LECTURE-9 More on Linux Operating System Linux Was Conceived
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Redhawk Linux User's Guide
Linux® User’s Guide 0898004-520 May 2007 Copyright 2007 by Concurrent Computer Corporation. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof is intended for use with Concurrent products by Concurrent personnel, customers, and end–users. It may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The information contained in this document is believed to be correct at the time of publication. It is subject to change without notice. Concurrent makes no warranties, expressed or implied, concerning the information contained in this document. To report an error or comment on a specific portion of the manual, photocopy the page in question and mark the correction or comment on the copy. Mail the copy (and any additional comments) to Concurrent Computer Corporation, 2881 Gateway Drive, Pompano Beach, Florida, 33069. Mark the envelope “Attention: Publications Department.” This publication may not be reproduced for any other reason in any form without written permission of the publisher. Concurrent Computer Corporation and its logo are registered trademarks of Concurrent Computer Corporation. All other Concurrent product names are trademarks of Concurrent while all other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Linux® is used pursuant to a sublicense from the Linux Mark Institute. Printed in U. S. A. Revision History: Date Level Effective With August 2002 000 RedHawk Linux Release 1.1 September 2002 100 RedHawk Linux Release 1.1 December 2002 200 RedHawk Linux Release 1.2 April 2003 300 RedHawk Linux Release 1.3, 1.4 December 2003 400 RedHawk Linux Release 2.0 March 2004 410 RedHawk Linux Release 2.1 July 2004 420 RedHawk Linux Release 2.2 May 2005 430 RedHawk Linux Release 2.3 March 2006 500 RedHawk Linux Release 4.1 May 2006 510 RedHawk Linux Release 4.1 May 2007 520 RedHawk Linux Release 4.2 Preface Scope of Manual This manual consists of three parts. -
Debugging Kernel Problems
Debugging Kernel Problems by GregLehey Edition for AsiaBSDCon 2004 Taipei, 13 March 2004 Debugging Kernel Problems by GregLehey([email protected]) Copyright © 1995-2004 GregLehey 3Debugging Kernel Problems Preface Debugging kernel problems is a black art. Not manypeople do it, and documentation is rare, in- accurate and incomplete. This document is no exception: faced with the choice of accuracyand completeness, I chose to attempt the latter.Asusual, time was the limiting factor,and this draft is still in beta status. This is a typical situation for the whole topic of kernel debugging: building debug tools and documentation is expensive,and the people who write them are also the people who use them, so there'satendencytobuild as much of the tool as necessary to do the job at hand. If the tool is well-written, it will be reusable by the next person who looks at a particular area; if not, it might fall into disuse. Consider this book a starting point for your own develop- ment of debugging tools, and remember: more than anywhere else, this is an area with ``some as- sembly required''. Debugging Kernel Problems 4 1 Introduction Operating systems fail. All operating systems contain bugs, and theywill sometimes cause the system to behave incorrectly.The BSD kernels are no exception. Compared to most other oper- ating systems, both free and commercial, the BSD kernels offer a large number of debugging tools. This tutorial examines the options available both to the experienced end user and also to the developer. In this tutorial, we’ll look at the following topics: • Howand whykernels fail. -
Introduction to GNU Octave
Introduction to GNU Octave Hubert Selhofer, revised by Marcel Oliver updated to current Octave version by Thomas L. Scofield 2008/08/16 line 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 8 6 4 2 -8 -6 0 -4 -2 -2 0 -4 2 4 -6 6 8 -8 Contents 1 Basics 2 1.1 What is Octave? ........................... 2 1.2 Help! . 2 1.3 Input conventions . 3 1.4 Variables and standard operations . 3 2 Vector and matrix operations 4 2.1 Vectors . 4 2.2 Matrices . 4 1 2.3 Basic matrix arithmetic . 5 2.4 Element-wise operations . 5 2.5 Indexing and slicing . 6 2.6 Solving linear systems of equations . 7 2.7 Inverses, decompositions, eigenvalues . 7 2.8 Testing for zero elements . 8 3 Control structures 8 3.1 Functions . 8 3.2 Global variables . 9 3.3 Loops . 9 3.4 Branching . 9 3.5 Functions of functions . 10 3.6 Efficiency considerations . 10 3.7 Input and output . 11 4 Graphics 11 4.1 2D graphics . 11 4.2 3D graphics: . 12 4.3 Commands for 2D and 3D graphics . 13 5 Exercises 13 5.1 Linear algebra . 13 5.2 Timing . 14 5.3 Stability functions of BDF-integrators . 14 5.4 3D plot . 15 5.5 Hilbert matrix . 15 5.6 Least square fit of a straight line . 16 5.7 Trapezoidal rule . 16 1 Basics 1.1 What is Octave? Octave is an interactive programming language specifically suited for vectoriz- able numerical calculations. -
Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX
The Operating System Course Overview Getting Started Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX CS2042 - UNIX Tools September 29, 2008 Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 Getting Started Login Information Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages What is UNIX? One of the first widely-used operating systems Basis for many modern OSes Helped set the standard for multi-tasking, multi-user systems Strictly a teaching tool (in its original form) Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages A Brief History of UNIX Origins The first version of UNIX was created in 1969 by a group of guys working for AT&T's Bell Labs. It was one of the first big projects written in the emerging C language. It gained popularity throughout the '70s and '80s, although non-AT&T versions eventually took the lion's share of the market. Predates Microsoft's DOS by 12 years! Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 -
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Slides
