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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali

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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI III. YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDAN İLK İSLAM FETİHLERİNE KADAR EL-CEZİRE BÖLGESİ DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof.Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR Nuray ARABACI ELAZIĞ – 2012 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI III. YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDAN İLK İSLAM FETİHLERİNE KADAR EL-CEZİRE BÖLGESİ DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof.Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR Nuray ARABACI Jürimiz, …………… tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu doktora tezini oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile başarılı saymıştır. 1. Prof.Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR 2. Prof.Dr. Muhammet Beşir AŞAN 3. Doç.Dr. Casim AVCI 4. Doç.Dr. Aydın ÇELİK 5. Y.Doç.Dr. Ayşe ÇAĞLIYAN F.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu’nun ………………. tarih ve ………sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Doktora Tezi III. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısından İlk İslâm Fetihlerine Kadar El- Cezire Bölgesi Nuray ARABACI Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Elazığ–2012, Sayfa: XX + 253 Çok eski çağlardan beri insanoğlu su kenarlarında yaşam şartlarının elverişli olmasından dolayı medeniyetler kurmuştur. Konumuz olan el-Cezire Bölgesi de Dicle ve Fırat Nehirleri'nin arasında kalan, Batılıların Mezopotamya olarak adlandırdıkları bölgedir. Bölgenin başlıca hâkimleri III. - VII. yüzyıllarda Sâsânîler ile Bizans devletleri olmuştur. Bu iki devlet arasındaki savaşlar, bölgede güçler dengesini ve sınırların da sık sık el değiştirmesine sebep olmuştur. Doğu Roma denilen Bizans'ın doğusunu, Sâsânîlerin ise batı sınırlarını oluşturan el-Cezire bölgesinin başlıca şehirleri; Harran, Edessa (Urfa), Batnae (Suruç), Hasankeyf, Amid ve Nisibis'i (Nusaybin) sayabiliriz. Bunlardan Urfa ve Nusaybin gibi şehirler aynı zamanda birer dini merkez olma kimliğini de taşımaktaydı. İki uygarlık yani Sâsânî ve Bizans, başta din olmak üzere farklı değerlere sahip oldukları için izledikleri politikalar bakımından da farklılıkları vardı. Örneğin biri Nesturi inancını desteklerken, diğeri buna karşı son derece olumsuz davranış sergilemekteydi. Bölgenin durumu İslam fetihleri ile büyük değişikliğe uğramış, coğrafi yer adları bunun en belirgin örneği olmuştur. Aynı zamanda demografik yapı da önemli bir değişim geçirmiştir. Sonuç olarak Sâsânî ve Bizans Devletleri yaptıkları mücadeleler ile önce birbirlerinin gücünü tüketmiş, sonra kolayca İslam fetih dalgasına teslim olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: El- Cezire Bölgesi, Fırat ve Dicle Nehirleri, Mezopotamya, Bizans, Sâsâniler, Sınırlar III ABSTRACT Doctorate Thesis Al Jazeera Region From Second Half of the III. Century to First Islamic Conquests Nuray ARABACI Firat University Institute of Social Sciences Department of History Elazığ-2012, Page: XX + 253 Human beings have established civilizations near the edges of water due to the favorable life conditions since ancient times. Our topic is the Al-Jazeera Region which locates between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, and it is called Mesopotamia by western people. Byzantine and Sassanids were the main ruler of the region in the III. and VII. centuries. The wars between these two states changed the balance of forces in the region and the border of the region changed many times. Harran, Edessa (Urfa), Batnae (Suruç), Hasankeyf, Amid and Nisibis (Nusaybin) form the East of Byzantine called East Rome and west borders of Sassanid. Cities such as Urfa and Nusaybin were also religious centers. Those two civilizations that is Byzantine and Sassanid, pursued different policies because their values and especially their religion were different. For example, while one of them supported belief of Nestorian, the other one was extremely negative to them. The situation of the region changed a lot because of the Islamic conquests and geographical terms had been the most significant example of this. The demographic structure also changed. As a result Sassanid and Byzantine exhausted each other by struggling so they gave in Islamic conquest easily. Key Words: Al Jazeera Region, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Mesopotamia, Byzantine, Sassanid, Border. IV İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. IV ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... X KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................ XII KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................................... XIV GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. EL-CEZİRE BÖLGESİNİN SINIRLARI VE YERLEŞİM YERLERİ ................ 3 1.1. El-Cezire Bölgesinin Tanımı ................................................................................. 3 1.2. Coğrafi Sınırları Belirleyen Nehirler ..................................................................... 5 1.3. Bölgenin Başlıca Platosu ve Dağları ..................................................................... 9 1.4. Bölgenin Başlıca Şehirleri ..................................................................................... 9 1.5. Bölgenin Dönemlere Göre Aldığı İsimler ........................................................... 10 1.6. El-Cezire Bölgesinin Bugün Türkiye, Suriye ve Irak’ta Kalan Şehirleri ............ 12 1.7. Bölgenin Bölümlere Ayrılması ve Bu Bölümlerin İsimleri ................................. 12 1.7.1. Diyar-ı Bekr .................................................................................................. 13 1.7.1.1. Âmid ......................................................................................................... 13 1.7.1.1.1. Meyyafarikin .................................................................................... 19 1.7.1.1.2. Mardin .............................................................................................. 21 1.7.1.1.3. Hısn Keyfa ....................................................................................... 21 1.7.1.1.4. Erzen ................................................................................................. 23 1.7.1.1.5. Duneysir/Koç Hisar .......................................................................... 24 1.7.1.1.6. Kasabalar .......................................................................................... 24 1.7.2. Diyâr-ı Mudar .............................................................................................. 24 1.7.2.1. Harran ....................................................................................................... 26 1.7.2.2. Ruha .......................................................................................................... 26 1.7.3. Diyar-i Rebia ................................................................................................. 27 1.7.3.1. Re’sul’ayn ................................................................................................ 27 1.7.3.2. Musul ........................................................................................................ 27 1.7.3.3. Nusaybin ................................................................................................... 28 1.7.3.4. Ceziretü İbni Ömer (Cizre) ....................................................................... 28 1.7.3.5. Enbâr ........................................................................................................ 29 V 1.7.3.6.Sevad ......................................................................................................... 29 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. III. YÜZYILDAN V.YÜZYILA KADAR EL-CEZİRE BÖLGESİ .................... 31 2.1. Sâsânî ve Bizans Devletlerinin Kuruluşuna Kadar El-Cezire (Mezopotamya) Bölgesindeki Uygarlıklar ............................................................................................ 31 2.1.1. Persler = Arsakyan, Eşganiyan ..................................................................... 31 2.1.1.1. Pers - Büyük İskender Mücadelesi ........................................................... 32 2.1.1.2.Büyük İskender’in Ölümünden Sonra Komutalarının Egemenlik Mücadelesi ............................................................................................................. 33 2.1.1.3.Selevkosların Kuruluşu ............................................................................. 33 2.1.1.4. Pers (Arşak)-Selevkos Mücadelesi ........................................................... 35 2.2. Abgarlar M.Ö. 6- M.S. 215 .................................................................................. 36 2.3. Pers - Roma Mücadelesi ...................................................................................... 37 2.4. III. Yüzyıl El-Cezire Bölgesindeki Yeni Mücadeleler ........................................ 43 2.4.1. Sâsânîler ........................................................................................................ 43 2.4.2. El-Cezire Bölgesinde Sâsânî Roma-Mücadelesi ......................................... 45 2.5. IV. Yüzyılda El-Cezire Bölgesindeki Mücadeleler ............................................. 51 2.5.1. Bizans Devleti ..............................................................................................
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