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SAMUEL PETIT Un Correspondant De Nicolas-Claude Fabri De Peiresc Et

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SAMUEL PETIT Un Correspondant De Nicolas-Claude Fabri De Peiresc Et SAMUEL PETIT Un correspondant de Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc et d’André RIVET dans le premier XVIIe siècle Transcription, présentation et annotation par Jean Luc TULOT -=- Samuel Petit était sous le règne de Louis XIII un ministre protestant de Nîmes, principal du collège, et professeur de théologie, d’hébreu et de grec à l’académie, où il y vivait paisiblement. Connaissant également le syriaque, le chaldéen, le syrien et l’arabe, il avait pour marotte de conduire des recherches sur les textes antiques, lorsque en 1629, se produisit un événement imprévisible. Un conseiller au parlement d’Aix en Provence, le Sieur de Peiresc, qui dans les premières décennies du XVIIe siècle selon les mots de Pierre Bayle fut le Procureur général de la République des Lettres1, l’arracha à son anonymat pour en faire un des acteurs de son action culturelle. Peiresc était catholique, ce geste provoqua la réaction d’une autre figure de la République des lettres de son époque le pasteur André Rivet, le pape des huguenots qui résidait alors à La Haye2 et qui voulut l’arracher à l’influence des catholiques en l’invitant à venir aux Provinces-Unies enseigner à l’université de Franeker. Samuel Petit était connu jusqu’à présent à travers le récit de sa vie qu’en avait fait après sa mort son gendre Pierre Formy dans la tradition protestante, ouvrage que reprirent les historiens qui écrirent sur lui3. Disposant sur un microfilm de la quinzaine des lettres de Samuel Petit adressées à André Rivet, conservées à l’Université de Leyde, j’en ai entrepris la transcription le 13 mars 2011 puis ayant reçu de la bibliothèque Inguimbertine de Carpentras les lettres que Peiresc adressa à Petit je poursuivis le 17 avril 2011 ma tâche en les transcrivant à leur tour. INTERNET a grandement facilité mon travail par le fait que les transcriptions des lettres de Peiresc à ses correspondants et des lettres de ceux-ci à celui-ci, effectuées par Philippe Tamisey de Larroque dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, sont directement consultables de chez moi sur les bibliothèques numériques Gallica et us.archive.org. Pour faciliter la compréhension des minutes de ces lettres, j’ai mis les accents et une ponctuation. Je les ai également organisées, dans la mesure du possible, en paragraphes. J’ai utilisé la 1 Pierre BAYLE, Dictionnaire historique et critique, Troisième édition, M. Böhm, 1720, tome III, pp. 2216-2217. Georges CAHEN-SALVADOR, Un grand humaniste, Peiresc, 1580-1637, Editions Albin Michel, Paris, 1951, p. 275. 2 André Rivet (1572-1651), d’une famille protestante de Saint-Maixent, ancien pasteur des La Trémoille à Thouars, partit en 1620 enseigner la théologie à Leyde, devint en 1632 le gouverneur du jeune prince Guillaume II d’Orange et du fait de cette charge devint en quelque sorte en Hollande le pendant protestant de Peiresc. A. G. van OPSTAL, André Rivet. Een invloedrijk Hugenoot ann het hof van Frederik Hendrik, Harderwijk, 1937 (Thèse de l’Université libre d’Amsterdam). 3 Les principaux biographes de Samuel Petit sont notamment : - Pierre FORMY, Vita Sam Petiti, professoris theologi in academia nemaurensis, 1663, in-4°. - Léon MENARD, Histoire civile, ecclésiastique et littéraire de la ville de Nismes, Chez Chaubert et Herissant, Paris, 1744-1758, 7 volumes, tome VI, livre XXII, p. 57-63. - Jacques-Georges de CHAUFFEPIE, Nouveau dictionnaire historique et critique, Amsterdam, 1750-1756, 4 volumes. - Abraham BORREL, Histoire de l’Eglise réformée de Nîmes, Société des livres religieux, Toulouse, 2e édition, 1856, p.154-156 (débuts à Nîmes), 182 (principal du collège), 186 (union des églises), 191 (les jésuites au collège), 198 (offres d’emploist), 200 (peste à Nîmes), 201 (décès), 275-276 (Pierre Formy). - Frères HAAG, La France protestante, Paris, 1846-1859, 10 vol. et Slatkine reprints, Genève, 1966, tome VIII, p. 204- 205. - Charles DARDIER, Notice sur Samuel Petit in F. Lichtenberger, Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses, Fischbacher, Paris, 13 volumes, 1877-1882, tome X, p. 511-513. Georges Maurin note que le pasteur Dardier a puisé dans les archives du consistoire de Nîmes des détails inédits. - Georges MAURIN notice sur Petit in Philippe TAMIZEY de LARROQUE, Les correspondants de Peiresc : XIV – Samuel Petit. Lettres inédites écrites de Nîmes et de Paris à Peiresc (1630-1637), F. Chastanier, Nîmes, 1887, 67 p. - Robert SAUZET, « Le théologien Samuel Petit (1594-1643), un homme de paix en des temps difficiles » in Homo Religiosus. Autour de Jean Delumeau, Editions Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1997, p. 641-649. graphie moderne pour les i et j et les u et v, de même j’ai doublé les c, l, m, p, r ou il n’en est mis qu’un. Les mots ou passages que je n’ai pu encore déchiffrer sont identifiés par >>>>>. Je remercie par avance les éventuels