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. Latest update: October 9, 2021. Document updates and sources: https://bootlin.com/doc/training/linux-kernel Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! embedded Linux and kernel engineering Send them to [email protected] - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 1/470 Rights to copy © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin License: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode You are free: I to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work I to make derivative works I to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: I Attribution. You must give the original author credit. I Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. I For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. I Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Document sources: https://github.com/bootlin/training-materials/ - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 2/470 Hyperlinks in the document There are many hyperlinks in the document I Regular hyperlinks: https://kernel.org/ I Kernel documentation links: dev-tools/kasan I Links to kernel source files and directories: drivers/input/ include/linux/fb.h I Links to the declarations, definitions and instances of kernel symbols (functions, types, data, structures): platform_get_irq() GFP_KERNEL struct file_operations - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 3/470 Company at a glance I Engineering company created in 2004, named ”Free Electrons” until Feb. -
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2015 the Debian Installer Team
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2015 the Debian Installer team This document contains installation instructions for the Debian GNU/Linux 8 system (codename “jessie”), for the 32-bit soft-float ARM (“armel”) architecture. It also contains pointers to more information and information on how to make the most of your new Debian system. Note: Although this installation guide for armel is mostly up-to-date, we plan to make some changes and reorganize parts of the manual after the official release of jessie. A newer version of this manual may be found on the Internet at the debian-installer home page (http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/). You may also be able to find additional translations there. This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix F. Table of Contents Installing Debian GNU/Linux 8 For armel......................................................................................ix 1. Welcome to Debian .........................................................................................................................1 1.1. What is Debian? ...................................................................................................................1 1.2. What is GNU/Linux? ...........................................................................................................2 1.3. What is Debian GNU/Linux?...............................................................................................3 -
Xv6 Booting: Transitioning from 16 to 32 Bit Mode
238P Operating Systems, Fall 2018 xv6 Boot Recap: Transitioning from 16 bit mode to 32 bit mode 3 November 2018 Aftab Hussain University of California, Irvine BIOS xv6 Boot loader what it does Sets up the hardware. Transfers control to the Boot Loader. BIOS xv6 Boot loader what it does Sets up the hardware. Transfers control to the Boot Loader. how it transfers control to the Boot Loader Boot loader is loaded from the 1st 512-byte sector of the boot disk. This 512-byte sector is known as the boot sector. Boot loader is loaded at 0x7c00. Sets processor’s ip register to 0x7c00. BIOS xv6 Boot loader 2 source source files bootasm.S - 16 and 32 bit assembly code. bootmain.c - C code. BIOS xv6 Boot loader 2 source source files bootasm.S - 16 and 32 bit assembly code. bootmain.c - C code. executing bootasm.S 1. Disable interrupts using cli instruction. (Code). > Done in case BIOS has initialized any of its interrupt handlers while setting up the hardware. Also, BIOS is not running anymore, so better to disable them. > Clear segment registers. Use xor for %ax, and copy it to the rest (Code). 2. Switch from real mode to protected mode. (References: a, b). > Note the difference between processor modes and kernel privilege modes > We do the above switch to increase the size of the memory we can address. BIOS xv6 Boot loader 2 source source file executing bootasm.S m. Let’s 2. Switch from real mode to protected mode. expand on this a little bit Addressing in Real Mode In real mode, the processor sends 20-bit addresses to the memory. -
Appendix B Development Tools
Appendix B Development Tools Problem Statement Although more proprietary packages are available, there are abundant open source packages, giving its users unprecedented flexibility and freedom of choice, that most users can find an application that exactly meets their needs. However, it is also this pool of choices that drive individuals to share a wide range of preferences and biases. As a result, Linux/Open source packages (and softeware in general) is flooded with religious wars over programming languages, editors, licences, etc. Some are worthwhile debates, others are meaningless flamewars. Throughout Appendix B and next chapter, Appendix C, we intend to summarize a few essential tools (from our point of view) that may help readers to know the aspects and how-to of (1) development tools including programming, debugging, and maintaining, and (2) network experiment tools including name-addressing, perimeter probing, traffic-monitoring, benchmarking, simulating/emulating, and finally hacking. Section B.1 guides readers to begin the developing journey with programming tools. A good first step would be writing the first piece of codes using a Visual Improved (vim) text editor. Then compiling it to binary executables with GNU C compiler (gcc), and furthermore offloading some repetitive compiling steps to the make utility. The old 80/20 rule still works on programming where 80% of your codes come from 20% of your efforts leaving 80% of your efforts go buggy about your program. Therefore you would need some debugging tools as dicussed in Section 1.2. including source-level debugging, GNU Debugger (gdb), or a GUI fasion approach, Data Display Debugger (ddd), and debug the kernel itself using remote Kernel GNU Debugger (kgdb). -
