Fountains and Studley Royal

The Historic Environment Resource Pack for KS3 and KS4 History

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 1 Introduction

This resource pack provides a guide to how and Studley Royal could be used as the Historic Environment for the OCR GCSE History B (SHP) specification. , including the ruins of Fountains Abbey, World Heritage Site is a masterpiece of human creativity. It is a complex historical site covering nearly 900 years of history all on the one estate. The abbey is one of the largest and best-preserved ruined Cistercian in making it a fantastic resource when studying medieval history and the dissolution of the monasteries. When the Fountains estate, also containing a medieval mill and the Jacobean , was purchased by William Aislabie in 1767, the abbey became a part of a magnificent Georgian water garden. The landscape of the parkland holds a lovely Victorian high gothic church, and the current work of the and provide evidence of how the lives of so many people continue to shape the estate.

The contents of this pack provide teachers with some sources and initial ideas for use in your teaching, and outlines how each of the OCR SHP site study criteria (a-n) may be exemplified and supplemented by a site visit. Contact details to arrange a visit are available at the end of the pack.

The teaching content of this resource is endorsed by OCR for use with specification GCSE (9-1) History B (Schools History Project) (J411). In order to gain OCR endorsement, this resource has been reviewed against OCR’s endorsement criteria.

This resource was designed using the most up to date information from the specification. Specifications are updated over time which means there may be contradictions between the resource and the specification, therefore please use the information on the latest specification and Sample Assessment Materials at all times when ensuring students are fully prepared for their assessments.

Any references to assessment and/or assessment preparation are the publisher’s interpretation of the specification requirements and are not endorsed by OCR. OCR recommends that teachers consider using a range of teaching and learning resources in preparing learners for assessment, based on their own professional judgement for their students’ needs. OCR has not paid for the production of this resource, nor does OCR receive any royalties from its sale. For more information about the endorsement process, please visit the OCR website, www.ocr.org.uk.

Contents

The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings 3

When and why people first created the site 4

The ways in which the site has changed over time 5

How the site has been used throughout its history 6

The diversity of activities and people associated with the site 7

The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used 8

Significant times in the site’s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points 9

The significance of specific features in the physical remains of the site 10

The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate 11

The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites 12

What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history 13

How the physical remains may prompt questions about the past 14

How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site 16

The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment 17

Appendix One: Site Map 18

Appendix Two: Timeline 19

Contact details 23

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 2 The reasons for the location A of the site within its surroundings

In 1132 the Archbishop of granted land in the Valley of the to Source a) 13 from St Mary’s Abbey, York who were determined to found a new This source explains one of the reasons reformed . The site offered many why the site has World Heritage Status advantages: the river, the fresh springs in the hills nearby, the timber from trees and World Heritage Site Status Criterion iv the stone in the cliffs, and crucially the isolation of the site—far from the worldly Combining the remains of one of the distractions of village and town. richest abbeys in England, the Jacobean Fountains Hall and Burges’s miniature Over time the nature of the location has neo-Gothic masterpiece of St Mary’s, changed, particularly with the creation with the water gardens and deer park of the Georgian water garden, created by into one harmonious whole, Studley the Aislabies in the 18th Century, with the Royal Park including the ruins of abbey as its focal point, as the ultimate Fountains Abbey illustrates the power romantic “folly”. of medieval monasticism and the taste and wealth of the European upper classes in the eighteenth century.

This aerial photograph shows the location of the site within its surroundings

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 3 When and why people first created the site B

In 1132 a group of monks from St Mary’s Abbey in York became disillusioned with Source b) i) the way their abbey was being run. They wanted a stricter adherence to the rules, Extract from , Archbishop of and these views brought them into conflict York’s letter to William, Archbishop of with the of St Mary’s and ultimately Canterbury, explaining the flight of the led to them leaving the monastery. They monks who left St Mary’s York were taken into the protection of the … Since, therefore it was impossible to who, in the winter of restore peace amongst the monks, we 1132, granted them land in the Skell valley returned home, taking with us the thirteen where they could found their monastery monks … Many of them were learned men and begin to cultivate the land. and all were seeking the true observance both of their rule and their profession, and of the Gospel. And so they are lodged in the house of the Blessed Peter and of us … But the monks of the abbey are still giving way to their rage and hatred.

