DOCSLIB.ORG

The Human Capital Index

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Human Capital Index The Human Capital Index Roberta Gatti Chief Economist Human Development Practice Group World Bank 1. HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX: PREVIEW i. What is the Human Capital Index ii. How is it built? iii. What is the data validation process? 2. THE HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT THE HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX: WHAT IS IT? ANNA’S STORY If video doesn’t work, click on PLAY HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX: THE C O N S T R U C T I O N THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE INDEX 1. Outcome-based → It does not “precook” any policy advice, it allows for country-specific solutions 2. Coverage → Trade-off between broad coverage (more than 150 countries included) and real data 3. Salience → Index is about future generations (nothing about “you and me”) but constituency of today are the world’s adults. 4. Coherence → Aggregation that would be seen as rigorous by the technical audience. 5. Ownership → Strong World Bank engagement with countries on Index. THE ENGINEERING BEHIND THE HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX SURVIVAL SCHOOL HEALTH HCI Children who Contribution Contribution Productivity don’t survive of quality- of health (adult of a future don’t grow up to adjusted years of survival rate and worker become future school to stunting) to (relative to workers x productivity of x productivity of = benchmark of future workers future workers complete education and full health) HUMAN CAPITAL OF AN INDIVIDUAL • Based on standard measure of human capital per worker from development accounting literature: 흓풔풊+휸풛풊 풉풊 = 풆 where: – ℎ푖 is human capital of individual – 푠푖 is learning-adjusted years of school of individual – 푧푖 is latent health of individual (mapping to stunting, ASR, to come) – 휙, 훾 are “returns” to education and health HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX: DISTANCE TO THE FRONTIER • For ease of interpretation express HCI relative to benchmark of complete education (푠∗) and full health (푝∗, 푧∗) 풑 ∗ 휸(풛 −풛∗) 푯푪푰 = × 풆흓(풔푵푮−풔 ) × 풆 푵푮 풑∗ • HCI measures expected productivity as a future worker of a kid born today relative to this benchmark, i.e. 0 < 퐻퐶퐼 ≤ 1 • As an example, for Kenya, an HCI of 0.52 means that a child born today is only going to be 50% as productive as a future worker as she could be with full health and complete education HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX: THE LAUNCH The Index launched at the World Bank’s Annual Meetings in Bali in October 2018 HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX: COVERAGE OF 157 COUNTRIESHuman Capital Index 1 k Singapore r a Korea, Rep. m 8 Ireland h . Germany c n Serbia Israel United States e Russian Federation B Malta Luxembourg o Bulgaria t Vietnam China Bahrain United Arab Emirates Ukraine e v Albania Oman Qatar i 6 Mexico t . Peru Iran, Islamic Rep. Saudi Arabia a Kyrgyz Republic l Brazil e Philippines Tajikistan Nicaragua IndonesiaLebanon R Kenya Algeria Morocco y Nepal Dominican Republic t Bangladesh i Guatemala v Gabon i Haiti Ghana India t Senegal Botswana c 4 Malawi SouthIraq Africa . u Burundi Uganda SudanPakistan d Côte d'Ivoire Angola o Nigeria r Niger Mali P Chad 2 . 6 8 10 12 Log Real GDP Per Capita at PPP LOOKING FORWARD: ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES THE SES-HCI Nearly one-third of the total variation in human capital consists of within-country differences across socioeconomic quintiles Source: D’Souza, Gatti and Kraay (2019). SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISAGGREGATION: EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOL Source: D’Souza, Gatti and Kraay (2019). ACCESS TO SCHOOL: AN UNFINISHED AGENDA Source: Filmer (2019). INSIGHTS FROM THE SUBNATIONAL DISAGGREGATION OF THE HCI Targeting using multiple methodologies most effective in reaching the vulnerable and typically marginalized. Even in middle- income countries like Romania, a disaggregation of the HCI along dimensions like rural/urban status can guide policy action INSIGHTS FROM THE