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To

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE .JOURNAL

VOLUME X

t Index To American Foreign Service Journal

VOLUME X (Articles and Authors’ Names)

PACE PACE Accounts, Bureau of 136, 178 Consulate in New Zealand, The First 293 Aces in the New Deal 285, 328, 360, 421 Coolidge, Calvin, Death of 41 Addresses of Retired Foreign Service Officers 118, 134, 371 Coordination between State and Commerce Departments 381 Agricultural Adjustment Act, The 328 Cork, Up — — — - - 210 Aircraft Twenty Tears Ago and Today - - 424 Covers, First Flight — 110 Album Presented to Mr. Carr 321, 368 Cox, Francis M 427 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey Cover No. 3 Crane, The Human 324 Allen, Charles W 116 Creed, The American’s — 105 Alsace, The Jacquemarts of — _ 248 Cunningham, Edwin S - — ... 306 Amendment to the Constitution, Twentieth — 86 America (Poem) Cover No. 3 Decisions of Comptroller General 234, 280 America For Me (Poem) 237 America Named for Sheriff of Bristol?- 104 deLambert, Agnes Seaberg — . — 173 American’s Creed, The 105 Denny, Consul General Owen Nickerson 306 Andorra Receives American Representative 303 Diplomacy, The New . ... 253 Applicants for Positions, Letters from 162 Diplomats, Career 125 Argentine Lakes, Game Fishing in 77 Diplomats, Career, Resignations of as Chiefs of Missions 79 Arrangement to Reduce Loss by Exchange.. 323 Directory of Retired Foreign Service Officers 118, 134 Association, American Foreign Service Protective, Report 181 Dodd, William E., Appointed Ambassador 256 Association, American Foreign Service: Dog, A Barking 288 Officers, Election of 290 Dollar, Depreciation of the _ 323 Report of Executive Committee 330 Don’t Quit (Poem) 113 Scholarship - — 368 du Bois, Coert.... _ 196 Dunlap, Maurice P 364 Baseball in Capetown 37 Eastern European Affairs, Division of 54 Baseball, The World Series 406 Eaton, Paul W 406 Blessing the New Quarters at Harbin 372 Eaton, William _ 227 Bliss, Robert Woods, Retirement of. 341 Eclipse Chasers 31 Bookshelf, A Political 35, 72, 158, 198, 238, 274, 312, 391 Emir, President Felicitates . . 357 Brassieres 162 Etiquette 198 Bowman, Thomas D. — 205, 247 Everest, An Excursion Towards 385 Boyle, Walter F — 417 Exchange, Arrangement to Reduce Loss by 323 Bridge at Foochow _ 348 Bristol, England — 81 Fair, State Department Exhibit at World’s 229 Bristol’s Sheriff, America Named for . 104 Fear, Slavinsky’s 262 Budget, National - 114 Ferrin, Augustin W 43 Buildings in Foreign Countries, U. S. Government 48 Fishing in the Argentine Lakes, Game 77 Bursley, Herbert S. 171 Flag. The . . Cover No. 6 Florence, Medieval Football Revived in 74 Caliph of Baghdad, The — 101 Foochow Long Bridge 348 Capetown, Baseball in _ 37 Football Revived, Medieval 74 Career Diplomats - 125 Foreign Service, American: Career Men, Resignations of as Chiefs of Missions 79 As a Career 273 Carr, Assistant Secretary, Presentation of Album to 321, 368 Assistance Rendered by Officials of the 112, 252, 273 Cemeteries, National, in Foreign Countries 295 Changes 24, 64, 106, 146, 188, 230, 268, 309, 344, Century of Progress Exposition 125 374, 404, 434 Century of Progress in International Affairs 228 Examinations 25, 189, 405 Ceylon, The Veddas of — 5 Losses by Exchange, Arrangement to Reduce 323 Chapman, J. Holbrook...- 378 Losses of Personal Property, Claims for . 112 Chile, Golf Courses in — 291 Luncheons 401 China, U. S. Court for 295 Officers, Retired, Addresses of 118, 134, 371 Chinese Consular Staff Take Out Life Insurance 265 Protective Association, Report of 181 Claims for Losses of Personal Property ... 112 Retirement and Disability Fund, Report Code, The Cowboy’s — — 263 Inside back cover No. 7 Coin Collectors, Note of Interest to 244 Foreign Service Association: Colonel and O’Grady, The . 205 Officers, Election of 290 Commerce Changes, Department of 282 Report of Executive Committee ... 330 Commercial Activities of State and Commerce Depart¬ Scholarship 368 ments 381 Foreign Trade Council’s Review of Export Trade 10 Comptroller General, Decisions of the 234, 280 Foreign Trade Council’s 20th Annual Convention 234 Constitution, Twentieth Amendment to the 86 Frost, Arthur C. - 385 Consul, The Yankee (Poem) 292 Fullerton, Hugh S. 166 PACE PACE Game of Football Revived, Medieval 72 Livingston, Brockholst 203 Gann, Mrs. Dolly 198 MacMurray, J. V. A. 79 Garrels, Arthur 47, 213, 262, 288, 324 Matthews, Ben C. — 39 Gaulin, Alphonse, Organizes Law Firm 93 Morris, Leland B 243 Ghent, Closing of Consulate at 301, 305 “No Longer Puzzled” 320 Ghost Story, A Consular 161 Sands, William Franklin 282 Gittings, John Sterett 126 Slarrett. H. P. 78 Golf Courses in Chile 291 Winslow, Rollin R. .... 120 Golfer, A Foreign Service 291 Lewis, Charles W. 250 Grants-in-Aid of Social Science Research 401 Lewis, Harrison A. 194 Guaymas, Recollections of 171 Light Lunch 196 Linnell, Irving N. 37 It., C. C 357 Lithuania — 166 H. , J. E. _ 390 Littell, John S ,, 46 Haeberle, Arminius T . 292 Litvinoff, Maxim, Arrival of.. 430 Harbin, Blessing the New Quarters at . 372 London Conference, List of Delegates to the 255 Harriman Scholarship 114, 348 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 122 Harris, Townsend, Memorial Inscription on Temple 346 Lost Song, The (Poem) ... 128 Haven, Joseph Emerson ...... 74 Hawkins, Richard Henry, Retirement of 306 It, Clara - .... - - 215 Hengstler, Herbert C., 35th Anniversary of 333, 371 MacMurray, John V. A., Appointed Minister 370 Hernandez, Francisco, Completes 25 Years of Service 102 Marine Insurance — 427 Higinbothom Tombstone Found in British West Indies 272 Marsh, O. Gaylord 248 Hobby, A Man with a . 154 Masonic Clubs Propose School for Diplomatic Training 261 Hoile, Laurence L., Completes 30th Year of Service 102 Maximos, Demetrius, Note Concerning.. — 223 Holland, Mrs. Philip 396 McBride, Harry A., Appointed Business Manager 398 Honeymoon, A Legislative 417 McVeagh, Lincoln, Appointed Minister 256 Horton, George 30, 128 Merriam, Gordon P. 366 Hu, Sui Gi Mozart, Completes 25 Years of Service 266, 316 Miller, Hugh S. -_... 70 Hull, Cordell, Secretary of State 121 Mogador, The Truth About Truegate of 43 Hulley, Benjamin M . ___ 31 Monetary Policy 421 Monrovia, Landing at 414 I, A. E 39 Montevideo Conferences, Delegates to the 429 India, Come with Me to (Poem) 215 Motoring in Zululand. _ 70 Industrial Recovery Act, The National 285 Murray, Wallace S. 16 Insurance, Marine 427 International Affairs, The Century of Progress in 228 Nagoya—Not So Bad . 378 Investment Security Distribution, Federal Regulation of 360 Near East Language Scheme, The . — 366 Near Eastern Affairs, Division of..... „ 16 Jacquemarts of Alsace, The 248 Necrology: Jefferson Memorial in Wales, The 396 Allen, Dr. Horace N. 27 Johnson, Hallett 395 Armstrong, Mrs. George Alexander ...... 310 Jordan, Curtis C. 245 Barlow, Andrew Dickson _ 109 Bouchal, Mrs. Anna ... 109 Keeping Fit (Fireplace at Legation) .... 100 Brady, Mrs. Mabel Ray Martin 233 Kehl, John E., Retirement of 402 Bruins, Rev. William H. 110 Kendall, Frederick A., Retirement of . 93 Buonocore, Dr. Enrico 150 Byers, Maj. Samuel H. M 271 La Guardia, Fiorello H., Formerly in Consular Service 431 Chiang, Lai Chee 108 “Lame Duck” Testament (Poem) 88 Chilton, Thomas W...... 27 Lane, Arthur Bliss, Appointed Minister...... 337 Cole, Theodore L. . 68 Language Scheme, The Near East ...... 366 Davis, Raymond 109 Lark, Have Ye Heard the Highland 364 Denison, Frank Carlton 110 Leave, Comptroller General’s Decision Regarding . 234 Duncan, James L. 27 Legislation, Civil Service Pension .„ 182 Dunlap, Mary Willett 111 Legislation, World War Veterans 181 Early, William Wallace _...... 411 Legislative Diary 53, 78. 89, 156, 192, 236, 276 Gault, Mrs. Elizabeth : 376 Letters! Gauss, Herman .... ill 272 Allen, Charles E. .... 204 Goding, Dr. Frederic Webster 233 Another F. S. O 415 Grace, William J 111 Brett, Homer _ 241 Gross, Christian C. .. ^ti i 190 Chapman, J. Holbrook ...... 444 Hayden, Raleigh F. 376 Clattenburg, Albert E., Jr. _._164, 202 Hitchcock, Henry B. 148 Davis, Thomas D 243 Hodgdon, Mrs. Lillian Coolbaugh 68 Doyle, Albert M. 319 Holder, Mrs. Margaretta Bonsall Taylor 68 Franklin, Lynn W 282 Jay, Peter Augustus . 411 Frost, A. C , 78 Kodding, John Trojan ... 271 Fuller, George Gregg 319, 320 Leonard, Henry Harrison., _C 437 Gantenbein, James W. 40 Magnitzky. Alfred W...... 27 Jordan, Francis C. 415 Markiewicz, Casimir Dunin 66 PAGE PAGE Necrology (continued) : Savoy, Eddy, Retirement of 133 Marye, George Thomas 376 Scholarships: McMillin, Benton 68 American Foreign Service 368 McNerny, Gerald Francis 110 Harriman Foreign Service 114, 348 Morgan, Harry Hays ... 149 School, Foreign Service Officers’ Training History of 224 Munro, Dana Carleton 109 Secretary of State Sends Message to American Foreign Murphy, James J., Sr. 148 Service 165 O’Brien, Thomas J. 271 Sherman, Harry Tuck _ 305 Olds, Robert E 26 Ship of State (Poem) 122 Orr, Arthur 310 Skinner, Robert P., Appointed Ambassador 256 Ott, Robert M 233 Skinner, Robert P., Remarks of, before F. S. O. Train¬ Smith, Marc 437 ing School 258 Starred, Henry P — _ 149 Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Arrival of 430 Van Dyke, Dr. Henry 190 Sports News Desired 368 Von Struve, Henry Clay 437 Starrett, Henry P., An Appreciation 191 Wilson, Henry Lane — 66 State Department as Assurance of Peace _ 1 Winslow, Alan Francis 346 State Department’s Exhibit at World’s Fair 229 Wise, John D. 272 Stewart, James B ... 224 Young, Mrs. Mary Barclay 67 Stimson, Henry L., Luncheon in Honor of 123 Newcome, William A., Retirement of 304 Stockton, Gilchrist B„ Thanksgiving Day Address by 32 New Zealand, The First Consulate in 293 Student Interpreters’ Reunion 23 Nicholson, Meredith - 400 Suicide Statistics 47 Notarial Responsibility .... 38 Swearing, On 31 Notes Attached to Despatch 308 Tablet, Memorial, in Department of State 130, 155, 257 Taxco, Impressions of .. 46 Officers and Engineers 116 Tennis at Caracas 409 O’Grady, The Colonel and 205 Terijoki, The Yoke of 126 Okozawa, Masataro, Completes 25 Years of Service 222 Thanksgiving Day Address by Minister Stockton 32 On the Kodambauken Road 250 Testament of a “Lame Duck” 88 Order No. 550, Departmental 260 Tiger Hunt, A 194 48 Ottawa, U. S. Government Building at Tombstone, Higinbothom. Found in West Indies 272 Owen, Ruth Bryan —- 88 Trade Council, National Foreign, 20th Annual Conven¬ tion of 234 Paris, U. S. Government Building at 49 Trade, World Export, Review of 10 Parody, A (Poem) 247 Tragedy, The (Poem) 390 Pay Cut, Relief from 369 Truegate of Mogador, The Truth About 43 Pensions, Civil Service 182 Turkey Looks to America 219 Peter, William, Completes 60 Years of Service 343 Phelan, Raymond 251 Unekles, Roderick W., Retirement of 76 Phillips, William, Biographical Sketch of 176 U. S. Government Buildings in Foreign Countries 48 Poole, De Witt Clinton 1 Positions, Applications for 162 Van Dyke, Henry 237 President Felicitates Emir 357 Vance, Marshall M 5 Property, Claims for Losses of Personal 112 Veddas of Ceylon, The . 5 Protective Association, American Foreign Service, Re¬ Veterans’ Legislation, World War 181 port of .... — - —.. 181 Villard, Henry S. 424 Protocol and Conferences, Establishment of Division von Tresckow, Sadie 326 of 260 Public Health Service Changes 30, 65, 193, 232, Wales, The Jefferson Memorial in 396 282, 311, 346, 381, 435 Walker, The World 213 Python, Feeding A 196 Warren, Avra M ... 77 Washington, George, Bicentennial of 253 Weddell, Alexander M., Appointed Ambassador 256 Quarrel, A Lovers’ (Poem) 173 284 Welfare Work 112, 252, 273 Question Box ------201, 243, 283, Western European Affairs, Division of 94 Wheeler, Mr. and Mrs. Post, Note Concerning 219 Radio Broadcasting on the Foreign Service 294, 297 Wilson, Charles S., Appointed Minister to Yugoslavia 336 Red Cross Sewing 68, 135 Woods, Leslie E. .... 210 Reminiscences, Random 213, 262, 288, 324 Woodward, Miss Harriet, Wins Rifle Championship 227 Research and Publications, Establishment of Division of 430 Writing a Novel . _ ...... 36 Research, Grants-in-Aid of Social Science 401 Wynne, Edward Cyril 35, 72, 158, 198, 238, 274, 312, 391 Resignations, Should Career Men Offer Their 79 Retired Foreign Service Officers, Addresses of: Xauen, The Secret City of Islam 245 Directory of .118, 134 Ferris, Cornelius 52 Garrcty, William P. 52 Yelverton, Harrison, Address of 92 Osborne, John Ball 370 Ravmlal. G. Bie 52 Zagreb, Kaleidoscopic Impressions of. 326 Retirement, After 30 Zuider Zee Dam, The 395 Rome, American Embassy at 48 Zuhdand. Motoring in 70 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

CONTENTS PAGE £njoy //^LUXURY"/ COVER PICTURE: NILE BOATS IN ALEXANDRIA HARBOR

THE MONTEVIDEO CONFERENCE American By Donald R. Heath 47

THROUGH DON QUIJOTE’S LAND One Class By Ruth Q. McBride 51

PALM OIL IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Service By Walter A. Foote 54 NOTABLE CHANGES IN AUTOMOBILES FOR 1934 to and from Washington By Henry S. Villard 57 TEN YEARS AGO 60

NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT 61 MESSAGE TO THE MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN HERE is lux¬ SERVICE—From the Honorable Wilbur J. ury in ocean Carr 62 travel at small cost and the most CONDITIONS IN THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERV¬ convenient route ICE: STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE between Europe EDITH NOURSE ROGERS 63 and the Capital BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR 1935 65 At a low rate y< CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN MERCHANTS’ ASSO¬ can enjoy a roo CIATION OF NEW YORK AND THE DEPART¬ with private bath. Landing or sailing from MENT OF STATE 65 Baltimore you are scarcely an hour from Washington. AMERICAN TYPEWRITERS ABROAD Staterooms all outside on upper decks are By A. E. Tongue 67 fitted with deep-springed beds—not berths. NEWS FROM THE FIELD 68 There’s more room in lounges, dining saloon and on deck. Splendid food—varied menus. ANDROS MELIK, Head Kawass, Cairo 70 Special consideration given officials EMILE VAN WANZEELE, Clerk, Brussels 71 in United States foreign services.

DIVISION OF PROTOCOL AND CONFERENCES 72 Minimum Rates

FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 74 $90 ONE-WAY ROUND-TRIP $171 Stateroom with bath or shower slightly higher. BIRTHS AND MARRIAGES 77 PASSENGER OFFICES: IN MEMORIAM 77 Washington, D. C. New York City 743 14th Street, N. W. 1 Broadway OLIVER BISHOP HARRIMAN SCHOLARSHIP 78 or any office of International Mercantile Marine Co. London Hamburg ON THE COURSE OF EVENTS 14 Regent St., S. W. I. Alsterthor & Ferdinandstrasse Berlin Paris Antwerp By Henry L. Deimel, Jr. 80 Unter den Linden, 9 10 Rue Auber 22 Rue des Peignes or U. S. Lines Offices in principal European Cities. A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF—By Cyril Wynne 82

THE SCENE SHIFTERS—By R. Allen Haden .86 EXERCISING THE DOG (Poem)—By C. M J. 98 BALTIMORE THE FISHING BOATS OF PORTUGAL (Poem) By Blanche Elizabeth Wade 98 MAIL LINE LETTERS 98 Weekly Sailings to and from INDEX SHEETS FOR CONSULAR REGULATIONS 100 . , Havre and Hamburg — 45 FIRST CHOICE A SAFE DRIVIHG

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Copyright, 1934, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. THE

FOREIGN S JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. XI, No. 2 WASHINGTON, D. C. FEBRUARY, 1934

