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Dream Type-Scene in Old Testament Narratives: Structure and Significance

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Dream Type-Scene in Old Testament Narratives: Structure and Significance Dream Type-Scene in Old Testament Narratives: Structure and Significance by Marina Hofman A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Wycliffe College and the Biblical Department of the Toronto School of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael’s College © Copyright by Marina Hofman 2014 Dream Type-Scene in Old Testament Narratives: Structure and Significance Marina Hofman Doctor of Philosophy University of St. Michael’s College 2014 Abstract This dissertation identifies and presents the dream type-scene in the Old Testament. The dream type-scene narratives are: Abimelech’s dream (Gn 20:1–21:7), Jacob’s dream at Bethel (Gn 28:10–22), Jacob’s claim to have a dream and Laban’s dream (Gn 31:1–55), Joseph’s dreams (Gn 37:1–11), the dream of the cupbearer and the dream of the baker (Gn 40:1–23), Pharaoh’s two dreams (Gn 41:1–40), the Midianite soldier’s dream (Jdg 7:8–23) and Solomon’s dream (1 Kgs 3:5–15). The defining characteristic of the dream type-scene in Old Testament narratives is ירא arise early) and) שׁכם ,(night) לילה dream). Other key terms are) חלום the presence of the term (fear). The dreamer is in a seemingly powerless situation at the outset of the narrative, responds to the dream (first to create a narrative delay and second to resolve the tension within the plot), verbalizes the content of the dream and accepts the dream as truth from God. Elements concerning the dream-giver and the dream itself include: God speaks and/or there is an image, a divine promise or warning, a disclosure of a potential but seemingly unlikely future, and an element of hope. Further, the dreamer’s introductory situation is one of initial danger or crisis, the dream introduces or intensifies the narrative tension, a character presents an understanding of the dream, the tension related to the dream is resolved and the conclusion relates back to God. Within the dream narratives, there is usually an effort to rescue or deliver the dreamer and a ii positive outcome for the dreamer and other characters. The presentation of all of these dream type-scene characteristics undergoes some level of modification in the dream narratives. Observing the presence, function and modifications of these characteristics in each narrative enables the reader to find additional meaning in the passage and thus has implications for our understanding of the meaning of the text from the perspective of the dream type-scene. A key to analyzing the type-scene narratives is to observe how the tension in the plot is resolved and the resulting outcome for the dreamer and other characters. iii Acknowledgments Thank you to all those who made this work possible, particularly my dissertation supervisor, Dr. Michael Kolarcik, and the other members of my committee, Dr. Keith Bodner, Dr. John McLaughlin, Dr. Glen Taylor and Dr. Marion Taylor. Thank you to my husband, Larry N. Willard, for his unending support, encouragement and interest in my studies. iv Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1 – Background 1.1 Overview of Scholarship 4 1.1.1 Type-Scenes 4 1.1.2 Research On Old Testament Dream Narratives 13 1.2 Present Approach to Dream Narratives 24 1.2.1 Primary Literature 24 1.2.2 Methodology: Narrative Criticism 25 Chapter 2 – Ancient Context of Dream Literature 2.1 Ancient Near Eastern Dream Literature and Interpretation 37 2.2 Homeric Dream Literature and Type-Scene 72 2.3 Uniqueness of Old Testament Dream Literature 82 Chapter 3 – Dream Type-Scene Criteria, Characteristics and Narratives 3.1 Dream Type-Scene Criteria 85 3.2 Dream Type-Scene Characteristics 88 3.3 Dream Type-Scene Narratives 93 3.3.1 Abimelech’s Dream (Genesis 20:1–21:7) 94 3.3.2 Jacob’s Dream at Bethel (Genesis 28:10–22) 106 3.3.3 The Dream Claim of Jacob and the Dream of Laban (Genesis 31:1–55) 113 3.3.4 The Dreams of Joseph (Genesis 37:1–11) 127 3.3.5 The Dreams of the Cupbearer and Baker (Genesis 40:1–23) 132 3.3.6 The Dreams of Pharaoh (Genesis 41:1–40) 137 3.3.7 The Midianite Soldier’s Dream (Judges 7:8–23) 144 3.3.8 Solomon’s Dream (1 Kings 3:5–15) 149 Chapter 4 – Significance, Implications and Summary 4.1 Implications of Identifying the Biblical Dream Type-Scene 161 4.2 Significance of Biblical Dream Type-Scene Characteristics 163 4.3 Summary of the Narrative Meaning Indicated by Old Testament Dream Type- 163 Scene Narratives 4.4 Significance of Old Testament Dream Literature in Its Ancient Context 169 4.5 Future Study 172 Bibliography 174 v List of Abbreviations ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary ANE Ancient Near East ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts, edited