Three-leaved Gold Thread Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney-leaved Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Michaux Northern Swamp Buttercup * Ranunculus longirostris Godron Curly White Water Crowfoot * Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f. Bristly Buttercup * Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping Spearwort * P Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie Prairie Buttercup

FAMILY RHAMNACEAE Buckthorn Family * Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. Narrow-leaved New Jersey Tea

FAMILY ROSACEAE Rose Family * Agrimonia striata Michaux Common Agrimony * Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex R.Roemer Saskatoonberry * Crategus sp.' Hawthorn sp. * Fragaria virginiana Miller Wild Strawberry * Geum aleppicum Jacq. Common Avens * Potentilla arguta Pursh Tall Cinquefoil * Potentilla norvegica L. Rough Cinquefoil * Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Mar sh Cinquefoil * Potentilla pensylvanica L. Plains Cinquefoil Potentilla tridentata Sol. ex Aiton Three-toothed Cinquefoil * Prunus nigra Aiton Canada Plum * Prunus pensylvanica L.f. Pincherry * Prunus pumila L. Sandcherry Prunus virginiana L. Chokecherry Rosa acicularis Lindley Prickly Wild Rose * Rosa blanda Aiton Smooth Wild Rose * Rubus flagellaris Willd. Northern Dewberry Rubus idaeus L. Common Raspberry Rubus pubescens Raf. Dwarf Raspberry * Sorbus americana Marshall American Mountain Ash Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C.Schneider Showy Mountain Ash Spiraea alba Duroi Narrow-leaved Meadow Sweet

FAMILY RUBIACEAE Bedstraw Family Galium aparine L. Cleavers * Galium asprellum Michaux Rough Bedstraw * Galium boreale L. Northern Bedstraw * Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw * Galium trifidum L. Small Bedstraw Galium triflorum Michaux Sweet-scented Bedstraw * Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. Venus'-pride

FAMILY SALICACEAE Willow Family Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar * Populus grandidentata Michaux Largetooth Aspen

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Populus tremuloides Michaux Trembling Aspen Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb's Willow * Salix discolor Muhlenb. Lowland Pussy Willow Salix humilis Marshall Upland Willow Salix lucida Muhlenb. Shining Willow * Salix petiolaris Smith Slender Willow * Salix planifolia Pursh Flat Leaf Willow * Salix pyrifolia Andersson Balsam Willow FAMILY SANTALACEAE Sandalwood Family * Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Toadflax

FAMILY SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifrage Family * Heuchera richardsonii R.Br. Alum Root * Mitella nuda L. Naked Mitrewort * Saxifraga virginiensis Michaux Early Saxifrage

FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE Figwort Family * Agalinis tenuifolia (M. Vahl) Raf. Slender-leaved Agalinis * I Linaria vulgaris Miller Butter and Eggs Melampyrum lineare Desr. Cow Wheat * Mimulus ringens L. Monkey Flower * P Penstemon gracilis Nutt. Slender Penstemon * I Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein * Veronica peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell

FAMILY TILIACEAE Linden Family * Tilia americana L. Basswood

FAMILY ULMACEAE Elm Family * Ulmus americana L. White Elm

FAMILY URTICACEAE Nettle Family * Parietaria pensylvanica Muhlenb. ex Willd. Pellitory Urtica dioica L. Stinging Nettle

FAMILY VERBENACEAE Vervain Family Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain

FAMILY VIOLACEAE Violet Family * Viola labradorica Schrank Alpine Violet * P Viola novae-angliae House New England Violet Viola renifolia A. Gray Kidney-leaved Violet

FAMILY VITACEAE Grape Family * Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kerner) Fritsch Virginia Creeper

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Appendix II. Birds of Rainy Lake. The following species were observed at Rainy Lake during fieldwork in 1995 – 2001. Taxonomic order and nomenclature follow AOU (1998). Nesting evidence follows the Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas codes: Possible nesting H - Species observed in breeding season in suitable habitat. SM – Singing male present or breeding calls heard observed in breeding season in suitable habitat. Probable nesting A – Agitated behaviour or anxiety calls of an adult P – Pair observed in their breeding season in suitable habitat. Confirmed Nesting NU – Used nest or eggshell found (occupied / laid during the atlas period) FY – Recently fledged young or downy young

Loons FAMILY GAVIIDAE FY Common Loon Gavia immer Grebes FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE SM Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps H Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis Pelicans FAMILY PELECANIDAE American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Cormorants FAMILY PHALACROCORIDAE H Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Bitterns and Herons FAMILY ARDEIDAE SM American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus H Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Ducks, Geese and Swans FAMILY ANATIDAE H Canada Goose Branta canadensis H Wood Duck Aix sponsa H American Black Duck Anas rubripes H Mallard Anas platyrhynchos H Blue-winged Teal Anas discors H Green-winged Teal Anas crecca FY Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris H Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula FY Common Merganser Mergus merganser H Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator Vultures FAMILY CATHARTIDAE H Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Kites, Eagles and Hawks FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE A Osprey Pandion haliaetus

