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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87777-0 — Substance Use Disorders Perry M Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87777-0 — Substance Use Disorders Perry M. Duncan Index More Information Index abstinence violation effect, vignette (“Sally Quits Using conduct disorder risk factor, 668–669 Cocaine … Until She Starts 293 abuse Again”), 121–122 early indicators of SUD, meaning of the term, 36 vulnerability related to 292–296 See also substance abuse, 43 dopamine D2 receptor hazards of, 290–292 acamprosate, 100, 139, 244, density, 133–134 low socioeconomic status 375, 635 addiction medicine, 75 risk factor, 296 acetaldehyde Addiction Severity Index, 37 Monitoring the Future aversive effects of, 201–202 for adolescents, 62 survey, 287–288, 291 acetylcholine, 100, 103 for adults, 62 neurobehavior disinhibition acetylcholine genes addiction stages, 124–125 and, 293–294 associations with SUDs, stage 1 (reinforcing effects parenting practices and, 200–201 of addictive drugs), 295–296 acetylcholine receptors, 105 125–129 peer associations and role in development of stage 2 (shift from inluences, 294 nicotine tolerance, pleasurable to dysphoric psychopathology risk factor, 395–396 effects), 130–134 293 Acomplia, 316 stage 3 (compulsive drug- reported levels of drug Adderall, 9, 486, 489, 493 seeking), 135–143 consumption, 287–288 nonmedical use, 507–508 stage 4 (lingering risk factors for SUD, addict vulnerability to relapse), 289–290, 292–296 use of the term, 36 144–152 adolescent smoking, 414–417 addiction addictive behavior consequences of, 415–416 biological basis of, 122–123 nonbiological inluences on, electronic cigarettes, 415 compulsive behaviors, 10–11 216 prevalence of, 415 concurrent use of two or progression of, 248–251 risk factors for, 416–417 more drugs, 410–411 variety of pathways into adoption studies deinition, 10 addiction, 217 genetic inluence on SUDs, differences in vulnerability addictive lifestyle, 11–13, 529 170–172 to, 13 risks related opioid drug use, adrenal hormones DSM-5 usage, 42 563 stress response, 151 essential features (American addictive personality concept, adrenaline, 151 Society of Addiction 270–271 adrenocorticotropic hormone Medicine), 71 ADH1B gene, 201 (ACTH), 150, 184, 185 meaning of the term, 36 Adolescent Drug Involvement Adult Children of Alcoholics physiological or Scale (ADIS), 57 (ACOA), 310 psychological view of, adolescent drug use, 287–298 2-AG, 100, 105 10–11 alcohol abuse, 291–292 age-related vulnerability to process addictions, 10–11 attitudes and expectations neurological damage, revised diagnostic criteria, about drug use, 295 369–370 504–506 cannabis as a “gateway agonist drug action, 106–108 signiicance of a withdrawal substance”, 468–469 AIDS, 577 syndrome, 10–11 cannabis use, 466–469 association with intravenous stages and essential features, childhood stress and, drug use, 546 124–125 295–296 emergence in the 1980s, 546 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87777-0 — Substance Use Disorders Perry M. Duncan Index More Information Index 793 alcohol factors affecting blood enzymes involved in, adolescent alcohol abuse, alcohol concentration 201–202 291–292 (BAC), 311–313 genes that control it, 201–202 alcohol content of alcoholic hangover, 330 Alcohol, Smoking and beverages, 310 hormonal stress response, Substance Involvement alcohol myopia, 320–321 317 Screening Test (ASSIST), anxiolytic effect, 320 impaired cognition and 57 as a drug, 36 dangerous behavior, alcohol use disorders behavioral effects, 318–330 323–324 adoption studies, 170–172 binge drinking, 50, 322–323 lethal overdose, 329–330 advanced stage of alcohol bioavailability, 311–313 low potency compared with addiction, 349–350 blackouts (amnesic episodes) other drugs, 311 age-related vulnerability caused by, 324–326 low-risk levels of to neurological damage, calories in alcoholic consumption, 50 369–370 beverages, 310 memory impairment, alcoholic dementia, 365 cognitive effects, 318–330 324–326 Babor classiication system, concurrent use with other negative emotional effects, 353–357 addictive drugs, 333–336 327–328 behavioral impairment, context effects, 331–332 neuroadaptation, 317 364–365 cultural attitudes about, 307 pharmacodynamics, 313–317 binary classiication systems, disinhibition of behavior, pharmacokinetics, 311–313 353–357 320–321 popularity of, 307 brain damage related to, dose-related effects, 319 prevalence and levels of 364–370 effects at increasing blood alcohol consumption, brain injury types and alcohol concentration 308–309 locations, 365–366 (BAC), 319 prevalence of use and SUDs, cardiovascular disease effects of combination with 8–9 associated with, 371 other drugs, 329–330 problematic alcohol use, classiication systems, effects on amino acid 309–310 353–357 neurotransmitters, receptor