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Balchin's Victory BALCHIN’S VICTORY The World’s Mightiest Warship National Maritime Museum National IMAGE: IMAGE: Discovered In the second instalment of his exclusive on deep-sea archaeology, Sean Kingsley reports from the English Channel, where Odyssey Marine Exploration has discovered the long-sought shipwreck of HMS Victory, lost in a ferocious storm in 1744. hursday 4 October 1744 was a day like and the greatest warship in the world, was every other in the city of London. losing her final battle against Poseidon in the The Daily Advertiser announced English Channel. On what should have been a lecture in Physick and Midwifry a straightforward sail home after a successful by Sir Richard Manningham at cruise down to the River Tagus in Portugal, where Tthe Lying-in Infirmary on she had liberated a victual- Jermyn Street. The Conscious ling convoy blockaded by Lover was playing at the France, a ferocious storm theatre on Haymarket and swallowed Victory whole on the Turkey-Stone that ‘by 5 October 1744. a few Times rubbing to the The 74-year-old Admiral Teeth, it renders them white Sir John Balchin, the greatest as Ivory’ went on sale near seaman of his age (see portrait the Royal Exchange. left), was lost following 58 Yet, within 24 hours, years of service – 34 more Britain would suffer a shock than Nelson – along with all : Odyssey Marine Exploration as profound as the loss of hands. As The Biographical the Titanic would be on Magazine of 1776 would remi- Edwardian society. Unbe- nisce, ‘early in the morning knownst to the world, HMS the ship sunk, and every Sir Robert Balchin Sir Robert Victory, the majestic 100-gun person on board perished. IMAGE: IMAGE: PHOTO (UNLESS STATED) PHOTO flagship of the Royal Navy She was manned with eleven 26 CURRENTWORLDARCHAEOLOGY . Issue 34 UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY hundred of the most expert seamen in the royal the Odyssey Explorer. The visibility at 100m was ABOVE An encrusted iron anchor ring next to navy, exclusive of fifty gentlemen of family and appalling as algae and sand swirled through the cannon C15 and C21 to the fortune, who went as volunteers. Thus one of water column. Yet within minutes the ROV’s northeast of the wreck the most experienced admirals, with eleven cameras locked onto a bronze cannon lying on and denoting the position hundred and fifty men were lost in a moment, its side, then another appeared – and another. A of the bows. FACING TOP The Loss of and passed together through the gloomy valley huge field of bronze cannon began taking shape. HMS Victory 4 October that separates time from eternity.’ Dettweiler lost no time calling Odyssey founder 1744 by Peter Monamy and Chief Executive Greg Stemm on the satel- (18th century). Zeus seeks the deep lite phone to Tampa, Florida. Stemm, Craig and FACING BOTTOM Admiral Sir John Balchin, Since 2005, Odyssey Marine Exploration has Dettweiler, three of the most experienced men commander of HMS Victory been conducting an extensive survey of the in the world of deep-sea exploration, agreed when she was lost on 5 English Channel, painstakingly undertaking a that the Explorer should immediately move off October 1744, by Jonathan tedious operation that uses side-scan sonar and site. Too many eyes were watching her move- Richardson, c.1695. magnetometers to map the seabed remotely. ments using AIS (an Automatic Identification In early 2008, Ernie Tapanes stooped over a System beacon installed as a tracking device on printout of an anomaly. The pin-prick sized all vessels by law). As he hung up, Greg Stemm smudge was enough to make him list Site 25C wondered if this discovery might turn out to as worthy of visual investigation by Odyssey’s be the big one. 8-ton Remotely-Operated Vehicle, known as While Odyssey intermittently conducted a Zeus, the eyes and hands of the archaeologist non-disturbance survey of the wreckage of Site in deep seas. 25C between May and October 2008, with the Soon after, Project Managers Tom Dettweiler agreement of the UK Ministry of Defence, Greg and Andrew Craig sent Zeus over the side of Stemm was confident that he had found www.world-archaeology.com 27 ABOVE A pre-disturbance Victory, yet he was still perplexed. Every living a letter written by Guernsey merchant Nicholas plan of Site 25C. The ship expert is convinced that Victory was lost off the Dobree, who advised that ‘This last Week there lies on a northeast to southwest axis with the Casquets, a sprawling line of malicious black has been… Pieces of Wreck found upon our stern to the south. rocks near Alderney. No fewer than 392 wrecks Coast; among others, two Topmasts, one 74, the dating between 1278 and 1962 cluster around other 64 Feet long, mark’d in white lead VICT; Alderney, Guernsey and Sark. Not without very and also a Topsail-Yard, 64 Feet long, mark’s good reasons are the Casquets renowned as the also in white lead Victy; upon the Head of the graveyard of the English Channel. Naile to the Masts and Yard is the Arrow; to that Yet Site 25C lies around 100km to the west. we greatly fear the Victory has been lost upon Could over 250 years of historical records and our Coasts.’ scholarship be wrong? The Royal Navy swiftly dispatched the Falkland and the Fly sloop on a fact-finding The Victory shipwreck? mission. The results were seemingly conclusive, Contemporary eyewitness accounts and phys- with The Daily Advertiser of 22 October 1744 ical evidence certainly seemed to place the confirming how ‘in their Cruize they met with Victory near the Casquets on 5 October 1744. several Pieces of Wreck, v.z. several yards, part Witnesses on Alderney and Guernsey allegedly of a Mast, and part of the carv’d-work Stern, all heard around 100 warning gunshots firing off, which believe to belong to the Victory… there according to The Daily Gazetteer of 22 October, is not the least Hopes left of ever hearing of this being the standard practice for a ship her.’ Finally, when the Casquet’s lighthouse warning other vessels of navigational dangers manager was accused by court martial of failing in the area. The deeply entrenched public image to keep the lights burning on the fateful night of Victory’s loss at this location was supported of Victory’s disappearance, the reputation of the by wreckage washed onto the Channel Isles. On Casquets as the final resting place of her wreck 19 October 1744, The Daily Advertiser published seemed to be secured. 28 CURRENTWORLDARCHAEOLOGY . Issue 34 UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY Colossal shipwreck: surveyed 6.9m, which exceeds the dimensions of the LEFT A contemporary full Far out to sea in international waters, under anchors on Nelson’s Victory. This ship was hull model of the Victory (1737). the watchful eye of Odyssey’s Field Archaeolo- evidently colossal. To the north is a heavily gist, Neil Cunningham Dobson, ROV Zeus was riveted cylindrical copper cauldron of a type that running survey lines across the seabed to map pre-dates the emergence of Alexander Brodie’s an enormous wreck site measuring 61m by iron stove in 1780, which was introduced into 22m, which correlated closely with Victory’s the Royal Navy following concerns about the dimensions of 53m by 15m, allowing for struc- weight of brick-lined kitchen galleys on the tural collapse. Across manoeuvrability of a sandy seabed fluc- warships and worries tuating by 7m, disar- that copper contrib- ticulated planking uted to scurvy. was intermixed with A concentration of 41 bronze cannon, about 32 rectangular iron ballast blocks, iron concretions to cupreous artefacts, a the southwest of possible iron sword, the site typifies iron wooden powder cask ballast blocks used on lids, possible pewter Royal Navy warships. National Maritime Museum National plates, bronze rigging Similar 320lb pig-iron pulleys and two IMAGE: ballast blocks stamped gunners’ wheels used with the English naval to sharpen bayonets and grind down shot board broad arrow, and fixed permanently into impurities. the hull to trim the ship, have been recorded The circumstantial archaeological evidence on the fifth-rate warship HMS Fowey, which for Victory was extremely promising from the was lost off Florida in 1748 after seeing service very beginning. Preliminary measurements of in the English Channel and Gibraltar in 1744 an anchor provide an approximate length of and 1745. A reliance on cast iron kentledge LEFT A copper cylindrical cooking cauldron from the northeast of the wreck. www.world-archaeology.com 29 ABOVE A gunner‘s wheel by the Royal Navy in the 1740s is clearly attested 6- or 12-pounders, three 12-pounders, eight used to sharpen bayonets and loose wooden by Admiralty shipboard warrants. 24-pounders and six certain and two probable planking. Among the 2,574 square metres of Site 25C cannon with 7-inch bores that correspond to that have been surveyed, by far the most diag- 4-ton, 3.4 metre-long 42-pounder guns. All of nostic artefacts are 41 extraordinary bronze these types of guns were carried by Victory and, cannon. HMS Victory was lost with between for site recognition, the 42-pounders proved to 100 and 110 guns, including 28 by 42-pounders be as diagnostic as recovering a ship’s bell. on her lower deck, 28 by 24-pounders along Eight of the cannon whose upper surfaces are the middle deck, 28 by 12-pounders on her visible feature, along the first reinforce, exqui- upper deck, and 16 by 6-pounders along the site royal arms surmounted by a crown. The quarterdeck and forecastle. The only means of arms are subdivided into four quadrants, each identifying the calibre of a cannon’s bore and framed by a circular banner and with two foliate thus determining the types of cannon on the branches rising on each side.
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