Historia Teorii Względności
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Investigation and Analysis of Gravitational Waves Using Data from the Lvt151012 Event
INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES USING DATA FROM THE LVT151012 EVENT Joalda Morancy September 11th, 2017 Pioneer Academics: Summer 2017 Mentor: Eric Myers ABSTRACT The LVT151012 event produces numerous questions on its validity due to various factors. In this paper, I investigate this and analyze the LIGO data for this specific event. I will first give background on what gravitational waves are and how they’re measured, my methodology in investigating the event, and a conclusion of my results. This paper is targeted at anyone who is interested in learning about gravitational waves and has a basic understanding of physics. INTRODUCTION On October 12th, 2015, LIGO made its second detection of gravitational waves. This event, known as LVT151012, is theorized to be the result of the inspiral of two black holes in a binary system of 23 and 13 solar masses (Figure 1). This event isn’t confirmed completely yet, which is the reason why it is given the acronym LVT, meaning “LIGO-Virgo Trigger”, and not GW like others, which stands for “Gravitational Wave” [1]. Figure 1: Graphic showing the number of solar masses of all known gravitational wave detections, including the LVT151012 event. [2] A major difference between this specific detection and others is that the confidence is significantly lower, and it is not enough to make the cut for an official detection. The confidence level is 1.7σ, and the traditional amount that a detection has to be greater than is 5σ. LVT151012 also has a much greater distance compared to all other detections, which comes out to be approximately 1000 Mpc. -
The Emergence of Gravitational Wave Science: 100 Years of Development of Mathematical Theory, Detectors, Numerical Algorithms, and Data Analysis Tools
BULLETIN (New Series) OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 53, Number 4, October 2016, Pages 513–554 http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/bull/1544 Article electronically published on August 2, 2016 THE EMERGENCE OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SCIENCE: 100 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY, DETECTORS, NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS, AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS MICHAEL HOLST, OLIVIER SARBACH, MANUEL TIGLIO, AND MICHELE VALLISNERI In memory of Sergio Dain Abstract. On September 14, 2015, the newly upgraded Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) recorded a loud gravitational-wave (GW) signal, emitted a billion light-years away by a coalescing binary of two stellar-mass black holes. The detection was announced in February 2016, in time for the hundredth anniversary of Einstein’s prediction of GWs within the theory of general relativity (GR). The signal represents the first direct detec- tion of GWs, the first observation of a black-hole binary, and the first test of GR in its strong-field, high-velocity, nonlinear regime. In the remainder of its first observing run, LIGO observed two more signals from black-hole bina- ries, one moderately loud, another at the boundary of statistical significance. The detections mark the end of a decades-long quest and the beginning of GW astronomy: finally, we are able to probe the unseen, electromagnetically dark Universe by listening to it. In this article, we present a short historical overview of GW science: this young discipline combines GR, arguably the crowning achievement of classical physics, with record-setting, ultra-low-noise laser interferometry, and with some of the most powerful developments in the theory of differential geometry, partial differential equations, high-performance computation, numerical analysis, signal processing, statistical inference, and data science. -
Recent Observations of Gravitational Waves by LIGO and Virgo Detectors
universe Review Recent Observations of Gravitational Waves by LIGO and Virgo Detectors Andrzej Królak 1,2,* and Paritosh Verma 2 1 Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-656 Warsaw, Poland 2 National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In this paper we present the most recent observations of gravitational waves (GWs) by LIGO and Virgo detectors. We also discuss contributions of the recent Nobel prize winner, Sir Roger Penrose to understanding gravitational radiation and black holes (BHs). We make a short introduction to GW phenomenon in general relativity (GR) and we present main sources of detectable GW signals. We describe the laser interferometric detectors that made the first observations of GWs. We briefly discuss the first direct detection of GW signal that originated from a merger of two BHs and the first detection of GW signal form merger of two neutron stars (NSs). Finally we present in more detail the observations of GW signals made during the first half of the most recent observing run of the LIGO and Virgo projects. Finally we present prospects for future GW observations. Keywords: gravitational waves; black holes; neutron stars; laser interferometers 1. Introduction The first terrestrial direct detection of GWs on 14 September 2015, was a milestone Citation: Kro´lak, A.; Verma, P. discovery, and it opened up an entirely new window to explore the universe. The combined Recent Observations of Gravitational effort of various scientists and engineers worldwide working on the theoretical, experi- Waves by LIGO and Virgo Detectors. -
