Dennis Brain Hatása a Kürt Fejlődésére

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Dennis Brain Hatása a Kürt Fejlődésére Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Egyetem Doktori Iskola DENNIS BRAIN HATÁSA A KÜRT FEJLŐDÉSÉRE MOLNÁR GYULA DLA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS 2010. ii Tartalomjegyzék Tartalomjegyzék ......................................................................................................... ii Rövidítések jegyzéke ..................................................................................................iv Köszönet......................................................................................................................v Bevezető.....................................................................................................................vi 1. Dennis Brain életrajza..............................................................................................1 2. A Brain család megjelenése az angol zenei életben ................................................11 2.1. A kürt helyzete Angliában, az 1800-1900-as években......................................11 2.1.1. Az angol kürtölési hagyományok megteremtői .........................................11 2.1.2. Az angol zenekari élet sajátosságai...........................................................13 2.2. A Brain család.................................................................................................15 2.2.1. Id. Alfred Edwin Brain – a nagyapa..........................................................15 2.2.2. Ifj. Alfred Edwin Brain – a nagybáty ........................................................17 2.2.3. Aubrey Harold Brain – az apa...................................................................18 2.3. Az angol kürtiskola megteremtői.....................................................................22 3. A Brainek hatása a hangszer fejlődésére.................................................................25 3.1. A kürt szerepének változásai ...........................................................................25 3.2. A kürt felépítésének változásai – a natúr-, az inventions kürt és a ventilek.......29 3.3. A Brain család hangszerfejlesztési útkeresései.................................................34 3.3.1. A Raoux-Millereau –hangszerek...............................................................34 3.3.2. Aubrey Brain elképzelései ........................................................................36 3.3.3. Alfred Brain elképzelései..........................................................................37 3.3.4. Dennis Brain elképzelései.........................................................................38 3.3.5. Dennis Brain elképzelései a fúvókáról ......................................................48 4. Dennis Brain hatása a kürtirodalom fejlődésére......................................................51 4.1. Dennis Brain kapcsolata a zeneszerzőkkel.......................................................51 4.1.1. Szólóművek inspirálója.............................................................................53 4.1.2. Kamaraművek inspirálója .........................................................................64 4.1.3. Régi és új darabok felfedezője ..................................................................66 4.2. Hangszertechnikai képességei és személyisége................................................69 iii 4.3. Szóló felvételeinek és fellépéseinek elemző bemutatása ..................................76 5. A Brainek hatása az előadásmódra – Mozart kürtversenyei Aubrey Brain és Dennis Brain előadásában......................................................................................................85 5.1. Mozart kürtversenyeinek keletkezési háttere....................................................85 5.2. Mozart kürtversenyeinek időrendi furcsaságai.................................................88 5.3. A Mozart-felvételek keletkezési körülményei, korabeli fogadtatásuk és jelenkori visszhangjuk ..........................................................................................................90 5.3.1. Aubrey Brain és Mozart kürtversenyei......................................................90 5.3.2. Dennis Brain és Mozart kürtversenyei ......................................................92 5.3.3. A hangfelvételek jelenkori visszhangja.....................................................96 5.4. Az elemzés szempontrendszere .....................................................................102 5.5. Mozart kürtverseny, Nr. 2. KV. 417. .............................................................103 5.5.1. Első tétel.................................................................................................103 5.5.2. Második tétel..........................................................................................114 