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Can the Ayurvedic Pippali Plant (Piper Longum L.) Be a Good Option for Livelihood and Socio-Economic Development for Indian Farmers?

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Can the Ayurvedic Pippali Plant (Piper Longum L.) Be a Good Option for Livelihood and Socio-Economic Development for Indian Farmers? GENERAL ARTICLES Can the Ayurvedic pippali plant (Piper longum L.) be a good option for livelihood and socio-economic development for Indian farmers? Padma Raj Gajurel*, Soyala Kashung, Sisibaying Nopi, Robert Panmei and Binay Singh The pippali of Ayurveda botanically known as Piper longum L. is one of the economically valued plants, the fruits and roots of which are used widely in the preparation of traditional herbal medi- cines as well as in various modern drugs. The Ayurvedic medicine system has been heavily depen- dent on its use since time immemorial. Dried or powdered forms of the fruits and roots are sold at Rs 350 to 3000 per kg, at the national and international markets. Supply of the raw materials is still dependent on the wild source as the existing cultivation and management practices are not ade- quate to fulfill the demand. If utilized, it may become one of the most important components of agroforestry systems in the tropical and subtropical warm humid climate of the country that may generate up to approximately Rs 130,000 as an additional income to the farmers. Keywords: Agroforestry, cultivation techniques, livelihood, market demand, pippali. WITH the fast-paced development worldwide, there is an wide range of medicinal values and high potentiality of increase in the outbreak of many diseases. As humans industrial application, the species has not been managed continue to depend on synthetic drugs, there has been a properly. The climatic conditions of the Northeast and realization and renewed interest in plant-based medicines. Southern plateau of India provide the best habitats for the With the recent spurt in demand for medicinal plants luxuriant growth of the species. Hence its extensive worldwide, more farmers are entering into this potential domestication in various agroforestry systems could be- sector. India, with its diverse biogeographic area has a come one of the best options for livelihood enhancement. vast potential for the export of medicinal plants. The In view of its promotion for cultivation and management forests of the country are abound with important medi- in the country, the commercial capability, present trading cinal plants which are used widely by the traditional status and agro-techniques are discussed here. healers. About 22% of the herbal raw drugs in the country are produced through cultivation1. India with its centu- Pippali plant and its distribution ries’ old Ayurvedic–Unani history is home to about 7000 species of medicinal plants, of which only about 1178 Piper longum L. is a perennial low creeping root climber. species are used in trade1. Piper longum, commonly It is a dioecious species with separate male and female called as pipli, pippali, or long pepper belonging to the individuals. The branches are dimorphic in nature where family Piperaceae is one such important medicinal plant. vegetative branches are creeping and rooting at nodes, The dried female spikes (pippali) and roots (pippalimula) and the fertile branches are erect with swollen nodes and are the commercial parts of the plant which have been without adventitious roots. The flowers are unisexual and used in various formulations for treating different ail- borne on erect spikes. Fruiting spikes elongate up to ments like common cold, fever, indigestion, asthma, 5 cm. Drupes are densely aggregated, globose, black on bronchitis, leprosy, cancer, etc. The species is known to maturing and characterized by aromatic smell and pun- contain more than 50 alkaloids and various other essential gent taste (Figure 1). oils2,3. Additionally, the species is used in household The species is naturally distributed in the wild in the cooking as a spice and for seasoning foods. Despite its tropical and subtropical regions of the world such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal 4 The authors are with the Department of Forestry, North Eastern and Sri Lanka . In India, the natural distribution is Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791 109, India. restricted to the hotter regions from Central Himalayas, to *For correspondence. (e-mail: [email protected]) Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, lower CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 120, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2021 1567 GENERAL ARTICLES Table 1. Traditional medicinal uses of Piper longum in different Asian countries Country Parts used Uses Selected references India Fruits Colds, asthma, arthritis, rheumatism, lumbago, 8, 21–23 (Indian Systems of Medicine) sciatica, epilepsy, indigestion, flatulence, improves decongestion, antibiotic and analgesic effects, toothache, gynaecological diseases chronic bronchitis, intestinal distress Roots Diuretic, stimulant, sudorific, antidote against 