Neutron Stars
Neutron Stars and their importance in the general scheme of physics J.R.Stone Oxford/Tennessee/Oak Ridge OUTLINE: I. Compact objects: white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes Collapse of massive stars Pulsars II. Cooling of proto-neutron stars and formaon of microscopic make-up of the star. Possible exoc stars III. Theorecal models of neutron stars and their impact in the general context of physics. Type II supernovae core collapse: forms a neutron star or a black hole. A BIT OF HISTORY: 1931: Collapse of red giants and white dwarfs are known. White dwarfs (1910 – Henry Norris Russel, named 1922 Willem Luyten): When red giants consume all their accessible fuel, the cores of the stars shrink to a very hot very dense object – not a star in technical sense: Mass ~ 1 solar mass , radius ~ 7000 km Energy comes from gravitaonal contracSon Radiaon comes from emission of stored heat (not fusion reacSons) Example: Sirius B (Hubble image) Material Density in kg/m3 Notes Water (fresh) 1,000 At STP Osmium 22,610 Near room temperature The core of the Sun ~150,000 White dwarf star 1 × 109 Atomic nuclei 2.3 × 1017 Neutron star core 8.4 × 1016 − 1 × 1018 Black hole 2 × 1030 CriScal density of an Earth-mass black hole Final stage of stars which are not very massive (over 97% of stars of our Galaxy): I. Hydrogen-fusing (main-sequence star of low or medium mass below 9-10 solar masses) II. Helium fusing to carbon and oxygen red giant in the core by the triple alpha process III. -
On Photon Spheres and 2+1 Dimensional General Relativity
EBERHARD KARLS UNIVERSITAT¨ TUBINGEN¨ MATHEMATISCH-NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE FAKULTAT¨ BACHELORARBEIT DER MATHEMATIK On photon spheres and 2+1 dimensional General Relativity von Oliver Schon¨ betreut durch JProf. Dr. Carla CEDERBAUM Tubingen,¨ 3. Oktober 2017 Eigenstandigkeitserkl¨ arung¨ Ich erklare¨ hiermit, dass ich meine Bachelorarbeit selbststandig¨ und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe und dass ich alle Stellen, die ich wortlich¨ oder sinngemaߨ aus Veroffentlichungen¨ entnommen habe, als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Tubingen,¨ den 3. Oktober 2017 Oliver Schon¨ Contents Abstract4 1 Mathematical setup5 1.1 Manifolds and tensors.............................5 1.2 Spacetime, connection and the Christoffel symbols.............9 1.3 Geodesics................................... 13 1.4 Curvature and Einstein equations....................... 15 1.5 Asymptotic flatness and mass......................... 18 1.6 Submanifolds................................. 22 1.7 Conformal geometry............................. 24 1.8 The Schwarzschild solution.......................... 25 2 Photon surfaces and spheres 27 2.1 Basic definitions and properties........................ 27 2.2 Photon sphere in Schwarzschild....................... 31 2.2.1 A physical approach......................... 31 2.2.2 A mathematical approach...................... 33 2.3 Uniqueness of photon spheres........................ 36 3 Schwarzschild in (2+1) dimensions 41 3.1 Pseudo-Schwarzschild spacetime....................... 41 3.2 Submanifolds in Pseudo-Schwarzschild................... 48 3.3 Construction with Pseudo-Schwarzschild.................. 52 Bibliography 57 3 Abstract In a recent paper C. Cederbaum and G. Galloway established a uniqueness result of photon spheres in four dimensional static vacuum asymptotically flat spacetimes by adapting Bunting and Masood-ul Alam’s proof of static black hole uniqueness. In this work, we1 present all concepts necessary to understand this proof as well as give a of the proof itself. -
The Einstein Toolkit: an Open Framework for Numerical General Relativistic Astrophysics
