A Brief Introduction to Linux
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Web Vmstat Any Distros, Especially Here’S Where Web Vmstat Comes Those Targeted at In
FOSSPICKS Sparkling gems and new releases from the world of FOSSpicks Free and Open Source Software Mike Saunders has spent a decade mining the internet for free software treasures. Here’s the result of his latest haul… Shiny statistics in a browser Web VMStat any distros, especially Here’s where Web VMStat comes those targeted at in. It’s a system monitor that runs Madvanced users, ship an HTTP server, so you can connect with shiny system monitoring tools to it via a web browser and see on the desktop. Conky is one such fancy CSS-driven charts. Before you tool, while GKrellM was all the rage install it, you’ll need to get the in the last decade, and they are websocketd utility, which you can genuinely useful for keeping tabs find at https://github.com/ on your boxes, especially when joewalnes/websocketd. Helpfully, you’re an admin in charge of the developer has made pre- various servers. compiled executables available, so Now, pretty much all major you can just grab the 32-bit or distros include a useful command 64-bit tarball, extract it and there line tool for monitoring system you have it: websocketd. (Of course, Here’s the standard output for vmstat – not very interesting, right? resource usage: vmstat. Enter if you’re especially security vmstat 1 in a terminal window and conscious, you can compile it from copy the aforementioned you’ll see a regularly updating (once its source code.) websocketd into the same place. per second) bunch of statistics, Next, clone the Web VMStat Git Then just enter: showing CPU usage, free RAM, repository (or grab the Zip file and ./run swap usage and so forth. -
The Gnome Bazaar How Gnome Gets Built and How We Can Improve
the gnome bazaar how gnome gets built and how we can improve daniel g. siegel 1. some serious stuff about my thesis 2. awesome gnome stuff how do foss projects work, which structures do they have and which workflows have they established. to accomplish this, several foss will be analyzed in order to identify concertedly models. in addition they will be compared to traditional software engineering models in order to see whether they are similar or oppose differences. good selection of projects with which the analysis is able to produce reliable and reasonable results • popularity • community • age ◦ communication • category ◦ number of developers • activity ◦ conferences ◦ releases ◦ foundations ◦ downloads ◦ ongoing projects ◦ commits project origin category Debian 1993 operating system Drupal 2001 content management system Fedora 2002 operating system GNOME 1997 desktop environment KDE 1996 desktop environment MySQL/MariaDB 1997 database management system PHP 1994 interpreted programming language Plone 1999 content management system PostgreSQL 1986 database management system Python 1989 interpreted programming language results 1 • history & origin 2 • community structure 3 • release process 4 • development model "[...] rather, the community seemed to resemble a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches" eric s. raymond what? comparison 1 • history & origin 2 • community structure 3 • release process 4 • development model history & origin • diverse origin • small group of founders • big burst of growth after first release • more big bursts before big releases community structure • very hierarchical • lead by leader or team • differences in hierachical structure • though easy to step up the ladder community structure: remarks • missing visionary • role of rt • unfruitful discussions release process • mostly fixed release cycles • lead by release manager/team • similar phases in all projects release process: remarks • cycle often too long for small projects • api/abi compatibility • jhbuild etc. -
Porting a Window Manager from Xlib to XCB
Porting a Window Manager from Xlib to XCB Arnaud Fontaine (08090091) 16 May 2008 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version pub- lished by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Contents List of figures i List of listings ii Introduction 1 1 Backgrounds and Motivations 2 2 X Window System (X11) 6 2.1 Introduction . .6 2.2 History . .6 2.3 X Window Protocol . .7 2.3.1 Introduction . .7 2.3.2 Protocol overview . .8 2.3.3 Identifiers of resources . 10 2.3.4 Atoms . 10 2.3.5 Windows . 12 2.3.6 Pixmaps . 14 2.3.7 Events . 14 2.3.8 Keyboard and pointer . 15 2.3.9 Extensions . 17 2.4 X protocol client libraries . 18 2.4.1 Xlib . 18 2.4.1.1 Introduction . 18 2.4.1.2 Data types and functions . 18 2.4.1.3 Pros . 19 2.4.1.4 Cons . 19 2.4.1.5 Example . 20 2.4.2 XCB . 20 2.4.2.1 Introduction . 20 2.4.2.2 Data types and functions . 21 2.4.2.3 xcb-util library . 22 2.4.2.4 Pros . 22 2.4.2.5 Cons . 23 2.4.2.6 Example . 23 2.4.3 Xlib/XCB round-trip performance comparison . -