24 snakebite and scorpion stings Leaves, young shoots Body/joint ache 25 Nepal Fruits Rheumatic pain, cough, indigestion, bronchitis, fever 26, 27 Thailand Dried unripe fruits Carminative, tonic, diarrhoea, expectorant, oxytocic 28, 29 for postlabor, alleviate pain, fever and piles China Fruits Stomach chills, vomiting, acid regurgitation, 24 headache and rhinitis raka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Vagbhata’s Astangya Hrdayam, etc.6,7. The entire plant parts including the stem, roots, leaves, and fruits are reported to be used in the treatment of numerous ailments Table 1. P. longum forms a significant part of the Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani system of medicines and is used for treating various ailments. It is one of the most preferred in the Indian Ayurvedic System, where the fruits and roots are used in more than 100 crude drug formulations which include cold (kaas), asthma, bronchitis, colic (shool), catarrhal fever (jwar), liver and spleen ailments (pleeha), piles (arsha), urinary tract diseases (prameh), leprosy (kushta), rheumatism (amavata), gastritis, dyspepsia, menstrual problems, haemorrhage during child birth, ano- rexia, gouts, paralysis, epilepsy, antidote against snake and scorpion bites8. Phytochemical properties and pharmaceutical Figure 1. a, Female flowering spike; b, Male flowering spike; c, values Fruiting spike; d and e, Fresh and dried fruits. The plant contains a large number of alkaloids and other related compounds like volatile oil, starch, gums, resins, hills of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, parts of Western fatty oils and inorganic matter3,9. More than 50 various Ghats and Andaman & Nicobar Islands4,5. alkaloids are already reported from this plant. The most The species is reported to be cultivated at low eleva- abundant alkaloids present is piperine, followed by tions in some areas of Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, methyl piperine, pipernonaline, piperettine, asarinine, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, pellitorine, etc.3,10. Important lignans and esters contents Karnataka and Tamil Nadu4,5. The species typically of the plant include sesamin, pulvuatilon, tridecyl- thrives well in areas with high rainfall and humidity and dihydro-pcoumaarate, etc.11,12. The essential oil present in prefers well-drained sandy soil of pH range 5.5 to 8.5 the fruits constitutes three major components, i.e. caryo- with rich humus in shady areas. phyllene (17%), pentadecane (15.8%) and bisaboline (11.2%)2. Major organic acids present comprise palmitic Traditional uses acid and tetrahydropiperic acid13. Because of the occurrence of important bioactive prin- Apart from being used as a spice for flavouring foods, ciple and secondary metabolites, P. longum has gained Piper longum is also used extensively throughout the worldwide attention for its various therapeutic uses. world in various traditional medical practices. The impor- Some of its major pharmaceutical activities reported are tance of P. longum in the Indian traditional medicinal anti-tumor activity, anti-diabetic activity, cardioprotec- system has been described in ancient texts such as Cha- tive, hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant activity, 1568 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 120, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2021 GENERAL ARTICLES immunomodulatory activity, anti-fertility activity, anti- various other species of Piper. The most commonly used venom activity, etc. adulterant is the P. sylvaticum Roxb. and P. peepuloides Roxb., both of which are also grown in the habitats of P. longum. Market demand and supply of pippali in India Due to its diversified ethnomedicinal, ayurvedic and Potential of commercial cultivation and pharmaceutical applications, the market demand for pip- management of P. longum pali is rapidly rising both in national and international markets. The supply of traded pippali in India is mostly The above discussion clearly revealed that P. longum has from the wild, collected from forests of Assam, West a high market demand. However, at present, the species is Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal. Additionally, a small cultivated and managed only in some selected regions in proportion of the material is also contributed from small the country. Despite the suitable climatic requirements scale cultivated areas of Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, and availability of land, particularly in the northeastern Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu5,10. Our region, P. longum is not found under large scale cultiva- own field and market survey also revealed that collec- tion. An integrated effort from communities and govern- tions and marketing of the fruits are mostly made from ment departments may boost its commercial cultivation in the wild collection from Arunachal Pradesh (foothills of different parts of the country. Govt agencies like National Western parts of the state), Assam (bordering to Bhutan), Medicinal Plant Board
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