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The Mints of Roman Arabia and Mesopotamia Author(S): G The Mints of Roman Arabia and Mesopotamia Author(s): G. F. Hill Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 6 (1916), pp. 135-169 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/296269 . Accessed: 08/05/2014 18:07 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 18:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PLATE Xl I f .1 - I ! | i I ; . ' N : i , I I ,S, l I 1 3 11 . 1 . .s . | 11 . _ I . 13 I .1 | I S , I . , I .6 I , 11 | . | , 1 11,1 I _l r : __ OOINS OF ROMAN This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 18:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J i V1 (t9X6). I I fi s I B! I R i * .. I 1 111 . .11 1|1 11 .1 I SS .S 11 _ - 111lli.,l1 SS I . I I ,6 ,_.Ss1 _ l _ _ _ _ __ I 11l I 1. COINS OF RON MPOTAMIA. This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 18:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE MINTS OF ROMAN ARABIA AND MESOPOTAMIA. By G. F. HILL. (Plates XI, XII) I. THE MINTS OF ARABIA. The places whose numismatic history is studied in this paper are those which happened to be comprisedin the provincesof Arabia and Mesopotamiafrom the time of the institution of these provinces down to the end of the period of the Greekcoinage. Thus, as regards Arabia,I which was organisedin A.D. io6, the mints of Philadelphia, Gerasa, Dium and Philippopolis are included, although they were originally in the Decapolis,2 and were only transferred to Arabia in the reign of Severus at the earliest. But Canatha, which was transferred at the same time, had then ceased to issue coins3; it is therefore omitted from these pages. Eboda, of which a solitary coin of Nero's time is known, might have been omitted on the same grounds, but is included because its coinage does not find a place in the series of any other province. The latest Greek coins issued by any Arabiancity are of the time of Valerianand Gallienus. ADRAA. Adraa (Dera in the Hauran, the Biblical Edreci) was a minor centre of the cult of Dusares, whose baetyl is represented on the coins.4 It was originallyin the Nabataeankingdom and was doubtless included in ProvinciaArabia at the time of the constitution of the province, whose era is employed on the coinage.5 The coinage6 begins in the Antonine period '(Marcus Aurelius, Lucilla, Commodus)and continues to Valerianand Gallienus. The chief types are: Baetyl of the god Dusares (AOYCAPHC &EOC) placed (some- times) between two ornaments (horns of the altar ?) on a square I On the boundaries at various periods see Brin- tions accompanies the figure of an omphalos-shaped now-Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, iii, pp. 264 ff. baetyl like that shown on the coins of Adraa. It is, 2 Under which head their coins, so far as repre- however, noticeable that the neighbouring dedica- sented in the British Museum up to I899, have been tions of panegyriarchs are to Oe,&Ae'ytoT, pre- catalogued by Wroth, B.M.C. Galatia, etc. (i899). sumably Allat, who may be the paredros of Dusares. 3 See Wroth, op. cit. p. 302. 5Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 265; Dussaud, 4 See especially Dussaud, Notes de Mythologie Notes,p. 117. Syrienne, p. i67 . and below, under Bostra. It 6 See especially de Saulcy, Terre Sainte, pp. 373 f, is supposed that the panegyriarchs of Adraa whose and Dussaud, loc. cit. dedicatory inscriptions appear at Petra (Briinnow, 7 Dalman, Petra u.s. Felsbeiligtiimer, p. 50, i, p .zzo, no. 6o, 2-4) represented Adraa at the thinks they are the remains of pillars supporting annual festival of Dusares; and one of the inscrip- an arch over the baetyl. This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 18:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 136 THE MINTS OF ROMAN ARABIA AND MESOPOTAMIA. basis,probably a ka'bahor motab(plate XI,2). This is the type which has usually been described as a wine-press, but has been at last recognised for what it reallv is by Dussaud. Bust of City-goddess, turreted (TYXH). City-goddess (TYXH), standing, turreted, resting on spear or sceptre, and holding human head. On a coin in the British Museum this figure appears in a