The Montevideo C onference By DONALD R. HEATH, Department

THE Seventh International Conference of Amer¬ nations. ... it generated a fierce sentiment for peace—re¬ ican States held at Montevideo December 3-26, flecting the deep yearning of every home in the Americas— that promises not only to blot out the last vestige of war¬ 1933, was one of the most noteworthy in spirit and fare on this continent but to convey its potent and inescap¬ in accomplishment of the series of Pan-American able message to the old world. It decreed that blood-letting conferences which began with the meeting in Wash¬ must cease among civilized peoples. ... it looked with prac¬ ington in 1889. tical eye upon the all-important problem of improving trans¬ Prior to its opening, important sections of the portation and communications between the United States and the countries of South America and planned for great press of the American countries expressed pessi¬ advances in connection with this essential of neighborli¬ mism as to the possibility of any valuable agree¬ ness. ... it strove to bring about the widest possible mutual ment resulting from the Conference in view of the benefits from our cultural assets. confused economic situation and the political diffi¬ “Therefore, I believe you will join with me in acclaiming culties existing between certain American states. Montevideo as having won for all our republics the greatest actual and potential gain that has come to us since the The close of the gathering brought forth a re¬ Independence Day. A great new epoch in our relations has markable expression, not only by the press, but been born. A mighty new era of permanent friendliness, by many organizations and individuals of the understanding, economic peace and cultural cooperation Americas, of approval of the results of the Confer¬ and all-American solidarity has been inaugurated. We ence and of belief that it marked the beginning of have outlawed war and conquest and embarked upon our peaceful destiny. We are looking ahead. We are making the solution of many inter-American problems. economic plans taking into consideration all our needs. There was an absence of incidents of serious con¬ We are allied together in these great endeavors under a troversy which had been apprehended and the few rule of common sense.” attempts to interrupt the harmony of the Conference The agenda of the Conference was a lengthy one were quickly overcome. consisting of eight chapters and comprising twenty- All American countries, with the exception of eight major topics and numerous sub-topics. Costa Rica, sent delegations and ten countries sent It is not possible within the limits of this article their Ministers for Foreign Affairs, enabling valu¬ to refer but to a part of the various acts, conven¬ able contacts and the discussion of affairs of interest tions and resolutions that were concluded by the to particular states. Conference. Secretary Hull, in his remarks in response to a Under Chapter one of the program—the “Or¬ toast by the President of Peru at a banquet given ganization of Peace”—an important strengthening by the latter on January 11, summarized the Con¬ of American machinery of peace was effected by the ference’s achievements as follows: passage of a resolution calling on all member states “The Conference agreed with unanimity upon far-reach¬ to adhere to the four American peace treaties and ing proposals for bringing order gradually into the economic affairs of both this hemisphere and the world by lowering the Kellogg pact. tariffs and removing senseless prohibitions and restraints Before the end of the Conference, virtually all upon the mutually profitable exchange of products among the delegations of those nations which had not ad- 47 hered, announced that their countries would sign Conference for the consideration of inter-American these pacts. financial and economic problems. From the beginning the Conference devoted per¬ sistent effort towards finding a peaceful solution CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW of the war between Bolivia and Paraguay over the Of great interest to the Conference and to the Chaco. A week before the end of the Conference, press was the Conference’s adoption of a report on a truce was announced which was eventually ex¬ the “Rights and Duties of States,” containing tended until January 7. The Conference and vari¬ eleven articles, Article VIII of which related to ous delegations arranged that there should be con¬ the right of intervention and read as follows: tinuation, after the close of the gathering, of the “No state has the right to intervene in the internal or efforts to bring about arbitration of the conflict. external affairs of another.” The American delegation voted in favor of the SECRETARY HULL’S ECONOMIC PROPOSAL first ten articles of the report including the article On December 16th the Conference adopted with above quoted, subject to the terms of a statement unanimity the significant economic proposal offered and declaration made by Secretary Hull in which by Secretary Hull. The following are features of he said that, pending the preparation and codifica¬ the proposal: tion of the “interpretations and definitions” of the The Governments of the American Republics: “fundamental terms” used in the report “the United States Government in all of its interna¬ . . . shall undertake to promote trade and reduce high tional associations and relationships and conducts will fol¬ trade barriers through the prompt negotiation of bilateral low scrupulously the doctrines and policies which it has reciprocity treaties. pursued since March 4 which are embodied in the different Shall subscribe to the undertaking through simultaneous addresses of President Roosevelt since that time and in the action of the principal nations of gradually reducing tariffs recent peace address of myself on the 15th day of December and other hindrances to the movement of goods, services before this Conference and in the law of nations as gen¬ and capital. erally recognized and accepted.” At the earliest practicable date consistent with domestic programs of national recovery, will negotiate bilateral or In view of disagreement by certain delegations multilateral agreements for the removal of prohibitions on article XI of the report relating to non-recogni¬ and restrictions and the reduction of tariff rates to a mod¬ tion of territory acquired by force, the Secretary erate level. Undertake to remove basic trade hindrances, not merely announced that “the United States government abnormal restrictions imposed for bargaining purposes. refrains from passing judgment on it at this time.” Agree that their greatest efforts will be to eliminate In addition to the report on Rights and Duties of duties or restrictions tending to exclude international com¬ States, the Conference adopted a draft convention petition such as restrictions on importation of particular commodities to less than three to five per cent of domestic on political asylum, extradition and nationality. production and protective duties which have been in effect The American Delegation did not sign the gen¬ for a considerable period without having brought domestic eral convention on nationality, which contained production to fifteen per cent of the total domestic con¬ provisions contrary to our citizenship laws and sumption. practise, since, as the Delegation informed the Con¬ Agree to revision of the Convention of 1927, or the con¬ clusion of new convention for the abolition of import and ference, the question of nationality was under con¬ export restrictions. sideration by the United States Congress and its Agree to the maintenance of the principle of equality of action could not be anticipated. treaty and accordingly agree to include the most-favored- The American Delegation announced, however, nation clause in its unconditional form in all future agree¬ ments. that it would sign the treaty on nationality of wom¬ Agree that nations using quota or other systems for the en, subject to the reservation “that the agreement limitation of exports shall apply them so as to dislocate on the part of the United States is of course and as little as possible the natural competitive position en¬ necessity subject to Congressional action.” joyed by the supplying countries. The draft treaty on nationality of women con¬ Agree not to demand, under the most-favored-nation clause of bilateral treaties, advantages accorded by multi¬ sisted of the following brief statement: lateral economic treaties to which they are not a party. “The contracting parties agree that from the going into To establish a permanent international agency to observe effect of this treaty there shall be no distinction based on the steps taken to carry out the proposal and to furnish in¬ sex in their law and practise relating to nationality.” formation of its progress. To call on the appropriate agencies of the World Mone¬ THE PAN-AMERICAN HIGHWAY tary and Economic Conference at London, now in recess, promptly to cooperate in bringing this proposal to a favor¬ The project of a great 8,750 mile inter-American able conclusion. highway from the Texas border to Santiago, Chile, On the same day that the economic proposal was was introduced at the Pan-American conference at adopted the Conference, also at the motion of the Habana in 1928. The American Delegation made Secretary, voted to convoke a Third Pan-American known President Roosevelt’s offer to recommend to 4« JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Congress that the United States bear the entire im¬ air-ways and establishment of radio beacons. In¬ mediate cost of the necessary scientific survey of stallation of the latter would further reduce run¬ the route estimated at around $500,000, and the ning time to two and one-half days for mail and Conference voted that the proposal be submitted to three days for passenger service between New York a commission of representatives of the interested and the Argentine. states for a study and report at an early date. Ex¬ cept for a small stretch in Costa Rica, it would be INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION feasible to complete the section of the highway be¬ Under this chapter the Conference adopted nu¬ tween the United States and Panama within a merous recommendations such as the appointment year’s time. of a commission to draft an American copyright The Conference unanimously voted the American convention, the holding of expositions of American proposal that as soon as possible there should be art, exchange of publications, et cetera. convened a conference of experts to study “the The Conference voted a variety of resolutions in means of further accelerating inter-American avia¬ connection with ihe chapter of the agenda on “So¬ tion by the establishment of a continuous line of cial Problems” including the creation of an Amer¬ radio stations, beacons and air-ports along pres¬ ican Institute of Labor at Buenos Aires and the ent air-lines and others” and to determine additional convocation of a new international conference on methods “in order to obtain more rapid inter- child welfare. American aerial communication. In addition to providing for the early convocation Minister Wright of the American Delegation, in of special Pan-American Financial and Commercial an extended address, called attention to the necessity Conferences to be held at Santiago and Buenos of cooperative action to expedite air communica¬ Aires, respectively, the Conference set the time and tion, the possibility of cutting down thereby the place for the next general Pan-American Conference schedule Buenos Aires-New York from eight to five as 1938 at Lima. days, and the willingness of the United States to A departure from the practise of Pan-American offer necessary financial support for the lighting of Conferences was the admission of observers from

% 11 i r

AMERICAN LEGATION AND CONSULATE GENERAL STAFFS, MONROVIA, LIBERIA, SEPTEMBER, 1933 Seated, left to right: Clerk Emile G. Davis; Vice Consul William C. George; Charge d’Affaires McCeney Werlich; and Clerk Thomas H. Milton. Standing, left to right: Chauffeur Meya, Houseboy Privoleau, Houseboy Sinner, Headboy Cockeye, Head Messenger Willy, Yard Boy Wadai, Messenger Too, and Watchman Tommy. 49 non-American States—Spain and Portugal—and North, Central and South American nations exists from a non-American organization—the League of today than at any time within a generation. For Nations. The Pan-American Union was directed to participation in reaching this result we can feel study and define a policy as regards admission of proud that so much credit belongs to Secretary observers from non-American States or interna¬ Hull.” tional organizations and the question of Pan-Amer¬ ican Union cooperation with other international agencies. FROM THE VISITORS’ REGISTER Following the close of the Conference, Secretary Room 115, Department of State Hull started his homeward journey, first visiting DATE Buenos Aires, December 27 and 28, and then travel¬ DEC. ling by special train as the guest of the Argentine Warren C. Stewart, La Ceiba, Honduras 15 and Chilean Governments for a tour of the Argen¬ If. H. Dick, Port Elizabeth, South Africa 15 W. R. Langdon, Montreal 16 tine and Chilean lake country, arriving in Santiago Emil Sauer, Toronto 19 on January 3 and remaining there until noon of R. F. Boyce, Yokohama 20 January 5. He sailed on the S. S. Santa Barbara Thomas S. Horn, Asuncion, Paraguay 21 from Valparaiso the same day, with stops at Cal¬ Koyne V. Gram, formerly Colombo 21 lao—Lima and various other ports scheduled be¬ Honorable William Dawson, Quito, Ecuador 22 Hugh R. Wilson, Berne „ 26 fore arriving at the Panama Canal on January 17. J. Klahr Huddle, Warsaw 26 He was accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. James Clem¬ Andrew W. Edson, Mukden 27 ent Dunn, Mr. Wallace McClure, Mr. Hugh S. Cum- Edward Savage Crocker, Tokyo 27 ming. Mr. Warren Kelchner and Mr. Ulric Bell of Flora M. Witkowska, Paris 27 JAX. the staff of the Delegation. Delegates J. Reuben H. Freeman Matthews, Habana 5 Clark and Spruille Braden returned by boat via the George A. Gordon, Berlin 6 east coast and Miss Sophonisba Breckenridge, the David .1. D. Meyers, Tenerife 8 woman member of the delegation, returned by plane Carlos J. Warner, Colon, Panama 8 on the east coast route. Homer Brett, Milan 8 C. H. Hall, Jr.. Naples . 9 In addition to the favorable press enjoyed by the John Farr Simmons, Cologne - 9 Conference, Secretary Hull and the American Dele¬ Beatrice Carson, Paris _ 10 gation were the objects of numerous expressions of John Corrigan, Venice 10 appreciation by the press, delegations at the Con¬ Pierre de L. Boal, Ottawa 10 ference, officials and organizations of the various W. W. Butterworth, London 12 Josephine L. Dietz, Singapore 13 American States, during the Conference and on the Ben C. Matthews, La Guaira, Venezuela 13 homeward j ournev. Reginald S. Carey, Tampico, Mexico 15 In his address on the occasion of the anniversary George D. Andrews, Tokyo —. - 15 of the birth of Woodrow Wilson, President Roose¬ Lawrence Higgins, Tegucigalpa- 15 velt referred to the “fine success” of the Montevideo Edward Caffery, Niagara Falls 15 Conference, stating that “better feeling among

AMERICAN CONSULATE, ANTILLA, Cl BA The new Consulate is in the fore¬ ground. The small building in the centre back-ground was the home of the Consular Agency, and later (1917- 20) the Vice Consulate. The two-story building behind the Consulate, only the upper portion of which is discern¬ ible, housed the Consulate before its recent removal to its present quarters. The consular residence, the rear por¬ tion of which is visible to the right of the office quarters, lies immediately behind the Consulate.

Photo from Myles Standish 50 THROUGH

DON QUIJOTE’S LAND •

By RUTH Q. MCBRIDE Illustrated by Diego Mullor

“IVTEW SPAIN” with its splendid concrete roads, rena looming up high on the other. The low white II its real romance at every turn, its unbe¬ buildings along the way were startlingly reminis¬ lievably vivid connection with dim past centuries cent of the Moorish occupation. Just outside the —what a land in which to go eight cylindering! city was a milestone—400 kilometers to Madrid. The wide highway twists through arid mountains High up in the gray sky in front of us and cross¬ -—straightens out through silver-green olive or¬ ing our path, hundreds of birds closely packed chards—the soil itself is colorful in red, yellow were flying southward, like a vast squadron of and sienna. airplanes, never varying from their perfect trian¬ It was seven o’clock of a bright winter morning gular formation—storks bound for winter quarters. when we left the hotel in Cordoba and drove The Arab influence was close upon us—how through the streets in the gray light of dawn with oriental sounding are the names of the nearby vil¬ the street lights still going. A mist hung over the lages—dimly visible in the early light—Alcolea, city. Just ahead of us moved a large motor sprin¬ Arjonilla. And we sped through the still-deserted kler. washing pavements already clean. main street of Pedro Abad. The railway also fol¬ We passed by the old Moorish bridge, its ven¬ lows the Guadalquivir and during the first hour erable arches just turning from gray to a delicate crossed our road no less than eight times, and at pink, and proceeded down a beautiful valley with each crossing the bars were down. The boy honked the “Great River” on one side and the Sierra Mo- the horn. A sleepy-eyed woman or girl would

THE MOORISH BRIDGE, CORDOBA 51 come out of the little white-washed hut alongside “No quieren ustedes pasar?” That’s just what the track, turn the big crank, let us through and we wanted, so in we went. In the center was a then lower the bars again. Apparently the idea is sort of big stone well into which the olives were to guard the trains against automobiles, rather thrown. A large white mule, blindfolded, was than the road traffic against the steam-engine. being driven round and round the mill in circles, Gradually the mist was rising. A ball of red hitched to a pole that caused a heavy stone roller appeared over the eastern mountains, the whole to pass over the olives. The virgin oil of the first valley took on a warm glow and the Great River pressing ran into a small canal surrounding the turned a pinkish purple. well, like the juice runs out of a lemon squeezer. In this first hour we had done 35 miles, not Thence it drained down into subterranean tanks. much of a run, but don’t forget the railway cross¬ The mass of crushed olives was then placed in ings, and during the whole hour we had passed thin layers upon round grass mats as big as a only one motor car. Not chair seat. These were much like taking a drive piled twenty or thirty on Long Island on a feet high and placed in Sunday! That is one a hydraulic press. The of the greatest charms piston slowly forced the of motoring in Spain— mass upward until for hours at a time one finally tiny rivulets of is undisputed master of oil trickled down the the fine, wide, well- sides—becoming thicker paved road and lord of and thicker as more all he surveys. pressure was applied—- Before nine we were the second pressing, in Andujar, a large which also was drained white town, where men off into tanks under¬ and women laborers ground. were on their way to¬ The farmers, once the ward the olive groves. olive oil is safely stored In the town, plain pot¬ in their tanks, seem tery is made, and it is quite independent about known for its “botijos” selling it to the refin¬ —the clay jugs used all ers. They certainly do over the South for car¬ not force the market. rying water. Water is Why should they? Olive poured in the mouth at oil keeps perfectly for the top. On the side is two or three years and a tiny spout. You grasp is not oil in the cellar the jug firmly in both as good as gold in the hands, hold it above bank? your head and a steady Beyond, the narrow stream shoots from the Rio Rumblar ran and spout. The idea is to be able to hold your mouth splashed prettily among huge boulders on its way open and swallow as fast as the water enters and to join the Guadalquivir. Soon we entered Bailen the peasants do it beautifully. The uninitiated and slowed down because the street was teeming chokes himself and drenches his shirt front, but with children, and then waited a good fifteen min¬ at least it solves the problem of sanitary drinking utes before a gas pump where a small truck was cups. Each group of workers hangs such a jug taking fuel. The gasoline man and the truck on a tree limb, where it swings in the breeze and driver were swapping stories and rolling ciga¬ the water becomes quite cool. rettes. Why hurry? He took the twenty-five peseta just out of town was a plain low building by hill with its fine engraving of the Court of Lions the roadside—an oil mill. Farmers were relieving at Granada, disappeared into a dark doorway and several tiny donkeys of their huge burdens—big it seemed ages before he finally appeared, smiling, greasy bags of olives. We stopped to snap a pic¬ with the change. We bumped through several ture; a man in soiled overalls came to the door, blocks of stones, mud, donkeys, and dogs. The saw our curiosity and said: way is plainly marked by large new signs, for 52 Bailen is a busy cross-roads—the main highways liere and there with green moss. A place deso¬ south through Jaen to Granada, and east through late in the extreme yet beautiful beyond words. Baeza to Albacete, branch off here. It was here too Our road is cut along a ledge half way up the that the Spanish were victorious over the French perpendicular cliff while way down below us in armies in the momentous battle of July, 1808. the gully runs a tiny stream. It is paralleled by Our road turns north, the excellence of the a railroad so far below that the tracks seem only highway still bringing forth exclamations of keen an inch apart. It also twists, and runs over approval. The Spanish chauffeur declares that in bridges which are really big, but from our height “todo el mundo”—all the world—there can be no look like those little stone arches that form part “carretera” so good as this one. He is very proud of the children’s building blocks. The threads of of his new Spain. A very few years ago this same steel disappear eight times, within a mile or so, road was almost impassable, and now he keeps the into the black mouths of tunnels. A toy train car between 40 and 60 miles per hour most of puffs slowly from bridge to tunnel and tunnel to the way. It’s delightful. bridge as we pass. Olive trees are at last This lofty gorge with its walls of left behind and the coun¬ slate is called Despenaperros—the Prec¬ try becomes more rug- ipice of the Dogs—and is one of the many fine but little-known sights of

\

, - A ged at every curve. Navas de Tolosa is a poor little collection of huts and tumble- ■> !-«■ * XJ down one - storied A “PAREJA” OF THE CIVIL GUARDS houses, where man¬ gey dogs lie in the street and refuse to move, and Spain. Sandwiched in on a level spot are the we must pick our way round them. And yet its huts of Venta de Cardenas, formerly almost name is great in Spanish history. Here, in 1212, in ruins but now looking more prosperous be¬ a great Christian army of Spaniards and crusaders cause of the small villas being built by city from foreign lands routed the Arabs under Mo- folk who like to spend their summer in the brac¬ hammed-en-Nazir. It takes vivid imagination to ing mountain air. connect such a poor village with such glorious There are deep crevices in the solid slate, lined events. with trees,—and pushing their way down to the The air is warm and soft, bright sunshine, not a gully below: dark chasms hidden by wild bushes, cloud to be seen in the deep blue sky, yet as we and bald boulders big as houses. climb to Santa Elena, there is snow on the distant This is the desolate spot described by Don Qui- mountain tops. Now the road becomes mountainous jote as the bowels of the Sierra Morena. It was in earnest—turns, short curves, danger signs along here he came to do dire penance for his Dulcinea the way. High peaks on every side and a mist is del Toboso, and insisted that Sancho Panza should forming to hide them from view. Huge boulders see with his own eyes some of the terrible deeds of granite stick out of the ground like giants’ that were to make up the penance, before he fingers and finally whole walls of solid rock sur¬ started off to deliver Quijote’s letter to Dulcinea. round us. Their upper reaches are a bright sul¬ You will remember that Quijote, the Knight of the phur color with splashes of orange, and covered (Continued on page 91) 53 HE if T AMERICAN FOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

l^alm Oil in International Relations By WALTER A. FOOTE (Courtesy of the Cumulative Digest of International Late arul Relations, American University Graduate School, Washington, D. C.)

GRANTED that the purpose of diplomacy is the standards of living, arouse political mutterings, conduct of foreign relations; and that foreign create sorrow and and bitterness among happy relations, while naturally concerned with world and easy-going peoples or races, alter relations be¬ matters, are inextricably intertwined with world tween rulers and their subjects, separate colonies commerce, we may conclude that the background from mother countries and even plunge nations into of diplomacy is foreign trade. Foreign trade, how¬ war, There is a chance, or rather a hope, however, ever, is fickle—like a shallow, tropical stream— that these dangers may cause thoughtful men to because its course is so easily changed by produc¬ seek ways and means to improve conditions of man¬ tion methods, new industries, the awakening of so- kind everywhere, to realize the economic interde¬ called backward peoples, the growth of new ideas pendence of nations and even of regions, and to and ideals, etc. Our understanding of this is com¬ steer international relations clear of greed and mis¬ plicated by the fact that foreign trade often causes understanding. the very changes that alter its course and which Industries migrate at unexpected times and in affect, favorably or unfavorably, domestic condi¬ unexpected directions. This act, apparently beyond tions and international relations. the control of man, has a tremendous effect upon Until science develops a highly concentrated, syn¬ domestic, economic, and political affairs and upon thetic food supply, in addition to meeting many international relations. more of our other needs, agriculture will continue to play a predominant role in every nation’s domes¬ Prior to the World War, the palm oil industry tic affairs and, therefore, in its foreign relations. was confined chiefly to West Africa and was prac¬ Trade in the products of the manufacturing indus¬ tically controlled by an international combine. The tries may alter, however, the nature of agriculture, following table shows the distribution of this indus¬ change pursuits in different areas, improve or lower try between 1909 and 1913: Average annual Exports during exports: 1909-13 1924 Exporting countries (Metric tons) (Metric tons) BRITISH: Nigeria — ...... 81.900 129,100 Togo] and 2,900 3,300 Sierra Leone . 3.000 3.200 FRENCH: Dahomey 13,000 17,195 Ivory Coast 6.100 7,865 Cameroons 3.600 4.300 Guinea - 725 Senegal 10 BELGIAN: Congo 2,100 14,100 DUTCH: Netherland India .... 5,040 ALL OTHER COUNTRIES 6,700 455 Totals 119,300 185,290 In view of the above, let us turn to Netherland India, particularly to the island of Sumatra, for a brief study of one of its youngest and most impor¬ tant agricultural industries—one that vitally affects many of the industries of other parts of the world: the production of PALM OIL. A Dutch planter visited Africa on a vacation, carried a few of the African oil palm seeds to Suma¬ tra and planted them in his garden for decorative Photo by W. A. Foote purposes. Some years later a Belgian vegetable oil YOUNG AFRICAN OIL PALM engineer, who visited the city of Medan, was startled 54 ^HE /^ME RICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL Q by the fact that the trees were far superior to any that he had ever seen in Africa. He soon discovered, furthermore, that the soil, temperature, rainfall, labor conditions, etc., were ideal for the palm oil industry. The result was a Franco-Belgian planta¬ tion in Sumatra. The Dutch, proud of their open- door policy, welcomed the capital of all nations in the development of Sumatra; and Dutch, German, British, French, Japanese, and other capital soon joined in the movement and thousands of acres of jungle were cleared and planted with oil palms. Because of this movement, the manufacturing indus¬ tries of the world are now served by another larger and better source of palm oil, free from the artificial effects of the old international combine. The following table shows the increase in ex¬ ports of palm oil and palm kernels from Sumatra from 1919, the first year of production, to 1932, inclusive: Palm Palm Palm Palm Years oil kernels Years oil kernels 1919 500 100 1926 10,100 3.200 1920 1,700 400 1927 20,900 4.300 1921 2,400 500 1928 27,500 6,000 1922 4,200 600 1929 38,900 8,600 1923 4,300 600 1930 50,100 10.600 1924 5,400 1.200 1931 63,000 12,200 Photo by W. A. Foote 1925 9,100 1,900 1932 88,900 18,200 (Quantities are stated in metric tons ;and in round figures COOLIES CARRYING BUNCH OF OIL PALM FRUIT only.)

