L'opera Di David Foster Wallace Tra Autoriflessività

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L'opera Di David Foster Wallace Tra Autoriflessività Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DIPARTIMENTO DI LINGUE, LETTERATURE E CULTURE MODERNE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN Letterature moderne, comparate e postcoloniali Ciclo XXVII Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 10/F1 Settore Scientifico disciplinare: L-FIL-LET/14 Oltre il postmodernismo: l’opera di David Foster Wallace tra autoriflessività e realismo Presentata da: Dott.ssa Alessandra Tedesco Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Prof.ssa Silvia Albertazzi Prof. Federico Bertoni Co-relatore Prof. Franco Minganti Esame finale anno 2015 Alla mia famiglia Indice Introduzione 7 Capitolo I Introduzione al postmodernismo 13 1. Finding a road: introduzione al postmoderno 13 2. La Questione del postmodernismo: le fasi e la storia di un termine 20 3. La riproducibilità in serie della realtà 30 4. La crisi della realtà: le metanarrazioni e il senso del reale 35 5. Il fatto e l’evento 44 6. La costruzione della realtà: il rapporto tra potere e sapere 50 7. La verità decostruita 56 8. La crisi dell’impostura: critica al postmodernismo 67 8.1 La critica all’intrattenimento e alla tv 81 Capitolo II David Foster Wallace e il postmodernismo 93 1. “Life as a fiction”: realismi a confronto 93 2. L’autoriflessività 104 2.1 L’autoriflessività wallaciana 122 3. La rappresentazione della realtà: il paradosso del linguaggio 131 3.1 Wallace e Wittgenstein 141 3.2 La crisi ontologica del personaggio 149 3.3 L’entropia pynchoniana 162 Capitolo III La letteratura contemporanea, ovvero come combattere la solitudine. La fase post-postmoderna di David Foster Wallace 173 1. Tra realismo, critica e sperimentalismo 173 2. Il paradosso del linguaggio tra parzialità e necessità 179 3. «Benvenuti dentro la mia testa»: intertestualità e strutture di Infinite Jest 202 4. Wallace e la matematica 211 4.1 L’infinito 215 5. Le note di chiusura 218 6. Le coordinate spazio-temporali come strumenti allegorici 224 7. Oltre l’ironia postmodernista 235 8. L’incomunicabilità 241 9. «…sembrava che la mia vita fosse finita»: la depressione 248 10. Il manque lacaniano 257 11. Un antidoto contro la solitudine 266 Conclusioni 275 Bibliografia 297 Introduzione Contemporaneità. Termine che, al pari di “postmodernismo” – argomento largamente discusso negli ultimi anni ma “intrappolato” in un vicolo cieco teorico –, crea spesso un senso di riluttante fastidio, una pruriginosità a livello intellettivo e critico. Il Novecento è forse il secolo più complesso, un ambiguo spettro di possibilità che incorpora al suo interno un ventaglio disarmonico di sfaccettature e contraddizioni. Il secolo in cui la “crisi dell’Io” ha modificato radicalmente il modo di scrivere, di pensare e di percepire la realtà circostante. Le certezze proprie dell’età classica – come ad esempio il tempo oggettivo, reiterato e scandito con cura e precisione, la fissità delle azioni e la diffusione di ideologie (o grandi narrazioni lyotardiane), che avrebbero creato una sorta di ontologia (pre/per)sistente – sono irrimediabilmente crollate. I loro frammenti sono ancora disseminati nelle pieghe della mente e le lacerazioni, ad essi connesse, sono ancora visibili negli occhi e sui corpi degli uomini. Ed è proprio la contemporaneità, nel suo farsi letteratura, l’oggetto di questo lavoro. Un oggetto dalle implicazioni scivolose e perniciose perché, è evidente, risulta difficile raccontare il mondo in cui viviamo senza la presenza di un adeguato distacco critico e temporale. Si parte pertanto dal presupposto che ogni critica, ogni analisi sui fenomeni umani, non possa aspirare all’oggettività ed esaurirsi in essa, né trovare un totale e gratificante appagamento intellettuale, in quanto ogni analisi è una pura convenzione, frammentata e porosa. I confini tra i diversi periodi letterari sono, ad esempio, solo generalizzazioni, astrazioni matematiche di elementi-chiave (o lessie barthiane) basate sull’analisi di testi particolari. Un testo letterario infatti, nello specifico un romanzo, con la sua complessità e le infinite interpretazioni a cui si apre, si presenta come un fenomeno unico, irripetibile, irriducibile a pure astrazioni. Ma, in generale, l’essere umano ha la necessità di etichette, categorizzazioni, segmenti interpretativi in grado di rendere l’esperienza comprensibile e trasmissibile agli altri individui che possiedono, al di là delle diversità sincroniche e diacroniche e dei processi individuali/sociali, le stesse “forme di vita”. Perché, nonostante l’irriducibilità dell’individuo in costrutti sintattici e narrativi, vi è sempre la necessità pregnante di dare una forma e una voce all’esperienza umana, al senso di alienazione in un mondo che diventa sempre più inenarrabile e astratto. Un mondo in cui le certezze e le