Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh
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Development and Application of a Landscape-Based Lake Typology for the Muskoka River Watershed, Ontario, Canada
Development and application of a landscape-based lake typology for the Muskoka River Watershed, Ontario, Canada by Rachel Anne Plewes A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2015, Rachel Anne Plewes ABSTRACT Lake management typologies have been used successfully in many parts of Europe, but their use in Canada has been limited. In this study, a lake typology was developed for 650 lakes within the Muskoka River Watershed (MRW), Ontario, Canada, to quantify freshwater, terrestrial, and human landscape influences on water quality (Ca, pH, TP and DOC). Five distinct lake types were identified, using a hierarchical system based on three broad physiographic regions within the MRW, and lake and catchment morphometrics derived through digital terrain analysis. The three regions exhibited significantly different DOC concentrations (F=15.85; p<0.001), whereas the lake types had significantly different TP concentrations (F=12.88, p<0.001). Type-specific reference conditions were used to identify lakes affected by human activities that may be in need of restoration due to high TP concentrations. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the applicability of new and emerging landscape modelling tools for lake classification and management in Ontario, Canada. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Murray C. Richardson for his guidance and support throughout the past 2 years. Additionally, I appreciate all of Dr. Derek Mueller’s feedback on the drafts of this thesis. I am grateful for the guidance I received from Dr. -
The Nfluence of Land Use and the Catchment Properties
THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE AND THE CATCHMENT PROPERTIES ON THE TROPHIC STATUS OF SHALLOW LAKES IN TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SAADET PEREN TUZKAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY FEBRUARY 2015 Approval of the thesis: THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE AND THE CATCHMENT PROPERTIES ON THE TROPHIC STATUS OF SHALLOW LAKES IN TURKEY submitted by SAADET PEREN TUZKAYA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin DURAL ÜNVER ________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Orhan ADALI ________________ Head of Department, Biology Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can BİLGİN ________________ Supervisor, Biology Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Meryem Beklioğlu YERLİ ________________ Co-Supervisor, Biology Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Zeki KAYA ________________ Biology Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can BİLGİN ________________ Biology Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Zuhal AKYÜREK ________________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Meryem BEKLİOĞLU YERLİ ________________ Biology Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Çetin GÖZEN ________________ Biology Dept., METU Date: 16.02.2015 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Saadet Peren Tuzkaya Signature: iv ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE AND THE CATCHMENT PROPERTIES ON THE TROPHIC STATUS OF SHALLOW LAKES IN TURKEY Tuzkaya, Saadet Peren M.S., Department of Biology Supervisor: Assoc. -
Stromatolites
Stromatolites What is a stromatolite? A stromatolite (literally, ‘layered rock’) is a solid structure created by single-celled microbes called cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). The cyanobacteria form colonies and trap sediment with their sticky surface coatings. The trapped sediment reacts to calcium carbonate in the water to form limestone. These limestone deposits build up very slowly – it can take a stromatolite 100 years to grow 5 cm. A 1 m-high stromatolite might be 2,000 years old! Where are they found? Shark Bay’s stromatolites are found around the shallows of Hamelin Pool , located in the southern part of the eastern bay. Between 4,000 to 6,000 years ago a massive seagrass bank called the Fauré Sill began to block tidal flow into Hamelin Pool, causing the water to become extremely concentrated, or hypersaline. The water in Hamelin Pool is twice as salty as water in the open ocean! Animals that would normally graze on algae, such as chitons and snails, cannot survive in these conditions. Around 3,000 years ago cyanobacteria started flourishing, forming stromatolites much as they did billions of years ago. More than 50 species of cyanobacteria live in Hamelin Pool. What do they look like? Stromatolites look like a cross between a cauliflower and a rock. However, unlike rocks they are actually alive – each stromatolite has a top surface layer teeming with living, active cyanobacteria. At least 3,000 million cyanobacteria can fit in 1 m2! Because cyanobacteria are plants, they photosynthesise their energy from the sun. A by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen, and if you look very carefully you may see the stromatolites gently ‘fizzing’ as tiny bubbles of oxygen are released by the cyanobacteria into the water. -