SUBNATIONAL DISAGGREGATION OF THE HCI Combining measures of poverty and a subnational HCI can improve targeting in Romania Poverty Map Human Capital Index MEASURING THE UTILIZATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL The utilization of human capital differs widely across countries Utilization (Employment Rates) and HCI 1 QAT MDGRWA LAO ISL YEM NPL .8 TGOZWE THA AREVNM CHE MOZUGA GHA MDA MACNZLNLDSWEJPN NERMLI AGOBDIETHTZA PER SYC ESTNORDNKGBRCZEDEU KWT AUTCANAUS LBR BHRMLTLTULVARUS SVNFIN SGP CMRBEN MMRKHMPRY URYOMN HUN USAPRT HKG BFAMWISLB CHNBGRSVK KAZPOLCYPISR IRL PANIDN COLTTOMYS LUX FRA KOR TLS NIC ROUECU BEL CODGMB GTMVUT AZEARGMUS CHL ESP CIVGIN COG HNDDOMSLVKENJAMBRA MEXCRI HRV .6 MNG PHLKGZ ITA PNG BGDEGY GEOUKR BWA ARMLKASAU GRC SLE GABGUY TUV TUR PAK TCD LSOZMBSENNAM MKD SRB NGA AFG IND MARTJK ZAF HTI LBN MNE SDNSWZCOM IRNBIH .4 KIRTUNDZA ALB MRT PSE SSD XKXJOR IRQ .2 Employment-to-Working Age Population RatioPopulation Age Employment-to-Working .2 .4 .6 .8 1 HCI Sources: HCI; WDI. Employment rate: JOIN/OECD/ILO Notes: Data for 156 Countries. Working age population is 15-64 Source: Pennings (forthcoming). HCI, HDI AND LEARNING POVERTY THE HCI AND THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX THE HCI AND THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX Step Change Contribution to variance Correlation with the of difference in 퐻퐶퐼 and HDI after the step and 퐻퐷퐼 the HCI 1 Removing GNI per capita 0.163 0.925 2 Removing the education attainment of the working population 0.106 0.912 (EA) 3 Replacing life expectancy with average of the three health 0.081 0.908 measures in HCI 4 Replace the measure of expected years of schooling (EYS) 0.261 0.927 used in the HDI with that used in the HCI 5 Replace the HCI (EYS) with the learning adjusted years of 0.252 0.987 schooling (LAYS) 6 Re-weighting 0.137 1 THE HCI AND LEARNING POVERTY Why focus on reading at age 10? • Reading is a right and a crucial gateway to further schooling & learning • Reading is the foundation upon which other skills (numeracy, science) are built • Children who don’t read by late primary find it hard to catch-up & risk lagging behind • Reading is highly correlated with other skills (e.g. math and science) & some key socio- emotional skills (e.g. self-regulation) GDP AND LEARNING POVERTY DATA • We pull the data directly from the sources: VALIDATION IGME, UIS, PISA, TIMSS, UN-Population PROCESS Division, WHO, JME etc… • We distribute the data to country Task Team Leaders (TTLs), which are responsible for: 1. Filling the gaps in the data 2. Verifying that the numbers are accurate 3. Running internal consistency checks THE HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT – NEW FRONTIERS HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT NETWORK: 75 COUNTRIES CONFIRMED AS OF FEBRUARY 2020 Ireland Belarus Poland Hungary Ukraine Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Republic Turkey Armenia Tajikistan Tunisia Iraq Lebanon Kuwait Afghanistan Morocco Iran Jordan Nepal Bhutan Algeria Bahrain Pakistan Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi U.A.E. Bangladesh Dominican Rep. Mauritania Arabia Cabo Verde Mali Lao PDR Niger Yemen Sudan Senegal Gambia Burkina Chad Faso Djibouti Vietnam Guinea Nigeria Cambodia Philippines Costa Rica Central Sierra Benin Ethiopia Panama Côte African Leone Togo d'Ivoire Ghana Republic Colombia Cameroon Rwanda Papua Sao Tome New Dem. Rep. Kenya & Principe Guinea Rep. of Congo Burundi Indonesia HCI QUARTILES of Congo Tanzania Peru Angola Zambia Malawi TOP Tonga Paraguay SECOND Eswatini Lesotho THIRD Uruguay BOTTOM NO DATA YEAR 2: SHIFT TO ACCELERATION Outcome Strengthening Systems and HC Regional Plan HCP Country Action Plan, Acceleration Operationalizing Tailored, Development and Diagnostic, Prioritization Evidence-Based Approaches Implementation Support and Implementation Support Capacity Development & Momentum High-Level HC Global Focal HC Global WBG HCP HC Events Point Forum Network Knowledge Platform Knowledge, Research, HCI HC Knowledge Country HC Policy and & Data Products Case Studies Operations Tracker 28 OUTCOME ACCELERATION: OPERATIONALIZATION Outcome Acceleration Strengthening Systems