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NU Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus H Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus SM Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Falcons FAMILY FALCONIDAE H American Kestrel Falco sparverius P Merlin Falco columbarius Grouse, Turkeys and Quail FAMILY PHASIANIDAE FY Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus Rails, Gallinules, and Coots FAMILY RALLIDAE SM Sora Porzana carolina Sandpipers and Phalaropes FAMILY SCOLOPACIDAE Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes H Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia H Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago H American Woodcock Scolopax minor Gulls and Terns FAMILY LARIDAE H Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis H Herring Gull Larus argentatus H Common Tern Sterna hirundo FY Black Tern Chlidonias niger Goatsuckers FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE SM Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus Hummingbirds FAMILY TROCHILIDAE SM Ruby -throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubri Kingfishers FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE H Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon Woodpeckers FAMILY PICIDAE SM Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius H Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens H Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus H Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus H Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus H Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Tyrant Flycatchers FAMILY TYRANNIDAE SM Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens SM Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris SM Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus SM Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe SM Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus H Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Swallows FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE H Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Jays, Crows and Ravens FAMILY CORVIDAE

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H Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis H Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata H American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos H Common Raven Corvus corax Chickadees FAMILY PARIDAE H Black-capped Chickadee Parus atricapillus Nuthatches FAMILY SITTIDAE H Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis H White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Wrens FAMILY TROGLODYTIDAE SM Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes Kinglets FAMILY REGULIDAE SM Ruby -crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Thrushes FAMILY TURDIDAE SM Veery Catharus fuscescens SM Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus SM American Robin Turdus migratorius Waxwings FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDAE SM Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Vireos FAMILY VIREONIDAE SM Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Wood-warblers FAMILY PARULIDAE SM Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla SM Northern Parula Parula americana SM Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia SM Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica SM Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata SM Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca SM Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia SM American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla SM Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus SM Mourning Warbler Oporornis philadelphia A Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas SM Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis Tanagers FAMILY THRAUPIDAE SM Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea Cardinals and Allies FAMILY CARDINALIDAE SM Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus New World Sparrows FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE SM Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina P Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia SM Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii SM Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana SM White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis

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New World Blackbirds FAMILY ICTERIDAE SM Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus SM Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula P Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula

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Appendix III. Mammals of Rainy Lake. The following species were observed at Rainy Lake during fieldwork in 1995 – 2001. Observations were made on a casual basis and no trapping or specific surveys were conducted.

Squirrels FAMILY SCIURIDAE Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

Beavers FAMILY CASTORIDAE Beaver Castor canadensis

Jumping Mice FAMILY DIPODIDAE Meadow Jumping Mouse Zapus hudsonius

Bears FAMILY URSIDAE Black Bear Ursus americanus

Weasels and Their Allies FAMILY MUSTELIDAE River Otter Lontra candensis

Deer FAMILY CERVIDAE Moose Alces alces White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus

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Appendix IV. Reptiles and amphibians of Rainy Lake.

The following species were observed at Rainy Lake during fieldwork in 1995 – 2001. Observations were made on a casual basis and no trapping or specific surveys were conducted.

FAMILY BUFONIDAE Eastern American Toad Bufo americanus americanus

FAMILY HYLIDAE Tetraploid Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor Northern Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer crucifer

FAMILY RANIDAE Green Frog Rana clamitans melanota Leopard Frog Rana pipiens Mink Frog Rana septentrionalis Wood Frog Rana sylvatica

FAMILY EMPYDIDAE Western Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta belli

FAMILY CHELYDRIDAE Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina

FAMILY COLUBRIDAE Northern Redbelly Snake Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata Red-sided Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis Eastern Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis

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The following dragonflies and damselflies were observed at Rainy Lake during fieldwork in 1995 – 2001. Voucher specimens were collected for species marked “*”. Dragonflies FAMILY AESHNIDAE Darners * Canada Darner Aeshna canadensis * Lance-tailed Darner Aeshna constricta * Lake Darner Aeshna eremita * Shadow Darner Aeshna umbrosa Common Green Darner Anax junius * Springtime Darner Basiaeschna janata FAMILY CORDULIIDAE Emeralds * American Emerald Cordulia shurtleffi * Racket-tailed Emerald Dorocordulia libera * Prince Baskettail Epitheca princeps * Spiny Baskettail Epitheca spinigera P * Forcipate Emerald Somatochlora forcipata FAMILY GOMPHIDAE Clubtails P * Horned Clubtail Arigomphus cornutus P * Lilypad Clubtail Arigomphus furcifer * Black-shouldered Spinyleg Dromogomphus spinosus * Lancet Clubtail Gomphus exilis P * Midland Clubtail Gomphus fraternus P * Pronghorn Clubtail Gomphus graslinellus * Dusky Clubtail Gomphus spicatus * Dragonhunter Hagenius brevistylus FAMILY LIBELLULIDAE Skimmers * Frosted Whiteface Leucorrhinia frigida * Crimson-ringed Whiteface Leucorrhinia glacialis * Hudsonian Whiteface Leucorrhinia hudsonica * Dot-tailed Whiteface Leucorrhinia intacta * Variable Whiteface Leucorrhinia proxima * Chalk-fronted Skimmer Libellula julia * Four-spotted Skimmer Libellula quadrimaculata * White-faced Meadowfly Sympetrum obtrusum * Ruby Meadowfly Sympetrum rubicundulum * Yellow-legged Meadowfly Sympetrum vicinum