Source b) ii)

Extract from The History of English Affairs by William Newburgh 1189.

Among his (Thurstan’s) other good works we must above all attribute to his devoted enthusiasm and scrupulous diligence the foundation and development of the most famous monastery of Fountains … Finally he set them in a place of pasture. The place is called Fountains, where continuously from that time onwards so many have drunk, as it were, from the Saviour’s fountains the waters that leap up to eternal life Photograph b) This photograph shows the traces of the first timber buildings at Fountains, built in 1133 and visible only as the settings of timber post beneath the foundations of the first timber church Practice questions to think about:

Study Photograph b) and Source b) i).

Which of these sources is more useful to the historian studying the founding of Fountains Abbey in 1132?

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 4 The ways in which the site C has changed over time

Fountains Abbey has a story lasting nearly 900 years, and over that time there have been many changes. The monastic period runs from 1132-1539. In 1539 the Dissolution of the Monasteries leads to the partial destruction of the buildings and the construction of Fountains Hall. From 1723 the Aislabie family began to develop the water garden, and in 1767 Fountains became part of the Studley Royal estate. From this time until 1965 the estate was private but increasingly attracted tourist visitors. In 1983 the National Trust took over the estate, ensuring a focus on visitor experience and conservation.

This photograph shows the modern Visitor Centre, built in 1992 to provide the Source c) i) The Surprise View, facilities for the increasing by Balthazar Nebot, 1768 numbers of visitors to Fountains Abbey Practice questions to think about:

“The main change that monasteries demonstrated was the growing popularity of the monastic life.” How far does a study of Fountains Abbey support this statement?

Explain your answer

You should refer to Fountains Abbey and your contextual knowledge. Source c) ii) A modern artistic impression of the abbey c.1300

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 5 How the site has been used D throughout its history

From the monastic period to the present day, Fountains Abbey has always been a This photograph shows the mill, the earliest busy place, and has always been a centre parts of which date from the 1130’s and which of economic activity. The monks combined was in continuous operation until 1937 their spiritual concerns with becoming skilled managers of the estate, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in the country. Similarly the present concern with conservation and access have, by necessity, to be combined with economic activity. Refer to the timeline on page 19.

Source d)

Extract from the Bursar’s Books, Fountains Abbey 1457-8. This short extract gives an idea of the extent of the economic activity on the monastic estate.

Of wool sold. Of best wool sold 4 sacks and 15 ½ stones, £13.5s.3

Of medium wool 24 1⁄2 Practice questions stones, 40s.4d. to think about:

Of black wool 1 sack Explain why Fountains Abbey became and 2 ½ stones, 24s.11d the richest Cistercian monastery in the country by the mid 13th Century. Of grey wool (blank)

Of refuse (blank)

Of locks 10 stones, 7s.9d.

Total sacks, 7 sacks and ½ stone.

Total (£16.8s.6d) £16.17s.3d.)

Of sheepskin sold, 38s.2d

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 6 The diversity of activities and E people associated with the site

From the monks, lay brothers, merchants and monarchs associated with the abbey Source e) in the monastic period, through the Aislabie period of high society to the current period Extract from the written memories of of wide access, many people in the locality Diana St John Brooks who attended and beyond have been associated with Queen Ethelburga’s school during WWII Fountains Abbey and Studley royal. This Two days before we left QE in 1941, three diversity is well illustrated by looking at of us decided to break out of Studley one particular story: From 1939-1946 Royal after lights-out and walk down to Queen Ethelburga’s school were evacuated Fountains Abbey through the deer park. to the estate and for this group of school It was quite easy to unbolt the outside girls, it was an unforgettable experience. door and we had a wonderful walk by moonlight. The abbey looked majestic and tranquil and eerie and all we had hoped for. We were then arrested on the way back to school by the Home Guard – Dad’s Army themselves! We said we were domestic staff and they were only too relieved to let us go! Next day we each chose a member of staff to tell about our escapade. It has been a treasured memory for 62 years.

