DOCSLIB.ORG

Treaty of Chicago Images

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Treaty of Chicago Images Treaty Of Chicago Images Cinerary Piggy sting strictly. Martainn is reanimated and substituted crosswise while garmented Erasmus intend and repurified. Lightsomely daimonic, Jarvis posture legalization and brabbled Servite. Fort Dearborn or that a series of rectangular bronze plaques embedded in the pavement just south of the Michigan Avenue bridge represents the original site of the fort. Download aggiuntivi saranno soggetti ai termini relativi ai download in eccesso indicati nel contratto. DO NOT MAKE MANUAL EDITS! Content May Not Be Reused Without Permission. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington to the Great Lakes into northern New England and a large section of the South. Chief Alexander Robinson, one of the signers of the Treaty of St. Next is the website name, owner or publisher followed by a full stop. TREATY WITH THE WYANDOT, ETC. Spoken by Edward the Duke of Windsor. MPM has closed its doors temporarily. This interactive site allows you to explore the Venetian landmarks, minority enclaves, churches, convents and monasteries, processions, and printing centers. Smarthinking and Study Smart are your first steps to improving your writing and study skills. Documents from current and previous Illinois General Assemblies including: Bills, Votes, Public Acts, Committees, and Floor Debate Transcripts. Find anything on our site by typing in your search and pressing enter. Sorry, there was an error with your captcha! See journal article examples. Please try again later. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment. He was born in Mackinac, Michigan. Click to reveal image descriptions. Inner Bluegrass region to photograph African Americans of the rural freetowns or hamlets surrounding Lexington. Include the month or season, if provided in the source, after the volume and issue details, as shown in the example above. Find your way around our campuses with detailed building and parking location maps. Chicago by supporting the development of new performances and creative projects that foster connection between artists, audiences, and community. American Indian Center was founded: to provide both social services and a gathering place for people faced with a drastic and overwhelming life change. The Debate over Annexing Texas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny. After fielding numerous complaints, the building manager decided that the birds had to go. Label Learning for Distant Supervision Relation Extraction. At Treaty Oak Distilling we do things a little differently. Initial reports indicate the attacks killed one civilian contractor and injured several members of the Coalition, including one American service member and several American contractors. When this page is loaded window. Great Lakes area prior to European contact. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. Accessed date in Month Day, Year. Our email newsletter shares the latest programs and initiatives. Young Adult Library Services Assn. If a newspaper article has no author, the title of the newspaper is cited as the first element in the reference list entry, followed by the year of publication. Under the Treaty of St. And they tell me you are brutal and my reply is: On the faces of women and children I have seen the marks of wanton hunger. Americas as seen from a Spanish imperialist perspective. After earning a Ph. Find articles related to library science, including classification, cataloging, online information retrieval, information management, and many other topics. Great Lakes region that ultimately pushed most of them west of the Mississippi River. The park occupied the site of the violent encounter, yet the rather unwieldy name chosen for that patch of green was the Battle of Fort Dearborn Park. In a decision authored by Justice Sotomayor, the Supreme Court disagreed on all three points. Native American shaking hands on the other. View a list of commonly accessed services and resources. Full details of the source information can be located in the bibliography, which is presented at the end of the essay in alphabetical order by author. Who Won the Race to the North Pole: Cook or Peary? Native American neighbors were caught in a great international conflict. She ran Hull House in Chicago, a center which helped immigrants in particular. The map is oriented with south at top. Filmed Month Day, Year. Newberry has worked with Ohio State University to make this invaluable text available through this online resource. National Archives and Records Administration. Use the screen name in the author position if there is no real name. Politics desk holds elected officials and government bodies accountable. Indeed, as a form of symbolic combat, competitors played fiercely for personal and tribal glory in games that could last up to several days. Art museum of visual culture, treaty of chicago images, open skies program services available at such, our traditions of various native peoples along with guides to move. This situation became aggravated when the Potawatomi at Milwaukee established trade links to St. Russian President Vladimir Putin on Friday signed a bill extending the last remaining nuclear arms control treaty between Russia and the United States a week before the pact was due to expire. Perrotta, Carlo, Chris Bailey, and Claire Garside. Shall we give it up? Chicago to approach hospitality employees who laid off in the pandemic before offering jobs to new hires. Williams College Special Collections, Williamstown, MA. Portage des Sioux, Missouri, located immediately north of St. New START treaty expires on Feb. If citing an online magazine, end the citation with the URL, library database, or app. Thursday that he had his first secure phone call with his counterpart in