shrine. The head which she holds is that of the emperor; see B.M.C. Palestine, p. xix. Heraklesseated on rock, r. resting on club. Two deities, one lying down, the other seated behind (apparently a river-god, presumablythe Wady Zeidy, and Tyche) (plate xi, i). Inscription AAPAHNWN.. O? M ? TYXHC E(rov&) BO (Paris). The doubtful letters may point to the title KoyuHo&avcwcv,of which there seems to be a trace on another coin of Commodusrecorded by Hardouin.2 The inscription AOYCAPIAwhich is supposed to occur on a coin of Adraa is perhaps really AOYCAPHC.3 The description 'Table on which is an urn, between two small figures; under4 the table, a press,' suggests that the ' urn' is not a prize-crown or vase, but the baetyl of Dusares. BOSTRA. Bostra, the modern Bosra,5 belonged to the Nabataeankingdom and was included by Trajan under the name NEa Tpa&av-'Boo-rTpa in the Provincia Arabia. Its era dates from this incorporation, beginning 22nd March, IO6.6 The earliest coins which can with certainty be assignedto Bostra are of Antoninus Pius ; but it is generally supposed that the coins of Hadrian, with the bust of Arabia holding two small figures7 in her arms (plate XI, 3), were struck at this mint. There are a few quasi-autonomous coins which seem to bear the date8 <- (rovs) 0?O i.e. 76, which would place them in the reign of Commodus; and another, apparentlynot dated, mentioned below. I The coin of Elagabalus representing three the same author's article in the Revue Numismatique baetyls on a platform approached by steps, with for I 9 II. The article on Bostra by Kubitschek in AOYC . ... eEoc, which Dussaud (Notes, the Numismatische Zeitschrift for I9I6 only came p. I70) ascribes to Adraa is more probably of Bostra. into my. hands after this article was in type. I have 2 de Saulcy, p. 374, note on no. 2. cndeavoured to incorporate most of the informa- 3 See de Saulcv, p. 375, under Caracalla. tion which he provides. 4 Not upon the table, as de Saulcy says. 6 Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 303. 5 For the remains see especially Brunnow- 7 Possibly personifying the Au'ranitis and Arabia Domaszewski, iii, pp. I-84. C. R. Morey has Petraea. The type is not included by M. Jatta made a useful list of the known coins of Bostra in in his Rappresentanze figurate delle Provincie the appendix to Div. ii, sect. A, part 4 of Publica- Romane (I908). tions of the Princeton Univ. Arcbaeol. Exped. to 8 For the form of < for touv compare the Syria in 1904-I.905 and I909; this appendix coins of Olba in Cilicia, B.M.C. Lycaonia, etc. is hereafter cited as Morey, Bostra. It supersedes pp. I9 ff. This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 18:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE MINTS OF ROMAN ARABIA AND MESOPOTAMIA. I37 The date of the erection of Bostra into a colony is in dispute. Eckhel1 is inclined to refer the statement of Damascius, that it was made a colony (70oXErcL) by 'Severus,' to Septimius Severus rather than Severus Alexander. This must have been after A.D. 209-2IO, as the existence of Greek coins of Septimius Severus and Domna shows. Some of the small coins of Caracallainscribed COL MET ANTONINIANA AVR - (in y.rariousforms), and usually classed under Carrhlae,have been attributed to Bostra; for they are said to read B, and one of them BOSTRA in full, after the other titles. 2 These readings, so far, entirely lack confirmation; and it may be remarkedthat, if Bostra was already called Metropolis in the reign of Caracalla,it would hardly have dropped the title only to resume it under Philip. Further, while these coins of Caracalla do not resemble in style or fabric those of Bostra either before or after his reign, they are extremely close to those of Carrhae. De Saulcy3 seems therefore to lhave been justified in rejecting the attribution to Bostraaltogether. 4 Nor is it probablethat Elagabalus was responsiblefor the foundation; for the one coin which seems to show that the place was a colony in his time is equally unverified.5 In fact, there is no satisfactory evidence of the foundation of the colony before Severus Alexander.6 It then takes the title Colonia Bostra Nova Eraiana Alexandriana.
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