Logiciel Libre, Une Introduction Part I Perspective Historique Des Étapes
Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Part I Roberto Di Cosmo Perspective historique Université Paris Diderot UFR Informatique Laboratoire Preuves, Programmes et Systèmes [email protected] 7 Février 2012 Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Une brève histoire du logiciel Une brève histoire du logiciel Des étapes importantes Une brève histoire du logiciel I Années 50-60: Logiciel libre ante litteram Logiciel Libre aux origines La propriétarisation du logiciel I Années 70: La proprietarisation du logiciel I Années 70-80: Les briques de base I Donald Knuth et TEX Le logiciel libre ante litteram I X Windows System Le système TEX I AT&T et Unix Le système X I Années 80: le matériel devient suffisamment puissant pour des AT&T et Unix vrai OS Linux I Années 80: Richard Stallman, GNU et la Free Software Foundation Le logiciel libre formalisé I Années 1990: Linux, GNU/Linux etc.: la prise de conscience I Années 2000 : l’expansion Les années 1990 Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Une brève histoire du logiciel Une brève histoire du logiciel Logiciel Libre aux origines Logiciel Libre aux origines Au début le logiciel fût distribué librement. c’était une nécéssité Jusqu’à la fin des années 1960, le logiciel, avec les sources, était N’oublions pas les raisons techniques de cette réalité: distribué gratuitement, comme un complément pour les ordinateurs I modèle de service clé en main comprenant hw & sw & vendus (très chers) à l’époque. service I logiciel très dépendant de la machine utilisateur (n. -
Microkernels in a Bit More Depth Early Operating Systems Had Very Little Structure a Strictly Layered Approach Was Promoted by Dijkstra
Motivation Microkernels In a Bit More Depth Early operating systems had very little structure A strictly layered approach was promoted by Dijkstra THE Operating System [Dij68] COMP9242 2007/S2 Week 4 Later OS (more or less) followed that approach (e.g., Unix). UNSW Such systems are known as monolithic kernels COMP9242 07S2 W04 1 Microkernels COMP9242 07S2 W04 2 Microkernels Issues of Monolithic Kernels Evolution of the Linux Kernel E Advantages: Kernel has access to everything: all optimisations possible all techniques/mechanisms/concepts implementable Kernel can be extended by adding more code, e.g. for: new services support for new harwdare Problems: Widening range of services and applications OS bigger, more complex, slower, more error prone. Need to support same OS on different hardware. Like to support various OS environments. Distribution impossible to provide all services from same (local) kernel. COMP9242 07S2 W04 3 Microkernels COMP9242 07S2 W04 4 Microkernels Approaches to Tackling Complexity Evolution of the Linux Kernel Part 2 A Classical software-engineering approach: modularity Software-engineering study of Linux kernel [SJW+02]: (relatively) small, mostly self-contained components well-defined interfaces between them Looked at size and interdependencies of kernel "modules" enforcement of interfaces "common coupling": interdependency via global variables containment of faults to few modules Analysed development over time (linearised version number) Doesn't work with monolithic kernels: Result 1: -
Building Performance Measurement Tools for the MINIX 3 Operating System
Building Performance Measurement Tools for the MINIX 3 Operating System Rogier Meurs August 2006 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Measuring Performance 1 1.2 MINIX 3 2 2 STATISTICAL PROFILING 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 In Search of a Timer 3 2.2.1 i8259 Timers 3 2.2.2 CMOS Real-Time Clock 3 2.3 High-level Description 4 2.4 Work Done in User-Space 5 2.4.1 The SPROFILE System Call 5 2.5 Work Done in Kernel-Space 5 2.5.1 The SPROF Kernel Call 5 2.5.2 Profiling using the CMOS Timer Interrupt 6 2.6 Work Done at the Application Level 7 2.6.1 Control Tool: profile 7 2.6.2 Analyzing Tool: sprofalyze.pl 7 2.7 What Can and What Cannot be Profiled 8 2.8 Profiling Results 8 2.8.1 High Scoring IPC Functions 8 2.8.2 Interrupt Delay 9 2.8.3 Profiling Runs on Simulator and Other CPU Models 12 2.9 Side-effect of Using the CMOS Clock 12 3 CALL PROFILING 13 3.1 Introduction 13 3.1.1 Compiler-supported Call Profiling 13 3.1.2 Call Paths, Call and Cycle Attribution 13 3.2 High-level Description 14 3.3 Work Done in User-Space 15 3.3.1 The CPROFILE System Call 15 3.4 Work Done in Kernel-Space 16 3.4.1 The PROFBUF and CPROF Kernel Calls 16 3.5 Work Done in Libraries 17 3.5.1 Profiling Using Library Functions 17 3.5.2 The Procentry Library Function 17 3.5.3 The Procexit Library Function 20 3.5.4 The Call Path String 22 3.5.5 Testing Overhead Elimination 23 3.6 Profiling Kernel-Space/User-Space Processes 24 3.6.1 Differences in Announcing and Table Sizes 24 3.6.2 Kernel-Space Issue: Reentrancy 26 3.6.3 Kernel-Space Issue: The Call Path 26 3.7 Work Done at the Application -