This photograph shows Fountains Hall, the mansion completed in 1604 for Stephen Procter, the owner of the Estate after the Reformation. The Queen Ethelburga’s girls had their sick room here from 1939-46

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 7 The reasons for changes to the site F and to the way it was used

The site has changed in response to the broader changes around it. For example in the Source f) ii) A photograph 14th Century the Scottish wars and the Black showing tourists resting on the Death led to declining numbers of monks, bank, c.1890 the end of the lay brothers, and economic difficulties for the abbey. In 1539 Henry VIII’s marital and financial difficulties, coupled with the growth of Protestant ideas, led directly to the end of the monastic period. In the post dissolution period the site has continued to respond to events and trends, for example the coming of the railway to in 1848 led to a boom in tourism in the area and accompanying changes in the use of the site.

Source f) i)

An extract from A Brief Description of places of Public Interest, in the County of York, within twenty six miles of the city, 1843 A.E. Hargrove

“This delightful place is open to the public every day, Sundays excepted, until five o’clock in the evening… (T)he gounds are entirely enclosed and cannot be seen without the attendance of a guide, who will always be found at readiness at the lodge… the time usually occupied in going over this enchanting place… is from three to four hours, and the customary fee given to the guide is half–a–crown.

This photograph shows the ruins of Fountains Abbey in 2010

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 8 Significant times in the site’s past: G peak activity, major developments, turning points

There are many turning points in this complex site’s history, but perhaps the Source g) Licence to Convert most important would include: Granges to Secular Use (1363) 1132 The foundation of the abbey from the Abbot of Citeaux

1348-50 The Black Death which led to This source shows how the abbey had economic decline at the abbey, reduced to adjust to the economic changes of numbers of monks and led to the farming the mid 14th century of the abbey granges by tenant farmers After the presentation of this letter and rather than by lay brothers our receipt of it, we were informed in 1539 The Dissolution of the Monasteries greater detail that the abbot and convent by Henry VIII had and still have granges (namely Aldborough, Slenyngford, Sutton, Couton, 1767 William Aislabie unites the Fountains Cayton, Bramley, Bradley, and and Studley estates Thorp) attached to their monastery which, through the hostile raids of the 1966 Henry Vyner sells the estate to the Scots, the misfortunes of war, the plagues West Riding County Council of mortality and bad weather long 1983 The National Trust buys the estate persisting in those parts, and other chance occurrences, were and are largely ruined 1986 Studley Royal with Fountains Abbey in their buildings; their lands, once fertile becomes a World Heritage site and bountiful, are reduced almost to barrenness, because the abbot and convent have not the capacity to rebuild the aforementioned buildings, so ruined and collapsed, or to cultivate the lands for their benefit, nor does it appear that they will be able to gather from them in future. So they urgently pressed their plea with us… that they should be allowed to convert and reduce the aforesaid granges into vills, and should be able to transfer them to laymen for an annual rent…

This photograph shows the cellarium, which was originally built to provide eating and working space for the large numbers of lay brothers, but was later divided up into store rooms and offices when the lay brothers declined in numbers and then disappeared. It has now been opened up again so that visitors can appreciate the architecture

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 9 The significance of specific features H in the physical remains of the site

The abbey ruins are the best preserved Cistercian monastery ruins in the country. The standing buildings and the archaeological remains tell us much about how the abbey developed over its 400 year history as a working monastery, and how the monks within it lived. One of the best preserved spaces is the refectory (dining room) which gives us much insight into the daily life of the monks. Many other features of the site could also be singled out e.g. the Cellarium (see section g) or Huby’s tower (see section l). This picture shows an artist’s impression of the refectory. Most of the features can still be seen, including the bases of the great marble columns, and of some of the stone tables

Source h) Extract from the Rule of St Benedict

The Rule of St Benedict was the rule book which the monks of Fountains Abbey aimed to follow in their daily lives.