lecteurs de ce projet de me faire part de leurs observations et propositions de correction. J. L. T. ------------------- Un érudit provincial casanier Samuel Petit est né le 25 décembre 1594 à Nîmes. Il était le fils de Samuel Petit, pasteur de Saint-Ambroix et de Noémie Dollier. Il débuta ses études à Nîmes et les poursuivit en 1610 à l’université de Genève sous la direction de Théodore Tronchin et de Jean Diodati. En 1614, le synode du Bas-Languedoc l’admit au ministère et il fut nommé à Nîmes. L’année suivante il devint professeur en langues orientales à l’académie de Nîmes. Samuel Petit épousa le 11 février 1619 (contrat de mariage) Catherine Cheyron, fille d’Isaac Cheyron, docteur en droit et principal du collège de Nîmes et d’Esther de Mazaudier4. En 1627, Samuel Petit connut une nouvelle étape dans sa carrière en étant nommé, sur la recommandation du duc Henri II de Rohan, principal du collège de Nîmes. Parallèlement à cette carrière éducative, Petit se livrait à des travaux d’érudition. Sa rencontre en 1629 avec Peiresc alors que celui-ci, membre du Parlement d’Aix, faisait parti de la délégation chargée par cette cour de saluer le Roi et le Cardinal à Nîmes, favorisa leur publication. Son Miscellaneorum lib. IX dédié au marquis d’Effiat, fut édité à Paris en 1630, il fut suivi en 1631 de ses Eclogoe chronologicœ dédiées à Peiresc et en 1632 de son Variarum lectionum lib. IV qu’il dédia à Christophe Justel. Outre Peiresc, l’historien de Nîmes Léon Ménard signale parmi ses correspondants : Philibert de La Mare, conseiller au parlement de Dijon, Selden, Vossius, Gassendi, Justel, Rivet, Turretin, Bochart, Rainesius, Gronovius et Alexandre Morus5. Elie Benoist, mentionne qu’en 1631, Petit écrivit un discours sur le projet de réunion de la religion catholique avec la protestante que le cardinal Richelieu voulait alors entreprendre. A la différence de l’ouvrage que La Milletière rédigea sur cette matière à la même époque, Petit avait plutôt en vue la réunion des protestants entre eux que celle des réformés et des catholiques. Son projet ayant été modérément apprécié, il ne le mit point en lumière, se défit de cette fantaisie et persévéra dans la Religion réformée6. Le 23 juillet 1633, se produisit à Nîmes pour les protestants un événement fâcheux, le Roi qui souhaitait donner des gages aux catholiques, ordonna que la direction du collège et de l’internat de la ville soit remise aux jésuites7. Le consistoire et le conseil académique chargèrent Samuel Petit et son collègue Philippe Codurc de porter au Roi et à son ministre leurs doléances et supplications, mais ils se heurtèrent à une fin de non recevoir. A la suite de cet échec, il est possible que Samuel Petit fît part à ses amis parisiens de ses incertitudes quant à son avenir en France, mais il est aussi possible, connaissant l’attachement du pasteur de Nîmes à son pays, que ce soient ceux-ci qui interprétèrent ses sentiments et informèrent Saumaise de ses problèmes. Celui-ci proposa alors à Rivet de prendre en considération sa candidature pour la chaire de théologie de l’université de Franeker en Frise8 qui était alors dépourvue de titulaire. 4 Catherine Cheyron donna à Samuel Petit six enfants : Pierre (8 octobre 1620), Esther (23 décembre1621), Jacques (14 février 1623), Antoinette (18 juin 1625), Isabeau (2 septembre 1627) et Louise (27 juin 1637). 5 Léon MENARD, Histoire de la ville de Nismes, op. cit., tome VI, livre XXII, p. 59. 6 Elie BENOIST, Histoire de l'Edit de Nantes, contenant les choses les plus remarquables qui se sont passées en France avant et après sa publication, à l’occasion de la diversité des religions … jusques à l’édit de révocation en octobre 1685, avec ce qui a suivi ce nouvel édit jusques à présent, Delft, chez Adrien Beman, 1693-1695, 5 vol, tome II, p. 514-515. 7 Françoise MOREIL, « Le Collège et l’Académie réformée de Nîmes », Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire du Protestantisme français, tome CXXII, 1er trimestre 1976, p. 77-86, p. 82 et Robert SAUZET, Contre-Réforme et Réforme catholique en Bas- Languedoc. Le diocèse de Nîmes au XVIIe siècle, Editions Nauwelaerts, Louvain, 1979, p. 276-277. 8 Franeker est situé à 8 km à l’ouest de Leeuwarden, la capitale des stathouders frisons, entre cette ville et le port de Harlingen. L’université de Franeker, créée en 1585, a été supprimée par Napoléon en 1811. L’on peut envisager aussi qu’en agissant ainsi Saumaise, dont on connaît le caractère irascible, ait cherché à éloigner de Peiresc un personnage qui lui portait ombrage. Samuel Petit s’étant rendu à nouveau à Paris pendant le dernier semestre 1634 pour obtenir le droit de faire imprimer son nouvel ouvrage, Leges Atticæ, André Rivet, profitant de la présence dans la capitale de son frère cadet Guillaume Rivet, pasteur des La Trémoille en leur comté de Taillebourg, venu dans la capitale pour protester contre des arrêts lui interdisant de prêcher ailleurs que dans son Eglise, le chargea de lui proposer ce poste de professeur de théologie à l’université de Franeker.
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