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Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal The Historic Environment Resource Pack for KS3 and KS4 History Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 1 Introduction This resource pack provides a guide to how Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal could be used as the Historic Environment for the OCR GCSE History B (SHP) specification. Studley Royal Park, including the ruins of Fountains Abbey, World Heritage Site is a masterpiece of human creativity. It is a complex historical site covering nearly 900 years of history all on the one estate. The abbey is one of the largest and best-preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England making it a fantastic resource when studying medieval history and the dissolution of the monasteries. When the Fountains estate, also containing a medieval mill and the Jacobean Fountains Hall, was purchased by William Aislabie in 1767, the abbey became a part of a magnificent Georgian water garden. The landscape of the parkland holds a lovely Victorian high gothic church, and the current work of the National Trust and English Heritage provide evidence of how the lives of so many people continue to shape the estate. The contents of this pack provide teachers with some sources and initial ideas for use in your teaching, and outlines how each of the OCR SHP site study criteria (a-n) may be exemplified and supplemented by a site visit. Contact details to arrange a visit are available at the end of the pack. The teaching content of this resource is endorsed by OCR for use with specification GCSE (9-1) History B (Schools History Project) (J411). In order to gain OCR endorsement, this resource has been reviewed against OCR’s endorsement criteria. This resource was designed using the most up to date information from the specification. Specifications are updated over time which means there may be contradictions between the resource and the specification, therefore please use the information on the latest specification and Sample Assessment Materials at all times when ensuring students are fully prepared for their assessments. Any references to assessment and/or assessment preparation are the publisher’s interpretation of the specification requirements and are not endorsed by OCR. OCR recommends that teachers consider using a range of teaching and learning resources in preparing learners for assessment, based on their own professional judgement for their students’ needs. OCR has not paid for the production of this resource, nor does OCR receive any royalties from its sale. For more information about the endorsement process, please visit the OCR website, www.ocr.org.uk. Contents The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings 3 When and why people first created the site 4 The ways in which the site has changed over time 5 How the site has been used throughout its history 6 The diversity of activities and people associated with the site 7 The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used 8 Significant times in the site’s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points 9 The significance of specific features in the physical remains of the site 10 The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate 11 The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites 12 What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history 13 How the physical remains may prompt questions about the past 14 How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site 16 The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment 17 Appendix One: Site Map 18 Appendix Two: Timeline 19 Contact details 23 Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 2 The reasons for the location A of the site within its surroundings In 1132 the Archbishop of York granted land in the Valley of the River Skell to Source a) 13 monks from St Mary’s Abbey, York who were determined to found a new This source explains one of the reasons reformed monastery. The site offered many why the site has World Heritage Status advantages: the river, the fresh springs in the hills nearby, the timber from trees and World Heritage Site Status Criterion iv the stone in the cliffs, and crucially the isolation of the site—far from the worldly Combining the remains of one of the distractions of village and town. richest abbeys in England, the Jacobean Fountains Hall and Burges’s miniature Over time the nature of the location has neo-Gothic masterpiece of St Mary’s, changed, particularly with the creation with the water gardens and deer park of the Georgian water garden, created by into one harmonious whole, Studley the Aislabies in the 18th Century, with the Royal Park including the ruins of abbey as its focal point, as the ultimate Fountains Abbey illustrates the power romantic “folly”. of medieval monasticism and the taste and wealth of the European upper classes in the eighteenth century. This aerial photograph shows the location of the site within its surroundings Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 3 When and why people first created the site B In 1132 a group of monks from St Mary’s Abbey in York became disillusioned with Source b) i) the way their abbey was being run. They wanted a stricter adherence to the rules, Extract from Thurstan, Archbishop of and these views brought them into conflict York’s letter to William, Archbishop of with the abbot of St Mary’s and ultimately Canterbury, explaining the flight of the led to them leaving the monastery. They monks who left St Mary’s York were taken into the protection of the … Since, therefore it was impossible to Archbishop of York who, in the winter of restore peace amongst the monks, we 1132, granted them land in the Skell valley returned home, taking with us the thirteen where they could found their monastery monks … Many of them were learned men and begin to cultivate the land. and all were seeking the true observance both of their rule and their profession, and of the Gospel. And so they are lodged in the house of the Blessed Peter and of us … But the monks of the abbey are still giving way to their rage and hatred. Source b) ii) Extract from The History of English Affairs by William Newburgh 1189. Among his (Thurstan’s) other good works we must above all attribute to his devoted enthusiasm and scrupulous diligence the foundation and development of the most famous monastery of Fountains … Finally he set them in a place of pasture. The place is called Fountains, where continuously from that time onwards so many have drunk, as it were, from the Saviour’s fountains the waters that leap up to eternal life Photograph b) This photograph shows the traces of the first timber buildings at Fountains, built in 1133 and visible only as the settings of timber post beneath the foundations of the first timber church Practice questions to think about: Study Photograph b) and Source b) i). Which of these sources is more useful to the historian studying the founding of Fountains Abbey in 1132? Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 4 The ways in which the site C has changed over time Fountains Abbey has a story lasting nearly 900 years, and over that time there have been many changes. The monastic period runs from 1132-1539. In 1539 the Dissolution of the Monasteries leads to the partial destruction of the buildings and the construction of Fountains Hall. From 1723 the Aislabie family began to develop the water garden, and in 1767 Fountains became part of the Studley Royal estate. From this time until 1965 the estate was private but increasingly attracted tourist visitors. In 1983 the National Trust took over the estate, ensuring a focus on visitor experience and conservation. This photograph shows the modern Visitor Centre, built in 1992 to provide the Source c) i) The Surprise View, facilities for the increasing by Balthazar Nebot, 1768 numbers of visitors to Fountains Abbey Practice questions to think about: “The main change that monasteries demonstrated was the growing popularity of the monastic life.” How far does a study of Fountains Abbey support this statement? Explain your answer You should refer to Fountains Abbey and your contextual knowledge. Source c) ii) A modern artistic impression of the abbey c.1300 Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal The Historic Environment 5 How the site has been used D throughout its history From the monastic period to the present day, Fountains Abbey has always been a This photograph shows the mill, the earliest busy place, and has always been a centre parts of which date from the 1130’s and which of economic activity. The monks combined was in continuous operation until 1937 their spiritual concerns with becoming skilled managers of the estate, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in the country. Similarly the present concern with conservation and access have, by necessity, to be combined with economic activity. Refer to the timeline on page 19. Source d) Extract from the Bursar’s Books, Fountains Abbey 1457-8. This short extract gives an idea of the extent of the economic activity on the monastic estate. Of wool sold. Of best wool sold 4 sacks and 15 ½ stones, £13.5s.3 Of medium wool 24 1⁄2 Practice questions stones, 40s.4d. to think about: Of black wool 1 sack Explain why Fountains Abbey became and 2 ½ stones, 24s.11d the richest Cistercian monastery in the country by the mid 13th Century. Of grey wool (blank) Of refuse (blank) Of locks 10 stones, 7s.9d.
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