At meals of the brethren there should always be reading, but not by anyone who happens to take up the book. There shall be a reader for the whole week, and he is to begin on Sunday…. There is to be complete silence, so that no whisper nor any voice other than that of the reader be heard there. Whatever is wanted for eating and drinking the brethren should pass to one another, so that no one need ask for anything. If, however, something is wanted, it should be asked for by some sign or sound rather than by speaking.

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 10 The importance of the whole site I either locally or nationally, as appropriate

Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal is a UNESCO World Heritage site, one of 26 in the UK and 1031 in the world. This is testament to the site’s local and national importance. The abbey ruins themselves are the best preserved ruins of a Cistercian monastery in the country. In 1535 there were more than 800 monasteries in England and more than 10,000 monks, nuns, friars and canons. Fountains Abbey was the richest Cistercian monastery in the country. With more than 400,000 visitors a year Fountains Abbey continues to have great significance locally and nationally.

Source i)

This source explains one of the reasons why the site has World Heritage Status This photograph shows one of the doorways into the in the cloister of World Heritage Site Status Criterion i Fountains Abbey, showing how well preserved and impressive the ruins are “Studley Royal Park, including the ruins of Fountains Abbey, owes its originality and striking beauty to the fact that a humanised landscape was created around the largest medieval ruins in the . The use of these features, combined with the planning of the water garden itself, is a true masterpiece of creative genius”

This photograph shows the view of the abbey from Surprise View in the water gardens

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 11 The typicality of the site based on J a comparison with other similar sites

Fountains Abbey can be compared with other monastic sites locally or nationally, This photograph shows by comparing the buildings, the written the nave of the church at records and the accounts. Comparison Abbey with local Cistercian monasteries such as Rievaulx, Jervaulx or Byland abbeys reveal the similarities of architecture which resulted from following the Cistercian monastic plan. The accounts and details of land ownership show that Fountains was richer and owned more land than its daughter monasteries in the north, but did not reach the income of the great Benedictine monasteries such as Glastonbury. Uniquely, Fountains Abbey was to become the central feature in one of the most spectacular designed gardens of the Georgian period.

Source j)

This is an artists’ impression of ; we can see similarities and differences between Rievaulx and Fountains abbeys, as they are understood from their remains today.

This photograph show the ruins of Jervaulx Abbey

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 12 What the site reveals about everyday K life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history

The abbey ruins reveal, above all, the life, attitudes and values of Cistercian monks. For This photograph shows the example the monumental simplicity of the fireplace in the warming room, nave, with its originally white painted walls, the only fireplace which most underlines the centrality of prayer and the of the monks would have had 8 daily services for the monks. The absence access to of fireplaces except in the warming room reveals the lack of luxury that was one of the hallmarks of monasticism (at least in the earlier days). At the same time, the storage space of the cellarium, the “strong room” for legal documents (the muniments room) and the industrial buildings of the mill, bakehouse and woolhouse all reveal that the monastery was also a thriving economic business.

Source k) The Rule of St Benedict Chapter XIX

The Rule of St Benedict was the rule This photograph show the book which the monks of Fountains nave of the church Abbey aimed to follow in their daily lives.

We believe that God is present everywhere, and that the eyes of the Lord are in every place, keeping watch on the good and the bad; but most of all should we believe this without any shadow of doubt, when we are engaged in the work of God. We should therefore always be mindful of the prophet’s words, “Serve the Lord with fear.” And again, “Sing wisely.” And yet again, “In the sight of the angels I will sing to you.” We must therefore consider how we should behave in the sight of the Divine Majesty and his Angels, and as we sing our Psalms let us see to it that our mind is in harmony Practice questions to with our voice.” think about:

a) Describe two main features of monastic life at Fountains Abbey.

b) Explain why the closing of Fountains Abbey in 1539 was significant in showing religious change in England in the 16th century.

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 13 How the physical remains may L prompt questions about the past

The remains of Fountains Abbey can prompt many questions. Perhaps the most obvious would be “Why is Fountains Abbey a ruin?” This leads to an enquiry into the Dissolution of the monasteries which might include questions about the motivation of Henry VIII and Cromwell, whether the experience at Fountains was typical, and whether the dissolution was resisted at Fountains or elsewhere.

