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Overcoming Leadership Challenges OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: Commander Dave Woycheshin, PhD PhD & Lieutenant Colonel ( Retired ) Douglas Lindsay, INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES Edited by Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Douglas Lindsay, PhD & Commander Dave Woycheshin, PhD Previous International Military Leadership Association (IMLA) books published by CDA Press In Pursuit of Excellence: International Perspectives of Military Leadership (2006) Strategic Leadership Development: International Perspectives (2007) Professional Ideology & Development: International Perspectives (2008) Decision-Making: International Perspectives (2009) Military Ethics: International Perspectives (2010) Developing the Next Generation of Military Leaders: Challenges, Imperatives and Strategies (2011) Threats to Military Professionalism: International Perspectives (2012) The Comprehensive Approach to Operations: International Perspectives (2013) Adaptive Leadership in the Military Context: International Perspectives (2014) OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES canada b | OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES EDITED BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL (RETIRED) DOUGLAS LINDSAY, PhD & COMMANDER DAVE WOYCHESHIN, PhD Copyright © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen, in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence. Canadian Defence Academy Press PO Box 17000 Stn Forces Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4 Produced for the Canadian Defence Academy Press by 17 Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office. WPO31216 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Overcoming leadership challenges : international perspectives / edited by Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Douglas Lindsay, PhD & Commander Dave Woycheshin, PhD. Produced for the Canadian Defence Academy Press by 17 Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office. Electronic monograph in PDF format. Issued also in printed form. Issued by: Canadian Defence Academy. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-660-02901-6 Cat. no.: D2-358/2015E 1. Command of troops. 2. Leadership. 3. Military doctrine. I. Lindsay, Douglas II. Woycheshin, David E. (David Earl), 1961- III. Canadian Defence Academy IV. Canada. Canadian Armed Forces. Wing, 17 UB210 O94 2015 355.3'3041 C2015-980038-2 Printed in Canada. 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 The views expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views, policy or position of the Government of Canada, the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Armed Forces or any of its subordinate units or organizations. canada f | OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Overcoming Leadership Challenges is the tenth publication by the Interna- tional Military Leadership Association. For the past ten years, this group has consistently produced high-quality publications on a wide range of relevant topics in military leadership. This volume identifies many key challenges faced by military leaders and offers suggestions for overcoming these problems. It is important to recognize the ongoing support of Military Personnel Generation (MILPERSGEN) and the Canadian Defence Academy Press for this series of publications. In particular, our gratitude and thanks go to Melanie Denis of MILPERSGEN for her long term help and support in producing these volumes. Our thanks also go to Marie-Josée Landry, who has taken over Melanie’s duties. We must also express our gratitude to the 17 Wing Publishing Office in Winnipeg, Manitoba, for consistently producing a high-quality, professional product. canada h | OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ...............................................................................................iii CHAPTER 1 NEW ZEALAND Leadership: Simplifying the Complex Commander Mark Meehan ........................................ 1 CHAPTER 2 SINGAPORE Understanding the Process of Military Leaders’ Development as Professionals Senior Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Siew Hoi Kok ..... 29 CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES The Pseudoscientific Leader: Do Bad Leaders Endure by Using Pseudoscientific Thinking? Craig A. Foster, PhD, and Jennifer A. Clarke, PhD .............................................. 67 CHAPTER 4 SWITZERLAND The Problem of Evil Leadership: Conceptual Aspects and Visualized Narratives Florian Demont, PhD, and Michael Jager ................ 89 CHAPTER 5 UNITED STATES Military Leadership and Administrative Evil George E. Reed, PhD, and Lieutenant Colonel James M. Dobbs, PhD ............. 105 CHAPTER 6 UNITED STATES Situational Obstacles to Enacting Transformational Leadership in Military Organizations Lieutenant Colonel Daniel J. Watola, PhD, Lieutenant Colonel (Ret'd) Douglas R. Lindsay, PhD, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert D. Reimer ............. 121 OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES | i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 CANADA Getting Ready to Change: What Leaders Can Do to Foster Change Readiness Martin Yelle, PhD, and Martin Lauzier, PhD ........ 143 CHAPTER 8 AUSTRALIA Operating in the Age of 24/7 Media Coverage: Challenges for Strategic Leaders Brian Agnew .............................................................. 159 CHAPTER 9 INDONESIA Cross-Generational Leadership: Challenges in Leading the Indonesian Army as a Modern Organization Lieutenant Colonel Frega Ferdinand Wenas-Inkiriwang, Lieutenant Colonel Ardisutopo Endro Tjahjono, and Colonel Eri Radityawara Hidayat, PhD ................. 167 CHAPTER 10 UNITED STATES The Dynamics of Rules, Learning, and Adaptive Leadership: Inspirations and Insights from the United States Marine Corps Jerry Guo and Mie Augier, PhD .............................. 185 CHAPTER 11 SOUTH AFRICA When Military Leaders Differ from Their Political Leaders: Overcoming Leadership Challenges Colonel Piet C. Bester, D Phil, and Major Anita G. du Plessis ........................................ 203 CONTRIBUTORS ........................................................................................... 227 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................235 INDEX ............................................................................................237 ii | OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES FOREWORD I am pleased to introduce Overcoming Leadership Challenges, the tenth vol- ume of the International Military Leadership Association (IMLA) series published by the Canadian Defence Academy Press. Established in 2005, the IMLA has provided a forum for military leadership researchers, aca- demics, and members of military leadership institutes to collaborate on a wide variety of military leadership projects. The IMLA has recently been formally recognized as a permanent Working Group of the International Military Testing Association. This publication is one of the tangible out- comes of this fruitful and vital collaboration. Overcoming Leadership Challenges addresses both perennial leadership challenges and challenges that come from today’s operational environment. Despite efforts to recruit, select, train, and develop the best leaders for our militaries, there have always been good leaders and bad leaders. This volume includes a number of chapters that help explain and understand bad leaders and evil leaders. A chapter on pseudoscientific thinking of- fers a means to understand and deal with bad leaders. The volume also in- cludes positive approaches to overcoming leadership challenges, including surmounting obstacles to enabling transformational leadership and facili- tating the development of military leaders as professionals. Overcoming Leadership Challenges also addresses the challenges faced by leaders today. One example is the shift in the use of social media by differ- ent generations of leaders. Leaders must understand how and when to use the convenient, but indirect, forms of communication that social media provide, and when to use “old-fashioned” face-to-face communication. So- cial media can also be used to a military organization’s advantage, as dem- onstrated in the case study of Australia’s response to the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. Finally, the volume includes a chapter on overcoming a perennial problem that seems particularly prevalent today: how leaders can prepare their subordinates to deal with organizational change. OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES | iii FOREWORD The IMLA continues to demonstrate its relevance to furthering the under- standing of the many facets of military leadership. I commend the efforts of the authors, editors, and publishing staff in producing this volume and I unequivocally support the continued publication of the IMLA series by the Canadian Defence Academy Press. J.G.E. Tremblay Major-General Commander Military Personnel Generation iv | OVERCOMING LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 LEADERSHIP: SIMPLIFYING THE COMPLEX Commander Mark Meehan* INTRODUCTION In 2011, the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) recognized the advantage that improved leadership development could provide, both at the individ- ual and the organizational level. However, like many other organizations, despite having discrete, isolated, touch points of leadership development throughout its organization, a comprehensive system of leadership develop- ment across the full spectrum of the organization did not exist. The first, and in practice the most straightforward,
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