Photo by W. A. Foote ONE OF THE OLDEST OIL PALM GARDENS OF NORTH SUMATRA 55 Approximately 66 per cent of Sumatra’s produc¬ tion of palm oil is exported to the United States, the balance going to Europe. On the other hand, practically all of the palm kernels, a by-product of the palm fruit, are shipped to Europe for the great margarine industries of Germany, Belgium, and Holland. The United States leads the world in canning fruits, vegetables, meats, fish, and other products for both the domestic and the foreign markets. These industries call for enormous quantities of tin cans. Such containers and other tin-plated ar¬ ticles are made of sheet iron which is coated with palm oil before it is dipped into melted tin. Palm oil is also one of the chief ingredients of certain well known soaps and similar products, the impor¬ THE GOLDFISH GAME tance of which is too well known to require remark. Furthermore, as palm oil has the consistency of but¬ The accompanying photograph, showing a group of Japa¬ ter and does not become rancid, the higher grades nese children playing with goldfish, was taken by Vice are used in the manufacture of margarine. It is Consul Hayward G. Hill, one afternoon in Yokohama, also used as motor fuel in those out-of-the-way and is a typical summer street scene in Japan. He tells places where gasoline is expensive and palm oil is us that casual inquiry revealed that the little persons pay cheap. one sen to a near-by attendant for the use of a fragile The mere enumeration of these industries makes paper dipper, with which, before it breaks, they are it unnecessary to state that a plentiful and fair- able to catch a few wriggling fish. These are temporarily priced supply of palm oil should always be avail¬ kept in a little basin and later returned to the tank, and able to American manufacturers and that this sup¬ the fee is given back to the child who, with one dipper, ply should never be cut off by warfare. Little can capture as many as 25. imagination is required to envisage the effects of such an unfortunate event on American industries. Because of the small amount of oil in copra, and ican markets, where the oil is extracted, coconut the cost of transportation to European and Amer- oil is rapidly giving way to palm oil. The prepara¬ tion of copra, usually a native industry, is not very profitable and the natives engaged therein are gen¬ erally poverty stricken, especially during recent years. Palm oil, on the other band, is far more lucrative and is manufactured on the plantations, thus linking a manufacturing industry directly to agriculture. As the natives are never financially able to purchase the expensive machinery required to produce palm oil, the industry is in the hands of Europeans who are responsible under the law for the sanitary and other living conditions of the natives in their employ. The copra-producing areas of the Philippines and other parts of the East have been unfavorably af¬ fected by this new industry, and Holland’s posses¬ sions in the East have become more valuable. In the event of another great international conflict, Holland might possibly be unable to maintain her neutrality, especially if some powerful nation or group of nations should like to acquire \etherland India. This may be one reason why the people of Photo by W. A. Foote the Netherlands have so strongly advocated world CRACKING COCONUTS AT A COPRA PLANT, peace, international arbitration, and the develop¬ NEAR MEDAN, SUMATRA ment of international law. 56 Notable Changes in Automobile* lor 15134

By HENRY S. VILLARD, Department

IT looks as though 1934 would be a memorable the speed of the vehicle and, by attaching a 1,500- year in the automobile industry. For one thing, pound trailer, scientifically designed to meet the a dozen cars have all at once blossomed out with air flow, he stepped up the speed even further de¬ “knees”—otherwise known as independent wheel spite the additional weight. This principle is at suspension—and their manufacturers are talking last recognized by the motor makers, and from now themselves hoarse in telling the public about the on we are undoubtedly destined to see a progressive advantages of a bumpless ride. Trick ventilating development of the streamlined automobile, with systems have become practically standard equip¬ correspondingly higher speeds, many more miles ment, so that the owner of an “unventilated” ma¬ to the gallon of gas, and all-round greater economy chine will henceforth be as out of date as a man of performance. Most of the manufacturers have with cloth-topped shoes. And besides the knee ac¬ hesitated to spring this trend full-blown on the con¬ tion wheels, there is an entirely new jargon to learn ventionally-reared motoring public, and have made dealing with self-shifting transmissions, “tear drop' only tentative concessions to the inevitable by fur¬ and “air flow” bodies, “skirts” or “pants” for the ther slanting of windshields and radiators, by add¬ wheels, and the like. But most of all, 1934 will ing bulbous baggage compartments to the rear, and be remembered as the year the industry definitely by incorporating skirts with streamlined mud¬ made up its mind to break away from the old-fash¬ guards, but some of the more forward-minded build¬ ioned upright-piano design and to go streamline. ers have given us an idea of what we shall all be This momentous decision to cut down air resis¬ riding around in a few years hence. That real tance as much as possible by eliminating square curiosity, if not an intelligent interest, exists in corners, protruding lamps, handles, and similar these and other innovations was quite thoroughly hindrances to smooth passage, has resulted in a demonstrated by the unprecedented crowds which radical change of design, of which the most spec¬ swarmed into the Thirty-Fourth National Automo¬ tacular examples are the “Airflow” Chrysler and De bile Show, staged at the Grand Central Palace in Soto. It has been a long time coming, this discov¬ New York from January 6 to 13, and by the flood ery on the part of the motor car industry what air¬ of inquiries received by dealers in many cities as plane designers knew long ago, namely that the so- to when the new models could be inspected. called “tear drop” was the most efficient form in The novel Airflow Chrysler bears about as much which an object could pass through the air. Several resemblance to its immediate predecessors as the years ago Glenn Curtiss took the body off an ordi¬ smart Ford V-Eight today is like the antediluvian nary stock car and put it on backwards. With this Model T. The usual Chrysler radiator, mudguards elementary streamlining he appreciably increased and headlights are merged into one rounded front,

THE “AIRFLOW” CHRYSLER SEDAN 57 the top curve flowing into the windshield and roof at body designers seem to have been in collusion this an angle which, it is claimed, makes raindrops run year to tempt the great motoring public into the uphill when the car is going at high speed. The new7 cars and leave them (the public) there in the roof itself curves backward and downward, and the back seats luxuriating under the impression that whole low-slung affair seems at first glance some¬ they are in a sort of four-poster double bed where thing like a cross between Don Kaye’s Sunbeam they can wuite testimonials traveling at 70 miles an racer and a kind of armadillo on wheels. The lit¬ hour, while mathematically calculated currents of tle De Soto is another revolutionary example, be¬ air (no drafts, please) maintain an exact tempera¬ ing a smaller edition of the Chrysler except in ture and radio music emanates softly from under the certain details, while even the staid and respectable dash. Further to soothe and cradle the passenger Pierce-Arrow has gone in boldly for the aero-dy- from all possible shocks—the American public has namic tail in its latest “Silver Arrow.’ Auburn, had enough of them since 1929—-patented “floating which a short time ago was considered extreme, is power” engine mountings and shock-proof steering still a jump ahead of some cars with respect to dis¬ apparatus have been introduced by Dodge, “quadri- tinctive lines, but has not proceeded half so far in poise suspension” has been developed by Stude- this direction as one might anticipate from previous baker to overcome pitch and side-sway, a “ride sta¬ tendencies. Other cars, such as Nash, Buick, Stude- bilizer” is advertised by Oldsmobile and Buick, baker, Graliam-Paige and Hupmobile, evidently weight redistribution has been effected by Chevro¬ fearing that abruptly to cut down all wind resis¬ let and others, and in the De Soto and Chrysler the tance might, in inverse proportion, produce ele¬ rear seat has been deliberately slung well for¬ ments of sales resistance, have contented themselves ward of the axle instead of being placed directly with slickening lines and curves, suggesting speed over it. What with greater ease of handling and and streamline without actually joining the class altogether better roadability, if the manufacturers of cars which you thought of as freaks in Popular are to be believed, it seems likely that riders in Mechanics a few years ago but which are now going cars from now on can no longer be jounced and to make the poor old dependable relics of the past bounced over obstructions, careened around cor¬ shy into the ditch when they see what’s coming. ners, pitched forward or thrown sideways, but that Outside the matter of airflow bodies, the develop¬ they will be able to ride—or glide—completely re¬ ment we are going to hear most about this year is laxed and in perfect equilibrium over the roughest smoothness of ride. This is being attained in all roads at anything up to a mile arid a half a minute. General Motors models by dropping the conven¬ In general, cars this year are longer, roomier, tional front axle and carrying the front wheels on sturdier; they may not look it but most of them are individual coil springs, so that each wheel oper¬ w7ide enough to accomodate two sizable people in ates independently writh an up-and-down motion all the front seat beside the driver. Wheels have shorter its own. Thus, running over a chicken or pedes¬ spokes and fatter tires: engines are more powerful trian, or—in the case of the few remaining high¬ —Chevrolet’s new Blue Streak develops 80 horse¬ ways in the United States which are not yet paved— power at 3,300 r.p.m.—and both they and transmis¬ over a cobblestone or rut, there will be nothing sions are more silent. There are automatic chokes whatever to distract the attention or to disturb the and spark controls, automatic lubrication systems serenity of the driver. The car speeds along on and, in the case of Reo, an automatic gear shilt an even keel and the wdieels merely bob up and operated without the semblance of a lever— herald then down again, and nobody inside is any the of the day when w7e shall all merely press on the wiser. Most cars have variations of this principle accelerator to select our speed. Nearly all manu¬ and, like Franklin, not all of them limit it to the facturers are using down-draft carburation and, front wrheels. Plymouth and Dodge call it individ¬ with increased compression ratios, are claiming ual suspension or “floating cushion” wdieels, Hud¬ more mileage for less gas. Everything possible son and Terraplane have their “Axleflex,” and has been done to overcome starting difficulties and Hupmobile has “coordinated suspension.” Cadil¬ Nash, for one, has an automatic starter worked lac, with knee action front wheels, has even added simply by depressing the clutch. Others adhere knees to its front fenders. Just why this simple to the Startix ignition switch key, which also re¬ comfort producing device has never before been starts the motor should it stall in traffic. For those tried on American cars is something of a mystery. who are interested, free-wheeling stands in popu¬ It has been known since 1913, and though never larity about as it did last year. fully developed for heavier cars, has been used in As for safety, non-shalterable glass is rapidly be¬ Europe on the lighter models and cycle cars. coming standard equipment, from Ford and Chev¬ Speaking of smoothness of ride—gliding some rolet up, and it is relevant to note in this connec- manufacturers now insist on calling it—American (Continued on page 90) 58 NEW MODELS OF AUTOMOBILES FOR 1934 1. Nash Six-Cylinder Coupe, with rumble seat. 2. La Fayette 5-Passenger Two-door Sedan. 3. The Pierce-Arrow “Silver Arrow.” 4. Ford V-8 Tudor Sedan. 5. Graham-Paige Convertible Coupe. 6. Packard Speedster Runabout, with Custom built Body. 59 TEN YEARS AGO (From Issue of February, 1924) This issue had lor its cover picture a view of the FOREIGN S JOURNAL Greek monastery of St. George, founded in 752 A.D., in the mountains back of Trebizond, which supple¬ FEBRUARY, 1934 mented a thrilling article by Oscar S. Heizer entitled “War Time in Turkey.” The period covered was PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN from March, 1915, to March, 1917. Consul Heizer, who had been stationed at Constantinople since 1906, SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. told how, having been ordered to Trebizond, be trav¬ The American Foreign Service Journal is published monthly elled by land and sea to his destination, which for by the American Foreign Service Association, and is distributed some weeks was bombarded by the Russian fleet. On by the Association to its members gratis. The Journal is also April 18, the Turks withdrew from Trebizond, and open to private subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a■ year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the Consul Heizer sallied out to the Russian forces and American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, so saved the city from further bombardment. The Washington, D. G. Russian officials permitted Mr. Heizer to return to Copyright, 1934, by the American Foreign Service Association Constantinople, hut he had to travel via Petrograd, Sweden, and thence south to Turkey. Six months later he was ordered to Baghdad and made the trip JOURNAL STAFF overland from Aleppo, which look 19 days. A month or so later, the British having succeeded in breaking AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM Editor through Kut-al-Amara came up the river, whereupon PAUL H. ALLING the Turks evacuated Baghdad, and Mr. Heizer had WALTER A. FOOTE | Editorial Board the task of communicating in person with the British LOWELL C. PINKERTON forces and so saving the city from riot and looting. HENRY S. VILLARD On March 11, 1917, General Maude, the Commander- HARRY A. MCBRIDE . Business Manager in-chief, arrived with a fleet of gunboats and trans¬ CLAYSON W. ALDRIDGE Treasurer ports, and Baghdad was finally occupied by the British Army. (Apparently Mr. Heizer stayed on there until June, 1920.) The American Foreign Henry D. Baker, Consul at Trinidad, in an article Service Association on “Commodore Perry” told of the death and burial at Port of Spain in 1819 of the distinguished Ameri¬ The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and can naval commander. voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the Vnited States. It was formed for the purpose of fos¬ O. K. Davis contributed an article on the “Activi¬ tering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Serv¬ ice. to strengthen service spirit and to establish a center around ties of the National Foreign Trade Council,” of which which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the organization he was the efficient secretary for many improvement of the service. years.

Honorary President A. J. Wolfe, then chief of the Commercial Laws Division, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, CORDELL HULL Secretary of State in an article “Keeping Posted on the Laws of the World,” expressed appreciation of the help extended Honorary' Vice-Presidents by American consular officers in that work. WILLIAM PHILLIPS Under Secretary of State WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State “Morocco from the Sea” by Ralph Boernstein gave ROBERT WALTON MOORE ... Assistant Secretary of State a delightful description of Casablanca, Tangier, FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State Ceuta and Melilla. SUMNER WELLES Assistant Secretary of State The International Mixed Court at Shanghai was the subject of an historical sketch by Raymond P. NORMAN ARMOUR President Tenney. CLARENCE E. GAUSS Vice-President MAXWELL M. HAMILTON Secretary-Treasurer HERBERT S. BURSLEY.. Acting Secretary-Treasurer Consul General Weddell gave a bibliography of works relating to India, and suggested that an officer going to a new post would be helped and inspired if EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE he could have suggested to him a small select list THOMAS M. WILSON, Chairman; J. P. MOFFAT, Vice- of books, which he might acquire either en bloc or Chairman; W. A. FOOTE, J. E. JACOBS, H. V. JOHNSON gradually. Alternates The chart “What your Consuls Do” appeared on the back cover of this issue. It apparently made its HERBERT S. BURSLEY GEORGE R. MERRELL, JR. debut (in larger form) in the issue of January, 1922, accompanying Mr. Carr’s article bearing the Entertainment Committee: A. DANA HODCDON, Chairman; same title. JEFFERSON PATTERSON and GEORCE R. MERRELL, JR. 60 Xews From The Department ON Sunday, January 21, Secretary Hull re¬ The Assistant Secretary of State and Mrs. Wil¬ turned to Washington from Montevideo, look¬ bur J. Carr were at home every Sunday last month ing much refreshed by the rest obtained during at their residence 2300 Wyoming Avenue, and the return journey. many of their official and social friends availed Leaving Montevideo on December 26 for Bue¬ themselves of this opportunity to pay their nos Aires, where the Secretary and his party were respects. entertained by Ambassador and Mrs. Weddell, on December 29 Mr. and Mrs. Hull, Mr. and Mrs. The Honorable R. Walton Moore, Assistant Sec¬ James C. Dunn, and Mr. Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., retary of State, and his sisters, the Misses Moore, left by rail for the West Coast. The next two were at home at their residence in Fairfax, Va., days they travelled through the Pampas country, on December 10, and despite the inclement weath¬ and finally reached Los Juncos, the railhead, er a large number of their Virginia friends and where (according to an interesting description officials connected with the Department of State given by Mr. Cummings) taking motor cars they were present. passed through magnificent scenery—forests of enormous trees, intermingled with tropical plants Mr. Sumner Welles, recently Ambassador to and flowers—and crossing lovely little lakes, sur¬ Cuba, was confirmed by the Senate on January rounded by towering cliffs, and in the distance 15 as Assistant Secretary of State. snow-capped mountains, they finally reached the Pacific Coast. They were particularly impressed Ambassador William C. Bullitt has returned by one extinct volcano, Tronador, 12,000 feet high, from Moscow and is now busily making prepara¬ with glaciers on its sides, and another volcano, tions for taking up his duties at that capital. It Osono, a perfect replica of Fujiyama, even to the is not known when the Ambassador will return lake at its base. The party sailed from Valparaiso to Moscow, but some announcement pertaining on January 5 on the steamship “Santa Barbara.” thereto may possibly be made within the next few Stops were made at Antofagasta, Chile; Mollendo, weeks. Callao and Talara, Peru; La Libertad, Manta and Bahia, Ecuador; and Buena Ventura, Colombia. The “Santa Barbara” arrived at Panama on Jan¬ Mr. Alexander Antonovich Troyanovsky, the uary 17, and the Secretary and his party boarded newly appointed Ambassador of the Soviet Social¬ the U. S. S. Richmond at noon the same day for ist Republics, paid his first visit to the Department Key West, Florida. of State on January 8, and on the same day he presented his letter of credence to the President. Mrs. William Phillips was at home on January 18 to the officials of the Department of State and Dr. Stanley K. Hornbeck, Chief of the Division the Foreign Service, and a large number of them, of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State, deliv¬ accompanied by their wives, were present. The ered an address on the “Principles of American Under Secretary of State and Mrs. Phillips were Policy in relation to the Far East” at the Ninth most charming hosts and made the occasion a Conference on the Cause and Cure of War, at the very delightful one in their beautiful residence at Washington Hotel, Washington, D. C., on Jan¬ 2929 Massachusetts Avenue. uary 18. 61 Message to the Members of the Foreign Service

From the Honorable WILBUR J. CARR, Assistant Secretary of State

THE past ten months have which may attend these efforts been perhaps the most try¬ will be communicated to the ing period through which the members of the Service as Foreign Service has ever passed promptly as possible when and I want every member of something accurate and defi¬ the Service to realize that their nite can be said. Until that difficulties are understood by time it is desired that all mem¬ the President and by the Sec¬ bers of the Service feel that retary of State, who are en¬ the Department is doing its ut¬ deavoring by all the means at most in their behalf. their command to provide There has come to me from remedies for the conditions time to time expressions of which exist. Before the Spe¬ dissatisfaction that promotions cial Session of Congress ad¬ in the Service have not been journed at the beginning of resumed especially as it is the summer, the President, claimed that members of other foreseeing the hardships to branches of the Government, Government employees abroad notably the Army and the Na¬ that would likely result from WILBUR J. CARR vy, have been promoted from the decline of the dollar, Assistant Secretary of State time to time in rank though sought an appropriation with not in salary. It is believed which to insure employees against loss from the to be clearly understood that the Economy Acts decline in the exchange value of their salaries and prohibit all promotions within grades or classes allowances. Failing that, he employed such au¬ and hence until that law is repealed the auto¬ thorin' as he possessed and ordered the shipment matic promotions within classes provided by the of gold abroad with which to convert salary checks Moses-Linthicum Act are suspended. Promotions and drafts at mint par in every country in which from class to class, on the other hand, have not that method could be held to be lawful under the beeti possible because of the action of Congress statutes. One country after another has been added in reducing appropriations for salaries for For¬ to the original list as it was pronounced lawful by eign Service officers to an extent which makes im¬ the legal advisers to do so. Where so-called mint possible any increased expenditure resulting from par payments have not yet been authorized it is promotions from one class to another. Promo¬ because no authority of law has been found to tions in class without increase in salary are not permit it. possible in the Foreign Service as they may be in In the consideration of remedies for the condi¬ the Army and Navy because in the Foreign Service tion existing every member of the Service should each promotion to another class is a new appoint¬ feel that all communications of every kind from ment and carries with it the salary of the class the officers and employees in the field have been to which the appointment is made. Until, there¬ considered carefully and sympathetically. fore, the appropriations are sufficient to permit of It is recognized that the so-called mint par promotions in class with salary such promotions payments are merely emergency measures and are can not be made and until the appropriate provi¬ not a remedy for the existing exchange situation. sion in the Economy Act is repealed the increases Legislation is required to afford a permanent rem¬ of salary within classes authorized by the Moses- edy and such legislation is being formulated with Linthicum Act can not be made. the aid of all departments of the Government The Department is well aware of the disadvan¬ affected. Efforts are also being made to obtain tages resulting from the stoppage of promotions appropriations for post allowances and for in¬ and is anxious to have promotions resumed at the creased rent, heat and light allowances to lighten earliest practicable moment and it will endeavor in some adequate degree the burdens under which to put this view forward in the proper quarters officers and employees now labor. The success whenever and wherever opportunity offers. 62 I am sending the foregoing message to you in the highest praise. I hope you can continue to order that you may understand what is being done carry on in the same spirit until appropriate and being attempted here in your behalf. Your measures are adopted as I feel they must be in spirit in the face of the almost overwhelming diffi¬ the near future. culties which have confronted you is worthy of