and HC Regional Plan HCP Country Action Plan, Operationalizing Tailored, IllustrativeDevelopment Examples and Diagnostic, Prioritization Evidence-Based Approaches Implementation Support and Implementation Support • HC-centric DPOs/P4Rs – Rwanda, Madagascar, Peru, Capacity Pakistan, Panama Development • High-impact operations across & Momentum High-Level PGsHC – GlobalEthiopia’s Focal WASH HC Global WBG HCP HC Events Point Forum Network Knowledge Platform • Flagship Initiatives – Gates Proposal (4 SSA and 2 SAR Knowledge, countries) Research, & HCI • PrivateHC Knowledge sector solutions withCountry IFC HC Policy and Data – Kenya,Products Nigeria Case Studies Operations Tracker 29 OUTCOME ACCELERATION: DIAGNOSTIC ACTIVITIES Outcome Acceleration Strengthening Systems and HC Regional Plan HCP Country Action Plan, Operationalizing Tailored, IllustrativeDevelopment Examples and Diagnostic, Prioritization Evidence-Based Approaches Implementation Support and Implementation Support • HC-themed PEIRs – Argentina, Bangladesh, Nepal, Capacity Kenya, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Development Ethiopia & Momentum High-Level • HC Global Progress Focal Tracker – El HC Global WBG HCP HC Events Salvador,Point Forum Honduras, PanamáNetwork Knowledge Platform • Service Delivery Indicators – Knowledge, Moldova, Comoros, Iraq, Chad Research, HCI •HCIntegrated Knowledge Service DeliveryCountry in HC Policy and & Data FCVProducts – Yemen Case Studies Operations Tracker 30 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT & MOMENTUM PILLAR Outcome Strengthening Systems and HC Regional Plan HCP Country Action Plan, Acceleration Operationalizing Tailored, Development and Diagnostic, Prioritization Evidence-Based Approaches Implementation Support and Implementation Support Capacity Development & Momentum High-Level HC Global Focal HC Global WBG HCP HC Events Point Forum Network Knowledge Platform Knowledge, Research, HCI HC Knowledge
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unescap Working Paper Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index
    WP/09/02 UNESCAP WORKING PAPER FILLING GAPS IN THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: FINDINGS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC David A. Hastings Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index: Findings from Asia and the Pacific David A. Hastings Series Editor: Amarakoon Bandara Economic Affairs Officer Macroeconomic Policy and Development Division Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Building, Rajadamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: [email protected] WP/09/02 UNESCAP Working Paper Macroeconomic Policy and Development Division Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index: Findings for Asia and the Pacific Prepared by David A. Hastings∗ Authorized for distribution by Aynul Hasan February 2009 Abstract The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This publication has been issued without formal editing. This paper reports on the geographic extension of the Human Development Index from 177 (a several-year plateau in the United Nations Development Programme's HDI) to over 230 economies, including all members and associate members of ESCAP. This increase in geographic coverage makes the HDI more useful for assessing the situations of all economies – including small economies traditionally omitted by UNDP's Human Development Reports. The components of the HDI are assessed to see which economies in the region display relatively strong performance, or may exhibit weaknesses, in those components.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Development Index: Measuring the Quality of Life
