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MULTILINGUAL ARABESQUES IN THE NOVEL IN NORTH AMERICA Rachel Anne Norman A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: María DeGuzmán Connie Eble Jennifer Ho Carol Fadda-Conrey Walt Wolfram © 2018 Rachel Anne Norman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Rachel Anne Norman: Multilingual Arabesques in the Novel in North America (Under the direction of María DeGuzmán) “Multilingual Arabesques” examines the literary and linguistic constructions of identity in the Arab diaspora in North America. Novels, and the languages used to write them, are cardinal spaces of cultural belonging. Arab North Americans’ inclusion (or not) of Arabic in their fiction establishes a linguistic identity that situates characters, texts, and authors within and beyond national spaces. By comparing representations of Arabic as a “foreign” language in novels from Canada, Mexico, and the United States, this dissertation argues that Arab diasporic writers invoke language to perform identity in contextually contingent ways. Within the United States and Canada, Arabs are socially constructed as “enemy,” “other,” and “fanatical terrorist,” and authors claim ethnic and national belonging through representations of code-switching and translingualism that powerfully contest and transform the spatial hegemony of the nation-state. Absent the same historical constructions of race, Mexico figures Arab immigrants as corrupt businessmen out to cheat “real” Mexicans. Arab Mexican authors variously utilize Arabic not as a tool to modify the nation but rather to create a linguistic space that stands outside geography. Chapter 1 explores the form and function of the intersections between language and identity categories like ethnicity, race, nation, class, gender, and sexuality. Continuing the discussion of gender, Chapter 2 argues that an Arab diasporic identity is inscribed within the female body through the cultural resources of food and language, while Chapter 3 suggests that queer Arab iii American characters inhabiting non-normative narrative structures challenge homonational global politics. Finally, Chapter 4 elucidates how authors manipulate language to normalize the presence of Arabic and Arab bodies by inserting Arabic into the linguistic landscape of North America. Although the Arab linguistic production of identity differs between Canada, Mexico, and the United States, all three Arab immigrant communities enlist language in the rhetorical and material pursuit of belonging. The first study in the field to compare nationally and linguistically diverse Arab diasporic texts, “Multilingual Arabesques” helps us to understand critical points of continuity and rupture within the Arab diaspora in North America. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe the following people a deep debt of gratitude: My director, María DeGuzmán, tirelessly read revision after revision, helped me to remember the forest when all I could see were the trees, and never stopped pushing me to think bigger. Connie Eble welcomed me to UNC with open arms and acted as an academic godmother over the last seven years. Jennifer Ho treated me like a colleague from the beginning and made me believe that I had a place within academia. Carol Fadda-Conrey blazed the trail and her passion and dedication to this field inspire me. Amanda Al-Raba’a, Laura Broom, Emma Calabrese, Lina Kuhn, and Kym Weed: Thank you for being so generous and so true. When things fell apart, you carried me. I am humbled by the knowledge that I will never be able to repay you; you have my most tender gratitude. Thank you to my family—Dave and Beth, Becky and Sarah—for everything. Without you this never would have been possible. And finally, Matt: for so many more things than I can name, but most especially your fierce love and quiet eagerness to follow me around the world. This one’s for you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1. Arab American Literary Texts & Literary Historiography ............................................... 7 2. Language as Identity ....................................................................................................... 11 3. Outline of the Dissertation .............................................................................................. 16 II. IDENTIFYING LANGUAGES: THE SHAPE OF CODE-SWITCHING IN ARAB AMERICAN NOVELS ......................................................................................... 22 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 22 2. Categorizing Arabic in Arab American Texts ................................................................ 23 2.1. Reported Language .................................................................................................. 23 2.2. Transliterated Arabic ............................................................................................... 25 2.3. Arabic in Arabic Script ............................................................................................ 28 3. The Structure of Language, the Form of Identity ........................................................... 33 3.1. Ethnicity in Carlos Martínez Assad’s En el verano, la tierra .................................. 33 3.2. Nation and Class in Farhoud’s Le fou d’Omar ........................................................ 44 3.3. Religion and Gender in Mohja Kahf’s The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf ................. 53 4. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 59 III. SILENCE, LANGUAGE, AND CONSUMPTION: LOCATING IDENTITY IN THE ARAB AMERICAN FEMALE BODY .................................................................... 63 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 63 1.1. Arab American Mothers and Grandmothers in Fiction and Non-Fiction ................ 67 1.2. Feminisms and the Construction of Silence ............................................................. 69 1.3. Silent Matriarchs in Arab American Literature ....................................................... 74 vi 2. Locating a National Identity in Azar’s Las Tres Primeras Personas ............................. 77 3. Tasting Silence in MacDonald’s Fall on Your Knees ..................................................... 81 4. Intimate Selving in Chehade’s Loom .............................................................................. 93 5. Removing the Mother from the Kitchen in Farhoud’s Le bonheur a la queue glissante ........................................................................................................... 103 6. Recasting Gender Roles in Geha’s Lebanese Blonde ................................................... 111 7. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 115 IV. CODE-SWITCHING AS QUEER IN RABIH ALAMEDDINE’S I, THE DIVINE AND RANDA JARRAR’S A MAP OF HOME ........................................... 116 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 116 2. The Queer Language of Gender .................................................................................... 118 3. Undoing the Heteronormativity of the Novel ............................................................... 129 4. Queering the Nation ...................................................................................................... 139 5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 149 V. MODIFYING LANGUAGE, MODIFYING SPACE: GEOPOLITICAL AND LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHIES IN CANADA, MEXICO, AND THE UNITED STATES .............................................................................................. 151 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 151 2. Jorge Nacif Mina’s Crónicas de un inmigrante libanés en México .............................. 157 3. Denis Chouinard’s L’Ange de goudron ........................................................................ 162 4. Mohja Kahf’s The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf ............................................................. 171 5. Conclusion: Edward Said and the Novel as Space ....................................................... 177 VI. CODA ............................................................................................................................. 181 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 184 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – Page from Héctor Azar’s Las Tres Primeras Personas ........................................ 30 Figure 2 – Glossary from Abla Farhoud’s Le bonheur a la queue glissante .......................... 31 Figure 3 – Closing lines of Mohja Kahf’s 1997 poem “Copulation in English” .................... 32 Figure 4 – Postcard from Sitti in Raleigh, North Carolina ....................................................
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