FAMILY MACROMIIDAE Cruisers * Stream Cruiser Didymops transversa * Swift River Cruiser Macromia illinoiensis

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Appendix VI. List of sampling sites visited in 2000 and 2001. Location Date Zone Easting Northing 1 South end of MacKenzie Island 08/15/2000 15 504400 5383957 2 Oscar Island beac h 08/15/2000 15 520373 5378518 3 South side of Oscar Island 08/15/2000 15 521059 5378778 4 Big Dry Island 08/15/2000 15 522316 5378115 5 Black Point Island 08/15/2000 15 522426 5377730 6 Rat River Bay 08/15/2000 15 524032 5381030 7 Rat River Bay Wetland 08/16/2000 15 524075 5381227 8 Bur oak stand at Rat River tributary 08/16/2000 15 526859 5382945 9 Red pine stand on Rat River 08/16/2000 15 526930 5382932 10 Bay north of Vague Point 08/16/2000 15 525912 5378903 11 Second bay north of Vague Point 08/16/2000 15 526001 5379149 12 Rocky Point 08/16/2000 15 525749 5378646 13 Small island NW of Breezy Island 08/16/2000 15 526952 5377339 14 Breezy Island 08/16/2000 15 527198 5376725 15 Second beach on Breezy Island 08/16/2000 15 527412 5377057 16 Small rocky island near Breezy Island 08/16/2000 15 528289 5377007 17 Beach on Pound Net Bay 08/16/2000 15 529732 5378483 18 Beach on Pound Net Bay 08/16/2000 15 529920 5378298 19 East side of Pound Net Bay 08/16/2000 15 530335 5378347 20 South end of Oak Point Island 08/16/2000 15 528161 5372057 21 Knox Bay Wetland 08/16/2000 15 526587 5370550 22 Bear River Wetland 08/16/2000 15 529527 5369250 23 Small island downstream from Squirrel Falls 08/16/2000 15 526994 5371176 24 Mouth of Bear River 08/16/2000 15 529605 5368920 25 Small island SW of Black Point Island 08/17/2000 15 520637 5376812 26 Small island SW of Black Point Island 08/17/2000 15 520529 5376920 27 Small island SW of Black Point Island 08/17/2000 15 521055 5376919 28 Long bay on S side of Black Point Island 08/17/2000 15 522133 5377599 29 Small island SE of Black Point Island 08/17/2000 15 522634 5377306 30 Sand beach east of Vague Point 08/17/2000 15 526706 5378855 31 Island N of Breezy Island 08/17/2000 15 527629 5378076 32 Sandbar island on north side of Pound Net Bay 08/17/2000 15 528254 5379545 33 Stream mouth at north end of Pound Net 08/17/2000 15 528528 5379740 34 Stream at north end of Pound Net Bay 08/17/2000 15 529307 5379392 35 Beach on east side of Pound Net Bay 08/17/2000 15 529457 5378491

