Breaking in / out of Bollywood

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Breaking in / out of Bollywood Breaking in / out of Bollywood : stratégies et trajectoires des productions et personas du nouveau cinéma de l’industrie du film de Mumbai depuis l’arrivée du multiplexe Catherine Bernier Thèse présentée à l’école de cinéma Mel Hoppenheim comme exigence partielle au grade de Philosophae doctor (Ph.D.) Université Concordia Montréal, Québec, Canada Mai 2018 © Catherine Bernier, 2018 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Catherine Bernier Entitled: Breaking in/out of Bollywood: stratégies et trajectoires des productions et personas du nouveau cinéma de l’industrie du film de Mumbai depuis l’arrivée du multiplexe and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Of Philosophy (Film and Moving Image Studies) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. Daniel Salée External Examiner Dr. Bernard Bernier External to Program Dr. Rachel Berger Examiner Dr. Charles Acland Examiner Dr. Marc Steinberg Thesis Supervisor Dr. Thomas Waugh Approved by Dr. Martin Lefebvre, Graduate Program Director Thursday, June 14, 2018 Dr. Rebecca Taylor Duclos, Dean Faculty of Fine Arts Résumé Breaking in / out of Bollywood : stratégies et trajectoires des productions et personas du nouveau cinéma de l’industrie du film de Mumbai depuis l’arrivée du multiplexe Catherine Bernier, Ph.D. Université Concordia, 2018 Cette thèse documente l’émergence d’un nouveau cinéma à Mumbai qui défie les conventions ayant traditionnellement contribué à distinguer le cinéma populaire et parallèle dans le contexte indien. Cette étude examine les stratégies de production et de circulation de films ainsi que les stratégies et trajectoires des personas ayant contribué à développer ce courant transformateur et alternatif à la forme dominante depuis l’arrivée du cinéma multiplexe en Inde. Au moyen de méthodes ethnographiques cherchant à développer des données à partir d’interprétations, de théories personnelles et de récits de trajectoires socioprofessionnelles des travailleurs créatifs, de management et de marketing (les personas socioprofessionnelles des domaines clés au déclenchement des projets, à la production et circulation des films), cette recherche analyse l’agentivité et les dynamiques de pouvoir en jeu dans la transformation du champ de production de l’industrie du film. Elle documente le rôle et l’interprétation des agents à un moment de transition industrielle importante structurée par l’arrivée des multiplexes, des corporations et des nouveaux médias de l’ère post-libéralisation économique. En continuité et en rupture avec les conventions des formes populaires et les modalités organisationnelles de l’industrie du film de Mumbai, cette thèse illustre comment ce nouveau cinéma reconduit tout en transformant certaines pratiques industrielles et institutionnelles et renouvelle les conventions formelles de son cinéma. iii Abstract Breaking in/out of Bollywood: strategies and trajectories of the productions and personas of the Mumbai film industry’s new cinema since the arrival of the multiplex Catherine Bernier, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2018 This thesis documents the emergence of a new cinema in Mumbai that challenges conventions that have traditionally served to distinguish popular and parallel cinema in India. This study examines film production and circulation strategies as well as the strategies and trajectories of personas that have contributed to developing this transformative and yet, alternative current to the dominant form since the arrival of multiplex cinema in India. Using ethnographic methods to develop data from interpretations, personal theories and narratives of socioprofessional trajectories of creative workers, management and marketing strategists (key positions to project initiation as well as production and circulation of films), this research intends to analyze the agency of personas and dynamics of power involved in the transformation of the production field of the Mumbai film industry. This approach creates an account of the role and interpretations of creative agents at a time of significant industrial transition structured by the arrival of multiplexes, corporations and new media of the post-economic liberal reforms era. In continuity and in rupture with the conventions of popular forms and the organizational modalities of the Mumbai film industry, this thesis illustrates how this new cinema renews while transforming formal conventions as well as industrial and institutional practices. iv Remerciements J’aimerais tout d’abord remercier mon directeur de recherche Prof. Thomas Waugh pour son apport intellectuel, son soutien et sa grande confiance tout au long de ce parcours. Je