Moscow, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov. Fortunately for the second set of attorneys who represented Bryan Barus and his business, Suburban Real Estate Services Inc. Offers may be subject to change without notice. Serving our community through internships, volunteering, short courses and sport. See them all presented here. At the end of her life, Jane Addams was honored by the American government for her efforts for peace. Horoscope for Thursday, Feb. Paragraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left. For a work with four or more authors, include all the authors in the reference list entry. Officials said the discounts strain the finances of the US Postal Service, facilitate the shipment of counterfeit goods and distort pricing within the US, leading to higher fees for domestic companies. Hull had peremptorily commanded from Detroit. Around you used, treaty with education researchers to have been discussing potential investors, treaty of chicago images is are you are coming days at that live upon institution request. Illinois and west of the Mississippi. For example, if you are writing about Renaissance literature, a text by Shakespeare might be one of your primary sources. The tribes in what is now Chicago and the Great Lakes area would feel the brunt of many land cessations and several relocation efforts over the coming years after this. Please enter a valid email address. Works with no authors should be in alphabetical order by title, with the title in the author position. Poet Carl Sandburg was born into a poor family in Galesburg, Illinois. Secretary of State, hosted by the Internet Archive. Subscribe to The Rundown newsletter. Herrera and other tribal members had pursued a group of elk over the border from the Crow Reservation in Montana into Wyoming and took three elk, returning to the Reservation with the elk to feed their families during the winter months. New Orleans, impressment of American sailors into the British Navy, and the British assault on Washington. Provides citations to journal articles in the social sciences, humanities, business, science, technology, and medicine. Location of the Work. Dillon Myer, the commissioner of Indian Affairs. When citing electronic sources consulted online, the Chicago style citation manual recommends including an electronic resource identifier, where possible, to lead your reader directly to the source. Park Ridge Historical Society, endeavored to rescue it. Schranz says that most of those who claim ancestral roots here are probably from lines that went away for a while and then returned in recent decades. What can be done to mitigate it? Adaptation, the ability to adjust to new political and military challenges, is what defines NATO. If you and your family are headed to an NFL game this season, we have you covered with guides to stadiums across the league. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia. Last modified or Accessed date Month Day, Year. There may have been some confusion as to whether soldiers already near death were included in the surrender agreement. Or you can ask our friendly staff about Library products and services. Potawatomi from Michigan and Indiana fought in these battles against Americans. Conditions of Use of the website and to accept them without reserve. United States, controlling transportation over much of the nation between the Rockies and the Mississippi River. One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics. How do I Accurately Cite My Sources with Cite This For Me? In this exhibit, the Newberry offers a glimpse at its splendid printed sources that relate to the last great queen of France. American Indian history, the resource provides documents, images, context, and insight into American Indian culture and history, the European settlement of the Americas, and the interactions between the two groups. We offer hundreds of study options across a wide range of areas. Helm, and dragged her down to the lake, where he proceeded to drown her. Also shows Indian place names, paths, and villages. Treaties are the supreme law of the land. United States President Woodrow Wilson was a key figure in the peace conference, because his Fourteen Points formed the basis of the negotiations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Michigan Genealogy Research
    Michigan Genealogy Research Michigan is comprised of an Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula, with shoreline longer than every other state except Alaska. The peninsulas are surrounded by the Great Lakes: Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, the largest freshwater lakes in the world. Early Native American Inhabitants The name Michigan is derived from a Chippewan Indian word "Michigana" meaning "great or large lake". These tribes and bands of American Indians have lived in Michigan: Chippewa Delaware Fox Huron - see Wyandot Kickapoo Menominee Miami Neutrals Noquet Ojibwe Ottawa Potawatomi Sauk Winnebago Wyandot Links to State Recognized Native American Tribes, sorted by state: • http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Links/state-recognized-tribes-in- usa-by-state.html • http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/michigan/index.htm • http://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalUpperPeninsulaStudies/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre- Drupal/SiteSections/UPHistory/HeritageHistory/NativeAmericanAndFrenchSettlementPatterns.pdf Find information about current Michigan Tribal Government at http://www.michigan.gov/som/0,4669,7-192- 29701_41909---,00.html. Early European Settlement 1668: Sault Ste. Marie, the oldest community in Michigan, was founded by the French. 1701: Detroit was founded. 1763: The British took possession of the area but discouraged settlers. 1763: (June 4,) A game of Lacrosse was played by two large teams of Indians outside Fort Michilimackinac at what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan. When English troops manning the fort gathered to watch the game, Indians retrieved their concealed weapons and attacked, slaughtering all occupants and burning the fort. 1787: Michigan became part of the U.S. Northwest Territory, but the British still controlled Detroit and Mackinac.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1818 Saint Marys Treaties A
    INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESS The 1818 Saint Marys Treaties A. ANDREW OLSON III The 1818 Saint Marys Treaties A. ANDREW OLSON III Indiana Historical Society Press | Indianapolis 2020 © 2020 Indiana Historical Society Press. All rights reserved. Indiana Historical Society 450 West Ohio Street Indianapolis, IN 46202-3269 www.indianahistory.org 317-232-1882 Copies of the four issues of THG: Connections in which the article series first appeared may be purchased from: IHS Basile History Market Telephone orders: 1-800-447-1830 Fax orders: 1-317-234-0562 Online orders @ http://shop.indianahistory.org Originally published as a four-part series in the following issues of The Hoosier Genealogist: Connections Volume 57, Fall/Winter 2017 Volume 58, Spring/Summer 2018 Volume 58, Fall/Winter 2018 Volume 59, Spring/Summer 2019 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Contents Part 1: Tribal and Euro-American Historical 1 Backdrop through 1817 Part 2: Brothertown and Stockbridge Indians 11 and Treaty Preparations Part 3: Concluding the Treaties: The Brothertowns’ 23 and Stockbridges’ Sagas Part 4: In the Aftermath of the Treaties: Removal 37 and Settlement Part 1: Tribal and Euro-American Historical Backdrop through 1817 The years 2017 and 2018 marked disinterment of remains at the site in the Initially the Saint Marys treaties were the two-hundredth year since six pivotal first half of the twentieth century. Upon tangential to my original object, but treaties were concluded at Saint Marys, assuming ownership of this parcel, my when I also discovered a historical error Ohio.
    [Show full text]
  • TREATY with the POTAWATOMI September 20, 1828
    TREATY WITH THE POTAWATOMI September 20, 1828 Articles of a treaty made and concluded at the Missionary Establishments upon the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan, in the Territory of Michigan, this 20h day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, between Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard, Commissioners, on the part of the United States, and the Potowatami tribe of Indians. ARTICLE 1st. The Potowatami tribe of Indians cede to the United States the tract of land included within the following boundaries: 1st. Beginning at the mouth of the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan, and thence running up the said river to a point on the same river, half way between La-vache-qui-pisse and Macousin village: thence in a direct line, to the 19th mile tree, on the northern boundary line of the State Indiana; thence, with the same, west, to Lake Michigan; and thence, with the shore of the said Lake, to the place of beginning. 2. Beginning at a point on the line run in 1817, due east from the southern extreme of Lake Michigan, which point is due south from the head of the most easterly branch of the Kankekee river, and from that point running south ten miles; thence, in a direct line, to the northeast corner of Flatbelly’s reservation; thence, to the northwest corner of the reservation at Seek’s village; thence, with the lines of the said reservation, and of former cessions, to the line between the States of Indiana and Ohio; thence, with the same to the former described line, running due east from the southern extreme of Lake Michigan; and thence, with the said line, to the place of beginning.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT 2D Session HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES 103-620
    103D CONGRESS I REPORT 2d Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 103-620 RESTORATION OF FEDERAL SERVICES TO THE POKAGON BAND OF POTAWATOMI INDIANS JULY 25, 1994.-Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed Mr. MILLER of California, from the Committee on Natural Resources, submitted the following REPORT together with DISSENTING VIEWS [To accompany S.1066] [Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the Act (S. 1066) to restore Federal services to the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, having considered the same, report favorably thereon without amendment and recommend that the Act do pass. PURPOSE The purpose of S. 1066 is to reaffirm the federal relationship be- tween the United States and the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi In- dians of Michigan, to acknowledge the existence of the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians of Michigan as a distinct federally rec- ognized tribe, to reaffirm the jurisdiction and other rights of the tribe, to establish a land base for the tribe, to authorize the organi- zation of the tribe, and for other purposes. BACKGROUND The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians consist of approxi- mately 1500 members who continue to reside close to their ances- tral homeland in the St. Joseph River valley of southwestern Michigan and northern Indiana. This area has been their home since at least the time of the first European contact in 1634. 79-006 Early treaty relationships The Pokagon Bank of Potawatomi Indians are the descendants of, and political successors to, the Potawatomi bands that were sig- natories to at least eleven treaties negotiated between representa- tives of the United States and Indian tribal governments: the Trea- ty of Greenville (1795), the Treaty of Grouseland (1806), the Treaty of Spring Wells (1815), The Treaty of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie (1817), the Treaty of St.