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36 Wetland at north side of Stokes Bay 08/17/2000 15 531603 5378132 37 Moose Camp Creek 08/17/2000 15 532684 5378721 38 Beach east of Moose Camp Creek 08/17/2000 15 532493 5378076 39 Falls River at falls 08/17/2000 15 535087 5378091 40 Pipestone River at falls 08/17/2000 15 534483 5378903 41 Small island west of Green Island 08/18/2000 15 518888 5378675 42 Island west of Cormorant Bay 08/18/2000 15 517479 5381027 43 Big island at mouth of Willow Bay 08/18/2000 15 516046 5383015 44 Beach on big island at mouth of Willow Bay 08/18/2000 15 516046 5383015 45 Marshy bay on small island west of Brule Island 08/18/2000 15 506819 5383040 46 Hallelluia Point 08/18/2000 15 506931 5384552 47 Island west of Hallelluia Point 08/18/2000 15 506628 5384790 48 End of Bleak Bay 08/18/2000 15 509921 5387744 49 End of Bleak Bay - south bay 08/18/2000 15 510354 5387553 50 West point of the largest of the Scott Islands 08/18/2000 15 504810 5387229 51 Small rocky island on north side of Seine Bay 08/18/2000 15 501462 5389357 52 Small rocky island on north side of Seine Bay 08/18/2000 15 501338 5389453 53 South side of Bare Island 08/22/2000 15 482958 5398241 54 Sand beach on south side of Bare Island 08/22/2000 15 483522 5398372 55 Small island south east of Hostess Island 08/22/2000 15 482210 5401157 56 S side of island near Big Canoe River mouth 08/22/2000 15 483200 5404639 57 NW side of island near Big Canoe River mouth 08/22/2000 15 483194 5404715 58 Dam on Big Canoe River 08/22/2000 15 483887 5408715 59 Wetland on Big Canoe River 08/22/2000 15 484363 5407389 60 Small island at mouth of Big Canoe River 08/22/2000 15 483576 5405674 61 NE corner of Deer Island 08/22/2000 15 481526 5405049 62 Small gull island S of Deer Island 08/22/2000 15 481967 5404300 63 Small island SW of Deer Island 08/22/2000 15 480840 5404565 64 Tug Point 08/22/2000 15 477110 5401635 65 Gull island SW of Bare Island 08/22/2000 15 481323 5400069 66 Gull island W of Deer Island 08/22/2000 15 480350 5404556 67 North side of Sandpoint Island 08/23/2000 15 490017 5389104 68 Green Island 08/23/2000 15 487007 5390172 69 Copenhagen Island 08/23/2000 15 487206 5389090 70 Island in Swell Bay 08/23/2000 15 492126 5388743 71 Red Pine Island 08/23/2000 15 487286 5385948 72 Small island SW of Red Pine Island 08/23/2000 15 486620 5386160

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73 Wetland at end of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 506215 5394114 74 Bedrock point at east end of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 506195 5393465 75 Point in S arm of wetland at E end of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 506698 5393304 76 Sue and Rob's site on same bay 08/24/2000 15 506728 5393554 77 Sandbar at E end of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 506038 5393967 78 Point in N arm of wetland at E end of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 505922 5394196 79 Island at mouth of wetland at E end of Swell 08/24/2000 15 504631 5393607 80 NE shore of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 493837 5389510 81 Rob and Sue's site on point on Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 504470 5393630 82 Island in Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 503373 5392560 83 Rob and Sue's island 08/24/2000 15 503385 5392710 84 Shelter Cove 08/24/2000 15 501943 5392666 85 Watten Township sites 08/24/2000 15 494364 5390481 86 East arm of Joint Bay 08/24/2000 15 494188 5390740 87 North end of Joint Bay 08/24/2000 15 493445 5390860 88 North end of Joint Bay at stream mouth 08/24/2000 15 492553 5390773 89 N end of W arm of Blind Bay 08/24/2000 15 491117 5390481 90 Rice Bay Wetland north of Pocket Pond 08/25/2000 15 494112 5399450 91 Rice Bay Wetland NW of Pocket Pond 08/26/2000 15 493357 5400079 92 Rice Bay Wetland NW of Pocket Pond 08/26/2000 15 492966 5399486 93 Rice Bay Wetland NW of Pocket Pond 08/26/2000 15 492966 5399486 94 Rice Bay Wetland NW of Pocket Pond 08/26/2000 15 492966 5399486 95 Rice Bay Wetland south of Pocket Pond 08/26/2000 15 493722 5397532 97 Gravel pit east of Highway 812 08/26/2000 15 495007 5398399 97 Rice Bay Wetland southwest of Pocket Pond 08/26/2000 15 493257 5397813 98 Rice Bay Wetland northeast of Pocket Pond 08/26/2000 15 494837 5399112 99 SE of Dude Island on S shore of Swell Bay 08/26/2000 15 501899 5391146 100 Newhart Island 08/27/2000 15 486056 5388042 101 Rice Bay Wetland south of Northeast Narrows 08/27/2000 15 489363 5396522 102 Rice Bay Wetland south of Northeast Narrows 08/27/2000 15 489555 5396579 103 Rice Bay Wetland east of Northeast Narrows 08/27/2000 15 489864 5396578 104 Rice Bay Wetland east of Northeast Narrows 08/27/2000 15 490094 5396895 105 Rice Bay Wetland east of Northeast Narrows 08/27/2000 15 490095 5397517 106 Island in Rice Bay 08/27/2000 15 490975 5398227 107 Northeast island in Rice Bay 08/27/2000 15 491901 5399266 108 island near Red Pine I 08/23/2000 15 486656 5385912 109 point downstream from Squirrel Falls 08/16/2000 15 526983 5371426