Introduction to GNU Octave
Introduction to GNU Octave Hubert Selhofer, revised by Marcel Oliver updated to current Octave version by Thomas L. Scofield 2008/08/16 line 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 8 6 4 2 -8 -6 0 -4 -2 -2 0 -4 2 4 -6 6 8 -8 Contents 1 Basics 2 1.1 What is Octave? ........................... 2 1.2 Help! . 2 1.3 Input conventions . 3 1.4 Variables and standard operations . 3 2 Vector and matrix operations 4 2.1 Vectors . 4 2.2 Matrices . 4 1 2.3 Basic matrix arithmetic . 5 2.4 Element-wise operations . 5 2.5 Indexing and slicing . 6 2.6 Solving linear systems of equations . 7 2.7 Inverses, decompositions, eigenvalues . 7 2.8 Testing for zero elements . 8 3 Control structures 8 3.1 Functions . 8 3.2 Global variables . 9 3.3 Loops . 9 3.4 Branching . 9 3.5 Functions of functions . 10 3.6 Efficiency considerations . 10 3.7 Input and output . 11 4 Graphics 11 4.1 2D graphics . 11 4.2 3D graphics: . 12 4.3 Commands for 2D and 3D graphics . 13 5 Exercises 13 5.1 Linear algebra . 13 5.2 Timing . 14 5.3 Stability functions of BDF-integrators . 14 5.4 3D plot . 15 5.5 Hilbert matrix . 15 5.6 Least square fit of a straight line . 16 5.7 Trapezoidal rule . 16 1 Basics 1.1 What is Octave? Octave is an interactive programming language specifically suited for vectoriz- able numerical calculations. -
Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX
The Operating System Course Overview Getting Started Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX CS2042 - UNIX Tools September 29, 2008 Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 Getting Started Login Information Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages What is UNIX? One of the first widely-used operating systems Basis for many modern OSes Helped set the standard for multi-tasking, multi-user systems Strictly a teaching tool (in its original form) Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages A Brief History of UNIX Origins The first version of UNIX was created in 1969 by a group of guys working for AT&T's Bell Labs. It was one of the first big projects written in the emerging C language. It gained popularity throughout the '70s and '80s, although non-AT&T versions eventually took the lion's share of the market. Predates Microsoft's DOS by 12 years! Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 -
Volume 128 September, 2017
Volume 128 September, 2017 Solving The Case Of The GIMP Tutorial: Awful Laptop Keyboard Exploring G'MIC Word Processing With LaTeX Tip Top Tips: Slow KDE (A Real World Example) Applications Open/Save Dialogs Workaround Playing Villagers And Repo Review: Heroes On PCLinuxOS Focus Writer PCLinuxOS Family Member Lumina Desktop Spotlight: plankton172 Customization 2017 Total Solar Eclipse PCLinuxOS Magazine Wows North America Page 1 Table Of Contents 3 From The Chief Editor's Desk ... 5 2017 Solar Eclipse Wows North America The PCLinuxOS name, logo and colors are the trademark of 9 ms_meme's Nook: PCLinuxOS Melody Texstar. 10 Solving The Case Of The The PCLinuxOS Magazine is a monthly online publication containing PCLinuxOS-related materials. It is published Awful Laptop Keyboard primarily for members of the PCLinuxOS community. The magazine staff is comprised of volunteers from the 13 Screenshot Showcase PCLinuxOS community. 14 Lumina Desktop Configuration 25 Screenshot Showcase Visit us online at http://www.pclosmag.com 26 PCLinuxOS Family Member Spotlight: This release was made possible by the following volunteers: plankton172 Chief Editor: Paul Arnote (parnote) Assistant Editor: Meemaw 27 Screenshot Showcase Artwork: Timeth, ms_meme, Meemaw Magazine Layout: Paul Arnote, Meemaw, ms_meme 28 GIMP Tutorial: Exploring G'MIC HTML Layout: YouCanToo 30 Screenshot Showcase Staff: 31 ms_meme's Nook: ms_meme phorneker Meemaw YouCanToo Everything's Gonna Be All Right Gary L. Ratliff, Sr. Pete Kelly Agent Smith Cg Boy 32 Word Processing With LaTeX daiashi Smileeb (A Real World Example) 45 Repo Review: Focus Writer Contributors: 46 Screenshot Showcase dm+ 47 Playing Villagers and Heroes in PCLinuxOS 50 PCLinuxOS Recipe Corner 51 Screenshot Showcase The PCLinuxOS Magazine is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share-Alike 3.0 52 Tip Top Tips: Slow KDE Application Unported license. -