    Student Resource XIV The Human Development Index: Measuring the Quality of Life The ‘Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development’ (UNDP). It is a measure closely related to quality of life, and is used to compare two or more countries. The United Nations developed the HDI based on three main dimensions: long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living (see Image below). Figure 1: Indicators of HDI Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi In 2015, the United States ranked 8th among all countries in Human Development, ranking behind countries like Norway, Australia, Switzerland, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany and Ireland (UNDP, 2015). The closer a country is to 1.0 on the HDI index, the better its standing in regards to human development. Maps of HDI ranking reveal regional patterns, such as the low HDI in Sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). Figure 2. The United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) rankings for 2014 17 Use Student Resource XIII, Measuring Quality of Life Country Statistics to answer the following questions: 1. Categorize the countries into three groups based on their GNI PPP (US$), which relates to their income. List them here. High Income: Medium Income: Low Income: 2. Is there a relationship between income and any of the other statistics listed in the table, such as access to electricity, undernourishment, or access to physicians (or others)? Describe at least two patterns here. 3. There are several factors we can look at to measure a country's quality of life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Connenction Between Global Innovation Index and Economic Well-Being Indexes
    Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce – APSTRACT University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Debrecen SCIENTIFIC PAPER DOI: 10.19041/APSTRACT/2019/3-4/11 THE CONNENCTION BETWEEN GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING INDEXES Szlobodan Vukoszavlyev University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Hungary [email protected] Abstract: We study the connection of innovation in 126 countries by different well-being indicators and whether there are differences among geographical regions with respect to innovation index score. We approach and define innovation based on Global Innovation Index (GII). The following well-being indicators were emphasized in the research: GDP per capita measured at purchasing power parity, unemployment rate, life expectancy, crude mortality rate, human development index (HDI). Innovation index score was downloaded from the joint publication of 2018 of Cornell University, INSEAD and WIPO, HDI from the website of the UN while we obtained other well-being indicators from the database of the World Bank. Non-parametric hypothesis testing, post-hoc tests and linear regression were used in the study. We concluded that there are differences among regions/continents based on GII. It is scarcely surprising that North America is the best performer followed by Europe (with significant differences among countries). Central and South Asia scored the next places with high standard deviation. The following regions with significant backwardness include North Africa, West Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean Area, Central and South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Regions lagging behind have lower standard deviation, that is, they are more homogeneous therefore there are no significant differences among countries in the particular region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Development Index (HDI)
    Contribution to Beyond Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Name of the indicator/method: The Human Development Index (HDI) Summary prepared by Amie Gaye: UNDP Human Development Report Office Date: August, 2011 Why an alternative measure to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The limitation of GDP as a measure of a country’s economic performance and social progress has been a subject of considerable debate over the past two decades. Well-being is a multidimensional concept which cannot be measured by market production or GDP alone. The need to improve data and indicators to complement GDP is the focus of a number of international initiatives. The Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission1 identifies at least eight dimensions of well-being—material living standards (income, consumption and wealth), health, education, personal activities, political voice and governance, social connections and relationships, environment (sustainability) and security (economic