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110 Beach on Pound Net Bay east of stream mouth 08/17/2000 15 528969 5379408 111 Small island west of Green Island 08/18/2000 15 519130 5378722 112 Small island E of Rebecca Island (W of Deer I 08/22/2000 15 480031 5404704 113 Olsen Island (local name), north of Turtle I. 08/23/2000 15 484442 5389171 114 Dome Island (local name) SW of Rest I. 08/23/2000 15 487578 5388067 115 North bay of E end of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 506396 5393500 116 Small bay on north side of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 493846 5390748 117 Traverse? Bay on north side of Swell Bay 08/24/2000 15 495616 5391236 118 Louise Island (local name) west of French I. 08/27/2000 15 486293 5386750 119 Red Pine Narrows, Red Gut Bay 15 498772 5395151 120a North side of Ash Bay, west of mouth of Paddy 06/20/2001 15 467346 5417356

Bay 120b Red Gut Bay, opp Fisheries Resort 15 502610 5402703 121a 15 524739 5380403 121b North side of Ash Bay, west of mouth of Paddy 06/20/2001 15 467345 5417360 Bay 122a 15 525329 5379782 122b Northwest corner of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 464779 5416861 123 Northwest corner of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 464155 5417214 124 Mouth of creek, Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 464495 5416783 125 Southwest corner of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 464553 5415463 126 Southwest corner of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 465336 5415328 127 Birch Point, Northwest Bay 06/19/2001 15 454338 5409782 128 Island at mouth of Lyon's Bay 06/19/2001 15 460693 5410104 129 Island at mouth of Lyon's Bay 06/19/2001 15 460712 5410114 130 Island at mouth of Lyon's Bay 06/19/2001 15 460738 5410064 131 Point at mouth of Shelter Bay 06/19/2001 15 464324 5408561 132 Point opposite Cliff Narrows in Shelter Bay 06/19/2001 15 463905 5407540 133 Point in Shelter Bay 06/19/2001 15 464314 5405736 134 Point in Shelter Bay 06/19/2001 15 463891 5407050 135 Southeast side of Turkey Island 06/19/2001 15 469666 5406893 136 Mainland southeast of Turkey Island 06/19/2001 15 470123 5406620 137 Mainland southeast of Turkey Island 06/19/2001 15 472132 5409773 138 Cliff at north end of Haymarsh Island 06/20/2001 15 475223 5411317 139 Cliff at north end of Haymarsh Island 06/20/2001 15 475216 5411262 140 Island north of Haymarsh Island 06/20/2001 15 475236 5412476 141 Island north of Haymarsh Island 06/20/2001 15 475236 5412477

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142 Island at north end of Ash Narrows 06/20/2001 15 474671 5416819 143 Point at Ash Narrows 06/20/2001 15 474431 5416860 144 North side of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 472082 5417763 145 Wetland at north side of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 471868 5418031 146 Black ash swamp at north side of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 471026 5417968 147 Mouth of Paddy Bay 06/20/2001 15 466940 5417454 148 North side of Ash Bay, west of mouth of Paddy 06/20/2001 15 466352 5418059 Bay 149 Marsh on south side of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 467987 5415231 150 Wetland in long arm on south side of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 470929 5408721 151 East side of Turkey Island 06/21/2001 15 469783 5407568 152 East side of Turkey Island 06/21/2001 15 469834 5407618 153 Marsh at end of bay on Turkey Island 06/21/2001 15 469832 5407616 154 Marshy bay north of Brown's Inlet 06/21/2001 15 466358 5406065 155 Marshy bay north of Brown's Inlet 06/21/2001 15 466204 5405635 156 Point north of Brown's Inlet 06/21/2001 15 467461 5407211 157 North side of Northwest Bay 06/21/2001 15 466129 5408511 158 Mouth of Christie Creek, west end of 06/21/2001 15 453212 5409205

Northwest Bay 159 Boat launch, Windy Bay 06/21/2001 15 486422 5393118 160 Boat launch, Windy Bay 06/21/2001 15 486404 5393111 161 Callaghan's, Rest Island 06/21/2001 15 487746 5389044 162 08/02/2001 15 380560 5420220 163 Landing at Reef Point 08/02/2001 15 484416 5395800 164 Landing at Reef Point 08/02/2001 15 484421 5395818 165 Small island south of Greyhound Island 08/02/2001 15 477404 5413899 166 Small island south of Greyhound Island 08/02/2001 15 477427 5413872 167 South end of Waller Island 08/03/2001 15 476588 5418853 168 East side of Manitou Sound, north of Moose 08/03/2001 15 478207 5420548 169 Point near north end of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 478385 5421792 170 North end of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 478210 5422522 171 North end of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 478230 5422586 172 North end of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 478303 5422622 173 North end of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 478128 5422098 174 West side of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 477767 5421209 175 Devil's Cascade 08/03/2001 15 475136 5424430 176 Narrow bay southwest of Devil's Cascade 08/03/2001 15 473536 5423697