Carbon Cycling and Calcification in Hypersaline Microbial Mats
Carbon cycling and calcification in hypersaline microbial mats Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat.- Dem Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Rebecca Ludwig Bremen März 2004 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von Oktober 2000 bis März 2004 am Max-Planck-Institut für marine Mikrobiologie in Bremen angefertigt. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Bo Barker Jørgensen Prof. Dr. Gunter O. Kirst Prüfer Prof. Dr. Friederike Koenig Dr. Henk M. Jonkers Tag des Promotionskolloqiums: 14. Mai 2004 Table of contents Table of contents Thesis outline v 1 Introduction 1 Prologue 3 Carbon cycle in microbial mats: Organisms and metabolism 8 Gradients and adaptations to diel changes 17 Calcification 20 Principles and applications of microsensors 22 Sampling/study sites 28 2 Structure and function of Chiprana mats 37 Structural and functional analysis of a microbial mat ecosystem from a unique permanent hypersaline inland lake: ‘La Salada de Chiprana’ (NE Spain) 3 Rate limitation in microbial mats 71 Limitation of oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration by phosphate and organic nitrogen in a hypersaline mat: A microsensor study 4 Effect of salinity on benthic photosynthesis 89 Reduced gas diffusivity and solubility limit metabolic rates in benthic phototrophs at high salinities 5 Calcification mechanism in a microbial mat 109 Photosynthesis controlled calcification in a hypersaline microbial mat 6 Stromatolite calcification and bioerosion 127 Balance between microbial calcification and metazoan bioerosion in modern stromatolitic oncolites Discussion 145 Summary 151 Zusammenfassung 153 Appendix 155 Danksagung 155 List of publications 157 iii Outline Thesis outline Five manuscripts are included in this thesis that investigate the carbon cycle in microbial mats with a special emphasis on community carbon flow and mechanisms of microbial calcification. -
Choosing Spatial Units for Landscape-Based Management of the Fisheries Protection Program
Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2017/040 National Capital Region Choosing Spatial Units for Landscape-Based Management of the Fisheries Protection Program D. T. de Kerckhove1, J.A. Freedman2, K.L. Wilson3, M.V. Hoyer4, C. Chu1, and C.K. Minns5 1Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section 2140 East Bank Drive Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8 2University of Florida, School of Forest Resources and Conservation 3University of Calgary, Dept. of Biological Sciences 4University of Florida, Florida LAKEWATCH 5University of Toronto, Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology July 2017 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Research documents are produced in the official language in which they are provided to the Secretariat. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2017 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: de Kerckhove, D.T., Freedman, J.A., Wilson, K.L., Hoyer, M.V., Chu, C., and Minns, C.K. 2017. Choosing Spatial Units for Landscape-Based Management of the Fisheries Protection Program. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2017/040. v + 44. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. -
Analysis of Stromatolite Reservoir Potential Using Computed Tomography By: Grant Noennig
Analysis of Stromatolite Reservoir Potential using Computed Tomography By: Grant Noennig A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Geology) At Gustavus Adolphus College 2016 Volumetric Analysis of Stromatolite Reservoir Potential using Computed Tomography By: Grant Noennig Under the supervision of Dr. Julie Bartley ABSTRACT Stromatolites are lithified microbial mats formed when microbes bind and trap carbonate grains or induce precipitation of carbonate material (Ahr et al., 2011). If sufficient porosity occurs within these microbialites, they have potential to contain and transmit fluids, such as petroleum. Carbonate rock accounts for more than half of the world's oil reservoirs and 40% of the world's natural gas reservoirs, but due to the complexity of fractures and matrix composing these beds, their reservoir potentials are difficult to estimate (EIA, 2013). Stromatolites from the Laney Member of the hydrocarbon-rich Green River Formation in the central United States offer an opportunity to study reservoir potential in a well-exposed succession. Most research on carbonate reservoir potential is sedimentary, stratigraphic, or petrophysical, but more complex reservoirs like stromatolites require specific techniques to determine their potential (Rezende et al., 2013). In order to determine the porosity, permeability, and pore-connectivity of this facies, samples from this location were cut into rectangular blocks and scanned using x-ray computed tomography (XRCT) at the University of Minnesota. XRCT analysis allows for the quantification of porosity and permeability values to evaluate the reservoir potential at a small scale, in three dimensions. Preliminary results indicate that Green River stromatolites are highly variable in their porosity characteristics, but some have sufficient porosity and permeability to be effective reservoir rock. -