binding, 108 Cloninger classiication 313–315 rewarding effects, 319–322 system, 353–357 effects on dopamine suicide risk, 327–328 COGA study, 197–198 function, 315 teratogenic effects, 372–374 cognitive impairment, effects on endocannabinoids, tolerance, 319 364–365 316 undesirable and dangerous comparison with nicotine effects on endogenous effects, 322–330 addiction, 384–385 opioids, 316 US government attempts to cultural inluences and effects on GABA activity, suppress consumption, 309 vulnerabilities for women, 100 use of alcoholic beverages, 359–360 effects on GABA function, 310–311 delirium tremens stage 313–315 varied consequences of of alcohol withdrawal, effects on glutamate drinking, 318 363–364 function, 313–315 vignette (“Selling the development of, 346–352 effects on neurotransmitters Proposal”), 306–307 differential heritability, 174 and brain function, withdrawal syndrome, 110, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, 313–317 317 44–45 effects on serotonin alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), emotional and other costs of, function, 315 201–202 349–350 effects on sexual activity, Alcohol Expectancy endophenotypes for, 196 321–322 Questionnaire (AEQ), 236 fetal alcohol spectrum enduring cognitive effects of alcohol metabolism disorder, 372–374 “social” drinking, 326–327 aversive effects of gender differences in expectancy effects, 331–333 acetaldehyde, 201–202 incidence, 357 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87777-0 — Substance Use Disorders Perry M. Duncan Index More Information 794 Index alcohol use disorders (cont.) withdrawal syndrome, American Psychiatric gender-related risk factors, 362–364 Association (APA), 9 359–360 Alcohol Use Disorders Test See also Diagnostic and gender-speciic differences, (AUDIT), 57, 59 Statistical Manual of 358–359 alcoholic Mental Disorders (DSM) immune system compromise, use of the term, 36, 343 American Psychological 370–371 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Association, 25 in women, 357–361 11, 22, 136, 244, 309, 325, American Society of Addiction incidence of, 344–346 343, 627, 645–650, 675 Medicine, 478, 578 Jellinek’s gamma-delta alcoholism as a single essential features of classiication system, 353 disorder, 343 addiction, 71 Korsakoff’s syndrome, basic principles, 645–647 amino acid neurotransmitters, 364–365, 370 beneicial features, 647–649 100 lifespan course of, 350–352 evidence of effectiveness, effects of alcohol, 313–315 liver disease (including 650 amphetamine cirrhosis), 371 founding and inluence of, mechanism of action, 107 lower response to alcohol 74–75 d-amphetamine, 9 and SUD risk, 183–184 informal diagnosis of SUDs, amphetamine use malnutrition and, 369–374 37 acute effects, 496–503 measuring severity, 343–344 mutual help approach, animal self-administration mechanisms of neurotoxicity, 628–629 studies, 498–499 366–369 objections and limitations, armed forces, 488, 496–497 medical problems from 649–650 behavioral effects, 496–498 chronic alcohol risk factors for relapse, bioavailability, 493–494 consumption, 362–374 149–150 differences in individual negative consequences role of narcissism in responses, 501–502 expressed in popular addiction, 274–275 dosage effects, 496 culture, 341–342 spirituality of, 645–647 early twenty-irst century, patterns and consequences terminology used by, 36 492–493 for women, 361 twelve steps of, 646–647 effects of injecting, 502–503 recovery from cognitive alcoholism effects on brain function, impairment, 370 use of the term, 343 494–496 research on, 341–342 See also alcohol use effects on neurotransmitters, risk factors for, 346–347 disorders 99, 494–496 special features in women, aldehyde dehydrogenase euphoric “rush” followed 357–361 (ALDH), 201–202 by aversive dysphoria, suicide risk, 350, 361 ALDH2 gene, 202 502–503 thiamine deiciency and, alleles, 192 history of, 487–493 369–374 allostasis, 132–133 incentive to escalate, 503 transition from benign use alprazolam, 100, 108, 262, 603, narcolepsy treatment, 489 into use disorder, 347–349 606, 612 nonmedical uses, 486 treatment medications, withdrawal syndrome, 114, performance-enhancing 375–376 115 effects, 496–497 twin studies, 173–174 Alzheimer’s disease, 103, 365 pharmacodynamics, 494–496 Type 2 alcoholism, 238 Ambien, 486, 613 pharmacokinetics, 493–494 types of, 353–357 American Academy of Pain physiological effects, use of the terms alcoholism Medicine, 579 496–498 and alcoholic, 343 American Cancer Society, 430 prevalence of use and use variations among, 342–344 American Lung Association, disorders, 492–493 viewed as a single disorder, 430 routes of administration, 493 342–343 American Medical Association sensitization to effects, 109 vignette (“The AA Meeting”), alcoholism as a disease, 75 stimulant effects, 487 341 recognition
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