Conditions in the American Foreign Service THE following is a statement, dated January gress should take these things into consideration 19, 1934, by the Honorable EDITH NOURSE and remedy them. Let me quote extracts from ROGERS, Member of Congress from Massachu¬ some of the reports on file in the Department of setts, before the sub-committee of the Committee State to emphasize what I have just said. Here is on Appropriations of the House of Representa¬ a letter from a Vice Consul at Curacao in the tives having under consideration the Department West Indies. He says: of State appropriations bill: (The Honorable “I had heard that Curacao was an expensive post. It William B. Oliver, of Alabama, is Chairman of is and I have had trouble making ends meet ever since the sub-committee.) arriving here and now I simply can’t. * * * I had to bor¬ row 8400 this last year. In February last I had to move I have heard so much recently about the con¬ from the residence-office as the continual drain on my ditions under which employees of the United States pocket was too much. I took a small place where the rent in foreign countries are working that I have taken is $30 per month, very cheap for Curacao, but it is away occasion to seek information in regard to them. from the center and I get a bit of exercise walking to and from the office. * * * Water costs me $10 to $15 per month What I have learned has impressed me so much * * * ice is about $8 monthly and electric light is $10. * * * that in responding to your invitation to appear I put in from two to four hours a day early in the morn¬ before your Committee I feel I should endeavor ing or at night in housework, even to the extent of doing to place before you what I have learned and to some of my own laundry, and most of the sweeping and urge that serious and prompt consideration be cleaning of the place. * * * The 15 per cent cut hurt me very badly and now the exchange situation has cut me given to devising appropriate remedies. still more; at present the loss is twenty cents on the dol¬ Those with whom I have talked are greatly dis¬ lar. * * * I am in debt and can’t save anything on my salary turbed over the fate of the men and women in our nor can I even live on it now. (I don’t know what to do Service abroad, whether they serve under the De¬ about this past month’s bills for I simply haven’t enough money to carry along the actual necessities of food, water, partment of State, the Department of Commerce etc.).” or under other Departments of the Government. Many employees and their families have been re¬ A Consul in Venezuela writes: “It will be noted that the depreciation in salary for duced to virtually a penniless condition. Many Foreign Service officers has now reached more than 40 per of those who were fortunate enough to have small cent, comparing payments made in Bolivares in 1932 with savings or to have been the beneficiaries of small the latest monthly period, August 16 to September 15, 1933. inheritances in money or in property have sacri¬ Of this on the average of about 23 per cent is due to de¬ ficed them to save their own and the Government’s preciation in exchange and the remainder to cuts in salary and allowances. In addition both officers have had their faces abroad. The private income and savings of earnings reduced by income tax requirements in 1933.” others have taken the course of so many incomes One of the newly appointed Ambassadors has and bank accounts in this country—they have dis¬ written to the Secretary of State a personal let¬ appeared in the economic depression through ter in which he says: which we have been going. When families are “My own actual salary, considering reduction and the broken up because husbands have not sufficient loss in purchasing Pesetas with dollars, is about 42 per means to keep their wives and children with them cent. That is a murderous slash. By making the contract at their posts abroad, when men with no other in¬ for the Embassy in dollars instead of Pesetas I have saved come than their salaries are driven to risk the the Government thousands but the effect on the Service future care of their wives and children by giving generally has been exceedingly bad. The other day the Vice Consul at , a thoroughly competent up their life insurance policies to save payment man, was compelled to send his wife and children back to of premiums or for loans which they may never America to live with his wife’s people and he moved into be able to repay; when we have the spectacle of a furnished room—because there was no other way. All mental breakdowns and even suicides, as I am the consuls and their assistants in Spain have been hit so disastrously that the effect on the morale is bad and the told there have been among the Government’s em¬ clerks in the consulates, Embassy and the Office of the ployees abroad resulting from financial difficulties, Commercial Attache are hard put to meet the barest liv¬ it seems to me that it is high time that the Con¬ ing expenses. * * * I find that I am paying out of my sal- 63 ary, reduced 41 per cent not 15 per cent, for the doorman who were not housed in government-owned or of the chancellery and the night watchman. I am writing rented buildings. We had brought the entire For¬ the Department that this is intolerable and that 1 shall expect the Government to pay the salaries of necessary eign Service up to a point in 1932 where those Government officials and attaches. It is not my business charged with the administration of its several to pay the salary of a necessary attache of the chancellery. branches testified that it was in more efficient con¬ * * * I am writing this to you personally as a friend and dition and the morale of the employees was higher with very great frankness because I feel and know that a very grave injustice is being done. I am writing to you than at any previous time. in justice to these subordinates who actually are suffering.” Then came our economy legislation. Economies A Minister, appointed under this administra¬ were necessary, the best method of effecting them tion, writes, not about himself but about the sub¬ was not ahvays apparent, and the Congress was ordinate members of the Diplomatic and Consu¬ obliged to work with great rapidity and frequently lar personnel. without opportunity to measure accurately the “I conceive it to be my duty to bring to the attention effect of the action which it was taking. This was of the Department a continuing condition which must in¬ evitably result in impairing the morale and destroying the all the more difficult in respect to the Foreign efficiency of the Diplomatic and Consular Service of the Service because officers and employees in that United States in unless corrective measures Service do not derive their entire compensation are taken forthwith. * * * I desire to emphasize the im¬ from the amount appropriated for their salaries. portance of prompt action to avoid the complete demoraliza¬ That amount is supplemented, in effect, in one tion of the morale of the Foreign Service that is bound to T result from a continuation of these unintended injustices way or another, by representation allowances, post and harsh conditions. Many of the individuals who are allowances and allowances for rent, heat and the principal victims of this state of affairs have given the light of living quarters—allowances made from as best years of their lives to the service of our Government. many different appropriations. In its effort to They are intensely loyal and have struggled for several months past to survive against a combination of accumu¬ make as many economies as possible, Congress lative factors that continue to threaten their very existence. cut off a per cent of all of those appropriations in I can not urge upon the Department too strongly that nec¬ addition to reducing salaries fifteen per cent. Thus, essary steps he taken at once to relieve these conditions. while the employee in the United States had his The high caliber of our Foreign Service has been painstak¬ ingly built up over a long period of years, fts collapse, salary reduced fifteen per cent, the officer in the in the face of present world conditions, could hut be fraught Foreign Service, in addition to having fifteen per with serious menace to the best interests of the United cent of his salary taken away, lost (1) all post States. Its reconstitution would take years at a cost vastly allowance; (2) all representation allowance; (3) in excess of the small amount necessary to preserve the 65 per cent of his rent, heat and light allowance; gains of the people.” Now, let us see how this condition was brought (4) was required to pay an income tax on his about. As you know, the adequate compensation salary, although unofficial Americans living abroad of the members of our Foreign Service, whether were relieved of such taxes; and (5) all oppor¬ under the Department of State or under the De¬ tunity for promotion. partment of Commerce, is a subject in which I This was the situation with regard to our offi¬ have been interested for a number of years. All cers and employees abroad when the dollar began of us, both in this Committee and in the Commit¬ to decline. An examination of the exchange rates tees on Foreign Affairs and Interstate and Foreign since last April shows that foreign currency has Commerce, have endeavored to improve our rep¬ increased in terms of dollars as much in many resentation abroad. We have tried to recognize places as sixty per cent. Except for the timely that men sent to represent us in foreign countries intervention of the President in shipping gold must be chosen for their ability and then must be abroad and cashing officers’ checks and drafts in provided with sufficient pay and allowances to en¬ certain countries at par instead of at the current able them to live decently and carry on their work rate of exchange, the Foreign Service would by effectively. To this end, we passed the Rogers now have been totally wrecked. That method of Act and, later, the Moses-Linthicum Act, both on payment is admittedly cumbersome and can not the recommendation of the Committee on Foreign lawfully be applied to remedy the condition in all Affairs. We also passed the Foreign Commerce countries. It must be superseded, so I am told, Service Act and the Agricultural Fore:gn Service by some more orderly and generally applicable Act, dealing with the Foreign Services of those method. Until such a me-hod is provided by two Departments. We then made appropriations Congress, it ought to be possible to provide some for post allowances and representation allowances lump sum of money which the heads of the sev¬ in the Foreign Service and then we passed the Act eral Departments affected could draw upon to re¬ authorizing allowances for rent, heat and light of imburse officers and employees for all of their living quarters for government employees abroad losses due to fluctuations in exchange and to sup- 64 JHE AMERICAN FOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

plement their pay so as to preserve its normal “The largest decrease amounts to $367,523, and com¬ purchasing power. As an act of simple justice, prises a number of items for which appropriations are not requested in 1935, such as the Seventh International Con¬ provision should also be made for the reimburse¬ ference of American States, International Monetary and ment of the officers and employees of the Foreign Economic Conference, General Disarmament Conference, Service of the amounts which they have lost etc. It is necessary to reduce the Foreign Service retire¬ through the depreciation of the dollar between ment and disability fund from $292,700 to $159,100 on account of the restriction in the Act of February 23, 1931, April, 1933, and the date upon which the so-called which provides that in no event shall the aggregate total gold payments became applicable to them. The of appropriations exceed the aggregate total of the con¬ Congress never meant them to suffer the loss tributions of the Foreign Service officers theretofore made, which they have suffered as a result of the de¬ and accumulated interest thereon. There is a net reduc¬ tion of $37,113 in the item for contributions to international cline of the dollar and it seems to me that the agencies made up of a number of increases and decreases, least Congress can do is to make provision for the most important change being the omission of $48,500 the reimbursement of that loss. I think also that for the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, the rent, heat and light allowances of the mem¬ Italy, which sum was appropriated for 1934, but is not in¬ cluded in the Budget for 1935 because the legislation au¬ bers of the Foreign Service should be restored to thorizing this amount has not yet been passed by Congress; what they were in 1932. That would go a long there is provided for this activity, however, $5,400 to pay way toward remedying the present conditions in the quota of the United States under the treaty of June 7, the Service abroad. 1905. Other decreases are $11,266 for Waterways Treaty, United States and Great Britain, no provision being made Then should follow a general measure stabiliz¬ for continuing the studies of damage to property in the ing the salaries and allowances of the members United States by fumes from the smelter at Trail, British of the Foreign Service and insuring to those em¬ Columbia, and $16,250 for salaries of Foreign Service offi¬ ployees the full normal foreign currency equiva¬ cers while receiving instructions and in transit.” lent of the amount which Congress stipulated should be paid to each of them or the amount The following correspondence showing the in¬ fixed by departmental regulation made pursuant terest of the Merchants’ Association of New York to law. in the Foreign Service, and Mr. Carr’s reply thereto, should prove interesting and encourag¬ I am sure that we all desire to protect the men ing to the members of the Service: and women who serve us in foreign countries and to insure to them a living wage and conditions THE MERCHANTS’ ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK 233 Broadway, Woolworth Building, New York. under which they can serve effectively, and I also January 12, 1934. feel sure that the Congress never intended that the HON. WILBUR J. CARR, Assistant Secretary, conditions which 1 have described should exist or Department of State, that they should be permitted to exist a moment Washington, D. C. longer than it will take to correct them. DEAR MR. CARR: The Chairman of The Association’s Committee on For¬ eign Trade recently returned from one of his many business BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR 1935 trips to various foreign countries and he is much impressed The explanatory synopsis of estimates for the with respect to the embarrassing position in which mem¬ Foreign Service, as printed in the Budget, is as bers of the foreign service of the State Department are placed as a result of salary reductions, exchange deprecia¬ follows: tion, income tax payments, etc. He has written us a letter “The items provided for under this title (Foreign Inter¬ citing conditions which he observed in the thought that the course) are the operating expenses of the Foreign Service Merchants’ Association might take the matter up with Con¬ of the United States and international commissions and gress to see if some relief could not be granted to this tribunals of which this Government is an adherent mem¬ branch of the service. ber, annual contributions, quotas, and expenses in discharge Before we can give intelligent consideration to the mat¬ of our obligations in connection with international agen¬ ter, we should have correct information with respect to (a) cies, and money to supplement the contributions of officers what has transpired in the past in connection with the in¬ for maintenance of the Foreign Service retirement and come and expenses of members of the Department’s foreign disability fund. service, and (b) what is in prospect or contemplation in “The principal increases are $47,600 for salaries of Am¬ the way of further changes. bassadors and Ministers, $151,737 for salaries of Foreign It is our understanding, for example, that pending legis¬ Service officers, $103,400 for clerks in the Foreign Service, lation proposes a 10 per cent salary reduction for Federal and $27,258 for office and living quarters, which amounts employees, instead of the 15 per cent which is in effect at are very largely for the restoration of one-third of the legis¬ present. It is also our understanding that arrangements lative reduction in compensation and allowances for living have been made whereby department employees in certain quarters; $34,119 for contingent expenses, Foreign Service, countries, particularly those which are in reality or in $13,000 for emergencies arising in the Diplomatic and Con¬ theory still on the gold basis, have been somewhat protected sular Service. $5,790 for the Mexican Boundary Commis¬ from losses due to the depreciation of the dollar in recent sion, $4,466 for the Canadian Boundary Commission, and months. $5,000 for the International Fisheries Commission. If you can conveniently send a statement to us along the 65 lines above mentioned, it will be of great aid to us in Foreign Service. Since these separate allowances were car¬ studying the problem. It is understood that any other facts ried in separate appropriations, some of which were entirely and, more particularly, any personal comments or observa¬ abolished and others drastically reduced, the members of tions which you care to submit will be greatly appreciated. r the Foreign Service were adversely affected by all of the I w ant to take advantage of this occasion to extend to reductions instead of by only the reduction in salary as you my personal good wishes and the greetings of the was the case with the employee in the United States. These season. Yours sincerely, reductions took away nearly all that had been gained by S. C. MEAD, Secretary, years of effort in the way of improving the financial con¬ The Merchants’ Association of New York. dition of the members of the Foreign Service and, in fact, left many of them in a worse condition than they were MR. S. C. MEAD, January 19, 1934. when the Rogers Act was passed in 1924. Secretary, The Merchants’ Association of New York, Then the United States went off gold and the dollar de¬ 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y. clined and the members of the Service saw such portion of MY DEAR MEAD: their salaries and allowances as Congress had not cut off I have your letter of January 12 and am much interested reduced by the decline in the purchasing power of the in what you say of the report of the Chairman of your dollar, which in many cases was as big as 50 per cent. Committee on Foreign Trade in regard to the condition in The President, quick to see the need of a prompt remedy, the Foreign Service. asked Congress to provide him with a fund to insure the In reply to your inquiries I think that the employees of employees abroad against loss but Congress failed to act. the Government stationed in foreign countries have been The President, therefore, last July, ordered the shipment going through during the past ten months perhaps the most of gold to a depository abroad to enable officers’ and em¬ serious period that they have ever known. Although all ployees’ salary checks and drafts to be converted into such employees are in more or less the same situation, the foreign currency at mint par. This saved the Service in branch of the service that has been most seriously affected some twenty-three countries from disintegrating but be¬ is the Foreign Service (Diplomatic and Consular) under cause of legal difficulties the measure is not applicable to the Department of State. It is an old story to you that for many- other countries and officers there are still without many years the members of the Foreign Service have been relief and are suffering greatly. inadequately provided for both in salaries and allowances. It is hoped that the Congress may he able to provide In response to the urgent appeals of the Secretary of State for permanent relief of the condition abroad by and of the business men in the country Congress sought to 1. Enacting legislation to insure each employee of the remedy this condition by enacting the Rogers Act provid¬ full normal foreign currency equivalent of his dollar ing for some increases in compensation and for certain salary and allowances; classes of supplementary allowances. Then it passed an¬ 2. To restore the rent, heat and light allowances which other act providing for allowances for rent, heat and light have been reduced 65 per cent to their full 1932 rates; of living quarters as a means of improving the condition of 3. To provide a liberal post allowance appropriation. the employees abroad. Subsequently, in 1931 and 1932, it There is no proposal of the administration at present to provided additional money for increased compensation for abolish the 15 per cent cut in salaries for this year, but subordinate employees and finally it enacted the Moses- there is a recommendation of the President that the reduc¬ Linthicum Act providing for orderly promotions and sup¬ tion be only 10 per cent for the fiscal year beginning July plementary post and representation allowances. By the 1, 1934. That matter is being discussed in Congress at beginning of the fiscal year 1932 the Foreign Service had the present time. There is on one side the strong support finally attained the goal for which Presidents, Secretaries of the President’s recommendation and on the other side of State and the business men of the country had striven a determined effort to have all salaries restored to the full for years, namely, a reasonable adequate provision in the 100 per cent amount. way of pay and allowances for the men who served the United Stales in a diplomatic or consular capacity in foreign My own feeling is that, great as the need has been for countries. Then the economic depression reached its height economy in public expenditures, the reductions in the pay and Congress set about trying to effect economies in pub¬ and allowances of members of the Foreign Service have been lic expenditures. It sought to effect savings in all appro¬ unjustifiable for the very simple reason that until the year priations and the speed with which it had to endeavor to 1932 those salaries and allowances had never been ade¬ accomplish results, coupled with the conditions under which quate. No one knows this better than the business men it had to work, made it impossible to consider with ade¬ who send representatives to foreign countries in the interest quate care the effect of the various measures which it de¬ of their own business and who have had opportunity to cided upon as necessary. The result was that while it re¬ compare the amounts which they consider necessary for the duced the salaries of all Government employees 15 per cent decent and proper support of their representatives with the modest pay and allowances which the Government gives to it also at the same time inflicted additional reductions upon its representatives abroad. No one knows also better than the Foreign Service. It you business men that an organization inadequately main¬ 1. Abolished post allowances; tained is likely to be an extravagant organization because 2. Abolished representation allowances; it can not be efficient and it can not provide the service 3. Reduced rent, heat and light allowances 65 per cent; which is expected of it. My own feeling has always been 4. Suspended all promotions within grades and by reduc¬ that we ought to provide for our Foreign Service in a way ing appropriations made promotions between grades that will enable it to perform efficiently the work for which impossible because of lack of funds; it exists or we ought to limit its functions and its size to 5. Imposed income taxes upon official incomes of Govern¬ such an extent as will enable us to support the remainder ment employees earned abroad while exempting in¬ in the way in which it should be supported. comes of private individuals earned abroad. In the foregoing I have written very frankly and I know This pyramiding of reductions resulted from the method I can rely upon your discretion in the use of what I have applied of slashing down each appropriation made for the said. Very sincerely yours, WILBUR J. CARR. 66 American Typewriters Abroad

By A. E. TONGUE, of the Underwood Elliott Fisher Company

AMONG the inventions of man, history records languages including Arabic, Armenian, Assyrian, no more forceful story than that of the type¬ Bulgarian, German Text, Greek, Hebrew, Russian, writer and few, even though they use the type¬ Servian, Siamese, Turkman, Korean and Japanese writer daily, appreciate its full value. Since the (Katakana). To adapt the typewriter to the typewriter enables man to think and act more Arabic characters was a difficult task, since the quickly and concisely, it has become the characters are written on the line, above greatest contributing factor to the mar¬ the line and below the line. The char¬ velous social, educational and indus¬ acters are of various widths requiring trial progress of the Twentieth Century. full spacing, half spacing and no spac¬ The first authentic record of a writ¬ ing at all. Typewriters have not been ing machine is found in the British invented which can write the entire Patent Office which shows that in 1714 Japanese and Chinese language which patent papers were issued to Henry consists of ideographs (a separate pic¬ Mill. These papers were granted for a ture for every word) of which there are machine “For impressing or transcribing between forty and fifty thousand. all letters singly or progressively, one The writing problem is one which after the other as in writing, whereby all long exercised the minds of the Japa¬ writing whatsoever may be engrossed in nese and there are still three distinct paper or parchment so neat and exact schools of thought as to which is the as not to be distinguished from print.” best writing form for general use. Regardless of the great value that the THE BURT WRIT¬ The old school wish to retain the typewriter has demonstrated that it pos¬ ING MACHINE OF thousands of old Chinese ideographs, sesses, no further definite steps were 1829 which are obviously useless for foreign taken to develop the idea advanced by business and the study of which takes Mr. Mill, except between the years 1753 to 1780 up years of children’s lives; another movement inclusive when some attempts were made in Ger¬ would have the writing all done in Roman letters; many, until the year 1784, when a Frenchman a third advocates the general use of the phonetic brought out a typewriter intended principally for Katakana Japanese writing for all purposes except the blind. The field for such a machine as this foreign business. For the propagation of this was limited. The principal value of this type¬ last tenet the Katakana Society was founded in writer consisted chiefly in reviving the idea of 1918. writing by printed characters. In 1829 William Katakana writing, consisting of only 48 fairly Austin Burt of Detroit, Michigan, inventor of the simple characters, is learned by all Japanese chil¬ solar compass, invented and patented the first dren and its wide adoption in place of the com¬ American writing machine which he called a plicated Chinese characters at present used would “typographer.” relieve the children of the study of some thou¬ Between the time of the Burt machine in 1829, sands of ideographs, and would enable them to and the Sholes machine in 1873, twenty different spend the time thus saved on other subjects. This inventors had taken out patents on various styles alone would appear to be a powerful argument in of typewriters. But it remained for Franz Wag¬ favor of the general adoption of Katakana writ¬ ner in 1894, to invent a typewriter for visible ing, but, additionally, it occurred to the late Mr. writing with a type bar of the front-stroke va¬ Yamashita of the Katakana Society, that Kata¬ riety which was developed and later embodied in kana could be easily written on an ordinary type¬ a machine which became known as the Under¬ writer to the great benefit of all business houses. wood. This machine was the first practical, front- Katakana writing is an essentially Japanese stroke visible writer which enabled the typist to adaptation of the Chinese characters devised by a see all of the work all of the time from “Dear Buddhist priest 800 years ago. There is not, Sir” to “Yours truly.” therefore, such wide opposition to the adoption The typewriter has progressed so that it is now of Katakana as there is to the Roman writing. possible to furnish machines in many foreign (Continued on page 97) 67 Xews From The Field

NAPLES seaplane base to bid them Bon Voyage. It was a NOVEMBER 27, 1933. cold, damp and cloudy morning with occasional The following officers have called at Naples dur¬ drizzles of rain. At about a quarter to seven ing the past month: Diplomatic Secretary and Mrs. Colonel Lindbergh began to warm up his engine Harold H. Tittman; Vice Consul and Mrs. Joseph and to taxi up and down the river. Finally he L. Brent en route to Jerusalem, their new post; headed his plane, heavily loaded with fuel for the Consul Cyril L. F. Thiel returning to Jerusalem trip to the Azores, toward the ocean and opened from home leave in the United States; Vice Consul the throttle and at seven twelve A. M. the Albatross John H. Madonne proceeding from Warsaw to left the wrater and within a few minutes was out of Beirut on the S. S. Excalibur; Consul Alfred T. sight in the gray morning. Nester on a trip to and from Rome, and Consul L. S. A. Ray Fox going to Berlin from Aden. Dr. Edwin G. Williams of the United States Pub¬ HAMBURG lic Health Service arrived here from Warsaw with DECEMBER 11, 1933. Mrs. Williams and their child on November 3, 1933. Consul John G. Erhardt arrived from Bordeaux It has rained so steadily since their arrival that and assumed charge of the Hamburg Consulate they find Naples little different from Warsaw. General early in November. He was most cordially The Honorable Bert Fish, newly appointed Min¬ received both officially and socially and was for¬ ister to Egypt en route to Cairo was on the S. S. mally welcomed at the annual Thanksgiving Party Excalibur, which called at Naples on November at which he was the principal speaker. Mrs. Erhardt 13, 1933. and their two sons are still in America but are Several Foreign Service Officers accompanied by expected soon. their wives visited Florence during the course of On the occasion of Consul General and Mrs. October. These included ihe Honorable Francis George S. Messersmith’s passing through Hamburg, White, American Minister to Czechoslovakia, who December 2nd, en route to America on leave, they was motoring through to Rome; Mr. Sydney O’Don- were entertained in the afternoon by Consul and ogue, Second Secretary of the Embassy of Berlin, Mrs. Lester L. Schnare and by Consul and Mrs. John and Mr. Lester Schnare, Consul at Hamburg. J. Meily. In the evening Consul John G. Erhardt H. M. B„ Jr. gave a dinner in their honor on the S. S. Washing¬ ton. There were speeches appropriate to the oc¬ LISBON casion, followed by dancing. DECEMBER 5, 1933. Thq Thanksgiving Party given under the auspices Colonel and Mrs. Charles A. Lindbergh arrived of the American Club of Hamburg at the Hotel at Lisbon in their monoplane, the Albatross, on Atlantic w’as a great success this year. It took the November 15th. Owing to unfavorable weather form of a dinner-dance. The attendance wras rep¬ conditions, their arrival had been delayed for sev¬ resentative of the official and cultural life of Ham¬ eral days and before reaching Lisbon they were burg as well as of the English speaking colony. forced to stop in Northern Spain near Santander There was a special Thanksgiving service in the and also on the River Minho in Northern Portugal. morning at the English Church. J. II. B. They were met at Bom Sucesso, the Portuguese naval seaplane station at Lisbon, by the American SOUTHAMPTON Minister and Mrs. Caldw'ell and during their stay DECEMBER 22. 1933. in Lisbon they were guests at the Legation. It is not often that an office can boast of two Following numerous entertainments Colonel and members of the staff who have completed thirty Mrs. Lindbergh left Lisbon on November 21st. The years of continuous service. Mr. Harvey Baverstock Minister and Mrs. Caldwell, Consul and Mrs. Arm¬ and Mr. Charles Pack have recently completed that strong, and Vice Consul Anderson were at the naval mile-stone at the Consulate at Southampton and 68 their anniversaries were suitably recognized by the presentation of silver cigarette boxes. Many offi¬ cers who in passing through Southampton have received assis¬ tance from these two faithful and conscientious employees will rec¬ ognize them in the accompanying photograph. Mr. Travers, the present Consul at Southampton, is high in his praise of these em¬ ployees and has no doubt that his opinion in this respect is fully shared by his predecessors.