remercie les membres du comité Prof. Marc Steinberg et Prof. Charles Acland, pour leurs précieux conseils, leurs remarques pertinentes et leur contribution au projet de recherche. Mes remerciements vont aussi Prof. Masha Salazkina qui m’a particulièrement aidée en début de parcours, Prof. Martin Lefebvre pour sa générosité intellectuelle ainsi que tous les membres de l’équipe du département dont Olivia Ward et Ian Tonnies. J’aimerais exprimer ma gratitude aussi à Prof. Rachel Dwyer, Prof. Ranjani Mazumdar, Prof. Ravi Vasudevan, Prof. Ravikanth Sharma, Prof. Parichay Patra. Je remercie Jonathan Hardy pour sa lecture attentive et ses précieux commentaires. Je souhaite remercier de tout cœur toutes les personnes qui ont accepté de participer à cette recherche. Avinash Arun, Manoj Bajpai, Vasan Bala, Karan Bali, Sumitra Bhave, Ruchi Bhimani, Ravi Bora, Shiladitya Bora, Sunil Bora, Gaurav Bose, Shudhir Chandra, Anupama Chopra, Neil Chowdhury, Datta Dave, Tigmanshu Dhulia, Karuna Dutt, Anand Gandhi, Nazir Hossein, Siddarth Jain, Sudhish Kamat, Paresh Kamdar, Rajat Kapoor, Anurag Kashyap, Vikram Khakar, Shohail Khan, Swanand Kirkire, Nagesh Kukunoor, Mandar Kulkarni, Arunabh Kumar, Nikhil Mahajan, Devashish Makhija, Alan McAlex, Hansal Mehta, Kay Kay Menon, Rahul Merchant, Sudhir Mishra, Guneet Monga, Batul Mukthirar, Suhasini Mulay, Vijaya Mulay, Satya Nagpaul, Rajesh Nair, Kamlesh Pandey, Asmit Pathare, Zeeshan Quadri, Sriram Raghavan, Ajay Rai, Prawaal Raman, Nitin Rao, Rajkumar Rao, Kuldeep Rathore, Rajeev Ravi, Vivek Shah, Nawazuddin Siddique, Aashish Singh, Devanshu Singh, Navdeep Singh, Satyanshu Singh, Sunil Sukthankar, Kamal Swaroop, Ram Gopal Verma, Suraj Wadhwa et bien d’autres. Leurs expériences, leurs observations et leur apport ont été d’une valeur inestimable. Je souhaite remercier plus spécialement Amit Masurkar, Mirat Trivedi, Nikhil Gonsalvez, Ridhima Pandey et Nishtha Jain. Sans leur générosité d’analyse et de temps ainsi que leur soutien à naviguer dans la communauté, cette recherche n’aurait pas été possible. Je remercie le Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines du Canada pour son soutien financier m’ayant permis de faire cette recherche. Je me dois aussi de remercier toutes les personnes qui v m’ont aidée à faire des recherches dans les institutions Centre For Education and Documentation de Mumbai et National Film Archive of India ainsi que les regroupements Screenwriters Association et Cinema Owners and Exhibitors of India. Finalement, je remercie chaleureusement ma famille et les personnes chères que j’ai le bonheur et le privilège d’avoir dans ma vie. Je remercie spécialement mon conjoint Mustafa Syed, ma mère Francine Authier, mon père Gaétan Bernier, mes amies et amis, Geneviève Marchand, Ève Champagne-Thériault, Tuong-Vi Nguyen, Marieola Fernandes, Mihir Manker et Philipp Keidl. Votre amour, votre compréhension, vos encouragements et votre soutien indéfectible ont su nourrir ma détermination et ma personne tout au long de ce projet. vi Table des matières Charte des abréviations p. xi INTRODUCTION p. 1 Ressources conceptuelles p. 7 La théorie du champ, les formes de capital, les stratégies et la trajectoire p. 7 Agency/agentivité p. 11 Agentivité-de-projets p. 13 L’autonomie et le travail créatif p. 14 Méthodologie p. 19 Méthodes ethnographiques p. 19 L’observation participante, l’illusio et la chercheuse dans le jeu p. 24 Pour une approche transdisciplinaire p. 26 Chapitre 1 L’INSTITUTION IMAGINAIRE DE L’INDUSTRIE DU FILM DE MUMBAI ET LES CONVENTIONS RENOUVELÉES DE SON CINÉMA p. 36 « No categories please! » : le rejet des catégories et l’étiquetage polyphonique p. 36 L’organisation de l’industrie du film de Mumbai et les conventions de sa forme dominante p. 44 Les familles de films et les stars p. 44 Les épisodes chantés et dansés p. 49 Les genres, le film masala et le studio éclaté p. 51 Bollywood : La réhabilitation de la légitimité culturelle du cinéma populaire et l’arrivée de cinéma multiplexe p. 54 Les représentations du cinéma des années 1980 p. 54 Retour en salles de la classe moyenne et la « libéralisation » des billets de cinéma p. 56 Multiplexe versus le cinéma à écran simple p. 58 Les centres commerciaux et l’esthétique de l’intimidation p. 59 Offbeat / Upbeat : situer ce nouveau cinéma dans le champ de production p. 62 Le indie contextuel p. 62 La catégorie relative : hatke et le « différent de » p. 64 Segmentation de l’auditoire et l’historique des discours d’indépendance p. 68 Indépendants de ce système d’indépendants : le Nouveau Cinéma, l’aide publique et la volonté d’être parallèle aux lois du marché p. 68 Les cinéclubs et l’élitisme p. 71 vii Le middle-cinema : le versant industriel du Nouveau Cinéma et la
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