Précis De Grammaire Et De Lexique Du Peul Du Fouta Djallon

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Précis De Grammaire Et De Lexique Du Peul Du Fouta Djallon Précis de grammaire et de lexique du peul du Fouta Djallon Abdourahmane Diallo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies 2015 Précis de grammaire et de lexique du peul du Fouta Djallon Published by Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies 3-11-1, Asahi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8534, Japan © 2015 Abdourahmane Diallo All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced in any form or any means without written permission from the publisher. ISBN: 978-4-86337-181-1 Printed by NORTHISLAND Co.,Ltd Précis de grammaire et de lexique du peul du Fouta Djallon Avant-propos Ce manuel a été initialement conçu pour des étudiants allemands (de niveau universitaire) ayant choisi l’option linguistique et le peul comme langue principale. Cependant, au cours de son élaboration, il a été tenu compte des besoins d’un public plus large et extra-universitaire, c’est-à-dire de toute personne désireuse, par le moyen d’un tel document, d’apprendre la langue, soit dans le cadre d’une classe dirigée par un enseignant, soit de manière autonome. Dans le souci de renforcement des connaissances de la grammaire de la langue, nombre de structures grammaticales ont été plus ou moins approfondies, avec parfois l’emploi d’un vocabulaire spécialisé, émanant du répertoire de la linguistique descriptive. De ce fait, il peut arriver que par endroits des mots relevant du vocabulaire spécialisé apparaissent dans les descriptions grammaticales. Le document a 33 leçons conçues selon une progression tenant compte de la pratique quotidienne et des complications liées au contenu grammatical abordé. Chaque leçon est structurée en quatre sections, marquées par les lettres A - D. La première section (A) est constituée d’un texte d’entrée en pular dont la thématique est inspirée de la vie quotidienne : saluer, demander un chemin, faire des emplettes ou alors le mariage, le travail communautaire, par exemple pour la construction ou la restauration d’édifices publics, le conte etc. Ce texte d’entrée, n’est toutefois pas conçu pour introduire l’apprenant aux structures grammaticales de la leçon, mais plutôt pour exercer son audition à l’articulation et à la mélodie de la langue, lui permettre de s’exercer en imitant les locuteurs natifs ; c’est également pour lui présenter des aspects de la culture et de la vie quotidienne de la communauté peule. Sans cette démarcation, il y a de grands risques que l’on ne se concentre qu’à deviner ou détecter des structures grammaticales, éventuellement dissimulées dans le texte, que l’on aimerait détecter le plus tôt possible et être en avance dans l’appréhension des particularités syntaxiques attendues. Ce qui entraverait le plaisir qu’il y a à découvrir le sens du texte et l’orientation de l’attention vers l’aspect culturel, tout autant important pour la compétence de communication. La deuxième section (B) contient des explications grammaticales où, en général, rarement plus de deux questions sont abordées par leçon. Pour la consolidation de ces structures grammaticales et parfois du vocabulaire thématique, une série d’exercices est proposée en section (C). Pour permettre à l’usager de travailler de façon autonome, un corrigé est proposé en annexe. Après avoir traité les questions données, entre dix et douze par rubrique, on peut donc se reporter à ce corrigé pour vérifier le résultat. Pour certains exercices la solution n’est pas donnée. C’est le cas par exemple si on veut laisser libre cours à la créativité de l’apprenant, en lui demandant de construire librement des phrases, de compléter une liste thématique de mots ou de choisir des verbes etc. A partir de la leçon 7, il y a à la fin une liste des mots pular utilisés, suivis d’une glose en français (D). Le relevé de ce vocabulaire est spécifique à chaque leçon et tient compte du texte d’entrée et des exemples donnés lors des explications grammaticales. Il n’est de ce fait pas exclu que des mots déjà vus dans une leçon antérieure soient répétés dans des séances ultérieures. L’avantage est, entre autres, de permettre à l’apprenant de ne pas disperser sa concentration à chercher un mot dans tout le document. v A partir de la leçon 16 des textes de lecture sont proposés à l’apprenant. Ils ont en général un contenu historique. Ici on s’est abstenu de proposer une liste de mots traduits, ceci pour encourager l’apprenant, ayant saisi les structures de base de la langue, avec entre autres les règles d’alternance consonantique et la fonctionnalité des