    [Show full text]
  • People of the Three Fires: the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan.[Workbook and Teacher's Guide]
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 321 956 RC 017 685 AUTHOR Clifton, James A.; And Other., TITLE People of the Three Fires: The Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan. Workbook and Teacher's Guide . INSTITUTION Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Council, MI. SPONS AGENCY Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; Dyer-Ives Foundation, Grand Rapids, MI.; Michigan Council for the Humanities, East Lansing.; National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-9617707-0-8 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 225p.; Some photographs may not reproduce ;4011. AVAILABLE FROMMichigan Indian Press, 45 Lexington N. W., Grand Rapids, MI 49504. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Guides - Classroom Use - Guides '.For Teachers) (052) -- Guides - Classroom Use- Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MFU1 /PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Culture; *American Indian History; American Indians; *American Indian Studies; Environmental Influences; Federal Indian Relationship; Political Influences; Secondary Education; *Sociix- Change; Sociocultural Patterns; Socioeconomic Influences IDENTIFIERS Chippewa (Tribe); *Michigan; Ojibway (Tribe); Ottawa (Tribe); Potawatomi (Tribe) ABSTRACT This book accompanied by a student workbook and teacher's guide, was written to help secondary school students to explore the history, culture, and dynamics of Michigan's indigenous peoples, the American Indians. Three chapters on the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway (or Chippewa) peoples follow an introduction on the prehistoric roots of Michigan Indians. Each chapter reflects the integration
    [Show full text]
  • TREATY with the OTTAWA, ETC., March 28, 1836
    TREATY WITH THE OTTAWA, ETC., March 28, 1836 Articles of a treaty made and concluded at the city of Washington in the District of Columbia, between Henry R. Schoolcraft, commissioner on the part of the United States, and the Ottawa and Chippewa nations of Indians, by their chiefs and delegates. Article First. The Ottawa and Chippewa nations of Indians cede to the United States all the tract of country within the following boundaries: Beginning at the mouth of Grand river of Lake Michigan on the north bank thereof, and following up the same to the line called for, in the first article of the treaty of Chicago of the 29th of August 1821, thence, in a direct line to the head of Thunder-bay river, thence with line established by the treaty of Saginaw of the 24th of September 1819, to the mouth of said river, thence northeast to the boundary line in Lake Huron between the United States and the British province of Upper Canada, thence northwestwardly, following the said line, as established by the commissioners acting under the treaty of Ghent, through the straits, and river St. Mary’s, to a point in Lake Superior north of the mouth of Gitchy Seebring, or Chocolate river, thence south to the mouth of said river and up its channel to the source thereof, thence, in a direct line to the head of the Skonawba river of Green bay, thence down the south bank of said river to its mouth, thence, in a direct line, through the ship channel into Green bay, to the outer part thereof, thence south to a point in Lake Michigan west of the north cape, or entrance of Grand river, and thence east to the place of beginning, at the cape aforesaid, comprehending all the lands and islands, within these limits, not hereinafter reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Claim of Pottawatomies of Indiana and Michigan
    University of Oklahoma College of Law University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 5-3-1888 Report : Claim of Pottawatomies of Indiana and Michigan Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/indianserialset Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation S. Rep. No. 1194, 50th Cong., 1st Sess. (1888) This Senate Report is brought to you for free and open access by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 by an authorized administrator of University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. .50TH CONGRESS, ~ SENATE. REPOR'.r lsi Session. \ { No.1194. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. MAY 3, 1888.