From Dreams to Reality Compendium of Best Practices in Rural Sanitation in India Water and Sanitation Program Ministry of Rural Development The World Bank Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation 55 Lodi Estate, 9th Floor, Paryavaran Bhawan New Delhi 110 003, India CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, Phone: (91-11) 24690488, 24690489 New Delhi 110 003, India Fax: (91-11) 24628250 Phone: (91-11) 24362705 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (91-11) 24361062 Web site: www.wsp.org E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ddws.nic.in/ Designed by: Roots Advertising Services Pvt. Ltd. Printed at: Thomson Press October 2010/250 copies From Dreams to Reality Compendium of Best Practices in Rural Sanitation in India From Dreams to Reality Abbreviations ADC Assistant District Collector NIRD National Institute of Rural ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist Development BP block panchayat NL natural leader BPL below poverty line NREGS National Rural Employment BRGF Backward Regions Grant Fund Guarantee Scheme CGG Centre for Good Governance NRHM National Rural Health Mission CLASS community-led action for sanitary O&M operation and maintenance surveillance OD open defecation CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation ODF Open defecation free CLTSC Community-Led Total Sanitation PI Panchayat Inspector Campaign PMU Project Management Unit CMAS contract management advisory service PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions CSC community sanitary complex PTA parent-teacher association DSC Divisional Sanitation Coordinator RDA Rural Development Assistant DSU District Support Unit RMDD Rural Management and Development DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission Department GP gram panchayat RSM Rural Sanitary Mart GPU Gram Panchayat Unit SHG self help group H2S hydrogen sulphide SIRD State Institute of Rural Development ICDS Integrated Child Development Services SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene IEC Information, Education and Education Communication TOT Training of Trainers IHHL individual household latrines TSC Total Sanitation Campaign ILE International Learning Exchange UKAA Uttarakhand Academy of KRC Key Resource Centre Administration m metre UWSSC User Water Supply and Sanitation MDG Millennium Development Goal Committee MDM mid-day meal VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee MM mahila mandal WASH water, sanitation and hygiene NGO nongovernmental organisation WSP Water and Sanitation Program NGPContents Nirmal Gram Puraskar ZP zilla panchayat A Note From the Director / 3 The Big Picture / 5 Building Capacity Layer By Layer / 6 Bigger Bang For The Buck / 27 Improving Monitoring Mechanisms / 31 Reflections 2009 / 33 The Path Forward / 35 2009 Budget and Expenditure / 40 2 Compendium of Best Practices in Rural Sanitation in India Contents Message from the Secretary, DDWS ............................................................................................................5 Brief note on the contents ............................................................................................................................6 Village-level case studies ...............................................................................................................................7 • Sanitation: A Way of Life ........................................................................................................................8 • Bal Panchayats: An Ideal Example of Grassroots Democracy and Equity ................................................9 • Solid and Liquid Resource (Waste) Management ..................................................................................11 • Improving Quality of Life .....................................................................................................................12 • Sanitation is Dignity: Tribals in Malkangiri Show the Way ...................................................................13 • Community Mobilisation in a Tribal Community for Sanitation Behaviour Change ............................15 • Female Sarpanch Achieves Total Sanitation ...........................................................................................17 • Innovative Initiative in Water and Sanitation ........................................................................................19 • Women Create History: Village Made Open Defecation Free in Two Days ...........................................21 • Community Mobilisation Leads to Open Defecation Free Status in Three Months ..............................23 • Community Surveillance of Water Sources and Sanitation Practices .....................................................26 • From Sanitation to Governance and Overall Development ..................................................................29 • A Model for Community Participation in Development .......................................................................31 • Sanitation Success Stories .....................................................................................................................33 State/District-level case studies ...................................................................................................................37 • Community Sanitary Complexes under Total Sanitation Campaign .....................................................38 • Child Cabinets: Encouraging Children to Take Charge State-wide .......................................................40 • Raising Clean Hands: An Innovative Initiative for Handwashing in Schools .........................................42 • Safai Karamcharis: Institutionalising Cleanliness .................................................................................44 • Dining Sheds: Hygiene, Equality and Dignity to Mid-day Meal ...........................................................45 • Hygiene Practices in Handling Mid-day Meals in Schools: Dining Shed in Nuan Primary School ........46 • Changing the Face of Rural Hygiene: Case Study of West Garo Hills ...................................................49 • Journey to Zero Open Defecation ........................................................................................................56 • Best Practices in Rural Sanitation..........................................................................................................60 • Total Sanitation Campaign on Mission Mode.......................................................................................64 • Community Led, Community Built, Community Owned ...................................................................67 • Waste to Wealth: An Experiment in Schools ........................................................................................70 • Building Capacities and Conviction to Scale up Sanitation ...................................................................71 3 From Dreams to Reality 4 Foreword India is experiencing paradigm shift in rural sanitation with the launch of the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Mobilisation, motivation and innovative financial incentives are bringing about positive sanitation and hygiene behaviour changes amongst rural communities. TSC has been able to accelerate the sanitation coverage from a mere 21% as per 2001 Census to approximately 67% as of now with over 22,000 PRIs becoming open defecation free “Nirmal Grams”. The benefits of investments in sanitation through the Total Sanitation Campaign are many but the most endurable will be the long term impact it will have on the health profiles and quality of life of our rural population. While some of the States have shown significant achievement in accelerating the sanitation coverage, others need to strengthen their implementation strategies to enhance progress. The ‘demand-driven’, ‘community-led’ and flexible approach of TSC implementation has given an opportunity to several states to develop and demonstrate successfully several innovative sanitation models. A need was, therefore, felt to document the good practices, lessons learnt and success stories from States while implementing the Campaign that may serve as a role model for other States to give a boost to their sanitation programme. This document, prepared in association with Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP), World Bank, seeks to capture successful case studies, success stories, and best practices from States on TSC implementation which need to be highlighted and replicated in other States. I am convinced that this document would inspire a new generation of “Sanitation Mobilisers” who shall be able to translate some of the learnings from these success stories to give greater momentum to the sanitation movement for making an Open Defecation Free India. I wish to place on record our deep appreciation to all the officials of the Government, Panchayati Raj Institutions and grassroot sanitation champions of all States who have worked tirelessly for ensuring clean surroundings and in becoming a role model for TSC. Place: New Delhi Dated: 20th September, 2010 (Arun Kumar Misra) From Dreams to Reality Brief Note on the Contents Background After a decade of launching the Total Sanitation Campaign, India has seen significant successes in terms of the sanitation coverage, creating open defecation communities/GPs and solid and liquid waste management. Thousands of success stories have emerged across the country while still there are many challenges in making the entire rural India Nirmal and sustaining the changes achieved. As part of advocacy and capacity building through knowledge sharing, Govt of India with assistance from Water and Sanitation Program has brought