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OEL's Scoping Study

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OEL's Scoping Study ANNEX 1b to the Final Report of the SCOEL Support Project AA/31887/DF/EMPL - ARES 30/11/2010 – No 84933 Aviation Fuels Scoping Study on behalf of DG EMPL Ispra, September 2012 September 2012 Dimosthenis Papameletiou Dimosthenis Axiotis European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit (I.1) Competence Group: Risk Analysis, Ispra, Italy Table of contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... v About the scoel support project.................................................................................................ix Executive summary................................................................................................................... xi 1. Background ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Existing OELs and major risk assessment studies on aviation fuels...................................... 3 3. Substance identification and caRacterization......................................................................... 6 3.1 Fuel types and uses........................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Fuel composition.............................................................................................................. 7 3.3 Statistical data about the consumption of aviation fuels and the employment in the air- transport sector ..................................................................................................................... 11 4. Physico-chemical properties ................................................................................................ 13 4.1 Commercial aviation fuels (Jet A / Jet A-1 fuels).......................................................... 13 4.2 Military aviation fuels (JP-8) ......................................................................................... 14 5. Specification of exposure sources, chemicals involved and levels of exposures................. 15 5.1 Sources of occupational Exposure to aviation fuels....................................................... 15 5.1.1 Fuel cell maintenance ............................................................................................. 15 5.1.2 Fuelling ................................................................................................................... 16 5.2 Key factors influencing the exposure and health effects................................................ 16 5.3 Categories of personnel who work directly with fuel .................................................... 17 5.4 Chemicals of major concern........................................................................................... 18 5.4.1 Aerosols................................................................................................................... 19 5.4.2 Combustion products............................................................................................... 19 5.5 Exposure Levels ............................................................................................................. 21 5.5.1 Inhalation Exposure ................................................................................................ 21 5.5.2 Dermal exposure ..................................................................................................... 22 5.5.3 Biomonitoring studies ............................................................................................. 23 5.5.3.1 Exhaled breath measurements...................................................................................... 23 5.5.3.2 Blood ............................................................................................................................ 25 5.5.3.3 Urine............................................................................................................................. 25 5.5.3.4 Dermal studies.............................................................................................................. 27 6. Health effects........................................................................................................................ 29 6.1 Effects on the respiratory system ................................................................................... 30 i 6.1.1 1996 assessment (COT 1996).................................................................................. 30 6.1.2 2003 assessment (COT 2003).................................................................................. 30 6.1.3 Human studies......................................................................................................... 31 6.1.4 Animal studies ......................................................................................................... 32 6.1.5 Recent studies to be considered by SCOEL ............................................................ 33 6.2 Effects on the nervous system........................................................................................ 36 6.2.1 1996 assessment (COT 1996).................................................................................. 36 6.2.2 2003 assessment (COT 2003).................................................................................. 36 6.2.3 Human data............................................................................................................. 37 6.2.4 Animal data ............................................................................................................. 39 6.2.5 Recent studies to be considered by SCOEL ............................................................ 40 6.3 Effects on immune system ............................................................................................. 43 6.3.1 1996 Assessment (COT 1996) ................................................................................. 43 6.3.2 2003 Assessment (COT 2003) ................................................................................. 43 6.3.3 Human data............................................................................................................. 44 6.3.4 In vitro data.............................................................................................................45 6.3.5 Animal data ............................................................................................................. 45 6.3.6 Recent studies to be considered by SCOEL ............................................................ 47 6.4 Effects on liver ............................................................................................................... 53 6.4.1 1996 assessment (COT 1996).................................................................................. 53 6.4.2 2003 assessment (COT 2003).................................................................................. 53 6.4.3 Human data............................................................................................................. 54 6.4.4 In vitro data.............................................................................................................55 6.4.5 Animal data ............................................................................................................. 55 6.4.6 Recent studies to be considered by SCOEL ............................................................ 56 6.5 Effects on kidney............................................................................................................ 57 6.5.1 1996 assessment (COT 1996).................................................................................. 57 6.5.2 2003 assessment (COT 2003).................................................................................. 57 6.5.3 Human data............................................................................................................. 57 6.5.4 Animal data ............................................................................................................. 58 6.5.5 Recent studies to be considered by SCOEL ............................................................ 59 6.6 Effects on reproduction and development...................................................................... 60 6.6.1 1996 assessment (COT 1996).................................................................................. 60 6.6.2 2001 assessment (COT 2001).................................................................................. 60 ii 6.6.3 2003 assessment (COT 2003).................................................................................. 60 6.6.4 Human data............................................................................................................. 61 6.6.5 Animal data ............................................................................................................. 61 6.6.6 Recent studies to be considered by SCOEL ............................................................ 62 6.7 Effects on cardiovascular system ................................................................................... 63 6.7.1 1996 Assessment (COT 1996) ................................................................................. 63 6.7.2 2003 Assessment (COT 2003) ................................................................................. 63 6.7.3 Human data............................................................................................................
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