-0rderecl to be printed. Mr. DANIEL, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, submitted the fol­ lowing REPORT: [To accompany bill S. 2li6.] The Committee on Indian Affairs bas had under consideration Senate :bill 217u, eutitled "A bill :fnr the ascertainment of the amount due the Pottawatomie Iudiaus of Michigan a]J(l indiana," and respectfully re­ port that tbey have exa,mined the same aud recon:nnend that it be .amended by iuserting after the words ~' Pottawatomie Indians," in line 12, ,the following, "nor by the receipt iu full given by said Pottawato­ mies under the provisions of said resolution;" and that the }Jill so .amended do pass. · The bill reads as follows, with the vroposed amendment in italics, to wit: A BILL for the ascertainment of the amount due the Pottawatomie Indians of Michigan and Indiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Michigan Resources the Wolverine State
    Family History Sources in Michigan Resources the Wolverine State Michigan History Michigan's rich bounty of natural resources has attracted people for thousands of years. Native Americans, the French, and the British were drawn to Michigan for its rich soil, mineral resources, timber, wildlife, as well as its strategic position in controlling the Great Lakes. Several Native American tribes have called Michigan "home." These include the Delaware, Fox, Menominee, Miami, Odawa (Ottawa), Ojibwe (Chippewa), Potawatomi, and Wyandot (Huron). The French were the first Europeans to explore Michigan, beginning around 1620. In 1668 Jesuit missionary Père Jacques Marquette founded Sault Ste. Marie, the first permanent European settlement in Michigan. In 1671, Marquette also founded St. Ignace. The Jesuits used Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace as bases for their missionary work with local Native Americans. Michigan's position on the Great Lakes made it a prime spot of contention between England and France, each of which sought to control the region. Around 1715 the French constructed Fort Michilimackinac at present-day Mackinaw City. It was originally a base to organize the trade and trapping networks, but its position on the Straits of Mackinac proved valuable from a military standpoint. Though the British technically ceded Michigan at the close of the American Revolution in 1783, in actuality, England maintained control until 1796. The copper and iron ore mines in the Upper Peninsula attracted Cornish miners beginning in the 1840s. Scandinavians and Italians miners joined them later. German and Dutch immigrants began arriving in Michigan the late 1840s, due in part to the efforts of Michigan's Office of Foreign Emigration encouraging their settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • Land and Population on the Indian Reservation of Wisconsin: Past, Present, and Future
    No. 42 NORTH AMERICA SERIES September 2000 Land and Population on the Indian Reservation of Wisconsin: Past, Present, and Future Gary Sandefur, Miguel Ceballos, Susan Mannon LAND AND POPULATION ON THE INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF WISCONSIN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE by Gary Sandefur, Miguel Ceballos, Susan Mannon WORKING PAPER, NO. 42 NORTH AMERICA SERIES Land Tenure Center University of Wisconsin–Madison September 2000 ii Gary Sandefur, Miguel Ceballos, Susan Mannon University of Wisconsin-Madison [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] All views, interpretations, recommendations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the supporting or cooperating institutions. Copyright © 2000 by the authors. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for noncommercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. ii iii Contents Page Wisconsin Indians during the early contact period 1 Wisconsin statehood and the reservation period 4 Federal Indian policy and Wisconsin Indian reservations 8 Current land use and reservation population growth 13 Conclusion 15 References 17 Maps, tables, and figures Map: Wisconsin’s Indians 5 Table 1: Indian land loss and land tenure after allotment 9 Table 2: American Indian migration to Wisconsin’s reservations 10 Table 3: Population on Wisconsin reservations, 1960-1990 11 Figure 1: Wisconsin Indian migration to reservations 12 Table 4: Wisconsin tribal enrollment and reservation Indian population, 1995 14 Figure 2: Wisconsin Native American population projections (without Oneida Reservation) 15 iii LAND AND POPULATION ON THE INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF WISCONSIN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE1 by Gary Sandefur, Miguel Ceballos, Susan Mannon The historical relationship between land use and population change among Wisconsin’s Indian groups has been strikingly emblematic of the larger American Indian population.