IIARVEY J. BAVERSTOCK (left) and CHARLES PACK SHANGHAI AROUND THE ISLAND CLUB (right), two very valuable members of the staff of the American Consulate at Southampton, England. , T , - NOVEMBER 15, 1933. ZAGREB, YUGOSLAVIA In a recent visit to South China, I had an op¬ DECEMBER 18, 1933. portunity of spending two Sundays in the British Colony, Hongkong. The weather was perfect. I Zagreb has suddenly become a winter sports took advantage of the holidays to hike around center and a “royal” one at that, for the King and the Island, over the beautiful scenic motor road, Queen and their entourage recently arrived at the with rises up and down in graceful and pictur¬ Royal Palace, situated high up in Tuscanac in the esque undulations, over a total length of about old part of the city, there to spend a month. In 24 miles. On the first tour Arthur Campbell, U. honor of the visit of King Alexander and Queen S. Treasury Agent, accompanied me. We started Marie, the Army Division stationed at Zagreb gave from the Hongkong Hotel at 6 A. M., did a 15- a ball to which were invited the members of the mile non-stop walk to the Repulse Bay Hotel, Consular Corps who were afforded the opportunity overlooking the Pacific Ocean, where we spent a of being presented to Their Majesties. half hour in sipping several large tumblers of The winter season, so far as the Anglo-American delicious Chinese iced-tea. We were back at our colony is concerned, began on Thanksgiving Day starting point at 12:30 sharp, notwithstanding, on when Mr. Walker, the President of the local Stand¬ the latter part of the walk, the temptation of stop¬ ard Oil Company, entertained at luncheon and Con¬ ping at the Dairy Farm, where marvelously good sul and Mrs. von Tresckow gave a reception. ice cream is served. After returning to our hotel we indulged in a steaming hot bath followed by a VANCOUVER, B. C. cold shower, and then were ready to punish a DECEMBER 12, 1933. tiffin better suited to a lumber-jack. It was with deep regret that the staff of the Van¬ On the second Sunday, I was accompanied by couver Consulate General bade farewell to Consul young Morgan of the National City Bank. Al¬ General Ely E. Palmer, Mrs. Palmer, and their son, though we started a half an hour later, yet we George, on their departure for Mr. Palmer’s new finished in the same time, namely six hours of ac¬ post at Jerusalem. tual walking plus one half hour of rest and The Palmers were guests of honor at many fetes drinks. Upon this occasion after our bath, we sat arranged by their friends, including a bridge party down to a feast of waffles and country sausages, at the home of Consul and Mrs. H. T. Goodier and devouring sixteen of each. Morgan is a past mas¬ a tea at the home of Consul and Mrs. Christian M. ter at the art of preparing waffles and sausages. Ravndal, where they were presented with a small In connection with these around the Island token of the high esteem in which they are held by walks, we organized the “Around the Island Club” the members of the Vancouver staff. open to all who complete the walk around the R. F. H. Island of Hongkong in any one day. Applica- 69 tions for membership are received at the American Club in Hongkong. Last Sunday here in Shanghai I started from my home at 7:30 A. M., walked for ten miles out on the Ming Hong Road leading to Hangchow, doing the ten miles in 2% hours. 1 then turned around and without stopping returned, doing a slow dog trot back to my house, where I arrived at 12 o'clock sharp. As I crossed Avenue Petain, in the French Concession, I noticed a goodly num¬ ber of spectators on the sidewalk. Several of them called out “Better late than never.” I was puzzled over the significance of this exclamation until after my arrival in my home, when I was informed that there was staged a 13-mile walk in which 135 athletes participated and it appeared that I was bringing up the rear. For one who completed 31 years in our Department of State and Commerce Services in China, doing 20 miles in 4^/2 hours on a non-stop basis is not so bad, even though it looks pathetically amateurish com¬ pared with the records made by the young ath¬ letes who participated in the 13-mile walk, the winner doing the distance in 1 hour, 47 minutes, 10 seconds. Sincerely yours, JULEAN ARNOLD, Commercial Attache.

ANDROS MELIK Forty-three Years of Service Another record of long and faithful service— records in which the Service is happily rich—is Photo by Gordon P. Merriam that of Andros Melik, Head Kawass of the Con¬ ANDROS MELIK sulate at Cairo. Andros is now completing the Theodore Roosevelt, who passed through Cairo on forty-third year of the service which he began at his return from Africa in 1910. the tender age of twelve under John A. Anderson, In order to preserve these papers and to make appointed Diplomatic Agent and Consul General a sincere if modest recognition of Andros’ work, at Cairo in 1891. the staff of the Consulate presented him on Christ¬ Andros’ memories of his first chief are affec¬ mas last with a leather-bound, gold-lettered volume tionate but clouded. Mr. Anderson having been in which his precious papers have been placed. forced to undergo a serious operation in Cairo, it Ample provision has been made for the insertion was planned that he should return to the United of additional testimonials; in fact, the blank pages States, accompanied by Andros, as soon as he was pointing to the continuance of his services in the well enough to travel. He never reached the United future are perhaps the best in the book. States. Disembarking at Liverpool in critical con¬ The dedication, signed by the present members dition. attended by the faithful Andros, who had of the staff, is as follows: served him hand and foot during the whole course “The Staff of the American Consulate at Cairo, of his illness, Mr. Anderson died there and Andros believing that the long and unremitting devotion returned to his duty at Cairo. to duty of Kawass Andros Melik should be recog¬ Such a long period of service has not been nized, have thought it appropriate to give suitable without many commendations. Andros is the proud form to these evidences of his forty-two years of owner of a series of testimonials from former faithful service in the Diplomatic and Consular chiefs and travelers of distinction for whom he has establishment of the United States of America in been of invaluable assistance. Among them is a Egypt.” warmly phrased letter in the hand of ex-President G. P. M. 70 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

EMILE VAN WANZEELE “Un service tel que le votre est digne d’etre loue. Je “Fideli Certa Merces” suis heureux que le Gouvernement beige possede des decorations qu’il confere en reconnaissance de services Emile Van Wanzeele, on November 1, 1933, devoues. Je regrette seulement que notre Gouvernement completed 35 years of uninterrupted service at n’ait pas de decorations semblables a vous offrir, mais je the Brussels Consulate. The occasion was not per¬ tiens a vous assurer que nous sommes fiers de vous, et esperons que vous continuerez a etre des notres durant de mitted to go unmarked. The Medaille Industrielle, longues annees.” First Class, was conferred upon him by the Bel¬ gian Government. A miniature of the same dec¬ Mr. Van Wanzeele entered the Consular Service oration and a souvenir of the occasion mounted in at Brussels in 1898, where his duties combine those of messenger and clerk. Upon America’s silver, gifts from the staff at Brussels, were like¬ entry in the late war, he was assigned by the State wise presented to him. Department to the Spanish Legation. There he Some five years ago, the Medaille Industrielle, acted as an assistant in matters pertaining to the 2nd Class, had been conferred upon Mr. Van relief of American citizens and nationals of other Wanzeele by the Belgian Government. He also belligerants. It is certain that his familiarity with received at that time a gold watch, bearing the the American consular archives and wide acquain¬ American Coat of Arms, his initials and the dates tanceship in Brussels made him particularly val¬ 1898-1928, from Consul William Burdelt and the uable to the Spanish Legation, charged as it was staff at Brussels. in those trying days with the representation of It is not common for an employee to receive a American interests. decoration at the hands of an American Ambas¬ Mr. Van Wanzeele’s period of service at the sador, but such was Mr. Van Wanzeele’s distinc¬ Brussels Consulate has been marked throughout tion, when Ambassador Morris, on December 1, by a rare loyalty and devotion to the American 1933, as a special mark of favor, called him to Government. His has been the genius to adjust the Embassy and in the presence of the combined himself to seven chiefs; to give each devoted serv¬ staffs of both Embassy and Consulate placed the ice and win their attachment. This office considers decoration on the breast of Mr. Van Wanzeele. itself singularly fortunate to have in its employ a Mr. Gustave De Boever, of the American Em¬ public servant of his character. bassy, wearing the same decoration, assisted at the The action of the Belgian Government in con¬ ceremony, conducting Mr. Van Wanzeele into the ferring upon Mr. Van Wanzeele the Medaille In¬ presence of the Ambassador. dustrielle, First Class, has met with general ap¬ Ambassador Morris, who was in his best vein, probation and appreciation in Belgian-American addressed Mr. Van Wanzeele in French, on the business circles, particularly among the older occasion, and after referring to the recipient’s American residents of Brussels, to whom he is long and honorable service at the Brussels Con¬ affectionately known as Emile. sulate said: W. H. S.

LINDBERGH’S LANDING NEAR VALENCA, PORTUGAL Consul Ren wick S. McNiece, at Vigo, Spain, sent this photograph showing Colonel Lindbergh’s plane at rest on an arm of the Mino River, near Va- lenga, Portugal (25 miles from Vigo), where he alighted November 13, 1933, after a cross-country flight from San- toiia (near Santander) Spain. The weather was rainy with heavy fog. Col. and Mrs. Lindbergh slept aboard the plane' for two nights. On Novem¬ ber 15 they took off successfully from the river and reached Lisbon after a flight of an hour and a half. 71 for State Department functions; correspondence relating to functions held under the auspices of the Government of the United States; disposal of tickets for diplomatic galleries at the Capitol; mat¬ ters involving immunities and rights of represen¬ tatives of foreign governments in the United States, correspondence relating to courtesies to be ex¬ tended on arrival in the United States to bearers of diplomatic passports, either American or for¬ eign, and others for whom customs courtesies were desired; preparations for international conferences, congresses and conventions in Washington; main¬ tenance of records required for preparation of the Diplomatic List; messages of congratulation or condolence to Chiefs of State and foreign officials abroad; matters involving the observance of feast days or days of mourning by embassies and lega¬ tions in Washington; and such other matters as might be assigned by the Secretary of State. These “such other matters” were soon specified, for by Order No. 447, of June 26 of the same year, Secretary Kellogg assigned to the Division the conduct of correspondence relating to the official acceptability to foreign governments of Americans proposed for appointment as Ambassadors or Min¬ isters abroad, and to the agrements of foreign Am¬ bassadors and Ministers to the United States; rec¬ ognition of Foreign Consular Officers in the United Photo, by Hugh Cecil. London States; medals and decorations conferred by For¬ eign Governments upon military, naval, or civilian JAMES CLEMENT DUNN officers of the United States, the appointment of Chief, Division of Protocol and Conferences delegates or representatives (official or unofficial) to International Congresses or conferences held abroad; visits of foreign naval vessels or of foreign DIVISION OF PROTOCOL AND aircraft to the United States; customs treatment CONFERENCES accorded American Diplomatic and Consular Offi¬ cers by other Governments; and visits by foreign If the aphorism concerning the alleged relation¬ military organizations to the United States. ship between felicity and brevity in the annals of This added importance of function soon re¬ nations holds when applied to an office of the De¬ sulted in the youthful Division’s becoming allied partment, the Division of Protocol and Confer¬ to International Conferences through a union cele¬ ences should be an earthly paradise, since its brated on February 15, 1929 (notified to the De¬ official debut may be said to have taken place as partment by Order No. 468 of that date), the recently as February 4, 1928, through issuance of happy pair becoming known as the Division of Departmental Order No. 434 on that date. Secre¬ International Conferences and Protocol. tary Frank B. Kellogg then announced the estab¬ lishment of a Division to be known as the Division of Protocol, charged with the duties of super¬ vision of, and action on, all matters involving Before informing our patient readers as to the questions of ceremonial and precedence; prepara¬ result of this matrimonial venture, it seems appro¬ tions for all presentations of ambassadors and priate to give a biographical sketch of the ante¬ ministers at the White House; miscellaneous ap¬ cedents of the participants. pointments with the President; preparations for It may safely be stated that Protocol’s ancestry functions at the White House in so far as ques¬ may be traced in the departmental records to a tions of ceremonial and precedence were involved; period antedating that of International Confer¬ arrangements for the visits and entertainment of ences. Protocol may be said to have descended royalty and distinguished foreigners; preparations from the two diplomatic bureaus which, as far 72 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

back as 1874, were engaged in the conduct of dip¬ change of publications”—duties also now assigned lomatic correspondence, and miscellaneous cor¬ to the Division of Protocol and Conferences. respondence relating thereto, with the countries The year 1924, which witnessed the fullest ex¬ with which the Government maintained official re¬ pansion of the sphere of activity of the Third As¬ lationships. The term “diplomatic correspondence” sistant Secretary, viewed also the elimination of seems to have been as inclusive as it was indeter¬ the office for, by January 1, 1925, an Assistant minate, and to have comprised work of a cere¬ Secretary of State, without numerical designation monial character. These two diplomatic bureaus (Mr. J. Butler Wright) became charged, inter alia, were, in 1875, consolidated into one, but this unity with the duties previously attributed to the Third was subdivided into three parts concerned with Assistant Secretary. With the disappearance of correspondence with countries of the world grouped the Third Assistant Secretary, the Diplomatic Bu¬ on a geographical basis—forerunners of the later reau likewise vanished from the Department, al¬ geographical divisions. By 1900, the Diplomatic though the functions of both remained for em¬ Bureau had ceded to the Bureau of Appointments ployment by their successors. the preparation of diplomatic and consular lists, The following year brought the detail of an and their editing and proof reading. officer of the Foreign Service (Mr. Jay Pierrepont Another inroad into the hitherto well-nigh all- Moffat) to the White House in the capacity of embracing functions of the Diplomatic Bureau did ceremonial officer of that establishment. Mr. Mof¬ not occur until 1908 where the constitution of the fat thus became the first liaison officer between first of the geographical divisions (that of Far the White House and the Department. His duties Eastern Affairs) came to complicate the relatively have since become those of the Chief of the Divi¬ simple organization of the Department. The con¬ sion of Protocol and Conferences. Although in a stitution of the geographical divisions, while re¬ sense on detached duty, he acted under the super¬ lieving the Diplomatic Bureau of many of its vision of the Department. On Mr. Moffat’s return functions, did not affect its charge of the duties to the field in 1927, Mr. James Clement Dunn, now Chief of the existing Division of Protocol and Con¬ now performed by the Division of Protocol and Conferences, since the geographical divisions were ferences, succeeded him at this joint White House- not entrusted with diplomatic and consular cor¬ Departmental post. In March, 1927, owing to certain changes respondence on matters of an administrative character. among the personnel of the Assistant Secretary¬ ships of State, including the departure for the In due course, the Third Assistant Secretary of field of Mr. Wright, it was deemed necessary, as State came to exercise supervision over the Dip¬ well as desirable, to create an “office of cere¬ lomatic Bureau and to take general charge of monial” which would be headed by a senior dip¬ questions pertaining to ceremonial and to inter¬ lomatic secretary, assisted by Mr. Charles Lee national conferences. This official likewise acted Cooke, and a junior Foreign Service officer. as a connecting link between the Department and However, despite the urgent need of an office the resident Diplomatic Corps. It was during this of ceremonial, it was not until February 4, 1928, period of intra-departmental change that Mr. that Order No. 434 officially launched the Division Charles Lee Cooke, ever since associated with of Protocol, described in the first paragraph of matters of ceremonial, came to the Diplomatic this narrative. Mr. James Clement Dunn headed Bureau (1909). After terms of service in that the Division, Mr. Charles Lee Cooke was desig¬ Bureau and the Division of Western European nated ceremonial officer and Mr. Myron A. Hofer, Affairs (1910), then supervised by the Third As¬ Administrative Officer. As has been stated, the sistant Secretary, Mr. Cooke became head (1919) Division of Protocol became the Division of Con¬ of the “Ceremonial Section” of the Office of the ferences and Protocol in 1929. Third Assistant Secretary. The union of Protocol with International Con¬ At that time, the duty of authentication of ap¬ ferences was destined, however, to be of brief dura¬ plications for automobile licenses for foreign dip¬ tion, for by 1931, each party to the match had, lomatic officers residing in Washington, now per¬ through expansion of its duties and responsibili¬ formed by the Division of Protocol and Confer¬ ties, developed an independence which required ences, was a responsibility of the Office of the complete separation. The decree providing this Chief Clerk, likewise supervised by the Third As¬ separation was pronounced by Departmental Or¬ sistant Secretary, while the Diplomatic Bureau der No. 527, September 11, 1931, which, without took charge of “correspondence relating to customs reference to the past, stated that “A Division has courtesies and free entry; decoration of American been established by the Secretary of State to be citizens by foreign Governments; international ex¬ (Continued on page 88) 73 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES John R. Putnam of Hood River, Ore., American Consul at Leghorn, Italy, assigned Consul at The following changes have occurred in the Genoa, Italy. (Jan. 13, 1934.) Foreign Service since December 9, 1933, and up to January 13, 1934: Joseph C. Satterthwaite of Tecumseh, Mich., Third Secretary of Embassy at Mexico City, desig¬ (Date in parentheses is that of announcement to the nated Third Secretary of Embassy at Buenos Aires, press.) Argentina. (Jan. 6, 1934.) John L. Bouchal of Wilber, Nebr., American Julius Wadsworth of Middletown, Conn., Third Consul at Helsingfors, Finland, assigned Consul Secretary of Legation at Oslo, Norway, assigned at Montreal, Canada. (Dec. 29, 1933.) American Vice Consul at Shanghai, China. (Dec. George L. Brandt of Washington, D. C., Amer¬ 29, 1933.) ican Consul at Genoa, Italy, assigned to the De¬ Carlos J. Warner of Chagrin Falls, Ohio, Third partment of State for duty. (Jan. 6, 1934.) Secretary and American Vice Consul at Bogota, Charles H. Derry of Macon, Ga., American Con¬ Colombia, assigned Vice Consul at Colon, Panama. sul at Paris, France, assigned Consul at Mazatlan, (Jan. 6, 1934.) Mexico. (Dec. 29, 1933.) McCeney Werlich of Washington, D. C., Third John G. Erhardt of Brooklyn, N. Y., American Consul at Hamburg, Germany, assigned Consul Secretary of Legation and American Consul at General at that post. (Dec. 22, 1933.) Ernest E. Evans of Rochester, N. Y., American Consul at Naples, Italy, assigned Consul at Brad¬ ford, England. (Dec. 22, 1933.) Leonard N. Green of Detroit, Minn., American Banking Service Consul at Swatow, China, assigned Consul at Stras¬ bourg, France. (Dec. 29, 1933.) To Foreign Service Officers Elbridge Gerry Greene of Boston, Mass., First Secretary of Embassy at Buenos Aires, Argentina, designated First Secretary of Legation at Ottawa, Canada. (Dec. 22, 1933.) Winthrop S. Greene of Worcester, Mass., Third With over forty-one years’ Secretary of Legation at Bern, Switzerland, desig¬ experience in banking and trust nated Third Secretary and American Consul at business, we offer every financial Bogota, Colombia. (Jan. 6, 1934.) facility to those in the Foreign John N. Hamlin of Roseburg, Ore., Second Service. Secretary of Embassy at Buenos Aires, Argentina, assigned American Consul at Naples, Italy. (Dec. A banking connection in Wash¬ 22, 1933.) ington, D. C., with this Institu¬ Frederick W. Hinke of Auburn, N. Y., American tion will be a source of satisfac¬ Consul at Mazatlan, Mexico, assigned Consul at tion while on duty at a foreign Swatow, China. (Dec. 29, 1933.) post. John E. Holler of Chambersburg, Pa., American Consul at Colon, Panama, assigned Consul at San Jose, Costa Rica. (Jan 6, 1934.) John H. MacVeagh of New York City, Second Secretary of Embassy at Paris, France, designated Second Secretary of Legation and Consul at Mon¬ IERICAN STE rovia, Liberia. (Dec. 29, 1933.) ° AND TRUST COMPANY ° 0. Gaylord Marsh of Wenatchee, Wash., Amer¬ ican Consul at Strasbourg, France, appointed Con¬ 15TH AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE. sul General and assigned Consul General at Gua¬ Four Branches temala, Guatemala. (Dec. 29, 1933.) Capital .... $3,400,000 James P. Moffitt of New York City, American Surplus .... $3,400,000 Consul at Marseille, France, assigned Consul at Stuttgart, Germany. (Dec. 22, 1933.) WASHINGTON’S LARGEST Shiras Morris, Jr., of Hartford, Conn., Ameri¬ TRUST COMPANY can Vice Consul at Stuttgart, Germany, assigned Vice Consul at Marseille, France. (Dec. 22, 1933.) 74 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Monrovia, Liberia, designated Third Secretary of Embassy at Paris, France. (Dec. 29, 1933.) James R. Wilkinson of Madison, Wise., a For¬ eign Service Officer now assigned to the Depart¬ INSURANCE SUITED TO ment of State, assigned American Consul at Leg¬ horn, Italy. (Jan. 13, 1934.) THE NEEDS OF FOREIGN Non Career Francis C. Jordan of Greensboro, N. C., assign¬ SERVICE OFFICERS ment from Colon, Panama, to Panama has been cancelled and he will remain American Vice Con¬ sul at Colon. (Jan. 13, 1934.) THE PROTECTION of the yearly Govern¬ Percy G. Kemp of Brooklyn, N. Y., formerly ment Service Policy or the special trip policies American Vice Consul at Tananarive, Madagascar, which we write may be had by filling out one appointed Vice Consul at Hull, England. (Dec. of the insurance orders on file at your office 22, 1933.) (keeping the carbon copy as your record until Henry P. Kilev of Bridgeport, Conn., American the Certificate is received) or by writing us Vice Consul at Geneva, Switzerland, transferred a letter. to the American Legation at Managua, Nicaragua. YOUR GOODS will be covered from the (Dec. 22, 1933.) time you write or from the time specified in William Peter, American Consular Agent at St. your order. You will receive bill with the Lucia, British West Indies, died at his post on December 13, 1933. (Dec. 22, 1933.) insurance certificate. Patrick J. Powers of Massachusetts, American RISKS covered are fire, lightning, flood, Vice Consul at Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, resigned burglary, theft, larceny, perils of transporta¬ from the Service effective January 30, 1934. The tion and navigation (for shipments and bag¬ office will be closed. (Jan. 6, 1934.) gage). Additional risks that can be covered Walter A. Thomas of Washington, D. C., Amer¬ for an additional premium: War, riot and ican Vice Consul at Hull, England, has resigned civil commotion. Cyclone, eathquake and tor¬ from the Service. (Dec. 22, 1934.) nado. Breakage under certain conditions. Theodore A. Xanthaky of New York, American Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, transferred to the Embassy at Rio de Janeiro. (Jan. 6, 1934.) Strong American Underwriters, low ■premium, prompt and fair loss adjustment.