Roberto De Pietri Parma University and INFN http://www.einsteintoolkit.org The Einstein Toolkit: an open framework for Numerical General Relativistic Astrophysics. The Einstein Toolkit (ET) is an open-source computational infrastructure for that allows to solve the Einstein’s Equations coupled to Matter on a three-dimensional grid. I will discuss the implemented numerical methods and its scaling on modern HPC environment. Moreover, I will give details on its usage to model the merger of Neutron Stars and to computed the Gravitational Waves signal emitted in the process. Bologna, November the 2th, 2016. HPC Methods for Computational Fluid Dynamics and Astrophysics @ CINECA 1 Main target: Gravitational Wave Physics Models & Simulation Observations Scientific Discovery! Theory Gµν = 8π Tµν Compact binaries, supernovae collapse, gamma-ray bursts, oscillating NSs, gravitational waves, … Bologna, November the 2th, 2016. HPC Methods for Computational Fluid Dynamics and Astrophysics @ CINECA 2 Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 – Published 11 February 2016 Need to model source: GW has been detected ❖ The gravitational waves were detected on September 14, 2015 at 5:51 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time (09:51 UTC) by both of the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors, located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington, USA. ❖ The signal was observed with a matched- filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203 000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. -
Review 2008 (Session 2006-2007) the Royal Society of Edinburgh Review 2008
The Royal Society of Edinburgh Review 2008 (Session 2006-2007) The Royal Society of Edinburgh Review 2008 The Royal Society of Edinburgh Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Limited, Dorchester, DT1 1HD ISSN 1476-4342 CONTENTS Proceedings of the Ordinary Meetings .................................... 3 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting ....................... 5 Trustees’ Report to 31 March 2007 ...................................... 29 Auditors’ Report and Accounts ............................................. 49 Schedule of Investments ....................................................... 51 Activities Prize Lectures ..................................................................... 79 Lectures............................................................................ 127 Conferences, Workshops, Symposia, Seminars and Discussion Forums ............................................................ 169 Publications ...................................................................... 211 The Scottish Science Advisory Committee ........................ 213 Evidence, Advice and Comment ....................................... 215 Inquiries ........................................................................... 217 Parliamentary Liaison ........................................................ 219 Events for Young People .................................................. 221 Research and Enterprise Awards ...................................... 225 Medals, Prizes and Prize Lectureships ................................ 229 -
Recent Astronomical Tests of General Relativity
Vol. 10(2), pp. 90-105, 30 Janaury, 2015 DOI: 10.5897/IJPS2014.4236 Article Number: 26552F450052 International Journal of Physical ISSN 1992 - 1950 Copyright © 2015 Sciences Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS Review Recent astronomical tests of general relativity Keith John Treschman 51 Granville Street Wilston 4051 Australia. Received 16 November, 2014; Accepted 22 December, 2014 This history of experimentation relevant to general relativity covers the time post-1928. Classes of investigation are the weak equivalence principle (equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass and gravitational redshift), orbital precession of a body in gravitational fields (the relativistic perihelion advance of the planets, the relativistic periastron advance of binary pulsars, geodetic precession and Lense-Thirring effect), light propagation in gravitational fields (gravitational optical light deflection, gravitational radio deflection due to the Sun, gravitational lensing, time dilation and atomic clocks) and strong gravity implications (Nordtved effect and potential gravitational waves). The results of experiments are analysed to conclude to what extent they support general relativity. A number of questions are then answered: (a) how much evidence exists to support general relativity, (b) is it a reasonable way of thinking and (c) what is the niche it may occupy? Key words: general relativity, equivalence principle, orbital precession, gravitational fields. INTRODUCTION The special theory of relativity came from the mind of concepts to include an accelerated frame of reference Albert Einstein (1879-1955) in 1905 (Einstein, 1905). In it (Einstein, 1916). Within his general theory of relativity he he proposed that the laws of physics take the same form united space and time and presented gravity as a in all inertial frames and that the velocity of light is geometrical interpretation of how bodies move in the constant irrespective of the motion of the emitting body. -
Contributions of Civilizations to International Prizes