Devt: Let the Device Talk
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Creative Components Dissertations Summer 2020 DevT: Let the Device Talk Chander Bhushan Gupta Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents Part of the Data Storage Systems Commons Recommended Citation Gupta, Chander Bhushan, "DevT: Let the Device Talk" (2020). Creative Components. 585. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents/585 This Creative Component is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Creative Components by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DevT: Let the Device Talk by Chander Bhushan Gupta A Creative Component submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Computer Engineering Program of Study Committee: Mai Zheng, Major Professor The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this creative component. The Graduate College will ensure this creative component is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2020 Copyright c Chander Bhushan Gupta, 2020. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . iv LIST OF FIGURES . .v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . vii ABSTRACT . viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . .1 1.1 Motivation . .3 1.2 Related Work . .5 1.3 Outline . .6 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . .7 2.1 Why FEMU? . -
Thread Scheduling in Multi-Core Operating Systems Redha Gouicem
Thread Scheduling in Multi-core Operating Systems Redha Gouicem To cite this version: Redha Gouicem. Thread Scheduling in Multi-core Operating Systems. Computer Science [cs]. Sor- bonne Université, 2020. English. tel-02977242 HAL Id: tel-02977242 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02977242 Submitted on 24 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ph.D thesis in Computer Science Thread Scheduling in Multi-core Operating Systems How to Understand, Improve and Fix your Scheduler Redha GOUICEM Sorbonne Université Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris 6 Inria Whisper Team PH.D.DEFENSE: 23 October 2020, Paris, France JURYMEMBERS: Mr. Pascal Felber, Full Professor, Université de Neuchâtel Reviewer Mr. Vivien Quéma, Full Professor, Grenoble INP (ENSIMAG) Reviewer Mr. Rachid Guerraoui, Full Professor, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Examiner Ms. Karine Heydemann, Associate Professor, Sorbonne Université Examiner Mr. Etienne Rivière, Full Professor, University of Louvain Examiner Mr. Gilles Muller, Senior Research Scientist, Inria Advisor Mr. Julien Sopena, Associate Professor, Sorbonne Université Advisor ABSTRACT In this thesis, we address the problem of schedulers for multi-core architectures from several perspectives: design (simplicity and correct- ness), performance improvement and the development of application- specific schedulers. -
Linux Update
Linux Kernel Debugging Tools Jason Wessel - Product Architect for WR Linux Core Runtime - Kernel.org KGDB Maintainer June 23th, 2010 Agenda • Talk about a number of common kernel debugging tools • Describe high level tactics for using kernel debugging tools • Demonstrate using several tools The harsh reality is you could spend a whole day or more talking about each tool. *** Later find slides/code at: http://kgdb.wiki.kernel.org *** 2 © 2010 Wind River Exciting news • For 2.6.35-rc1 – kdb (the kernel debug shell) merged to mainline! – Ability to debug before console_init() – You can use the EHCI debug port with kgdb • There are thoughts about next few years of kgdb/kdb – Implement complete atomic kernel mode setting – Continue to improve the non ehci debug usb console – Improve keyboard panic handler – Further integration with kprobes and hw assisted debugging – netconsole / kgdboe v2 – Use dedicated HW queues • The only bad news is it takes a long time to get there. 3 © 2010 Wind River Is there anything better than kgdb? • Good – kgdb / kdb • Better – QEMU/KVM backend debugger – Virtual box backend debugger – vmware backend debugger – kdump/kexec • Best – ICE (usb or ethernet) – Simics (because it has backward stepping) • In a class by itself – printk() / trace_printk() The challenge is knowing what to use when... Working tools rock! 4 © 2010 Wind River A bit about printk() and timing • printk is probably the #1 most reliable debug • Any seasoned kernel developer has surely experienced: – Add a printk and the bug goes away! – Timing in -
Network Driver for Micro Os Xv6
NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of Computer Science California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Computer Science by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu SPRING 2020 © 2020 Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 A Project by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Jinsong Ouyang __________________________________, Second Reader Dr. Jingwei Yang ____________________________ Date iii Student: Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and this thesis is suitable for electronic submission to the library. Credit is awarded for the Project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Dr. Jinsong Ouyang Date Department of Computer Science iv Abstract of NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu The network driver is one of the primary requirements for any operating system. Xv6 is a micro-operating system based on version 6 Unix. The latest version of xv6 does not have support for the ethernet driver or the four-layer UDP/IP model. Our work extends the xv6 operating system to support a functioning network driver with the capability of handling a packet burst. This Project also adds support for UDP/IP and Ethernet protocol to the xv6 operating system. _______________________ Committee Chair Dr. Jinsong Ouyang _____________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to Dr. Ouyang for providing me the opportunity to learn new skills in the field of driver development. Dr. Ouyang showed trust in me in carrying out this Project.