Another question might be prompted by Huby’s tower. The observant might notice that it was built of a different stone (magnesian limestone) to the rest of the abbey and that other Cistercian abbeys did not have large bell towers. Huby’s tower was built in the early 1500’s, only 30 or so years before the Dissolution of the monasteries. Historians might ask “Does this mean that Fountains Abbey was thriving in the years leading up to the Dissolution?” “Does this disagree with the Visitation report of 1536 by Henry VIII’s men which showed monasticism to be in decline?”

Source l) i) Mark Newman “The Wonder of the North. Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal” 2016

“The last great abbot, Marmaduke Huby, repaired many of the outlying granges and renovated the choir of the church and the Infirmary/Abbot’s Lodging complex, while at the abbey itself he oversaw Fountains’ most distinctive structure, Huby’s Tower, This photograph shows Huby’s tower, built in the the bell tower added to the north transept. 1500’s Long gone were the days when forswore the vanity of bells: Fountains enjoyed no fewer than ten.”

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 14 L

This photograph shows the ruins of Fountains Abbey

Source l) ii) Practice questions The Visitation 1536: Letter from to think about: Dr Layton and Dr Legh to Cromwell, a) How useful are sources l) ii) and 20th January 1536 l) iii) for an enquiry into the reasons behind the Dissolution of the The abbot of Fountains has so greatly Monasteries 1536-41? dilapidated this house, wasted their woods, notoriously keeping 6 whores, one day Explain your answer, using Sources denying these articles with many more, l) ii) and l) iii) and your knowledge of the next day confessing, thus manifestly the historical context. incurring perjury. Six days before our access to this monastery he committed theft and b) How could you follow up Source l) ii) to sacrilege, confessing the same. At midnight find out more about the reasons behind he caused his chaplain to steal the sexton’s the Dissolution of the Monasteries? keys and take out a jewel, a cross of gold with stones. One Warren, a goldsmith of In your answer, you must give the the Cheap, was with him in his chamber question you would ask and the type at that hour, and there they stole out a of source you could use. great emerald with a ruby. The said Warren made the abbot believe the ruby to be but a garnet, and so for that he paid nothing for the emerald but £20...

Source l) iii)

JJ Scarisbrick in “The Reformation and the English People” 1984

“On the whole, English men and women did not want the Reformation and most of them were slow to accept it when it came”

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 15 How the physical remains can inform M artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site

There have been many attempts to understand the abbey and its use over time. These include models and artists’ impressions of the interiors (which often include drawn figures to try and show how the monks experienced the abbey.) These reconstructions are based on the ruins, but have sometimes proved to be inaccurate as archaeology or analysis of the remains reveal new insight (for e.g. we now know there was a large guest house immediately to the west of the cellarium.) This picture shows an artist’s reconstruction Other interpretations of the site include of the refectory costumed interpretation and, a new interpretation project which aims to give a sense of the spaces and their use, whilst This picture shows an not attempting an accurate reconstruction. artist’s reconstruction of the nave

Source m)

Sketches of ideas for the interpretation of the Muniments room. This room was where important and valuable documents relating to the abbey’s land and business holdings were stored. The interpretation aims to give an impression of this use and therefore of the economic and business role of the abbey.

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 16 The challenges and benefits of studying N the historic environment

There are many challenges facing the historian carrying out fieldwork at Fountains This photograph shows an Abbey. The hundreds of years of history object, possibly an apple on the site are often layered on top of press, which has been one another and this can make the site moved, at some point in history, to the centre of frustratingly difficult to understand — the cellarium. This unlikely although the fantastic preservation and position makes it difficult to relatively slight interference since 1539 identify, and is confusing to makes it easier than at many similar sites. In the historian or visitor addition the vagaries of the weather in North present their challenges. However the benefits of being in the historic space, observing the details and literally feeling the past, in our view outweigh the difficulties!