and physical). This is consistent with the concept of human development, which focuses on opportunities and freedoms people have to choose the lives they value. While growth oriented policies may increase a nation’s total wealth, the translation into ‘functionings and freedoms’ is not automatic. Inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth, unemployment, and disparities in access to public goods and services such as health and education; are all important aspects of well-being assessment. What is the Human Development Index (HDI)? The HDI serves as a frame of reference for both social and economic development. It is a summary measure for monitoring long-term progress in a country’s average level of human development in three basic dimensions: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Notes
    Technical notes Calculating the human development indices—graphical presentation Human Development DIMENSIONS Long and healthy life Knowledge A decent standard of living Index (HDI) INDICATORS Life expectancy at birth Expected years Mean years GNI per capita (PPP $) of schooling of schooling DIMENSION Life expectancy index Education index GNI index INDEX Human Development Index (HDI) Inequality-adjusted DIMENSIONS Long and healthy life Knowledge A decent standard of living Human Development Index (IHDI) INDICATORS Life expectancy at birth Expected years Mean years GNI per capita (PPP $) of schooling of schooling DIMENSION Life expectancy Years of schooling Income/consumption INDEX INEQUALITY- Inequality-adjusted Inequality-adjusted Inequality-adjusted ADJUSTED life expectancy index education index income index INDEX Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) Gender Development Female Male Index (GDI) DIMENSIONS Long and Standard Long and Standard healthy life Knowledge of living healthy life Knowledge of living INDICATORS Life expectancy Expected Mean GNI per capita Life expectancy Expected Mean GNI per capita years of years of (PPP $) years of years of (PPP $) schooling schooling schooling schooling DIMENSION INDEX Life expectancy index Education index GNI index Life expectancy index Education index GNI index Human Development Index (female) Human Development Index (male) Gender Development Index (GDI) Gender Inequality DIMENSIONS Health Empowerment Labour market Index (GII) INDICATORS Maternal Adolescent Female and male Female
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Index of Biocultural Diversity
    A Global Index of Biocultural Diversity Discussion Paper for the International Congress on Ethnobiology University of Kent, U.K., June 2004 David Harmon and Jonathan Loh DRAFT DISCUSSION PAPER: DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE The purpose of this paper is to draw comments from as wide a range of reviewers as possible. Terralingua welcomes your critiques, leads for additional sources of information, and other suggestions for improvements. Address for comments: David Harmon c/o The George Wright Society P.O. Box 65 Hancock, Michigan 49930-0065 USA [email protected] or Jonathan Loh [email protected] CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 BACKGROUND 6 Conservation in concert 6 What is biocultural diversity? 6 The Index of Biocultural Diversity: overview 6 Purpose of the IBCD 8 Limitations of the IBCD 8 Indicators of BCD 9 Scoring and weighting of indicators 10 Measuring diversity: some technical and theoretical considerations 11 METHODS 13 Overview 13 Cultural diversity indicators 14 Biological diversity indicators 16 Calculating the IBCD components 16 RESULTS 22 DISCUSSION 25 Differences among the three index components 25 The world’s “core regions” of BCD 29 Deepening the analysis: trend data 29 Deepening the analysis: endemism 32 CONCLUSION 33 Uses of the IBCD 33 Acknowledgments 33 APPENDIX: MEASURING CULTURAL DIVERSITY—GREENBERG’S 35 INDICES AND ELFs REFERENCES 42 2 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. IBCD-RICH, a biocultural diversity richness index. 46 Table 2. IBCD-AREA, an areal biocultural diversity index. 51 Table 3. IBCD-POP, a per capita biocultural diversity index. 56 Table 4. Highest 15 countries in IBCD-RICH and its component 61 indicators.