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2015 the Debian Installer Team
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2015 the Debian Installer team This document contains installation instructions for the Debian GNU/Linux 8 system (codename “jessie”), for the 32-bit soft-float ARM (“armel”) architecture. It also contains pointers to more information and information on how to make the most of your new Debian system. Note: Although this installation guide for armel is mostly up-to-date, we plan to make some changes and reorganize parts of the manual after the official release of jessie. A newer version of this manual may be found on the Internet at the debian-installer home page (http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/). You may also be able to find additional translations there. This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix F. Table of Contents Installing Debian GNU/Linux 8 For armel......................................................................................ix 1. Welcome to Debian .........................................................................................................................1 1.1. What is Debian? ...................................................................................................................1 1.2. What is GNU/Linux? ...........................................................................................................2 1.3. What is Debian GNU/Linux?...............................................................................................3 -
Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO
Filesystems HOWTO Filesystems HOWTO Table of Contents Filesystems HOWTO..........................................................................................................................................1 Martin Hinner < [email protected]>, http://martin.hinner.info............................................................1 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 2. Volumes...............................................................................................................................................1 3. DOS FAT 12/16/32, VFAT.................................................................................................................2 4. High Performance FileSystem (HPFS)................................................................................................2 5. New Technology FileSystem (NTFS).................................................................................................2 6. Extended filesystems (Ext, Ext2, Ext3)...............................................................................................2 7. Macintosh Hierarchical Filesystem − HFS..........................................................................................3 8. ISO 9660 − CD−ROM filesystem.......................................................................................................3 9. Other filesystems.................................................................................................................................3 -
Xv6 Booting: Transitioning from 16 to 32 Bit Mode
238P Operating Systems, Fall 2018 xv6 Boot Recap: Transitioning from 16 bit mode to 32 bit mode 3 November 2018 Aftab Hussain University of California, Irvine BIOS xv6 Boot loader what it does Sets up the hardware. Transfers control to the Boot Loader. BIOS xv6 Boot loader what it does Sets up the hardware. Transfers control to the Boot Loader. how it transfers control to the Boot Loader Boot loader is loaded from the 1st 512-byte sector of the boot disk. This 512-byte sector is known as the boot sector. Boot loader is loaded at 0x7c00. Sets processor’s ip register to 0x7c00. BIOS xv6 Boot loader 2 source source files bootasm.S - 16 and 32 bit assembly code. bootmain.c - C code. BIOS xv6 Boot loader 2 source source files bootasm.S - 16 and 32 bit assembly code. bootmain.c - C code. executing bootasm.S 1. Disable interrupts using cli instruction. (Code). > Done in case BIOS has initialized any of its interrupt handlers while setting up the hardware. Also, BIOS is not running anymore, so better to disable them. > Clear segment registers. Use xor for %ax, and copy it to the rest (Code). 2. Switch from real mode to protected mode. (References: a, b). > Note the difference between processor modes and kernel privilege modes > We do the above switch to increase the size of the memory we can address. BIOS xv6 Boot loader 2 source source file executing bootasm.S m. Let’s 2. Switch from real mode to protected mode. expand on this a little bit Addressing in Real Mode In real mode, the processor sends 20-bit addresses to the memory.