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177 End of narrow bay southwest of Devil's 08/03/2001 15 473234 5423496 178 West side of narrow bay sw of Devil's 08/03/2001 15 473393 5423650 179 North side of narrow bay sw of Devil's 08/03/2001 15 473775 5424396 180 Mouth of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 476972 5423446 181 Small island in Deer Bay 08/03/2001 15 476655 5421252 182 West side of Deer Bay 08/03/2001 15 476317 5420084 183 Marsh south of Cape Horn 08/03/2001 15 477549 5417131 184 Small island near mouth of Henderson Bay 08/03/2001 15 477816 5416602 185 Little Canoe Creek 08/03/2001 15 479368 5418041 186 Little Canoe Creek 08/03/2001 15 479513 5418043 187 Cyr's Bay 08/03/2001 15 478534 5411500 188 Cyr's Bay 08/03/2001 15 478534 5411500 189 Bare Island 08/03/2001 15 482860 5398200 190 08/03/2001 15 499605 5396477 191 West side of Redgut Bay, north of Grassy 08/04/2001 15 514344 5410896 Narrows 192 East side of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 516022 5416228 193 East side of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 516184 5416935 194 North end of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 516075 5417481 195 North end of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 516398 5417657 196 West side of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 516395 5417661 197 East side of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 515429 5413615 198 East side of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 515428 5413615 199 East side of Spawn Narrows 08/04/2001 15 515542 5413606 200 North side of bay near Devil's Elbow 08/04/2001 15 513970 5411732 201 North side of bay near Devil's Elbow 08/04/2001 15 513315 5411801 202 Cliff at Cliff Narrows 08/04/2001 15 514102 5407848 203 Cliff at Cliff Narrows 08/04/2001 15 514018 5407705 204 Cliff at Cliff Narrows 08/04/2001 15 514001 5407596 205 Sandbar separating the two bays at Cliff 08/04/2001 15 513859 5407527 206 West side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 505461 5406858 207 North side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 506807 5408534 208 North side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 507238 5408513 209 North side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 507187 5408563 210 North side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 507156 5408600 211 Bay near Cherry River mouth off Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 507249 5408830 212 Bay near Cherry River mouth off Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 507147 5408830

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213 Point with clearing on Cherry River 08/05/2001 15 507618 5409700 214 Point with clearing on Cherry River 08/05/2001 15 507670 5409667 215 Clearing on northeast side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 508414 5409573 216 Clearing on northeast side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 509037 5408532 217 East end of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 509021 5408541 218 East end of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 509253 5408553 219 Sandbar between islands, east end of Porter 08/05/2001 15 508916 5408377 220 Southeast corner of east bay of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 508798 5407916 221 Narrow Point on south side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 506904 5407468 222 Southeast corner of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 508220 5406380 223 South side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 505662 5405646 224 South side of Porter Inlet 08/05/2001 15 506268 5404983 225 Small island north of Gull Island, Redgut Bay 08/05/2001 15 506264 5404985 226 Small island west of Gull Island, Redgut Bay 08/05/2001 15 503941 5404455 227 Small island west of Gull Island, Redgut Bay 08/05/2001 15 503930 5404487 228 Small island west of Gull Island, Redgut Bay 08/05/2001 15 504378 5403645 229 Gull Island, Redgut Bay 08/05/2001 15 504265 5403643 230 08/06/2001 15 504264 5403641 231 Highway 11 bridge at Bear Pass 08/06/2001 15 500218 5392544 232 South of Berry Island 08/06/2001 15 498393 5387912 233 08/06/2001 15 508214 5382546 234 Lipocarpha island in Poundnet Bay 08/06/2001 15 528133 5379475 235 08/06/2001 15 526818 5377592 236 08/06/2001 15 526811 5377591 237 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 522546 5380685 238 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 522563 5380693 239 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 522653 5380776 240 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 522707 5380692 241 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 522858 5380627 242 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 522901 5380831 243 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524399 5381036 244 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524533 5381070 245 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524765 5381294 246 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524002 5382363 247 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 523426 5379780 248 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524129 5380467 249 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525329 5382846