CONFIRMATIONS N. B. Address Washington Office for Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate insurance. Address nearest office about January 11, 1934 shipments, removals, etc. ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF STATE R. Walton Moore to be Assistant Secretary of j&rurtfgjSforagF (^onipang State. of UJashingi’on Francis Bowes Sayre to be Assistant Secretary of State. A safe depository for 43 years AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND 1140 Fifteenth Street, Washington PLENIPOTENTIARY William Christian Bullitt to be Ambassador Ex¬ traordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Union of European Office Soviet Socialist Republics. 31 Place du Marche St. Honore Hal H. Sevier to be Ambassador Extraordinary PARIS and Plenipotentiary to Chile. ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS Agents in all principal cities through whom, PLENIPOTENTIARY we undertake packing and shipping household Post Wheeler to be Envoy Extraordinary and goods to and from anywhere—from a package Minister Plenipotentiary to Albania. to a houseful George H. Earle, 3d, to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria. C. A. ASPINWAT.L, President. Fay A. des Portes to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Rolivia. 75 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Frederick A. Sterling to be Envoy Extraordi¬ nary and Minister Plenipotenitary to Bulgaria. Sheldon Whitehouse to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Colombia. Leo R. Sack to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Costa Rica. Bert Fish to be Envoy Extraordinary and Min¬ ister Plenipotentiary to Egypt. John Van A. MacMurray to be Envoy Extraordi¬ nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Edward Albright to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Finland. Matthew E. Hanna to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Guatemala. W. W. McDowell to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Irish Free State. Grenville T. Emmet to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Netherlands. Arthur Bliss Lane to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Nicaragua. Antonio C. Gonzalez to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Panama. Meredith Nicholson to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Paraguay. William H. Hornibrook to be Envoy Extraordi¬ nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia. James Marion Baker to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Siam. Sail under the Stars and Stripes Charles S. Wilson to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Yugoslavia. SECRETARIES IN THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE Whitney Young Bertel E. Kuniholm Robert F. Fernald Robert Y. Jarvis John C. Shillock, Jr. Richard S. Huestis James W. Gantenbein W. Quincy Stanton Norris B. Chipman Stanley G. Slavens John L. Bouchal CONSULS GENERAL John G. Erhardt Graham FI. Kemper To Europe on the fastest 0. Gaylord Marsh CONSUL cabin liners afloat John H. MacVeagh FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS, CONSULS, AND SECRE¬ New TARIES IN THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE S. S. MANHATTAN S. S. WASHINGTON A. Dana Hodgdon Clayson W. Aldridge NEW luxury in roomy cabins, spacious decks, Walton C. Ferris delicious cuisine. . . . No wonder the FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER, CLASS 1 Manhattan and Washington are so popular! Six-day speed to Europe at low Cabin Class Thomas M. Wilson (effective as of July 28. 1933) fares. With the Pres. Harding and Pres. Roosevelt they offer weekly service to Cobh, Plymouth, Havre, Hamburg. See your local agent. His services are free. Up-to-date photographs of American Consular premises, particularly at remote posts, and of the UNITED STATES LINES Roosevelt Steamship Company, Inc, staffs at such offices, would be very welcome, as General Agents the JOURNAL’S supply is practically exhausted. Main Office: No. 1 Broadway, New York Offices in all principal cities of the world. 76 jflf JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

BIRTHS A son, John Harrington Littell, was born on DP cember 29, 1933, at New York City, to Vice Consul and Mrs. John Stockton Littell. Mr. Littell is sta¬ tioned at Mexico City. A son, John Robert Bursley, was born on Decem¬ ber 30, 1933, at Washington. D. C., to Consul and Mrs. Herbert S. Bursley. Mr. Bursley is now as¬ signed to the Department. A son, Richard James Smith, was born on De¬ cember 19, 1933, at Lille, France, to Consul and M rs. Gaston Smith. MARRIAGES Dickover-Ballard. Married on December 1, 1933, at New York City, Diplomatic Secretary Erie R. Dickover and Mrs. Charles T. Ballard, daughter of Col. James E. McNary, U. S. A. Retired, of New York City. Mr. Dickover is First Secretary of the American Embassy at Tokyo, Japan, but has been temporarily assigned to the Department of State since last September. Wailes-Wailes. Married on December 30, 1933, at Salisbury, Md., Vice Consul Edward T. Wailes WORLD SERVICE and Miss Cornelia Lyon Wailes, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Henry Stevenson Wailes, of Salisbury, Md. Mr. Edward T. Wailes is now assigned to the for TRAVELERS Department of State for duty. The American Express Travel Service scene above is typical. It begins when the Company’s uniformed in¬ IN MEMORIAM terpreter meets travelers at foreign railroad terminals, and continues with— We regret to announce that Mr. William Peter, All details incidental to foreign travel. .. American Consular Agent at St. Lucia, British West Foreign financial accommodations . . . The Indies, died at his post on December 13, 1933, after shipment of merchandise and valuables a brief illness of influenza, resulting in bronchial . . . Marine Insurance . . . Customs Clear¬ ances . . . Mail, Cable and Wireless pneumonia. service It was only last September that an extended ar¬ Traveling Americans seek help, advice and informa¬ ticle, with a photograph of Mr. Peter, appeared in tion from the American government representatives in the JOURNAL, stating that on January 3, 1933, Mr. cities abroad. In many of these foreign cities are Peter had completed 60 years of service at St. American Express offices equipped to take over the Lucia and so held the seniority in time of service business of serving such Americans in their travel, for¬ eign financial and shipping requirements, and in gen¬ over any other American consular representative. eral to give them the assistance and information so Secretary Hull’s letter to Mr. Peter was also pub¬ important to traveling Americans. lished, expressing appreciation of his loyal and Because of their strategic locations and because of the efficient services. wide variety of services they are able to perform, the Mr. Peter was born at St. Lucia, B. W. I., in American Express offices can be of assistance to those July, 1851, of Scotch parents. He was one of the who are attending to our government’s activities in for¬ eign lands. pioneers of the coaling trade in St. Lucia, and be¬ came one of the leading coaling merchants and purveyors to shipping, his firm (the Peter Coaling Co., Ltd.) being well known throughout AMERICAN the shipping world. He was appointed Consular Agent during the administration of President Grant, and during his long term of office (under fourteen EXPRESS successive Presidents) he received many expres¬ TRAVEL, FINANCIAL, SHIPPING SERVICE sions of appreciation of the good service he had 77 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL rendered American firms and also many prominent On April 12, 1917, Mr. Jones married Miss Sarah Americans visiting the Island. He took a deep in¬ L. Goodyear, of Avona Heights, Wilson, who sur¬ terest and pride in his work, and was at his office vives him, together with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. every day up to his last illness. William R. Jones, of Easton, Pa., and five brothers Mr. Peter had also been for 27 years a member and two sisters. of the Legislative Council, and at its session of December 14 a resolution was passed deploring the loss to the Island in the death of Mr. Peter. OLIVER BISHOP HARRIMAN At the funeral at St. Lucia on December 14 there FOREIGN SERVICE was a notable attendance of representative persons, SCHOLARSHIP from the highest to the lowest, for as the local press remarked very truly, “he was one of the most prom¬ The Advisory^ Committee of the Oliver Bishop inent figures that St. Lucia life has known. A just Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship invites and upright gentleman, he was much liked by all children of present or former Foreign Service Of¬ classes of the community, especially the workers. ficers interested in applying for the scholarship to His genial and ready smile was for all who came submit their applications in such time as to be in into contact with him. St. Lucia will be poorer the hands of the Committee not later than June 1, for his demise.” 1934. Applications should be in duplicate and ad¬ Mr. Peter is survived by two daughters and three dressed to the Honorable William Phillips, Chair¬ sons, to all of whom sincere sympathy is extended. man, Advisory Committee, Oliver Bishop Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship, Department of State, Washington, D. C. William Oscar Jones, a former member of the Each application must include information cov¬ American Foreign Service, and latterly a divisional ering the following particulars: assistant in the Department of State, died on De¬ Age and sex of applicant; a full statement con¬ cember 18, 1933, at the Veterans’ Diagnostic Centre, cerning the education and courses of study pursued Washington, D. C., where he had been a patient by the applicant up to the present time, including for nine months. scholastic ratings; the courses of study and profes¬ Mr. Jones was born at Chapman’s Quarries, Pa., sion which the applicant desires to follow; whether May 26, 1895, and was a graduate of the Bangor or not the applicant contemplates the Foreign Serv¬ High School. He was an active member of the ice as a career; the need of the applicant for finan¬ Easton City Guard, and served as corporal of the cial assistance (this should include a statement National Guard on the Mexican border, later going whether the applicant will be able or not to com¬ overseas with Company A, 149th Machine Gun plete or continue his education without the aid of Battalion, and winning a commission as second this scholarship) ; the institution at which the ap¬ lieutenant while in France. Later he was made a plicant proposes to make use of the scholarship if captain in the U. S. Officers Reserve Corps. Having granted; and evidence that the school experience graduated at the School of Advanced Accounting of the applicant covers the work required for ad¬ & Finance, Temple University, Philadelphia, he mission to the institution selected. A small photo¬ held a position as public accountant in Philadelphia graph of the applicant must also be included. The for over three years. He then went to Washington application may include any further information and attended the Foreign Service School at George¬ which the applicant deems pertinent and which, in town University, later being an assistant professor his or her opinion, should be taken into considera¬ of accounting at that school. He also acted as spe¬ tion by the Committee. cial tariff expert for the U. S. Tariff Commission, The application should be accompanied bv a let¬ making a special study of the sugar beet industry ter, likewise in duplicate, from the parent or guar¬ in the United States. On October 6, 1923, he was dian of the applicant. appointed after examination Vice Consul of career The Committee calls attention to the following and assigned to Danzig, and later to Konigsberg. conditions, which should be borne in mind by ap¬ On November 3, 1924, he was assigned to Mahno, plicants: The amount available for scholarships in where he served until May 17, 1928, when he was any year will presumably be little in excess of appointed Consul and transferred to Rome. He re¬ $1,200 and may, in the discretion of the committee, signed November 1, 1929, but one year later was be divided among two or more recipients. Funds appointed divisional assistant in the Department of awarded under the scholarship may be used only State and served in the Commercial Office until ill in defraying expenses at an American university, health compelled him to go to the hospital, where college, seminary, conservatory, professional, sci¬ he remained until his death. entific or other school. This school may be selected 78 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL by the recipient. No payments may be made until the recipient has been finally admitted to the par¬ ticular educational institution selected. It may be recalled that the deed of trust institut¬ ing the scholarship provides that in the selection of recipients the Advisory Committee shall be gov¬ Thoughts of erned by the following rules and regulations: “(a) The recipients shall be selected from among the children of persons who are then or shall WASHINGTON theretofore have been Foreign Service Officers of the United States; and the moneys paid to a recipient from the income of the trust fund shall be used by the recipient in paying his or her expenses at such American university, college, seminary, conserva¬ FOREIGN Service tory, professional, scientific or other school as may Officers Have A Particular be selected by the recipient. “(h) The scholarship may be awarded to a Interest In The Many single recipient or may be divided among two or Activities of Government. more recipients in such proportions as the Advisory Committee shall determine. • When next you visit “(c) The candidates for the award of the schol¬ The Capital, stay at the insti¬ arship shall apply therefor in writing to the Advis¬ tution where international per¬ ory Committee at such times and at such place as sonages reside and great events may be designated by it on or before May 1 in each occur. year. Such applications shall be accompanied by letters from the parent or guardian of the candidate Single Rooms from $4 and by such other data or information as from time to time may be required by the Advisory Commit¬ Double Rooms from $6 tee. Each application shall be made in duplicate. “(d) Each candidate shall submit evidence that Subject to a Diplomatic his or her school experience covers the work re¬ Discount quired for admission to the American educational institution selected by him or her. “(e) No payments from the income of the trust fund shall be made to a recipient until the recipient shall have been finally admitted to the university or other institution which he or she may desire to enter and payments of such income to any recipient shall continue only so long as the Advisory Committee shall direct.” The Advisory Committee is at present constituted as follows: The Honorable William Phillips, Chair¬ man; Mr. James F. McNamara, Manufacturers Trust Company; Mr. Charles W. Weston, Manufac¬ turers Company; and the Honorable Wilbur J. Carr. WILLIAM PHILLIPS, Chairman, Advisory Committee, Oliver Bishop Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship.

Members of the American Foreign Service Pro¬ tective Association are reminded that the premiums on their group insurance will fall due on Febru¬ ary 28.

79 On the Con rse of Events

By HENRY L. DEIMEL, JR., Department of State

THE President’s budget message delivered to ing if, by subtracting the expenditures made in Congress on January 4, 1934, gave very in¬ the first half of the current fiscal year, the re¬ teresting light on what is projected in the imme¬ mainder—the projected total of expenditures for diate future with respect to the Recovery program. the first six months of the calendar year 1934— The message outlines a program for three fiscal is obtained. According to the Treasury statements, years, namely those ending on June 30, 1934, expenditures from July 1 to December 31, 1933, 1935 and 1936, respectively. For the fiscal year totalled 2,622 million dollars, of which 1.256 were 1936 it is proposed to plan for a budget balanced classified as emergency expenditures. Of the as to recovery and relief as well as to regular 10,569 billions of expenditures projected for the expenditures, and thereafter for a reduction of the whole fiscal year, therefore, 7,947 remained to national debt. For the current and succeeding fiscal years, however, a continuation of recovery be spent during the second half; of this amount, and relief expenditures in excess of income from 6,792 millions represented the unspent portion of tax revenues is projected which will increase the the 8,032 millions projected for emergency (relief total national debt by more than nine billions of and recovery) expenditures. dollars, or from 22.5 billions in June, 1933, to It is evident therefore that a very heavy volume 31.8 billions in June, 1935. of Federal expenditures is projected for the rest This increase in public debt is forecast on the of the fiscal year. That a continuation of this basis of estimated expenditures and receipts which rate of expenditure is not contemplated through may be very summarily indicated as follows, in the following year is clear from the very much re¬ millions of dollars: duced estimates for emergency expenditures for Fiscal years 1935, totalling less than 3.5 billions of dollars, of Net expenditures: 1934 1935 which two billions constitute an allowance to For ordinary government operation. _ 2,531 2,437 cover probable but as yet unpredictable require¬ For recovery and relief . 8,038 3,474 ments. .. 10.569 5,961 From all this it seems very evident that the plan ... 3,260 3,975 of stimulating economic recovery by “priming the pump” with substantial public expenditures is to Increase in Public Debt — ._ 7,309 1,986 be put to an unqualified test during the coming The estimated receipts, it is w orth noting, take months. The first half of the current fiscal year no account of any additional revenues from liquor has seen very rapid progress in the preliminary taxes nor from administrative changes in the in¬ establishment of the new rules and institutions come tax law, and are based on the expectation under which our economic system is to operate in of an index of industrial production of 81 for the a more balanced manner—among these the activi¬ fiscal year 1934 and 98 for 1935, as against 118, ties of the National Recovery Administration bulk 110, 87, 70 and 67 for the five fiscal years be¬ large, but developments in agriculture, banking, tween July 1, 1928, and June 30, 1933, respec¬ securities distribution, railroad organization and tively. Estimated expenditures include, for 1934, elsewhere are also important elements. The pro¬ 1,166 millions of dollars for “certain expendi¬ gram of public expenditures envisaged in the pub¬ tures” not itemized in the budget estimates but be¬ lic works appropriations established by the Na¬ lieved to be necessary, and for 1935 an allowance, tional Industrial Recovery Act has until recently set at two billions of dollars, for continued relief been in the preparatory stage. Now, however, a and recovery expenditures which, while as yet not period of very substantial public expenditure is susceptible of definite prediction and itemization, contemplated which should provide an effective are expected to become necessary. test of the “priming of the pump” theory—in In glancing at the foregoing tabulation, the item which connection it may be of interest to observe which immediately strikes the eye is the size of that a whole lot of water can be wasted ineffec¬ the expenditures projected for the current fiscal tively by restricting it to a small trickle over an year—a total in excess of 10.5 billions of dollars, extended period: to prime the pump effectively an of which more than eight billions are for recovery adequate flow of water over a relatively limited and relief. These amounts become the more strik¬ period is requisite.