by James Pritchard (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969) AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AOS American Oriental Series AS Assyriological Studies BDB Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon, edited by Francis Brown, Samuel Rolles Driver and Charles Augustus Briggs, electronic edition (Oak Harbor: Logos Research Systems, 2000) BO Berit Olam: Studies in Hebrew Narrative and Poetry BZ Biblische Zeitschrift BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft COD Canadian Oxford Dictionary, edited by Katherine Barber (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2004) CQB Catholic Biblical Quarterly FOTL Forms of Old Testament Literature HALOT The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, edited by Ludwig Koehler, Walter Baumgartner and M. E. J. Richardon (2 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 2001) HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual ICC International Critical Commentary IDB The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, edited by George Buttrick (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962) ITC International Theological Commentary JANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series KUB Keilschrifturkunden aus Bogazkoy KTU Keilschrift Texte aus Ugarit (collection of cuneiform texts) NEA Near Eastern Archaeology NCBC New Cambridge Bible Commentary NIBC New International Biblical Commentary OT Old Testament OTL The Old Testament Library RGRW Religions in the Graeco-Roman World SO Sources orientales SR Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association TAPS Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vi TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, edited by G.J. Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren, translated by David E. Green (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974) TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries VT Vetus Testamentum WBC Word Biblical Commentary ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft vii Introduction Dreams are common to the human experience, and so it is no surprise that dreams have a role in the biblical text. Like Homer, the biblical narrator has crafted dream type-scene narratives to communicate a great deal more narrative commentary than is immediately apparent upon an initial surface reading. By creating a dream type-scene, the narrator is able to build additional layers of narrative tension and play with reader expectation. While Robert Alter’s The Art of Biblical Narrative (1981, 2011) has drawn attention to several biblical type-scenes, the biblical dream type-scene has yet to be identified. The identification of the dream type-scene is important because the reader needs to be aware of the literary type-scene convention employed by the narrator and the particular characteristics of the dream type-scene to fully engage with Old Testament (OT) dream narrative texts. Equipped with knowledge of how the type-scene works within the dream narratives, the reader is able to gain a fuller understanding of the narrative meaning within dream narratives by observing how each type-scene fulfills or contradicts narrative expectations. This dissertation argues for the presence of a dream type-scene by identifying and examining dream narratives and dream type-scene characteristics in the Old Testament, particularly the narrative corpus of Genesis to 2 Kings. It highlights characteristics of the dream type-scene, demonstrates how dream type-scene characteristics are rendered in the text, and comments on how the type-scene functions in each dream type-scene narrative. Dream narratives are primarily in each passage and are: Abimelech’s חלם selected based on the presence of the Hebrew root dream (Gn 20:1–21:7), Jacob’s dream at Bethel (Gn 28:10–22), Jacob’s claim to have a dream and Laban’s dream (Gn 31:1–55), Joseph’s dreams (Gn 37:1–11), the dream of the cupbearer and the dream of the baker (Gn 40:1–23), Pharaoh’s dreams (Gn 41:1–40), the Midianite soldier’s dream (Jdg 7:8–23) and Solomon’s dream (1 Kgs 3:5–15). The dream type-scene has several characteristics that have been identified through careful and detailed observation and the comparison of OT dream narratives to one another. The defining announcing that a dream is given to a character) in) חלום characteristic is the presence of the term לילה :each narrative. There are several key words generally present in the dream narratives noting that the dreamer arises early after having the) שׁכם ,(indicating the dream occurs at night) 1 2 recording fear experienced by of one or more characters) ירא dream to respond to the dream) and after the dream is given). Several components of the dreamer’s character play a role in dream narratives.
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