classes nominales, à commencer à consulter un dictionnaire de langue. La liste de vocables de la leçon ne peut donc servir à la lecture de ce texte. L’utilisation du dictionnaire devient obligatoire à partir de la leçon 25, où même le texte d’entrée et certains exemples ne sont plus traduits. Cependant, à partir de là - et cela pour éviter de surcharger l’apprenant - il n’y a pas de textes supplémentaires pour la lecture. Dans l’annexe sont proposés, en plus du corrigé des exercices, une traduction des proverbes, parfois suivie d’une interprétation, ainsi que l’essentiel de la systématique de la langue tels que le système pronominal, la conjugaison, les idéophones, l’alternance consonantique etc. Une liste des noms propres les plus courants au Fouta Djallon ainsi que le nom de certains pays complète l’essentiel de ce supplément. Pour toute personne intéressée à la maîtrise de la langue, il est évidemment recommandé de la pratiquer dans son usage quotidien, étant entendu que ce manuel d’apprentissage ne peut servir qu’à introduire l’apprenant aux fonctions de base du peul. Dans le contexte d’une classe d’apprentissage de langue, il est conseillé, si possible, de proposer des cours de conversation orientés selon les besoins des apprenants. Une sensibilisation à la grande variété dialectale du peul leur permettrait d’avoir une clé d’accès leur facilitant, au besoin, d’élargir leurs connaissances et compétence vers d’autres parlers peuls. vi Table des matières Remerciements xi Abréviations xii Introduction 1 LEÇON 1 5 LEÇON 2 7 1. Salutations 7 2. Pronoms sujets 7 LEÇON 3 11 1. La construction copulative avec (hi)no 11 2. La particule interrogative honto 12 3. La particule interrogative kori 12 4. Construction copulative avec ko 12 LEÇON 4 15 1. Les pronoms objets 15 2. Pronoms démonstratifs 16 3. Pronoms indépendants 16 LEÇON 5 19 1. L’interrogation 19 2. Fonctionnalité de la particule interrogative avec les suffixes de classe 20 LEÇON 6 23 1. Les numéraux 23 2. Accord en classe dans le système numéral 25 LEÇON 7 27 1. Les opérations 28 2. Le verbe « avoir » 29 LEÇON 8 33 1. Les nombres ordinaux 34 2. Emploi du mot woot/goot „seul, unique, pareil“ 35 3. Les voix verbales 35 LEÇON 9 39 1. Les jours de la semaine 39 2. Verbes exprimant le degré de certitude 41 3. Fous de l’imperfectif dans les verbes actifs 41 LEÇON 10 45 1. Les 12 mois de l’année 45 2. Lexique thématique (expression du temps) 46 3. L’heure 47 4. La conjugaison du verbe dans le parfait 49 vii LEÇON 11 53 1. Les verbes de modalisation 53 2. Les unités de mesure 55 LEÇON 12 59 1. Les classes nominales I: la classe des humains 59 2. L’article défini dans les classes des humains 61 LEÇON 13 67 1. Les classes nominales II: Pluriel en -ɗi (-i, -ji) 67 2. L’article définit dans les classes nominales dont le pluriel est ɗi 68 3. Imperfectif I: l’impératif 69 LEÇON 14 75 1. Les classes nominales III : classes dont le pluriel est -ɗe (-e, -je) 75 2. L’article défini 77 3. Les quatre points cardinaux 78 LEÇON 15 85 1. Les classes nominales IV: Pluriel des diminutives en koy (hoy, oy) 85 2. Imperfectif II: le subjonctif 87 LEÇON 16 93 1. La comparaison 93 2. Négation par l’usage de l’expression hay (ou bien wanaa ) + gooto, huunde, sintere, wonkii, nokku... 96 LEÇON 17 101 1. L’expression de la possession ou les constructions génitives 101 2. Les pronoms possessifs 102 LEÇON 18 107 1. Imperfectif III: Futur-habituel (affirmation et négation) 107 2. Expressions du temps 108 LEÇON 19 113 1. Imperfetif IV: Focus de l|imperfectif (affirmation & négation) 113 2. Négation du focus 115 LEÇON 20 119 1. Le progressif 120 2. Emploi de woo, « chaque », « aucun », « seulement » 121 LEÇON 21 125 Le morphème du prétérite –no 126 LEÇON 22 133 1. L’alternance consonantique 133 2. Expression de l’alternative avec kaa ou maa 135 viii LEÇON 23 139 1. L’extension verbale I: Généralités 140 2. Nomen Loci, Nomen Instrumenti 141 LEÇON 24 145 1. L’extension verbale I: L’emploi de -ir (instrumental, circonstance, manière, comparaison) 145 1.1 Instrumental 145 1.2 Expression de la manière, d’une circonstance 146 1.3 Expression de comparaison 146 2. Expression de l’intensité par répétition ou par emploi du suffixe –dee 146 LEÇON 25 149 1. L’extension verbale III: le cuasatif -(i)n- 149 2. Nomina agentis: -oowo 150 LEÇON 26 155 1. Constructions relatives 155 2. Le pronom relatif 156 LEÇON 27 161 1. Propositions à fonction objet (ou complétives) 161 2. Dérivation des noms de parenté à l’aide du suffixe -iraawo (sg.) / -iraaɓe (pl.) 162 LEÇON 28 165 1. Subordonnées temporelles 166 2. Attribution de caractère : -yaagal 167 LEÇON 29 171 1.
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