80 ^HE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Little information as to the nature of the pro¬ posed expenditures is available. The message in¬ dicates the following classifications for a large Hotel Martinique part of the totals of 8,038 millions for the 1934 FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE fiscal year and 3,474 for 1935, in millions of dollars: SIXTEENTH STREET AT M Fiscal years WASHINGTON, D. C. 1934 1935 Public Works - 1,677 1,090 ® Emergency Conservation 342 65 Federal Deposit Insurance - 150 .— Farm Credit and Federal Land Banks 190 13 Tennessee Valley Authority 19 31 CLAn Hotel of Reconstruction Finance Corporation 3,970 480t “Certain additional expenditures” 1,166 Allowance for Recovery and Relief 2,000 ‘Distinction fCredit. 9 It is not possible to deduce from these head¬ ings the nature of a large part of the projected expenditures. The Reconstruction Finance Cor¬ SPECIAL RATES poration’s activities in the past have ranged from To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE financing Federal Emergency Relief to purchasing OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES the preferred stock of banks. (That corporation • has, incidentally, just had its life extended by Congress for another year, with an 850 million Write for Booklet dollar increase in its borrowing power.) All that can be drawn from the figures is that evidently L. R. HAWKINS, Manager the President must have some very interesting projects up his sleeve, to be revealed over the next few months, assuming of course Congressional ap¬ proval of his budgetary proposals. AN AMERICAN INSTITUTION At the time of writing the daily press is fea¬ turing the most recent development in monetary IN FOREIGN SERVICE policy: the President’s request for legislation to nationalize the holdings of gold within the coun¬ Providing Rapid, Depend¬ try (largely now will) the Federal Reserve Banks), able Transport for Passen¬ gers, Express, and Mail to restrict the range of his authority to reduce the Under Contract to the United gold content of the dollar to between 50 and 60 States and Foreign Govern¬ per cent of the old gold content, and to use two ments, Between North billions of the resulting “devaluation profit” as an America and 32 Countries and Colonies of the West¬ exchange equalization fund in the hands of the ern Hemisphere. Treasury. Monetary policy always seems to have a peculiarly special attraction in popular discus¬ sion, and it is sometimes surprising to note how monetary developments, though from a general point of view seeming to come rather naturally in the flow of events and to fit quite easily and un¬ surprisingly into the whole developing picture, are given an emphasis in public interest beyond that of developments which appear essentially far more significant. This remark is not intended as a de¬ preciation of the immense importance of monetary policy. The implication, in the President’s mone¬ tary message of January 15, that he contemplates maintenance of a gold basis for the currency, and the indication of the approximate level of pro¬ jected revaluation, are of distinct importance; but 81 HE fjf T AMER1CAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL of equal importance is the evidence in the Presi¬ A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF dent’s budget speech of the intention to finance the emergency expenditures through bond issues. By CYRIL WYNNE, Department oj State (The President observed, in this connection, that, INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLIED TO RECLAMA¬ “For the next six months ... we shall have to TIONS, MAINLY IN CASES BETWEEN THE L’NITED borrow approximately $6,000,000,000 of new money STATES AND MEXICO, by Fred Kenelm Nielsen and, in addition, $4,000,000,000 to meet maturi¬ (Washington: John Byrne and Company. Pp. x, ties of a like amount.”) Though it may sound 715. $5.00). heretical, particularly to those in the American The author of this book is so well known to Foreign Service who have been so seriously af¬ Foreign Service officers that it would be super¬ fected by the decline in the exchange value of the fluous to refer to his many contributions to inter¬ dollar, the recent indications of monetary policy national law and his distinguished services from seem rather less significant than the indications the time he so ably held the office of Solicitor of of projected public expenditure outlined in the the Department of State. The present work has budget message. been prepared in response to many requests made For those who may wish to continue the tabula¬ to Judge Nielsen to publish a compilation of his tion in last month’s review it may be useful to opinions rendered as a member of the American- add that the Federal Reserve Board’s indices of Mexican Arbitrations and the American-Egyptian economic activity for November include (with Arbitration and to supplement these opinions by October figures in parentheses) : manufacturing a general statement of the legal principles relat¬ production (77) 71 ; factory employment (74) ing to the subject of reclamations. 72; factory payrolls (57) 54; department store The work is divided into two parts. The first sales (69) 65; construction contracts awarded part, which is entitled “Summaries of Topics of (35) 51; evidencing the continued decline during International Law,” discusses such subjects as that month of industrial production and the fur¬ “The Nature and Services of International Law,’ ther getting under way of the public works pro¬ “The Right of Interposition,” “Nationality,” “Gen¬ gram. eral Principles Relating to Responsibility for In¬ juries to Aliens,” “Complaints Relating to False Arrest,” “Responsibility for Acts of Insurrection¬ ists,” “Confiscation of Property,” “Problems Aris¬ ing on or near the American-Mexican Border,” “Recognition,” “Questions of International Law Pertaining to War,” “International Reclamations —Interesting Controverted Questions,” and “Ques¬ tions Pertaining to Adjective Law.” The Foreign Service officer on duty in a region where there are “disturbed conditions” and who is frequently re¬ quired to take appropriate action with a view to protecting American citizens or their property, will find Judge Nielsen’s discussions of these sub¬ jects invaluable. It may be added that the dis¬ cussion in question covers only seventy-four pages; not many authorities on international law have the gift of concise expression. There is no excess verbiage in the seventy-four pages mentioned. Part II contains Judge Nielsen’s opinions ren¬ dered as Commissioner. At the head of each opinion there is a brief statement in large type of the legal issues involved. The opinions printed on pages 77 and 587 were written by the author while acting as a member of the arbitral tribunal established by the Convention of September 8, 1923, between the United States and Mexico. Judge Nielsen’s separate opinion in the “Russell Photo by G. Ercolani Case,” which was w'ritten as a member of the FOREIGN SERVICE BUILDING, ROME, ITALY tribunal established by the Convention of Septem- 82 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL NO MORE BOUNCING JOLTING ... JARRING

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83 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL £3

her 10, 1923, between the United States and Mex¬ ico, is printed on pages 588-648 of the book. The final opinion in the volume (pages 649-702) con¬ tains the author’s dissent in the much discussed case of “The United States of America on Behalf of George J. Salem v. The Royal Government of Egypt. This dissenting opinion has been highly praised by eminent authorities on international law.

IN DEFENSE OF THE SENATE: A STUDY IN TREATY MAKING, by Royden J. Dangerfield (University of Oklahoma Press, 1933. Pp. xx, 305. $4.00). This book should be of value to Foreign Service officers serving in the field, who are so often re¬ quested (in polite tones) to explain just why and how the United States Senate exercises the power it does in our foreign relations. The author shows WOODWARD by statistics that are presented in a manner which makes them almost entertaining, that the Senate does not, as is so often alleged, refuse advice and & LOTHROP consent to most of the treaties which are referred Washington, D. C. to it. On the contrary, it is shown that the num¬ ber of treaties upon which advice and consent has been refused, or which have been drastically invites you to use the shopping service amended by reservations, is surprisingly small. The author takes pains to deny that Senators created for our foreign service families pay no attention to public opinion on a given issue. The denial is advanced in a scholarly By using it, you may surround yourself, while abroad, with the real American things you always want. Mrs. manner. “Uncle Joe” Cannon was not quite so Marian Tolson (in charge of this personal service) will scholarly, hut perhaps more convincing, when he be delighted to shop for you and your family. observed that some of our law-makers “keep their When ordering, be sure to stale your size, your color ears so close to the ground that they get them full preferences, and all details. We will keep a card file of of grasshoppers.” such information to aid us in filling your future orders. Mr. Dangerfield objects to the Senate’s “na¬ Your mail orders should he addressed to Woodward & tionalism” or “isolationism.” It may be ques¬ Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. (Attention of Mrs. Tolson). tioned if his discussion of this subject shows a complete understanding of the position of some "Jane Wandl” Silk of the so-called “nationalistic” or “isolationist” Chiffon Hose leaders in the Senate during the past ten years. A careful study of the speeches of these leaders or — in a rich assortment of shades that runs the gamut of of their votes on international questions would Fashion’s preferences for day¬ time and evening. 6 pairs, seem to indicate that they are not opposed to inter¬ S7.80 (31-35 pair). national cooperation; it is possible to be opposed to the United States joining the Ueague of Nations Men’s "Woodlothian” and still be a strong advocate of cooperation and Broadcloth Shirts understanding between the nations. The author suggests a planning organization Collar-attached and neckband styles. Splendidly tailored, of made up of Senators, career diplomats and offi¬ white and plain colored broad¬ cloth with a permanent lus¬ cials of the Department of State. Suggestions of trous finish, 32.50 each. this nature have been made before; whether such Due to market conditions, a planning organization would accomplish as prices quoted are subject much as its proponents maintain, is a matter of to change without notice. opinion. It may be observed, however, that the relations between the United States Senate and "A Store Worthy of The Nation’s Capital” the Department of State are much closer than 84 JHE AMERICAN.pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL many critics of these relations realize. Officials in the Department who have served in it for many years and whose work has required them to be in constant contact with “Capitol Hill” could give some interesting information on the subject. But they say little and serve the State; it is the Adee Distinguished members of tradition. ■ the Diplomatic Service fol¬ INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, AN INTRODUCTION TO low tradition in selecting THE WESTERN STATE SYSTEM, by Frederick L. Schuman (New York and London: McGraw-Hill The Plaza as their New Book Company, 1933. Pp. xxii, 922. $4.00). York home. They find here a Some ten years have passed since Dr. Raymond standard of excellence that L. Buell, now President of the Foreign Policy is known in all countries. Association, “blazed the trail” which showed that Single rooms from $5. FACING CENTRAt PARK international relations was a subject separate and distinct from international law. The trail has now * A 25% discount from room charges is become a broad highway, to the distress of some allowed members of the Foreign Service. professors of political science who insist that they Henry A. Rost, Managing Director, are teaching international law, and to the delight John D. Owen, Manager of professors in law schools of recognized stand¬ ing who teach international law. Professor Schu- man’s book is, as its title indicates, a study in international politics; in fact he goes so far as P L fl Z to state that the realm of international law “is FIFTY-NINTH STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE not coterminous with the realm of international politics.” He discusses such subjects as the emergence and evolution of the “Western State System,” national¬ ism and imperialism, the foreign policies of the “Great Powers,” capitalism, trade, tariffs, inter¬ governmental debts, the “White Man’s Burden” (and there are some who claim that the immortal HOMELIKE, Rudyard is forgotten), pacifism and the League of Nations in a manner that is somewhat novel in with a yanatama unequalled books of this nature. The novelty in question elsewhere in j\jew 'Ijctl •jeet heantij rests in the fact that Professor Schuman does not seem to have any delusions or illusions with re¬ • The Savoy-Plaza provides the homelike warmth and charm that gard to what can be accomplished in making the informed travellers demand, plus family of nations one happy family. At the same superior service and an unsurpas¬ time he shows what may he achieved in the fur¬ sed crusine. Single rooms from $5. thering of international organization and coopera¬ A 25% discount from room tion, if only the extremists who are striving for charges is allowed members of the ideal in question will not be so carried away the Foreign Service. by their zeal that they will attempt that which has Henry A. Rost, Managing Director wrecked many an experiment noble in purpose, in John F. Sanderson, Manager international as well as in domestic politics. FIFTH AVE.f 58th TO 59th STS.

COVER PICTURE NILE BOATS IN ALEXANDRIA HARBOR

(Photograph by Dr. P. M. Ogilvie, sent to the JOURNAL by Ernest L. Ives, now Consul General at Algiers.) The Feluccas, fast lateen-rigged vessels, with long yards, are a strikingly characteristic feature OVERLOOKING CENTRAL PARK of the Mediterranean and adjacent waters, and are as much an emblem of the Faith as is the Crescent. 85 The Scene Shifters

By R. ALLEN HADEN, Vice Consul, Singapore

FROM three little one act plays in a dingy hall the approach, slope off the sides, provide drains. to Shakespeare in a specially built open air Simple, quite simple. And so during local leave theatre; from an organization which provoked pa¬ he superintended a gang of Chinese laborers, dig¬ tronizing encouragement to four packed audiences ging and clearing away and putting back. The stage who called for “Producer,” that is the fifteen was built, lights were installed, the Municipality months' record of the Scene Shifters whose des¬ inspected the place and admitted that it was fire tinies have been guided by the hand of Consul Roy safe. Now for a show. Bower in Singapore. Consul Bower has for years been a student of the But considerable expense had been gone to. A theatre. Southampton saw some of his work in that group of friends together contributed; the heavy line, Singapore a triumph. And it all started when bill was guaranteed; they agreed to wait until the with a little band of friends, just for fun some shows to be put on could pay them back. Profits, plays were put on to amuse the public. But trouble when, as and if any, would go to building a model of one kind or another developed and the Scene Little Theatre for the Y. M. C. A. Done. Three Shifters were thereupon organized. shows have brought in all the money needed to pay A beginning in a hall of the Y. M. C. A. building off the underwriters in full. was as modest as beginnings should be. Then the The Scene Shifters came through. “The Rose bomb fell. The hall in which the shows had been Without a Thorn” was the third play chosen, and produced was declared by the authorities to be un¬ in August was ready for the public. This play was safe. Alterations to make the hall fireproof were not merely put on, it was produced. By a snowball too expensive. And so the very obstacle which process the audience increased night after night might have killed the young society was destined until after the clouds of bills had been dispelled to make it a greater thing than was foreseen. a profit could be applied to the indebtedness. There Mr. Bower got to work. He had selected the spot. was a sigh of relief from the members of the or¬ Near his house was a little valley. There was the ganization and applause from all sides, people hav¬ solution: excavate, fill in, build the stage, smooth ing come from as far as Malacca to see the play.

Photo from R. Allen Haden STAGE OF THE GLADE THEATRE, SINGAPORE Seen from near the entrance. Notice the trees which in all outdoor settings form a fine background. 86 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

The plans were gathering for the climax of the 1933 season. What was there to cap the success? Their producer had long wanted to put on “The Merry Wives of Windsor” in modern dress. To say that it was a success is to say little; it was a good show. Everyone was there from the Governor to our junior “tamby.” Consul Bower produced it and incidentally Vice Consul Affeld ap¬ peared as Bardolph, one of the gangsters and sang. Song and dance, excerpts from Bach’s Peasant Can¬ tata were used to give a musical touch. “The Merry Wives” became under direction not so much a farce as a musical comedy. It may appear somewhat anomalous that an Eng¬ lish community should have looked to an Ameri¬ can to guide them artistically but nevertheless this was so. And in going to Stockholm, where he has been recently transferred, Consul Bower can feel that he has done something for Singapore, aside from his work, which is of lasting merit and he knows that he is followed by the good wishes of all those to whom he devoted his energy and knowl¬ edge, all those whom his hobby bound together into a living and joyous company.

HOBBIES The New York Times says editorially, “One who has a hobby can never tire of life. He always has something of passionate interest. Sometimes the hobby is within the scope of one’s vocation. But for the great mass of men it cannot be. In none of the three fundamental types of hobbies (the acquiring of knowledge, the acquiring of things, the creation of things) do the daily tasks give opportunity of self-development, or for contributing to the happiness or welfare of others. Photograph by Gomez Most fortunate are they whose vocation allows The Argentine Gaucho Finds the Telephone Essential them the scope and fervor of an avocation.” Bring Your Strange World to Us On the Chicago Elevated a man gave a woman his seat. She fainted. On recovering, she thanked All the glamour of another world may lie at the him. Then he fainted. end of a telephone wire—a world that millions may long for, but never see. That is why The Geographic has become indispensable to world- The storm was increasing in violence and minded people, for it brings them illustrated stories some of the deck fittings had already been swept of the civilizations and cultures of other lands. overboard when the captain decided to send up a You, with your camera, can help record these in¬ teresting facts by submitting to The Geographic signal of distress. But hardly had the rocket burst your photographs and human interest articles. Lib¬ over the ship when a solemn-faced passenger eral payment is made to members of the Foreign stepped on to the bridge. Service for all material accepted. Write for our “Captain,” he said, “I’d be the last man on booklet describing the kind of photographs desired. earth to cast a damper on anyone, but it seems to me that this is no time for letting off fireworks.” THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, LITT.D., LL.D., Editor A friend is the first person who comes in when WASHINGTON, D. C. the whole world has gone out.

87 DIVISION OF PROTOCOL AND CONFERENCES (Continued from page 73) known as the Division of Protocol.” Mr. Warren Delano Robbins, then Minister to El Salvador and now Minister to Canada, wras designed to head the Division. The name “Division of Protocol” was not, how¬ ever, adopted without much cerebration on the part of the interested officers of the Department, runners-up for the titular dignity being “Division of Diplomatic Ceremonials and Protocol,” “Diplo¬ matic Protocol,” “Ceremonials and Protocol” and “Ceremonial.” “Protocol” was finally decided upon, despite the ambiguity of the term, which, of course, de¬ notes a compact as well as a ceremonial. It was noted that the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of France, Germany and Italy had departments or bureaus of Protocol fulfilling substantially the same functions as those designed for the proposed new7 office of the Department of State, and that the importance of the protocol office was recog¬ nized in those countries by its head ranking as a Minister. British practice in ceremonial matters, on the contrary, threw no light on the problem, since in the British Foreign Office one department combined duties performed not only by our own Protocol agents, but also by the Treaty, Passport and Visa Divisions of the Department of State. Accordingly, the name “Division of Protocol” was chosen because the term denoted a logical di¬ vision of the duties of the Division of International Conference and Protocol and hence required a the Breakfast and Sitting Room of the minimum of explanation; this designation most correctly described the duties of the office and had United States Embassy at Tokio, Japan. the most complete justification from the point of view of precedent and usage; the functions of a Division of Protocol were readily understood by the Diplomatic Corps resident in Washington, and W. & J. SLOANE through its unique the appointment as its chief of an officer of min¬ facilities is equipped to provide Fur¬ isterial rank was in complete harmony with the practice of other Governments. niture and Floor Coverings of unusual The new7 Division of International Conferences merit. Whether a single room or an came into being with less discussion as to nomen¬ entire building is to be furnished, clature and was charged with duties sufficient in number to prevent any repining over its separa¬ its experts are prepared to advise tion from Protocol. These duties included the correctly and estimate accurately. following: Making arrangements for international conferences, congresses, expositions and conven¬ tions, in which the United States was to partici¬ pate, at home or abroad, and in cooperation with W. & J. SLOANE other branches of the Government and interested 575 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK persons and organizations; determining the extent and character of that participation; the organiza¬ WASHINGTON LOS ANGELES SAN FRANCISCO tion of the delegations of the United States, and

88 the appointment of delegates and other personnel; the preparation of expenditure programs and su¬ pervision of the expenditures of delegations of the United States; supervision of the preparation of the reports of American delegations or of the con¬ ferences, congresses or other meetings, and super¬ vision of their distribution; supervision of the fulfillment of the international obligations of the United States with respect to membership in inter¬ national treaty commissions, committees, bureaus and other organizations and acting as liaison with other governmental organizations, private organi¬ zations and individuals, with regard to the work A Representative of international commissions, committees, bureaus A. LAWMAKER who, in making the laws and similar organizations; clearance of expendi¬ for his social life, considers the register tures for international obligations, congresses, con¬ at the Willard Hotel his statute hook. ferences and commissions. Mr. James Clement Single Rooms with Bath $4 up Dunn was appointed Chief of the Division and Double Rooms with Bath $6 up 25% discount on room charges to members of the Mr. Richard Southgate, Assistant Chief. United States Foreign Service The two Divisions established themselves in sep¬ Popular Priced Coffee Shop arate quarters and went their respective ways. But Write for Illustrated Booklet and Rates not for long, for the big bad wolf of economic ^//ie distress which began bowling in the distance in WILLARD HOTEL the fall of 1929, drew nearer the Department and “The Residence of Presidents” paced relentlessly outside the windows of Protocol 14th and Pennsylvania Avenue and of International Conferences. Adversity will, Washington, D. C. however, be seen to have had its uses, for on May H. P. SOMERVILLE, Managing Director 22. 1933, an Order appeared announcing that, no later than the first of the following June, the twain would lose their separate identities and would once more unite, albeit this time under the family name of Protocol and Conferences. The APPLETON & COX, Inc. functions previously exercised by the two Divi¬ sions would become thereafter their joint respon¬ U nderwriters sibility. Mr. James Clement Dunn became head 8 South William Street of the Division, Mr. Charles Lee Cooke continu¬ ing to function as Ceremonial Officer, while NEW YORK Messrs. Richard Southgate and Jefferson Patterson were designated its Assistant Chiefs. It became at once apparent, however, that both parties to the alliance had, during their years of ALL FORMS OF MARINE separation, so expanded that their old quarters AND INLAND INSURANCE had grown inadequate for the efficient discharge of their duties. However, during the spring and early summer of 1933, both parties were so fully occupied by the arrival of a series of distinguished Sfecializing in foreign visitors and by the consequent necessity of INSURANCE ON JEWELRY, PERSONAL returning their calls that they decided to await a EFFECTS, AND HOUSEHOLD quieter time before definitely setting up house¬ keeping together. This event, however, occurred GOODS IN TRANSIT in September, 1933, when International Confer¬ ences joined Protocol in a greatly enlarged suite generously furnished through the munificence of Agents: the Chief Clerk. SECURITY STORAGE COMPANY The situation of these quarters, on the first floor 1140 Fifteenth Street of the Department, facing the Executive Offices, Washington, D. C. indicates something of the multiplicity of the 89 functions of the Division of Protocol and Con¬ which position jeweled fender lamps come into ferences, for it gives ready accessibility to the play. members of the foreign diplomatic corps resident Whether you like it or not, the radio is going to in Washington and is convenient to the White be more in evidence than ever in cars this year. It House, the Division being in fact the connecting is not yet compulsory to install one and tune in on link between the White House, the Diplomatic the prevailing crooner of the moment, but the option Corps, and the Department. The presence in to do so is clearly implied in the number of cars Washington of perhaps the most numerous diplo¬ having increased battery power, heavier generators matic corps in the world is an earnest of the and built-in antennae. Along with airplane-type activity of the Division, while the development of speedometers and other instruments centered on the international contacts through interchange of visits dashboard, it is now the fashion to provide a spe¬ by representatives of this and other Governments cial radio compartment, Packard claiming for its and through a continuing series of conferences be¬ new Super Eight enclosed model the distinction tween States, has resulted in a steadily continuing of being the first car to be completely engineered expansion of its functions. for radio as an integral part of its desig" With half a million radios already in use on American passenger cars, and with busses, taxis, trucks and NOTABLE CHANGES IN AUTO* even motorcycles showing definite symptoms of MOBILES FOR 1934 adopting them, it won't be long now before there'll be music in the air on every highwav and byway of (Continued from page 58) our automotively United States. Just what com¬ tion that seven States have already made its use plications this is going to add to the motoring prob¬ compulsory. There is even reason to hope that with lem is hard to tell, but one constructive use for such the present improvement in multiple beam head¬ new equipment has been suggested. It is that Gov¬ lights the time may eventually come when it will ernment weather bureau reports be sent out regular¬ be feasible to drive at night without imminent peril ly for the benefit of motorists, in much the same to yourself, the oncoming driver, or the pedestrian manner that such information is made available at the side of the road. While the main idea still for aviators, which in these days of extended tour¬ seems to be to design a headlight that will give the ing would be an undoubted advantage in determin¬ maximum of light with a minimum of glare, Pon¬ ing the brand of weather one is going to run into tiac among others has introduced a flexible beam ahead. that will pay particular attention, when passing When it comes to prices, the person of average another car, to the right hand side of the road, in means who buys in the lower or lower-medium priced brackets will have to pay from $40 to $50 up more than he did for the same model last year. Both Chevrolet and Ford have boosted their prices, and they have plenty of competition at the new fig¬ ures. Oldsmobile has invaded the low price field with a snappy looking six-cylinder model, and a newcomer with a familiar name—the La Fayette-—• has been put out by Nash. But cars of the middle- price class and, for those whose budgets permit, the more expensive varieties, are generally lower than they were in 1933. In some cases, very sub¬ stantial reductions have been made in this category, of which the La Salle is a sensational example. The latter, completely redesigned in all its phases, is a rakish illustration of modern streamlining at a price which brings it squarely within the middle-class field. Altogether, fundamental and important advances have been made in the motor industry which from 1934 on are probably going to lead to an entirely new era in construction, design and performance. In addition, refinements in existing features have been made at a time when courage and initiative in other lines of business have been relatively lacking. 90 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