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanization and Human Development Index: Cross-Country Evidence
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Urbanization and Human Development Index: Cross-country evidence Tripathi, Sabyasachi National Research University Higher School of Economics 2019 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/97474/ MPRA Paper No. 97474, posted 16 Dec 2019 14:18 UTC Urbanization and Human Development Index: Cross- country evidence Dr. Sabyasachi Tripathi Postdoctoral Research Fellow Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge National Research University Higher School of Economics 20 Myasnitskaya St., 101000, Moscow, Russia Email: [email protected] Abstract: The present study assesses the impact of urbanization on the value of country-level Human Development Index (HDI), using random effect Tobit panel data estimation from 1990 to 2017. Urbanization is measured by the total urban population, percentage of the urban population, urban population growth rate, percentage of the population living in million-plus agglomeration, and the largest city of the country. Analyses are also separated by high income, upper middle income, lower middle income, and low-income countries. We find that, overall; the total urban population, percentage of the urban population, and percentage of urban population living in the million-plus agglomerations have a positive effect on the value of HDI with controlling for other important determinants of the HDI. On the other hand, urban population growth rate and percentage of the population residing in the largest cities have a negative effect on the value of HDI. Finally, we suggest that the promotion of urbanization is essential to achieving a higher level of HDI. The improvement of the percentage of urbanization is most important than other measures of urbanization.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Dynamics and Human Development Indices in Selected African Countries: Trends and Levels
    Population Dynamics and Human Development Indices in Selected African Countries: Trends and Levels By Nader Motie Haghshenas, MA, Arezo Sayyadi, MA, Sahel Taherianfard, MA , & Nahid Salehi, MA Population Studies and Research Center for Asia and the Pacific Tehran, IRAN Submitted to UAPS, 5th African Population Conference, Arusha, Tanzania, 10-14 December 2007 Abstract The low level of Human development Index (HDI) in African's countries has been affected by high population growth rate. World statistics show that African countries are in low level of HDI ranking, so that HDI for these countries in 2004 was 0.43 and the annual growth rate for 1975-2004 was % 2.7. In contrast in the other regions at high HDI ranking, HDI and annual growth rate were 0.89 and % 1.1, respectively. The aim of this study is to investigate the trends and levels of demographic variables and HDI in Niger, Sudan, Egypt and Morocco during 1975-2005. These are Muslim-majority countries (refer to countries in which Muslims constitute more than 50 percent of the total population). Data are taken from the United Nations Population Division and Human Development Report (HDR) for 2006. The results explained that there were differences in terms of population growth rates, fertility and mortality indices by their HDI ranking. The life expectancy and HDI have increased drastically and changed in selected African countries. On the other hand, population health indices among these countries, confirms a progress in medical care system. Yet, the level and trend of these indices are facing challenges. 2 Introduction Throughout history a variety of circumstances has proved to bring about unexpected changes in population trends.
    [Show full text]
  • 32Nd International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology
    Human development indices Human Development Inequality-adjusted Gender Development Gender Inequality Multidimensional Index HDI Index Index Poverty Indexa Overall loss Difference from HDRO Value Value (%) HDI rankb Value Groupc Value Rank specificationsd Year and surveye HDI rank 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 Value 2005–2014 VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1 Norway 0.944 0.893 5.4 0 0.996 1 0.067 9 .. .. 2 Australia 0.935 0.858 8.2 –2 0.976 1 0.110 19 .. .. 3 Switzerland 0.930 0.861 7.4 0 0.950 2 0.028 2 .. .. 4 Denmark 0.923 0.856 7.3 –1 0.977 1 0.048 4 .. .. 5 Netherlands 0.922 0.861 6.6 3 0.947 3 0.062 7 .. .. 6 Germany 0.916 0.853 6.9 0 0.963 2 0.041 3 .. .. 6 Ireland 0.916 0.836 8.6 –3 0.973 2 0.113 21 .. .. 8 United States 0.915 0.760 17.0 –20 0.995 1 0.280 55 .. .. 9 Canada 0.913 0.832 8.8 –2 0.982 1 0.129 25 .. .. 9 New Zealand 0.913 .. .. .. 0.961 2 0.157 32 .. .. 11 Singapore 0.912 .. .. .. 0.985 1 0.088 13 .. .. 12 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.910 .. .. .. 0.958 2 .. .. .. .. 13 Liechtenstein 0.908 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Sweden 0.907 0.846 6.7 3 0.999 1 0.055 6 .. .. 14 United Kingdom 0.907 0.829 8.6 –2 0.965 2 0.177 39 .. .. 16 Iceland 0.899 0.846 5.9 4 0.975 1 0.087 12 .