ideologie del passato sono state corrose dalla moltiplicazione dei saperi, degli stimoli, dei mezzi di produzione e riproduzione del reale. È in particolare negli ultimi sessant’anni che, con il progressivo affermarsi di una società dei consumi pienamente globalizzata, tali dinamiche si sono esacerbate e l’uomo si trova ad essere alieno non solo rispetto alla realtà che lo circonda ma anche, e soprattutto, rispetto alla sua stessa vita. Quest’incertezza ontologica, unita alla nozione di unspeakability1 e all’impossibilità di cogliere la realtà, si traduce, nel postmodernismo letterario, in una maggiore concentrazione sull’attitudine ironica nei confronti del mondo, sulla messa in discussione dei confini tra la realtà e la finzione, e nell’utilizzo della metafiction. Si noterà infatti come, a differenza dei periodi precedenti, all’uomo venga negato un qualsiasi accesso alla realtà. Di conseguenza il linguaggio, non è più trasparente, né è in grado di trasmettere una “verità” o “realtà” unica e oggettiva (Barthes). Negli ultimi vent’anni però, si assiste allo sviluppo di una nuova sensibilità letteraria – non ancora oggetto di studio sistematico da parte dei critici – che si trova in un rapporto sia di continuità che di rottura con il postmodernismo e si declina in una modificazione della percezione del linguaggio e della realtà: una letteratura che non si chiude nell’autoreferenzialità ed esaltazione dei dispositivi narratologici tipicamente postmodernisti – perlomeno, non solo – ma si spinge a recuperare quel senso di realtà e quella finalità comunicativa andati persi nel periodo precedente. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è, pertanto, quello di delimitare uno spazio critico che consenta di ripensare il concetto di postmodernismo in America alla fine del XX secolo e, a partire dagli anni novanta del Novecento, il tentativo di un suo superamento. In questa direzione, si è deciso di focalizzare l’analisi sull’opera dello scrittore David Foster Wallace, che esemplifica le contraddizioni interne al postmodernismo e mostra il passaggio cruciale dal postmodernismo a una non-ancora-ben-definita letteratura contemporanea. Attraverso un percorso tematico, nonché strutturale, si cercherà dunque di porre in rilievo il recupero del realismo da parte di Wallace che, seppur nel suo breve periodo compositivo, riassume ed esemplifica questa nuova direzione della letteratura americana, promuovendo la “formazione” del nuovo lettore che deve avere «la capacità 1 “Postmodernism: the Uninhabited World, Critics’ Symposium”, «Critique», summer 1990, vol. xxxi, no. 4. 8 di accedere a un catalogo di “tracce” che gli permette di “tradurre” e ricostruire – partendo da esse – uno scenario assente, invisibile a chi si serve soltanto dei propri occhi»2. Come punto di partenza, si è dovuto sia contestualizzare tassonomicamente il fenomeno (ovvero la postmodernità) che presentare, pur nella sua complessità, questa nuova “sensibilità” artistico-letteraria (cioè il postmodernismo), per confrontare gli artifici e le finalità di David Foster Wallace con quelli di scrittori postmodernisti quali John Barth e Thomas Pynchon. Mantenendo infatti come base metodologica i presupposti della metafiction autoriflessiva, è stato poi possibile rintracciare nell’opera di Wallace una discontinuità. È stato quindi necessario dapprima delineare una mappa conoscitiva degli elementi- chiave della postmodernità e, successivamente, esporre criticamente le diverse linee filosofiche del periodo, riordinandole in quattro principali nuclei tematici: l’oggettivizzazione e mercificazione dell’opera d’arte, l’atteggiamento nichilista verso le metanarrazioni, il rapporto con la storia e la relazione tra sapere e politica. Nel primo capitolo infatti, dopo aver passato in rassegna i numerosi cambiamenti sociali e culturali che hanno modificato la percezione del tempo e dello spazio nella prima metà del Novecento e le conseguenti influenze in ambito letterario, l’analisi si concentra sulle caratteristiche generali dell’avventura postmoderna. Le prime problematicità riscontrate sono dovute alla ricerca di un’approssimazione del canone postmodernista, verso cui i vari teorici (tra cui Hassan, Sontag) hanno posizioni eterogenee. Partendo dalla fluidità e dalla storia del termine, dalle varie teorie ad esso connesse e in opposizione con il modernismo, si è dunque cercato di isolare alcuni elementi caratteristici di questa tendenza letteraria. Nel secondo capitolo si mette invece in evidenza come Wallace, riprendendo la metariflessività e alcune opere di John Barth, tenti un atto di liberazione dalle convenzioni postmoderne attraverso un «postmodern founders’ patricidal work»: un “parricidio” letterario, prima di accettazione e poi di superamento. Wallace infatti, in questo primo periodo, pone in relazione intertestuale e in chiave parodica il celebre saggio di
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