Source n) Glyn Coppack Practice questions to think “Fountains Abbey. The Cistercians about (from OCR 2016 Sample in ” 2009 Question Paper – J411/21 History Around Us): “The story of Fountains Abbey is written not only in contemporary documents but a) Choose a turning point in your site’s also in the surviving fabric of its buildings history. Explain how and why this and its buried archaeology. This story has changed the importance of the site, been unravelled over the past 40 years in either locally or nationally. Use physical the course of the abbey’s conservation by features of the site as well as your English Heritage… Our knowledge is still knowledge to support your answer. imperfect and the full story can never be b) What challenges are there when trying known for the site is an incomplete shell to understand the appearance of your that is only documented for part of its site when it was first created and how history, and its archaeology has only could someone overcome these been sampled.” challenges? Use physical features of the site as well as your knowledge to support your answer.

c) Imagine that an artist has been hired to do a painting showing the diversity of everyday life at your site, at a particular time in its past. What would you tell the artist to help make the painting historically accurate? Use historical features of the site as well as your knowledge to support your answer.

This photograph shows flooding in the abbey ruins

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 17 Appendix One: Site Map

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 18 Appendix Two: Timeline Fountains Abbey Estate Estate Royal Studley 1100

1132 Archbishop Thurston helps thirteen monks from York to start a new abbey

1140’s The abbey water mill starts to grind flour

1170 The abbey is well established with around 60 monks and 200 laybrothers

1200 1200 Small farming communities 1230 grow up, among them Wool sales increase Studlei Magna the abbey’s wealth

1300 1300 Sheep disease and poor harvests lead the abbey into debt 1314 Hungry Scots raid the abbey and its farms 1350 1356 The Black Death Sir Richard Tempest claims many lives is Lord of Studley

1381 Only 34 monks remain at Fountains Abbey

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 19 1400 c. 1400 Studley village disappears. The manor house, Studley Hall, remains 1452 William Mallorie is owner of 1480s Studley Hall. The Mallories Abbot Darnton repairs and live at Studley for the next rebuilds the abbey Church 200 years

1500 1500 Abbot Huby builds the great tower

1539 Fountains Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII. All the monks leave

1600 1604 1600 Sir Stephen Proctor builds Studley is shown Fountains Hall and lives there as a fenced park on a map of 1600

1627 The Messenger family owns the Fountains Abbey Estate for 1667 six generations. The Aislabies George Aislabie of York make approaches to buy but marries Mary Mallorie of ther Messengers refuse Studley

1693 inherits Studley from his father. He begins to plan his water garden

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 20 1700 1716 Work starts on the Lake, Canal and Moon Pond merge in 1767 in merge estates Royal Studley and Abbey Fountains 1742 William Aislabie inherits the estate from his father. He develops the Water Garden, a Chinese garden and rebuilds Studley Hall 1767 1767 The Messengers fall on hard William buys the Fountains times and agree to sell the Abbey estate and the two Fountains Abbey estate to estates become one William Aislabie

1781 William dies, with the Water Garden much as it is today 1790s Mrs Allanson, William’s daughter, creates a ‘garden feature’ at the Surprise View 1800 to reveal the abbey ruins

1845 Earl de Grey owns the estate

1859 The future Marquess of Ripon inherits the estate

1849-58 JR Walbran 1870s excavates the abbey designs St Mary’s Church for the 1st Marquess of Ripon

1840s—1930’s The Mill saws timber as well as grinding flour

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 21 1900 1897–1926 1909 Studley Royal Golf Club 2nd Marquess is set out in the park of Ripon inherits 1923 Clare and Doris Vyner own the estate 1939 Queen Ethelburga’s School is billeted in Studley Hall

1946 A great fire destroys Studley Hall. Only the stable block survives 1966 Henry Vyner sells the estate, to be bought by West Riding CC

1983 The National Trust buys the estate 1986 Studley Royal with Fountains 1992 Abbey becomes a World Heritage Site 1997–2001 New Visitor Centre opens 2000 The restored Mill opens to visitors

2008 Porter’s Lodge Interpretation Centre opens

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 22 Contact details

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal, Ripon, HG4 3DY

T: 01765 608888 E: [email protected]

Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 23