CONTRIBUTIONS OF CIVILIZATIONS TO INTERNATIONAL PRIZES Split of Nobel prizes and Fields medals by civilization : PHYSICS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHEMISTRY .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 PHYSIOLOGY / MEDECINE .............................................................................................................................................. 3 LITERATURE ................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 MATHEMATICS (Fields) .................................................................................................................................................. 5 PHYSICS Occidental / Judeo-christian (198) Alekseï Abrikossov / Zhores Alferov / Hannes Alfvén / Eric Allin Cornell / Luis Walter Alvarez / Carl David Anderson / Philip Warren Anderson / EdWard Victor Appleton / ArthUr Ashkin / John Bardeen / Barry C. Barish / Nikolay Basov / Henri BecqUerel / Johannes Georg Bednorz / Hans Bethe / Gerd Binnig / Patrick Blackett / Felix Bloch / Nicolaas Bloembergen -
On the Uniqueness of Kerr-Newman Black Holes
On the uniqueness of Kerr-Newman black holes Willie Wai-Yeung Wong A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Princeton University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Recommended for Acceptance by the Department of Mathematics Adviser: Sergiu Klainerman June 2009 c Copyright by Willie Wai-Yeung Wong, 2009. All Rights Reserved Abstract The uniqueness of the Kerr-Newman family of black hole metrics as stationary asymp- totically flat solutions to the Einstein equations coupled to a free Maxwell field is a crucial ingredient in the study of final states of the universe in general relativity. If one imposes the additional requirement that the space-time is axial-symmetric, then said uniqueness was shown by the works of B. Carter, D.C. Robinson, G.L. Bunting, and P.O. Mazur during the 1970s and 80s. In the real-analytic category, the condi- tion of axial symmetry can be removed through S. Hawking’s Rigidity Theorem. The necessary construction used in Hawking’s proof, however, breaks down in the smooth category as it requires solving an ill-posed hyperbolic partial differential equation. The uniqueness problem of Kerr-Newman metrics in the smooth category is con- sidered here following the program initiated by A. Ionescu and S. Klainerman for uniqueness of the Kerr metrics among solutions to the Einstein vacuum equations. In this work, a space-time, tensorial characterization of the Kerr-Newman solutions is obtained, generalizing an earlier work of M. Mars. The characterization tensors are shown to obey hyperbolic partial differential equations. Using the general Carle- man inequality of Ionescu and Klainerman, the uniqueness of Kerr-Newman metrics is proven, conditional on a rigidity assumption on the bifurcate event horizon. -
Partielle Differenzialgleichungen
Partielle Differenzialgleichungen Eine Einführung in analytische und numerische Methoden Bearbeitet von Wolfgang Arendt, Karsten Urban 1. Auflage 2010. Taschenbuch. xii, 353 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 8274 1942 2 Format (B x L): 16,8 x 24 cm Gewicht: 616 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Mathematik > Mathematische Analysis > Differentialrechnungen und -gleichungen Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 1 Modellierung oder wie man auf eine Differenzial- gleichung kommt Partielle Differenzialgleichungen beschreiben zahlreiche Vorgänge in der Natur, der Technik, der Medizin oder der Wirtschaft. In diesem ersten Kapitel wollen wir für einige prominente Beispiele die Herleitung von partiellen Differenzialglei- chungen mit Hilfe von Naturgesetzen und mathematischen Tatsachen beschrei- ben. Eine solche Herleitung nennt man (mathematische) Modellierung. Die Bei- spiele sollen auch die Vielfältigkeit der partiellen Differenzialgleichungen illus- trieren, die in diversen Anwendungen auftreten. Eine erste grobe Klassifizierung wird am Ende des Kapitels vorgenommen. Übersicht 1.1 Mathematische Modellierung ........................ 2 1.2 Transportprozesse............................. -
University of Groningen the Final State Tsang, Ka Wa
University of Groningen The Final State Tsang, Ka Wa DOI: 10.33612/diss.160948839 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2021 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Tsang, K. W. (2021). The Final State: the fate of relativistic compact objects after merger. University of Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.160948839 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 03-10-2021 The Final State The fate of relativistic compact objects after merger Ka Wa Tsang A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nikhef The Netherlands 2020 Summer © 2020 Ka Wa Tsang ISBN: 978-94-6419-125-7 Printed in the Netherlands by: Gildeprint Cover design by: Helena CYC This work is part of the research program supported by the Nederlandse organisatie voor Weten- schappelijk Onderzoek (NWO).