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250 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525481 5382941 251 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525573 5382843 252 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525727 5383010 253 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525298 5383514 254 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524519 5383988 255 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524499 5384105 256 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524726 5384176 257 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524813 5384163 258 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524814 5384162 259 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524296 5382474 260 North end of Oakpoint Island 08/07/2001 15 530422 5375522 261 North end of Oakpoint Island 08/07/2001 15 530399 5375538 262 Northeast corner of Oakpoint Island 08/07/2001 15 529698 5374629 263 Small rocky island north of Oakpoint Island 08/07/2001 15 528751 5375082 264 Northwest corner of Oakpoint Island 08/07/2001 15 528138 5374208 265 Island at north side of the Hole in the Wall 08/08/2001 15 519652 5379316 266 Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521502 5381094 267 Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521681 5381087 268 Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521850 5381461 269 Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521981 5381482 270 Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521983 5381716 271 Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521987 5381719 272 Island at north side of Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 519843 5382087 273 Point at mouth of Moose Bay 08/08/2001 15 518062 5382595 274 Island west of Willow Bay 08/08/2001 15 515179 5383763 275 Island west of Willow Bay 08/08/2001 15 514857 5383936 276 North shore of channel west of Willow Bay 08/08/2001 15 514723 5383924 277 North shore of channel west of Willow Bay 08/08/2001 15 514731 5383926 278 North shore of channel west of Willow Bay 08/08/2001 15 513271 5383699 279 North shore of channel west of Willow Bay 08/08/2001 15 511045 5383475 280 North shore of channel west of Willow Bay 08/08/2001 15 511047 5383478 281 West end of MacKenzie Island 08/08/2001 15 504724 5384008 282 Island west of MacKenzie Island 08/08/2001 15 504775 5384415 283 Windy Point boat launch 08/30/2001 15 486781 5393068 284 Windy Point 08/30/2001 15 486301 5392303 285 08/30/2001 15 487096 5392783 286 North side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 487096 5392782

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287 Rail line on north side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 487313 5392872 288 North side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 487268 5392804 289 Rail line on north side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 488577 5392462 290 Knob at bend in Grassy Portage Bay along rail 08/30/2001 15 489431 5392554 291 Knob at bend in Grassy Portage Bay along rail 08/30/2001 15 489569 5392603 292 Island at narrows in Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 489365 5392341 293 South side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 491173 5392355 294 North side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 492950 5393316 295 North side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 493742 5393828 296 North side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 493989 5394048 297 North side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 493931 5394595 298 End of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 493934 5394634 299 End of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 493968 5394696 300 East end of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 495695 5395226 301 East side of Duck Bay 08/30/2001 15 490369 5389949 302 East side of Duck Bay 08/30/2001 15 490523 5389849 303 End of Duck Bay 08/30/2001 15 490459 5389896 304 South side of Goose Island 08/30/2001 15 488449 5389393 305 South side of Goose Island 08/30/2001 15 488402 5389455 306 Point on east end of Camp Narrows 06/19/2001 15 464345 5408662 307 Rock point at Cliff Narrows 06/19/2001 15 463909 5407017 308 Southeast facing slope on Ash Narrows 06/20/2001 15 474600 5417094 309 Rocky slope on Ash Channel 06/20/2001 15 474038 5416715 310 Rocky slope on Ash Channel 06/20/2001 15 471573 5418142 311 Rocky slope on Ash Channel 06/20/2001 15 471526 5418126 312 East facing shore on west end of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 464509 5415733 313 East facing shore on west end of Ash Bay 06/20/2001 15 470984 5408762 314 East facing outcrop south of Turkey Island 06/21/2001 15 469802 5407001 315 Northwest of Brown's Inlet 06/21/2001 15 466578 5406092 316 Small island on east end of Camp Channel 06/21/2001 15 467779 5407600 317 08/30/2001 15 487196 5392832 318 Rail line on north side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 489128 5392536 319 Rail line on north side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 491382 5392645 320 Rail line on north side of Grassy Portage Bay 08/30/2001 15 493845 5394483 321 Duck Bay 08/30/2001 15 490339 5390833 322 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 522516 5380623 323 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524463 5380298

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324 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524890 5380694 325 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524669 5380379 326 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 523213 5380970 327 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 523486 5380933 328 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 523865 5380817 329 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524094 5380661 330 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 523916 5380496 331 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524631 5381573 332 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524691 5381601 333 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524807 5381651 334 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 525038 5381917 335 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 525101 5381904 336 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 524812 5381883 337 Rat River wetland 08/06/2001 15 523998 5382369 338 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 524663 5383175 339 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525931 5383192 340 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525095 5383197 341 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525235 5383272 342 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525118 5383391 343 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525366 5383365 344 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525785 5383423 345 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525757 5383395 346 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525850 5384000 347 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525518 5385552 348 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 526127 5385200 349 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525574 5384788 350 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525456 5384684 351 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525446 5384653 352 Rat River wetland 08/07/2001 15 525142 5383902 353 West side of Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 522741 5381572 354 West side of Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 522798 5381514 355 West side of Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 522979 5381424 356 Duck Bay 08/30/2001 15 490447 5390994 357 Goose Island 08/30/2001 15 488159 5389760 358 Goose Island 08/30/2001 15 487975 5390164 359 Goose Island 08/30/2001 15 488109 5389591 360 Small islet east of Waller Island 08/03/2001 15 476828 5418797