Grain Trapping by Microbial Mats: Implications for Stromatolites
Grain trapping by microbial mats: Implications for stromatolites Frank Corsetti Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California Rocks = Time Rocks = Environment Rocks = History of Life Stromatolite sharkbay.org Stromatolite Textbook Definition • laminated • organo-sedimentary structure • built by microbes (CCALA) Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria microbial mat (“pond scum”) Stromatolite Textbook Definition Trapping and Binding 100 microns Stromatolite courtesy of Y. Ibarra Textbook Definition Mineral Precipitation Stromatolite Significance • Macroscopic from Microscopic Stromatolite Significance putative • Oldest fossils in the world ^ Warrawoona Fm Western Australia 3.5 Ga 2 cm Ancient Life: Greatest Hits Cambrian explosion Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phan. 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 billions of years LETTERS NATURE | Vol 457 | 5 February 2009 Masirah Bay Fm. soft-body parts, as detected in Doushantuo phosphorites19,22, is rare in ααα ααα αββ the geological record. Siliceous sponge spicules are metastable and S R C (17%) they can be difficult to isolate and identify unambiguously in clastic 26 sediments. Moreover, several orders of Demospongiae completely *** * 358 → 217 lack mineral skeletons. On the other hand, the studies of the lipid ααα ααα compositions of Porifera show a remarkable diversity of distinctive αββ C27 (21%) 13,27,28 R structures with abundance patterns aligned to phylogeny S 372 → 217 The demosponge biomarker record for the Huqf Supergroup supports the hypothesis that Metazoa first achieved ecological 1 αββ ααα ααα prominence in shallow marine waters of the Cryogenian . It has been C28 (16%) 386 → 217 proposed that Neoproterozoic sponges and rangeomorphs feeding S R on reactive dissolved or particulate marine organic matter29 may have progressively oxygenated their benthic environments as they moved ααα ααα αββ 24 C29 (39%) from shallow water into deeper waters . -
Pattern and Process Second Edition Monica G. Turner Robert H. Gardner
Monica G. Turner Robert H. Gardner Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice Pattern and Process Second Edition L ANDSCAPE E COLOGY IN T HEORY AND P RACTICE M ONICA G . T URNER R OBERT H . G ARDNER LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY IN THEORY AND PRACTICE Pattern and Process Second Edition Monica G. Turner University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Zoology Madison , WI , USA Robert H. Gardner University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Frostburg, MD , USA ISBN 978-1-4939-2793-7 ISBN 978-1-4939-2794-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2794-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945952 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
The Drivers and Patterns of Total Phosphorus Across Lake, Stream, and Wetland Ecosystems at the National Scale
The drivers and patterns of total phosphorus across lake, stream, and wetland ecosystems at the national scale Katelyn King Michigan State University (Co-authors: Kendra Cheruvelil and Amina Pollard (EPA)) lake + wetland + stream 2 publications! lake + wetland wetland + stream lake + stream wetland lake stream 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 Publications lakes wetlands streams Integrated Freshwater Landscape Lakes Wetlands Streams Lake Michigan Dataset: US EPA National Aquatic Resource Survey Lake assessment 2012 Wetland assessment 2011 River/Stream assessment 2008/2009 https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/nrsa Dataset: Total Phosphorus (TP) Total Dataset: (ln) Total Phosphorus lakes wetlands streams Dataset: Ecological context Waterbody scale: Watershed scale: Ecoregion: • freshwater type • mean elevation • (lake, wetland, stream) • land use/cover • depth • nitrogen deposition • % riparian vegetation • road density • lat/lon of site • population density • precipitation at the site • watershed area* • temperature at the site Ecoregion membership consisting of similar land use, topography, climate, and natural vegetation *no wetland watersheds, approximated with 1000m buffer Q1: What are the drivers of total phosphorus across lakes, wetlands, and streams at the macroscale? lakes wetlands streams Hypothesis: freshwater type will be important in predicting TP • Depth • lentic vs. lotic • water residence time • form/shape Q1 Method - drivers – Random Forest Subset of sample splitting value splitting value Node Streams splitting value splitting value Lakes Wetlands Results - important drivers of TP • watershed % forest • watershed % agriculture • longitude • ecoregion membership Percent variance explained = 50.0 Total Phosphorus Forest lakes wetlands streams Total Phosphorus Agriculture lakes wetlands streams Total Phosphorus Agriculture lakes wetlands streams Spatial Patterns Mean Annual Temperature Lapierre et al. -