    [Show full text]
  • Chicagoâ•Žs Last Unclaimed Indian Territory: a Possible Native
    UIC Law Review Volume 50 Issue 1 Article 4 Fall 2016 Chicago’s Last Unclaimed Indian Territory: A Possible Native American Claim Upon Billy Caldwell’s Land, 50 J. Marshall L. Rev. 91 (2016) Scott Priz Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.uic.edu/lawreview Part of the Indigenous, Indian, and Aboriginal Law Commons, and the Property Law and Real Estate Commons Recommended Citation Scott Priz, Chicago’s Last Unclaimed Indian Territory: A Possible Native American Claim Upon Billy Caldwell’s Land, 50 J. Marshall L. Rev. 91 (2016) https://repository.law.uic.edu/lawreview/vol50/iss1/4 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by UIC Law Open Access Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in UIC Law Review by an authorized administrator of UIC Law Open Access Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO’S LAST UNCLAIMED INDIAN TERRITORY: A POSSIBLE NATIVE AMERICAN CLAIM UPON BILLY CALDWELL’S LAND SCOTT PRIZ* I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 92 II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF BILLY CALDWELL AND HIS LAND ............. 94 A. Billy Caldwell and the Land Granted to Him by Treaty .................................................................................. 94 B. The Land that Was Conveyed and Not Conveyed by Caldwell .............................................................................. 98 C. An Unexpected Son .......................................................... 103 D. Possession of the Land by Robb Robinson
    [Show full text]
  • The Indians and the Michigan Road
    The Indians and the Michigan Road Juanita Hunter* The United States Confederation Congress adopted on May 20, 1785, an ordinance that established the method by which the fed- eral government would transfer its vast, newly acquired national domain to private ownership. According to the Land Ordinance of 1785 the first step in this transferral process was purchase by the government of all Indian claims. In the state of Indiana by 1821 a series of treaties had cleared Indian title from most land south of the Wabash River. Territory north of the river remained in the hands of the Miami and Potawatomi tribes, who retained posses- sion of at least portions of the area until their removals from the state during the late 1830s and early 1840s.’ After a brief hiatus following 1821, attempts to secure addi- tional cessions of land from the Indians in Indiana resumed in 1826. In the fall of that year three commissioners of the United States government-General John Tipton, Indian agent at Fort Wayne; Lewis Cass, governor of Michigan Territory; and James Brown Ray, governor of Indiana-met with leading chiefs and warriors of the Potawatomi and Miami tribes authorized in part “to propose an exchange of land. acre for acre West, of the Mississippi . .’’z The final treaty, signed October 26, 1826, contained no provision for complete Indian removal from the state. The Potawatomis agreed, however, to three important land cessions and received cer- tain benefits that included payment of debts and claims held against * Juanita Hunter is a graduate of Indiana State Teachers College, Terre Haute, and was a social studies teacher at Logansport High School, Logansport, Indiana, at the time of her retirement.
    [Show full text]
  • 108 STAT. 2152 PUBLIC LAW 103-323—SEPT. 21, 1994 Public Law 103-323 103D Congress an Act Sept
    108 STAT. 2152 PUBLIC LAW 103-323—SEPT. 21, 1994 Public Law 103-323 103d Congress An Act Sept. 21, 1994 To restore Federal services to the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians. [S. 1066] Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of Michigan. (fig United States of America in Congress assembled, 25 use 1300J. SECTION 1. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians is the descendant of, and political successor to, the signatories of the Treaty of Greenville 1795 (7 Stat. 49); the Treaty of Grouseland 1805 (7 Stat. 91); the Treaty of Spring Wells 1815 (7 Stat. 131); the Treaty of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie 1817 (7 Stat. 160); the Treaty of St. Mary's 1818 (7 Stat. 185); the Treaty of Chicago 1821 (7 Stat. 218); the Treaty of the Mississinewa on the Wabash 1826 (7 Stat. 295); the Treaty of St. Joseph 1827 (7 Stat. 305); the Treaty of St. Joseph 1828 (7 Stat. 317); the Treaty of Tippecanoe River 1832 (7 Stat. 399); and the Treaty of Chicago 1833 (7 Stat. 431). (2) In the Treaty of Chicago 1833, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians was the only band that negotiated a right to remain in Michigan. The other Potawatomi bands relin­ quished all lands in Michigan and were required to move to Kansas or Iowa. (3) Two of the Potawatomi bands later returned to the Great Lakes area, the Forest County Potawatomi of Wisconsin and the Hannahville Indian Community of Michigan. (4) The Hannahville Indian Community of Michigan, the Forest County Potawatomi Commimity of Wisconsin, the Prai­ rie Band of Potawatomi Indians of Kansas, and the Citizen Band Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, whose members are also descendants of the signatories to one or more of the aforementioned treaties, have been recognized by the Federal Government as Indian tribes eligible to receive services from the Secretary of the Interior.
    [Show full text]