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361 Point on island north of Waller Island 08/03/2001 15 477889 5420652 362 Northeast corner of Moos e Bay 08/03/2001 15 478519 5421806 363 North end of Moose Bay 08/03/2001 15 478237 5422460 364 Bay west of Devil's Cascade 08/03/2001 15 473684 5424451 365 Small island in Deer Bay 08/03/2001 15 476330 5421198 366 Small island in Deer Bay 08/03/2001 15 476401 5420032 367 08/03/2001 15 477802 5416629 368 Cliff on Canoe River 08/03/2001 15 479377 5418093 369 Cliff on Rat Root Bay 08/03/2001 15 479627 5412880 370 Redgut Bay 08/04/2001 15 514262 5410579 371 Redgut Bay 08/04/2001 15 516068 5417450 372 Bay on east side of Spawn Inlet 08/04/2001 15 515487 5413447 373 Bay on east side of Spawn Inlet 08/04/2001 15 515417 5413393 374 Trout River Falls, Redgut Bay 08/04/2001 15 512604 5413695 375 West branch of Cherry River 08/05/2001 15 513975 5407661 376 West branch of Cherry River 08/05/2001 15 507425 5409517 377 Point with clearing on Cherry River 08/05/2001 15 507470 5409441 378 East side of Cherry River 08/05/2001 15 507659 5409718 379 Bay at north end of Redgut Bay 08/05/2001 15 508489 5409666 380 Island at south end of Redgut Bay 08/05/2001 15 499604 5396694 381 08/05/2001 15 499603 5396693 382 camp 08/05/2001 15 526795 5377580 383 West side of Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521169 5381417 384 West side of Cormorant Bay 08/08/2001 15 521140 5381597 385 08/08/2001 15 514774 5383911

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Appendix VII. Rare bird report for Western Grebe.

Ontario Bird Records Committee Rare Bird Report Form

Species: Western Grebe Date: August 23 2000

Number-Age -Sex : 1 adult Time: 15:30 CDT

Location: Rainy Lake, Rainy River District. 1 km northeast of Red Pine Island. Approximately 14 km east of Fort Frances.

Habitat: Open water of lake.

Weather Conditions: Clear, calm, 25 C.

Distance: 20 m

Optical Equipment: 10X 40 B & L Elite binoculars

Photographs Taken?: Yes: _____ No: __X__

Names and Addresses of Observers: Allan Harris 136 S. Hill St. Thunder Bay, ON P7B 3V1 Sue Bryan 143 Summit Ave. Thunder Bay, ON P7B 3P2 Robert Foster 363 Van Horne St. Thunder Bay, P7A 3G3

Experience: We’re all experienced birders and familiar with all the northern Ontario waterbirds. I (AGH) have seen 100’s of Western Grebes in BC and elsewhere, as well as all the other North American grebe spp.

Date Description Written: August 30 2000

Description of Sighting: (include size, shape, colour patterns, song, call notes, behaviour, and other diagnostic characteristics, but only what was actually observed in the field. Attach sketches and additional sheets , if necessary.)

Size and Shape: The bird was sitting on the water and didn’t fly or dive while we watched, so we didn’t see the under parts, extended wing, or feet. It was about the size of a Red-necked Grebe (we’d seen several earlier in the day), but slimmer and with a longer, thinner neck. The length of the head and neck was about ¾ of the length of the rest of the body. The body was low and streamlined.

Colour: Black cap on the head, extending from the base of the bill, over the top of the head and down the back of the neck. The black extended about 1 cm below the eye (we checked this carefully!). This contrasted strongly with the pure white on the underside of the head and front of the throat. The black and white portions of the neck and head were clearly demarcated leading to a strongly two-toned appearance. The back was black without any apparent pattern. The sides were grayish or brownish in contrast to the black back. The eye was dark, but we couldn’t determine the colour.

Bill: The bill was long – about equaling the length of the rest of the head. It was strikingly slim and pointed. The colour was white or pale yellow.

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Similar Species / How Eliminated: Red-necked Grebe: This bird was slimmer, with longer, thinner neck and longer bill. It lacked the crest on the back of the head that is usually apparent on RNGR even at great distances. It was much more strongly marked than a winter RNGR, with clearly demarcated black and white on the head and neck. The face below the black cap was uniformly white – lacking the gray cheek patch and white bar of RNGR.

Clark’s Grebe: The black cap on the head extended distinctly below the eye – ruling out Clark’s Grebe.

Horned Grebe: The long, pale bill and long slim neck rule out Horned Grebe.

Name: Allan Harris Signature: ______Date: August 30 2000 Address: 136 S. Hill St. Thunder Bay, ON P7B 3V1 [email protected] (807) 344-7213

This form can be printed out and mailed, along with accompanying materials, to: Kayo Roy, OBRC Secretary 13 Kinsman Court Fonthill ON L0S 1E3 Or, attach it to an email to [email protected]

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Appendix VIII. Maps of selected Rainy Lake wetlands.

The following are rough sketch maps of wetland vegetation from field notes compiled in 2000 and 2001.

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