Stromatolites
Stromatolites edited by David L. Alles Western Washington University e-mail: [email protected] Last Updated 2012-3-28 Note: In PDF format most of the images in this web paper can be enlarged for greater detail. 1 Bahamian Stromatolites by Chet Raymo "EXUMA, Bahamas—I felt a bit like a field cryptozoologist recently as I snorkeled in the shallow waters of a tidal channel near Lee Stocking Island in the Exuma Cays of the Bahamas. Below were dozens of massive ovoid humps (shown above), many three feet or more high, like giant dinosaur eggs partly buried in the seafloor sand. These strange objects were clearly of biological origin, but unlike anything I had seen before. In water made milky by tide-stirred sand, they beckoned as if from some prehistoric dream. These are the famous Bahamian giant stromatolites, and their story is as curious as any wide- eyed tale of the Loch Ness monster." "Stromatolites are stony structures built up by living organisms, in this case by algae and cyanobacteria (photosynthesizing bacteria). The microbes live in gooey mats on the top surface of the structures. The mats trap fine sediments carried across them by tidal currents. As the mats are made opaque by sediments, the microbes move upwards seeking sunlight. Layer after layer of sediments are cemented into growing columns or domes. 2 Large stromatolites were common in the seas of the early Earth, but they are rare today. They are found only at a few sites in the Bahamas and at Shark Bay in western Australia. For more than 3 billion years after the formation of the Earth, all life on the planet was microscopic, ancestral to the algae and cyanobacteria of the Bahamian stromatolites. -
The Importance of Lake-Specific Characteristics for Water Quality Across the Continental United States
The importance of lake-specific characteristics for water quality across the continental United States Read, E. K., Patil, V. P., Oliver, S. K., Hetherington, A. L., Brentrup, J. A., Zwart, J. A., ... & Weathers, K. C. (2015). The importance of lake-specific characteristics for water quality across the continental United States. Ecological Applications, 25(4), 943-955. doi:10.1890/14-0935.1.sm 10.1890/14-0935.1.sm Ecological Society of America Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Ecological Applications, 25(4), 2015, pp. 943–955 Ó 2015 by the Ecological Society of America The importance of lake-specific characteristics for water quality across the continental United States 1,13 2 3 4 5 EMILY K. READ, VIJAY P. PATIL, SAMANTHA K. OLIVER, AMY L. HETHERINGTON, JENNIFER A. BRENTRUP, 6 7 8 9 10 JACOB A. ZWART, KIRSTEN M. WINTERS, JESSICA R. CORMAN, EMILY R. NODINE, R. IESTYN WOOLWAY, HILARY A. 3 11 12 3 3 3 DUGAN, ALINE JAIMES, ARIANTO B. SANTOSO, GRACE S. HONG, LUKE A. WINSLOW, PAUL C. HANSON, AND 1 KATHLEEN C. WEATHERS 1Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545 USA 2Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 USA 3Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, 680 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA 4Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA 5Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056 USA 6Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA -
Shark Bay Microbialites: a Walk Through Technological Time
Shark Bay microbialites: a walk through technological time Brendan Burns and Pieter Visscher DEC symposium on research and conservation October 2012 Outline 1. Shark Bay microbialites 2. Initial diversity studies 3. Tagged pyrosequencing 4. Functional metagenomic sequencing 5. Microelectrode profiling 6. Conservation and sustainability 7. Where to from here…. Applications of genomic, proteomic, microbiological, and analytical chemical tools in the study of functional complexity Outline 1. Shark Bay microbialites 2. Initial diversity studies 3. Tagged pyrosequencing 4. Functional metagenomic sequencing 5. Microelectrode profiling 6. Conservation and sustainability 7. Where to from here…. Overall strategic research goals Comprehensively study the functional complexity of modern microbialites, as a model system for understanding the intricate interactions between microorganisms and their physical environment and their potential roles in the wider biosphere Hypothesis Microbial metabolisms (and interactions) determine stromatolite function, morphology, and persistence Hamelin Pool (Shark Bay) ,Western Australia Shark Bay microbialites • One of the best examples on earth of living marine microbialites • Surrounding seawater at least twice as saline as normal seawater (fluctuates); high UV, desiccation • Higher salinity in early oceans • Key to understanding the past is to study the present Outline 1. Shark Bay microbialites 2. Initial diversity studies 3. Tagged pyrosequencing 4. Functional metagenomic sequencing 5. Microelectrode profiling