    [Show full text]
  • How Do We Measure Standard of Living?
    HOW DO WE MEASURE “standard of livin For most of us, standard of living is a know-it-when-I-see-it concept. We might not be able to express it in precise terms, but we think we know it when we see it. Ask us to define it, and we’ll reel off a list of things we associate with living well: a nice car, a pleasant place to live, clothes, furniture, appliances, food, vacations, maybe even education. Ask us to measure it, and we’ll probably look at whether or not we’re “doing better” than our parents. Yet there is a generally accepted measure for standard of living: average real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Let’s break it down piece by piece: • GDP measures annual economic output — the total value of new goods and services produced within a country’s borders. • Real GDP is the inflation-adjusted value. • Average GDP per capita tells us how big each person’s share of GDP would be if we were to divide the total into equal portions. In effect, we take the value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders, adjust for inflation, and divide by the total population. If average real GDP per capita is increasing, there’s a strong likelihood that: (a) more goods and services are available to consumers, and (b) con- sumers are in a better position to buy them. And while buying more things won’t necessarily help us find true happiness, true love, or true enlighten- ment, it is a pretty good indicator of our material standard of living.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis on the Influence of Population Growth Rate, Economic
    International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Research Paper An Analysis on the Influence of Population Growth Rate, Economic Growth, Human Development Index, Income Distribution, and Unemployment Rate toward Poverty in All Provinces in Indonesia David Togar Hutagaol1, H.B Tarmizi2, Murni Daulay2 1Posgraduate Students at University of North Sumatera, Indonesia 2Postgraduate Lecturer at University of North Sumatera, Indonesia Corresponding Author: David Togar Hutagaol ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the influence of population growth rate, economic growth, human development index, income distribution, and unemployment rate toward poverty in all provinces in Indonesia. This research used multiple linear regression model which processed with SPSS. All variables, such as population growth rate, economic growth, human development index, income distribution, and unemployment rate are in form of secondary data, which further proxied with Gini Ratio and unemployment rate in all provinces in Indonesia within 2016. The included data are in form of cross section data. The results show that population growth rate (0,015), economic growth (0,00), human development index (0,035), income distribution (0,01), and unemployment rate (0,00) are simultaneously influencing the poverty in all provinces in Indonesia, significantly Keywords: Population Growth Rate, Economic Growth, Human Development Index, Income Distribution, Unemployment Rate, Poverty. INTRODUCTION by Kakwani and Son (2003) that the National development goals are to purpose of development is to reduce the improve economic performance so that they level of poverty achieved through economic can create jobs and regulate decent lives for growth and / or income distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • A Proposal for a Modified Human Development Index
    A proposal for a modified Human Development Index María Andreina Salas-Bourgoin ABSTRACT The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator designed to track the development of countries in respect of three dimensions of development: health, education and income. Since it was first published in 1990, great efforts have been made to improveHDI , which, as has been stressed on numerous occasions, cannot be seen as a definitive measure of development. This paper includes a reflection on what constitutes human development, the pillars underpinning it and two new dimensions that should be incorporated into HDI (employment and political freedoms) for it to better express progress in development. This document will also present, in addition to the modifiedHDI , detailed instructions for its calculation and an annex including modified HDI scores for 117 countries. KEYWORDS Human development, measurement, undp, economic indicators, social indicators, statistical methodology, statistical data JEL CLASSIFICATION I31, I32, I39 AUTHOR María Andreina Salas-Bourgoin is a full-time assistant professor at the Institute of Geography and Natural Resource Conservation of the University of Los Andes, Merida, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. [email protected] 30 CEPAL REVIEW 112 • APRIL 2014 I Introduction The Human Development Index (hdi) is an aggregated Therefore, with a view to fuelling further debate on these indicator, designed by the United Nations Development issues, a proposal has been made for a modified hdi, Programme (undp) to track progress in the
    [Show full text]