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Home , Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Scientific Revolution

The Scientific

In the mid-1500s, begin to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation n SSWH13 Examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed view of Europeans from the sixteenth century CE/AD to the late eighteenth century CE/AD. n n 13a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, , Kepler, and and how these ideas changed the European worldview. The Roots of Modern n The Medieval View • Most in the comes from the Bible and Greek/ Roman sources. • Supports geocentric theory —, , revolve around The Roots of Modern Science n , an ancient Greek developed geocentric theory. His ideas were endorsed by . n Medieval Christian philosophers accepted the Ptolemaic model believing that God placed man on earth to be at the center of the showing His closeness to n What does it say about Christians and the Church for them to think that the earth was the center of the universe? The Roots of Modern Science n A New Way of Thinking • prompts new ways of thinking (1300-1600) • —new way of viewing the natural world—based on and • New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking • Scholars make new developments in and . A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

n The Heliocentric Theory • Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate • Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory —planets revolve around the sun • Published On the of the Heavenly Spheres

Nicolaus Copernicus A Revolutionary Model of the Universe n developed his Laws of Planetary n His proved heliocentric theory & elliptical (egg shaped), not circular, of planets around the sun. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

n Galileo’s Discoveries • Italian makes key advances in astronomy by developing a . • He makes discovery about surfaces • supports heliocentric theory • 4 of (Jupiter has 8 moons) • Sun spots

Galileo Galilei n Conflict with the Church • Church attacks Galileo’s , fears it weaken people’s faith • Pope Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong

Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the The n A Logical Approach • Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories n Bacon and Descartes • Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create scientific method • Bacon urges scientists to before drawing conclusions • Descartes advocates using and math to out basic truths The Scientific Method

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) René Descartes (1595-1650) The Scientific Method Newton Explains the Law of

n Newton’s Theories • English scientist develops theory of motion—states some forces rule motion of planets, matter in , and earth • LAW OF GRAVITY explained why planets continue orbits around the sun.

Isaac Newton in 1689 Newton Explains the Law of Gravity

n Newton’s Theories (continued) • Motion in space and earth linked by the law of universal gravitation —holds that every object is universe attracts every other object • Newton views the universe as a vast, perfect mechanical

Isaac Newton in 1702 The Scientific Revolution Spreads

n Scientific Instruments • Scientists develop , , and microscope • New instruments thermometer lead to better observations and new discoveries simple barometer The Scientific Revolution Spreads n and the Body • improves knowledge of anatomy

Andreas Vesalius n Compare and contrast heliocentric theory with geocentric theory. The Scientific Revolution Spreads

n Medicine and the (continued) • Edward Jenner produces world’s first vaccination— for smallpox The Scientific Revolution Spreads n Discoveries in • argues that matter is made of many different particles • Boyle’s law reveals interaction of volume, , and gas . Other Scientific Breakthroughs n -showed that the circulated through / n Women like Margaret Cavendish & Maria Winkelmann begin contributing to science n Jansenn-microscope n -used microscope to observe n Torricelli-barometer n /-mercury thermometer & scales