For instance, serious consideration has been given to the question of brakes, with the apparent ultimate aim of bringing a car to a dead stop instantaneous¬ HOTEL LAFAYETTE ly, painlessly, silently and with certainty. Whether CORNER 16TH AND EYE STREETS, N. W. hydraulic or mechanical, the four-wheel brake of WASHINGTON, D. C. today is becoming so powerful and reliable that even with the steady increase in our accustomed ENTIRELY MODERNIZED UNDER NEW rate of speed the safety factor in this respect hears MANAGEMENT little analogy to the older days. Many manufac¬ turers have applied themselves to other refinements, • Radio loud speaker in illustrated by the kapok-insulated bodies of the Pierce-Arrow, making the interior of a closed model every room. Every room virtually noiseless, and by the attention almost uni¬ with tub and shower versally displayed to the matter of better visibility. bath. ® Coffee Shop—- Unwieldy side posts are being done away with when¬ Table and Counter Serv¬ ever possible, and both windshields and windows ice. ® Dining Room— are in many cases providing larger areas through which to watch the scenery. Despite the trend to¬ Table d’Hote and A la ward streamlining, the importance of a good view Carte Service. at high speed is gradually being recognized, and Hupmobile has even slanted its rear window at just Only three minutes from State Department, the the proper angle so that lights of other cars behind White House, and Business Section. will not strike the rear view mirror and reflect into the driver’s eyes—a tangible boon to those who SPECIAL DISCOUNT travel after dark. If these developments do not to all Diplomatic and Consular Officers spell confidence in the business outlook, it is hard JEFFERSON L. FORD, JR. to tell what does. The motor industry is making a General Manager strong bid this year to lift itself out of the depres¬ sion, and to those who have seen the 1934 models there can be no doubt that it is optimistic as to the future. QetO ne New A4ember for THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY THROUGH DON QUIJOTE’S ET some friend, either American or foreign, LAND U enjoy the Geographic Magazine by be¬ (Continued from page 53) coming a member. Annual dues abroad, including subscription, Sorry Figure, proceeded to take off all his clothes, are $4 a year.* except his shirt, to stand on his head and kick his heels in the air. Use this form. Nominations by Foreign “Dios de mi padre!” exclaimed Sancho. He Service Officers are welcomed and acted on shook his head and started away at once. He had by a Special Membership Committee in The seen enough of the terrible deeds. Society. Through deep cuts in the mountain one can see I, , clear over to the Sierra Nevada range in the south, nominate for membership in the National with its snow-capped peaks. Little by little the Geographic Society: way straightens. We pass Almuradiel and Santa Cruz de Mudela. The road onward is perfectly Name straight and flat for now we are in Don Quijote’s Address own country of the Mancha. Miles away we looked back at Santa Cruz. The town was indistinct upon Occupation the horizon, except for the tall church tower which stood directly in the path of the road. This occurs Nationality frequently on the flat plateau and it must be that *In Canada, #3.50; in U. S. A., #3.00. the road engineer in the olden days climbed the 91 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

church tower and took a straight sight from there as far as he could see. We approached the over-grown town of Valde- SPEEDING the penas, famous throughout Spain for its rich table- wines, but otherwise rather uninteresting. There are of course large bodegas—all low and white¬ World’s Business washed. The boy stopped before a tiny white house— the door was open but a cloth hung over it to keep out the sun. It had a sign outside—-“Vinos.” There was a dark room, small in size, with a tiny bar a yard long, topped with tin. We wanted a bottle of wine for our roadside luncheon. A neatly dressed and clean-looking peasant woman came in from the little pat'.o, a chubby little child hanging to her skirt. “Oh, yes, very certainly,” she said, “I have wine of a richness such as you have never tasted.” “Cuanto vale?” the boy wanted to know. “Cincuenta centimos el litro.” About seven cents a bottle! But then came the difficulty. There was no bottle. The good senora had plenty of wine but all in casks with spigots VERYWHERE ... on aU sides . . . you hear fitted into them. The boy had to go out and buy E a bottle, and the bottle cost eight cents! This it. The battle cry of RECOVERY. The clarion often occurs in Spain, where all glass is expensive, call of the new era. The prayer of all people but it looked for a minute as if we were to go . . . of all countries. And the slogan of Under¬ without wine here in Valdepenas itself, the very wood Elliott Fisher for years . . . “Speed the center of this great wine-making region. World’s business.” Further down the street we noticed that Buster Keaton in “The Cameraman” was “on” (rather Underwood Elliott Fisher “Speeds the World's belatedly) at the cinema, big American litho¬ Business” by giving wings to the thoughts, the graphed posters announcing the fact in English. words, the figures that are essential parts of busi¬ Just as near Cordoba our road was a lane through ness. Through Underwood Typewriters. Through olive groves, now it became a path through vine¬ yards. The region is fiat for miles and miles, with Underwood Elliott Fisher Accounting Machines. the stubby trunks of grape vines planted in even Through Underwood Sundstrand Adding-Figuring rows on both sides of the road extending way to Machines. Through the supplies that are part of the horizon. On either side in the far distance, them. the pale blue tops of mountains are visible. The sky was filled with large queer-shaped clouds, Underwood Elliott Fisher not only sells office piled one upon the other in unusual array. The machines . . . Underwood Elliott Fisher services sun poured through the open gaps, and weird them for life! shadows were cast ahead of us over road and vineyards. TYPEWRITER DIVISION Among the grape vines we noticed large birds UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY like crows, but quite pretty in jet black, with Homer Building, 601 13th Street N. W. brilliant white marks across head and wings. Washington, D. C. Aside from this evidence of life, we were quite alone. Half an hour sped by with no sign of SALES AND SERVICE EVERYWHERE even a single cart upon the highway. Then would come a solitary little white house The UNDERWOOD by the roadside—one door and two little windows STANDARD .... Model No. 6 —and above the door a sign “Peones Camineros. ’ On one side of the small building would be painted in large black letters “180 K. a Madrid; 92 6 K. a Manzanares” and if one looked back after passing, on the other side one saw “220 K. a Cor¬ doba; 21 K. a Valdepenas.” These are the houses of the road guardians and repairers. They are seen all over Spain and are precisely alike in structure. Each roadman has a certain number of kilometers to keep in repair and this formerly meant that he must crack stone into small bits, spread it over the worst ruts and into the deepest holes and cover it with a smooth surface of earth. Now that the highways are paved, however, his duties have changed. He spreads a thin coating of sandy soil over the tarred surface Every modern facility for the safe handling if it shows wear, and if more intricate repair is and care of household treasures. required, notifies the contractor, whose duty in¬ cludes not only construction but maintenance as well. FEDERAL STORAGE Most of the little houses are neat as pins. The roadman’s wife usually has a few pots of bright geraniums in the windows, and a few chickens COMPANY pecking round the door. On Sundays her husband appears in uniform, green jacket with red borders, FOREIGN SHIPPING and green cap with a red band. Often he salutes as a car passes by. Exclusive agents in Washington for the inter¬ A sharp turn to the left and then to the right nationally known Bowling Green lift vans for and we are in Manzanares’ main street—the town foreign shipments. Vans available to and is pleasing but there is mud in the roadway—it is from frincifal cities throughout the zvorld. always in the towns that our broad highway fails us. A long line of one-story white-washed houses, General Foreign Representa lives all alike. Women, mostly in black, with black MAPLE & COMPANY shawls round their shoulders, silting just outside PARIS 29 RUE DE> LA JONQUIERE MAPLE & COMPANY the doors in low chairs talking and knitting. One LONDON was having her long black hair brushed by her 40 A CAMDEN STREET BERLIN GUSTAV KNAUER companion. They look up and smile, wave and WlCHMANNSTRASSE 7-8 call: “Adios, adios!” In the Plaza de la Constitucion stands the in¬ teresting old church “de la Asuncion,” where gal¬ leries used to be built between the buttresses, for spectators at the village bull fights. It must be remembered that small communities cannot afford a magnificent bull ring, seating fifteen to twenty thousand people, such as one sees in the cities, but they must nevertheless have their bull fights during the town’s annual festivals. Hence the square plaza in the center of the locality is used for this purpose, a stout barricade being placed across the narrow streets running into it. Doors and windows on the lower floors of the surround¬ ing buildings are closed tight, the spectators gathering on the balconies and in the second story windows. The bull is let into the “ring” and the fight is on! 1707 FLORIDA AVENUE Beyond Manzanares comes another straight WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. stretch over more flat plain. A small white donkey with long gray ears approaches. On its back is a 9.3 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

short fat man in a faded jacket and corduroy trousers—a wide-brimmed hat atop his head and heels dangling almost to the ground. Sancho Panza in person! Seeing him reminded us that only a few miles to the east was the village of Argamasilla de Alba, which was the home of Don Quijote—the Hidalgo de la Mancha. It was across these same plains, Campo de Montiel, that he set forth in search of adventure, and in the little church of Argamasilla is a portrait of Rodrigo de Pacheco, claimed to be the original of Don Quijote. Farther along we saw strange windmills, peculiar to the Mancha, and identical in type to the one poor Don Quijote fought for hours, mistaking it for a dragon. The River Guadiana rises in the twelve small lakes of Ruidera near Argamasilla, flows westward and then disappears into the ground. Miles far¬ ther on it appears again and wends its untroubled way toward Portugal. The story goes that Ruy Gonzalez Clavijo was boasting to Tamerlane about the grand possessions of his master King Henry. On referring to this underground portion of the Guadiana he said: “My king owns a bridge so large that 100,000 sheep graze upon it.” And we were just crossing that bridge by motor car! Eight miles beyond Manzanares we looked back toward the town. The road was straight as an arrow and there at the exact end of the arrow SEND THE JOURNAL To Your we could just see the church tower in the distance —a case similar to the one at Santa Cruz de Relatives And Friends Mudela. Jt took half an hour to cross “King Henry’s bridge” and come to Villarta de San Juan. They will always welcome this intimate news of you, After passing the town there are extensive marsh your colleagues and your interesting Service. lands—water and reeds, almost engulfing the road. Often after winter rains this part of the highway J. HE JOURNAL Staff now offers to each has been entirely impassable, but gangs of men, active and associate member of the American and steam rollers, were busy completing a new Foreign Service Association the privilege of sub¬ long bridge over the marshes. scribing for the JOURNAL for or on behalf And again the plain spreads away on all sides. of relatives and friends at the rate of $2 per By nightfall we will be in the teeming “capital of year. all the Spains”—Madrid. We pass Puerto La- Each member may use up to five of these piche, enter the Province of Toledo and leave be¬ special subscriptions. hind us the land of the Knight of the Sorry Please use the coupon below. Figure. --■■■ SPECIAL OFFER- AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Care Department of State, Washington, D. C. An Index (of articles and authors’ names) of Please send the JOURNAL for one year. Volume X of the JOURNAL for the calendar year To _ Send bill for $ . 1933 is enclosed in this issue. Copies of the Index

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94 ^HE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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96 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

AMERICAN TYPEWRITERS soon after the introduction of the Underwood 4-bank portable typewriter, Katakana type was ABROAD applied to this model also, making Katakana (Continued from page 67) machines more widely available. Considered as a whole the typewriter industry Mr. Yamashita approached the Underwood has contributed more to literary, professional and Typewriter Co. with his plans. There were natu¬ commercial progress than that of any other in¬ rally one or two problems to be overcome in vention or device for many centuries. Today, in adapting this writing to a foreign typewriter. every corner of the world, you will find type¬ For instance, Katakana writing was always written writers speeding the world’s business. vertically in the same way as the Chinese char¬ acters and, in order to make it easily readable horizontally, certain modifications had to be made in style. It was also Mr. Yamashita’s plan that the style should be such as to enable readers, UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH after a little practice, to apprehend the words as SERVICE a whole, in the same way as is done in English, instead of taking them syllable by syllable, as In the List of Duties and Stations of the had been done up till then. United States Public Health Service, received since the December issue of the JOURNAL, only the After considerable work had been put in, a following change of foreign post has been noted: type was designed with the cooperation of Mr. B. C. Stickney of the Underwood company, and Passed Assistant Surgeon F. F. Thweatt, Jr. Underwood produced in 1922 the first typewriter Relieved from duty at Ellis Island, N. Y., about writing Katakana characters horizontally. January 1 and assigned to duty at Naples, Italy. December 26, 1933. Since that time, considerable progress has been made by the Katakana movement in Japan and,

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3 lot 3*. ?, 70 - 09 IDOJ*, .OaoB'oyy o 43/O17 fit fo, t1iv» FREIGHT TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT Pier 3, Norh River, New York, N Y. fy1/ lit mu Dl B' f0T1. (TV Bot 0 11 0 7vB'9 Mo 0 (sty) 1001 Fourth St., Ill W. Washington St., ■?7p fff San Francisco, Calif. Chicago, 111. Long Wharf, 321 St. Charles St., Boston. Mm. Ntw Orleans. T.a. A LETTER WRITTEN ON AN UNDERWOOD TYPE¬ WRITER USING PHONETIC KATAKANA JAPANESE. General Offices: One Federal Street, Boston, Mass. 97 THE FISHING BOATS OF PORTUGAL The fishing boats of Portugal I long to see again, With orange or with crimson sails They leave the shore and then They are hut dots in color scheme Upon Atlantic’s blue. The fishing boats of Portugal, With sails of vivid hue.

The streets of Lisbon, old and quaint, I long once more to roam, Where busy fishwives cry the spoils The fishing boats bring home. The baskets gleam with shining prey— With lobster, oyster, sole— The streets of Lisbon, old and quaint, Through which I loved to stroll.

The ancient castle by the sea; The mossy, crumbling wall; The glimpse of tiles through garden trees; The peasant’s cheery call, The cactus bloom; the Judas tree; The poppy and the rose. The ancient castle by the sea Was once the spot I chose.

The fishing boats of Portugal I viewed from that fair place; But now the ocean blue and green Has interposed a space EXERCISING THE DOG To hide from me that haven dear, Where, orange-sailed or red, We take our dog out for a walk, The fishing boats of Portugal And forget him as we talk, Their glowing colors spread. We look around, he’s out of sight, Then we get an awful fright. BLANCHE ELIZABETH WADE. (Consul L. S. Armstrong, Lisbon, sent the foregoing, taken from the New York Times a few years ago.) Perhap’s lie’s met another pup, And gone with him to see what’s up, Among the monkeys in the trees, TO D. S. NO. 2340 Who’re usually busy picking fleas. All hail—Coordination! Now solid to the core; Perhaps lie’s gone along the pike, That demon Duplication We rush around, yelling “MIKE.” Will chisel in no more. Or then perhaps he’s treed a cat. —ANON. He can’t be far. I’m sure of that.

And yet we hear no sound of strife. LETTERS He seems to’ve vanished from our life. (This column will be devoted each month to the publica¬ 1 take this path. Jack takes the other, tion, in whole or in part, of letters to the Editor from mem¬ How can a dog be such a bother? bers of the Association on topics of general interest. Such letters are to be regarded as expressing merely the personal I’m just about to give him up, opinion of the writers and not necessarily the views of the When up the road comes that D d pup. JOURNAL, or of the Association.) With an innocent look, he seems to say, JANUARY 8, 1934. “Well, Missus, have you lost your way?” MY DEAR MR. INGRAM: At the pleasant reception given yesterday at the P. S. home of Consul-General Winans, retired, I took oc¬ He really is no pup at all, For he’ll he 13 in the Fall, casion to express my thanks for the publishing of And by all ethics should be staid, the peculiarly felicitous translation of the Ninth Not always looking for a maid. Ode of the First Book of Horace, by Consul Her¬ C. M. bert 0. Williams. (“Mike” is probably known to many of our readers. I have tried my own hand at rendering various He was mentioned in a recent article in the JOURNAL.) Horatian poems into English, and know, from bit- 98 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

PAGE PAGE American Express Company 77 New Yorker Hotel II Cover American Security & Trust Company 74 Pan-American Airways, Incorporated 81 Appleton & Cox 89 Plaza Hotel 85 Baltimore Mail Line 45 Powhatan Hotel 94 Brewood (Engravers) ,— 94 Rockefeller Center III Cover Federal Storage Company 93 Savoy-Plaza Hotel 85 Firestone Tire & Rubber Company 46 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company -— 83 Security Storage Company of Washington . 75 Grace, W. R., & Co i 99 Sloane, W. & J 88 Harris & Ewing 76 Socony-Vacuum Corporation 95 Lafayette Hotel 91 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company . 92 Manhattan Storage & Warehouse Company 76 United Fruit Company - 97 Martinique Hotel 81 United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company 96 Mayflower Hotel 79 United States Lines . 76 Merchants Transfer & Storage Company 96 Von Zielinski, Carl M. J. 96 Middleton, Mrs. Lewis — ... 90 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover National Geographic Magazine 87 Willard Hotel 89 National Geographic Society 91 Woodward & Lothrop — ' 84

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99 HE MER1CAN IK T A ’F°REIGN gERVICEJOURNAL 9

ter experience, how difficult it is to transfer their On one side (1) a projection tab giving num¬ elusive beauty and exquisite finish into another ber and subject of each article and (2) outline tongue. This thing by Williams is one of the best of each article by sections, and on the reverse renderings of a Horatian poem that I have seen side of the tabs the section numbers of each ar¬ anywhere, after extensive reading in this field. It ticle, such as, 307 to 220. is the work of a scholar and a poet. Embodied in the set is a helpful color arrange¬ May I say, in this connection, that I found the ment of six different colors in addition to the classical authors mighty good company and a cure natural color of the paper, such as yellow for for homesickness during the long years of my serv¬ Immigration and Quarantine, with distinctive col¬ ice. One, however, should not become too absorbed ors also for shipping and seamen subjects, Es¬ in them. There was a British consul at one of the tates, Citizenship, Trade Promotion and Protec¬ wretched posts in the southeast Mediterranean area, tion, and Documentation of Merchandise. who was absorbed in the Greek tragedies, which he Unfortunately, the Department has insufficient was translating. One day, as he was digging out a funds to provide these sets, but considering that knotty passage in the Antigone of Sophocles, he re¬ one Consul General who examined the sample as¬ ceived a telegram to the effect that Turkey had de¬ serted that he would speak for ten sets at $2.00 clared war on Great Britain. Impelled by an im¬ per set, and that another Consul General said pulse of long training, he automatically picked up that he was sure that each officer within his su¬ the code book and pitched it into the fire, and went pervisory jurisdiction, embracing about fifty-five on with the unravelling of the passage, which was officers, would want a set, and that all who have just beginning to get clear. About two hours af¬ seen the sample have indicated their interest, it terward, he received a long despatch in cipher, giv¬ has been decided to permit officers in the field to ing him, doubtless, full information, and detailed express their wishes by filling in and returning instructions—but be was unable to read it. And the order blank given below, indicating how many Sophocles, with all his wisdom, could not help the sets they would wish, so that an order may be consul there. placed for a sufficient number. The cost would Perhaps Mr. Williams would be interested in my depend on the aggregate number ordered, in ac¬ rendering of the pretty little ode (Book one, xxii). cordance with the following table, from which it will be seen that the range would be from 40c to HORACE TO CHLOE 65c per set for the best quality; Chloe flees me like a fawn To its timid mother running, Number of sets Cost per set Into pathless mountains gone, 300 65c Every wind-stirred thicket shunning. 500 57c Let a bush but feel a breeze, 1,000 51c Or green lizard in it shaking, 1,500 40c And the pretty creature’s knees, And her breast with fear are quaking. If orders are placed for each personal and of¬ fice copy of the Regulations, the cost would be I’m no Afric lion, Dear, but 40c per set, so fill in and send the coupon No fierce tigress, you to harry; now if you are interested. Quit your mother and your fear, You are old enough to marry! ORDER BLANK GEORGE HORTON. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Room 115, INDEX SHEETS FOR Department of State. CONSULAR REGULATIONS Please send me postpaid sets of index sheets for the Consular Regulations, for As the JOURNAL goes to press we have the op¬ which I will pay not more than 65c per set when portunity of announcing a development which we informed of the cost, which I understand may be believe will meet with a hearty welcome. An of¬ as low as 40c per set. ficer in the Department (Consul Edmund B. Mont¬ gomery) has designed a set of index sheets for Name insertion in the Consular Regulations in the same way as other pages. These sets, prepared on light Post but durable linen paper, contain the following special features: Date 100 ROCKEFELLER CENTER NEW YORK CITY

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