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Fish Ladders for Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams Snake River, Washington

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Fish Ladders for Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams Snake River, Washington TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 129-1 FISH LADDERS FOR LITTLE GOOSE AND LOWER GRANITE DAMS SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON HYDRAULIC MODEL INVESTIGATION OCTOBER 1976 SPONSORED BY U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT WALLA WALLA CONDUCTED BY DIVISION HYDRAULIC LABORATORY U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DIVISION, NORTH PACIFIC TA CORPS OF ENGINEERS 7 BONNEVILLE, OREGON .W34t 129-1 1976 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE LIBRARY MAR 1 8 1980 BiitMu of RfchiMtal “ flow * Cok)r«fr ' Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator. DATE DUE A l/G 1 5 1380 - j u h l IL __ B C T 1 7 ..1980 MAR | 2 396 i i j ii OAVLOUD PRINTED IN U.S.A P , V BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DFNW d i iDt,ARy 92044626 TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 129-1 FISH LADDERS FOR LITTLE GOOSE AND LOWER GRANITE DAMS SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON HYDRAULIC MODEL INVESTIGATION OCTOBER 1976 SPONSORED BY U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT WALLA WALLA CONDUCTED BY DIVISION HYDRAULIC LABORATORY U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DIVISION, NORTH PACIFIC CORPS OF ENGINEERS BONNEVILLE, OREGON THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE flWien Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. R E P O R T NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO« 3. R E C IP IE N T ’ S C ATALO G NUMBER Technical Report No. 129-1. 4. T IT L E (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Fish Ladders For Little Goose And Lower Granite Final Report Dams, Snake River, Washington, 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER Hydraulic Model Investigations 7. a u t h o r ^ ; B. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER^) Louis Z. Perkins 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific Division Hydraulic Laboratory Bonneville, Oregon 97008 11. C O N T R O L L IN G O F F IC E NAME AND ADDRESS 12. R EPO R T D A TE U. S• Army Engineer District, Walla Walla October 1976i Building 602, City-County Airport 13. NUMBER O F PAGES Walla Walla, Washington 99362 37 14. M O N ITO R IN G AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS^// different from Controlling Office) 15. S E C U R IT Y CLASS, (of this report) Unclassified 15a. D EC L ASSI FI C A T IO N /D O W NG RA D IN G SCHEDULE 16. D IS TR IB U TIO N S T A T E M E N T (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. D IS TR IB U TIO N S T A T E M E N T (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) 18. S U P P L E M E N T A R Y NOTES 19. K E Y WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Hydraulic Models Fishways Regulating Sections 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) A 1:10-scale hydraulic model was used to develop designs for the overflow section, weir upstream from the fish counting station, orifice control sec­ tion, and exit of a 20-ft-wide, IV on lOH-slope fish ladder for Little Goose Dam. Data from this study were used to design a similar fish ladder for Lower Granite Dam. An improved type of control section with vertical slots and submerged orifices in the bulkheads was developed in the model for use at Lower Granite. This type of control section was installed at both proiects. DD 1 j a n ^73 1473 E D ITIO N OF 1 NOV 65 IS O B SO LETE Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When D ata Entered) PREFACE The hydraulic model studies described herein were authorized by the Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific, at the request of the U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla. The tests were conducted at the North Pacific Division Hydraulic Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon, from February to August 1964 (Little Goose fish ladder) and from January to August 1966 (Lower Granite fish ladder). The studies were supervised by Messrs. H. P. Theus, Director of the Laboratory (retired), and A. J. Chanda, Head of the Laboratory Hydraulics Section (retired). Messrs. R. L. Johnson and P. M. Smith were in charge of the respective studies and were assisted by Messrs. D. E. Fox and G. D. Bocksler. This report was compiled by Mr. L. Z. Perkins. i CONTENTS Page PREFACE .......................................................... i CONVERSION FACTORS, U. S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT .................................... iii PART I: INTRODUCTION............................................. 1 Prototype Descriptions ................................ 1 Need for Model Studies.................................. 2 Description of Model .................................. 2 PART II: LITTLE GOOSE STUDIES .................................. 