5.5.3. Harmadik tétel........................................................................................118 5.6. Összegzés......................................................................................................123 6. Következtetések...................................................................................................125 7. Függelék ..............................................................................................................127 8. Bibliográfia..........................................................................................................145 iv Rövidítések jegyzéke 78 rmp 78-as fordulatszámú lemezfelvétel A.E. idősebb Alfred Edwin (Brain) Al ifjabb Alfred Edwin Brian BBC SO BBC Symphonic Orchestra BBC HS BBC Home Service BBC TP BBC Third Programme DBCO Dennis Brain Chamber Orchestra DBT Dennis Brian Trió DBWE Dennis Brain Wind Ensemble DBWQ Dennis Brain Wind Quintet Janetzky-Brüchle Janetzky, Kurt és Brüchle, Bernhard: Das Horn. (Deutschland: Schott Mainz, 1977). LP Long-Player LPO London Philharmonic Orchestra LSO London Symphonic Orchestra NLO New London Orchestra NSO National Symphony Orchestra Pettitt Pettitt, Stephen J: Dennis Brain: A Biography, (London, Robert Hale, 1989, Második Kiadás) Proms Promenade előadás RAF Royal Air Force RPO Royal Philharmonic Orchestra v Köszönet Köszönet illeti mindazokat, akik áldozatkészen és önzetlenül segítségemre voltak azon időszakban, amíg ez a dolgozat készült. Első sorban köszönöm Molnár Eszternek, hogy a hanganyagok és az idegen nyelvű forrásanyagok beszerzésében segített, valamint azt, hogy a dolgozat fázisait végigkísérő figyelme és segítsége mellett végezhettem munkámat. Köszönettel tartozom Pintér Csillának, aki szakszerű észrevételeivel, javításaival és tanácsaival segítségemre volt. Hálával tartozom Pesztenlehrer Anitának és Dr. Kurcsics Gerdának az idegen nyelvű szövegek előkészítő fordításaiért. Köszönök minden jobbító szándékot azoktól, akik szavakkal vagy írásos észrevételeikkel segítségemre voltak. Köszönöm a közvetlen munkatársaimnak, a Győri Széchenyi István Egyetem közösségének az elmúlt időszak folyamán nyújtott erkölcsi és anyagi támogatását, valamint a régi és jelenlegi növendékeim megértő magatartását. Végül, de nem utolsó sorban köszönettel tartozom családom minden tagjának, Molnár Boglárkának, Molnár Gergőnek, Molnárné Svikruha Mártának, Molnár Tibornak, Pál Ildikónak és Juhász Viktornak azért a türelemért, melyet tőlük kaptam e dolgozat elkészítéséhez. Molnár Gyula Győr, 2010. szeptember 15. vi Bevezető Diákéveim kezdetén a hangszertanulást többnyire a hanglemezek hallgatásával egészítettem ki, és ha tehettem, időm egy részét az iskola stúdiójában töltöttem. Az akkor szerzett élmények hatására kezdtem el foglalkozni a hanglemezek és rádióadások felvételeinek gyűjtésével. Nagy szerencsémre abban az időben jelentek meg hazánkban az EMI kiadó lemezei – többnyire Otto Klemperer vezényletével és a Philharmonia Orchestra közreműködésével. A sorozatban kiadásra került hanglemezeken hallottam először Dennis Brain, Alan Civil, Neill Sanders, Alfred Cursue zenekari játékát. A tanáraimhoz intézett érdeklődő kérdéseimre kapott válaszokból tudtam meg, hogy Dennis Brain szólófelvételeket is készített, melyek az akkori Magyarországon nem voltak kaphatók. A Dennis Brain iránt érdeklődőkhöz hasonlóan – külföldi turnék alkalmával, rádióadások rögzítése során és a magángyűjteményekben található hangfelvételek kölcsönzése, cseréje folytán – jutottam Dennis szólófelvételeinek birtokába, majd ahogy az egyre bővülő kiadások lehetővé tették, tovább gazdagítottam gyűjteményemet. A szakmai körökben megosztott élmények egyértelműen rámutattak Dennis Brain széles körű elfogadottságára, de a játékán kívül semmiféle egyéb információval nem rendelkeztem. Sok – és többnyire ellentmondásos – történetet hallottam. Ez annak volt köszönhető, hogy Dennis Brainről nem volt hozzáférhető magyar nyelvű irodalom, mely hiteles és iránymutató lett volna. Később, a tanári munka folyamán határoztam el, hogy az információkat összegyűjtöm; magyar nyelvű feldolgozást készítek legendás személyéről és összetett munkásságáról. Ebben nagy segítségemre volt Stephen J Pettitt: Dennis Brain: A Biography (London, Robert Hale, 1989, Második Kiadás) időközben megjelent könyve, amely alapos feldolgozást közöl Dennis Brain pályafutásáról. Dennis Brain a XX. század egyik legnagyobb hatású kürtjátékosa volt. Angliában született a század első felében, egy kürtön játszó dinasztia legfiatalabb tagjaként. A kor, amelyben hangszeres pályafutását kezdte (a második világháború utáni időszak) számottevő lehetőséget teremtett a pályakezdő muzsikus számára. Az iparszerű hanglemezgyártás követelményeinek való megfelelés; a precizitásra való törekvés a hangszerjáték terén; valamint (szólókürtösként) a virtuóz darabok
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