4 Overflow Section ...................................... 4 Control Section ...................................... 4 Fish Counting Station ................................ 5 PART III: LOWER GRANITE STUDIES ................................ 6 PART IV: DISCUSSION............................................... 8 TABLES A TO D PHOTOGRAPHS 1 TO 7 PLATES 1 TO 14 ii CONVERSION FACTORS, U. S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U. S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: ______ Multiply_______ By. To Obtain inches 2.54 centimeters feet 0.3048 meters miles 1.609344 kilometers square feet 0.092903 square meters feet per second 0.3048 meters per second cubic feet per second 0.0283168 cubic meters per second iii Little Goose Dam Lower Granite Dam Figure 1. Aerial views of Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams FISH LADDERS FOR LITTLE GOOSE AND LOWER GRANITE DAMS SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON Hydraulic Model Investigations PART I: INTRODUCTION Prototype Descriptions 1. Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams (figure 1) are located 70.3 and 107.5 miles, respectively, above the mouth of the Snake River.* The projects have been constructed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for navigation, power, and recreation. Normal operating forebay levels vary between elevations 633 and 638 at Little Goose and from 733 to 738 at Lower Granite.** Each project has one 20-ft-wide fish ladder with a floor slope of IV on 10H and identical weirs. Outlines of the ladders are shown on plate 1. 2. Flow in the upper portion of each fish ladder is regulated by a control section and diffusion chamber that maintain a constant ladder discharge as forebay elevations vary. The quantity of discharge depends on the pattern of flow selected for standard pools in the ladder. The diffusion chambers were designed to supply about 10 percent of the total flow in the portions of the ladders above tailwater with maximum forebay elevations and up to 75 percent with minimum elevations.*** Earlier pro­ jects on the Columbia and Snake Rivers utilize a series of orifices at the upstream end of the fish ladders to accomodate fluctuations in forebay levels. An orifice control section for Little Goose fish ladder was model-tested (see PART II). After development of an orifice-slot control section for Lower Granite (PART III) the design was used at both projects. * A table of factors for converting U. S. customary units of measurement to metric (SI) units is shown on page iii. ** All elevations are in feet above mean sea level. *** Flow down the ladders and from diffusion chambers (plate 1) will main­ tain required velocities of 2 fps over weirs that are submerged by tailwater and provide adequate quantities of attraction flow at the fishway entrances. 1 Need for Model Studies 3. The layout and operating conditions of fish facilities proposed for Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams were almost identical to those in fish ladders previously model-tested and under construction at other pro­ jects. However, experience indicated that reducing the ladder width from 24 to 20 ft would require a model study to insure satisfactory hydraulic performance and to determine discharge ratings for various heads on the weirs. Model tests of control sections of both fish ladders were neces­ sary to check performance of initial designs and to develop modifications if necessary. Description of Model 4. The 1:10-scale Little Goose fish ladder model (photograph 1 and plate 2) included a straight, 36-pool overflow section of ladder between weirs 591 and 627,* the control section between bulkheads 628 and 637, the exit section, and an appropriate portion of the forebay. Following tests of the typical weirs and control section, the model was revised to include the fish counting station and adjacent weirs. 5. Water used in the model was recirculated from a large sump through a system of pipelines. A rock-filled baffle was used to establish uniform distribution of flow into the model. Tailwater elevations were controlled by means of an adjustable tailgate. Water-surface elevations were meas­ ured with staff gages, point gages, and water manometers. Velocities were measured in a horizontal plane by means of a midget current meter. Diffu­ sion chamber inflows were measured by a calibrated orifice in the supply pipe; total discharge in the ladder was measured over a 90-degree V-notch weir. Pools between weirs 614 and 616 were used as typical pools in which heads, current directions, and velocities were measured. Equations of hydraulic similitude based on Froudian relationships were used to transfer model measurements to prototype terms. * The weir numbers correspond to the crest elevations. The designation of bulkheads in the control section is a continuation of the numbering sequence of the weirs. 2 6. That portion of the model upstream from the diffusion chamber was used to test orifice-slot control bulkheads 728 through 737 for the Lower Granite fish ladder (see PART III).
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