DOCSLIB.ORG

A Historical Analysis of Black Women and Armed Resistance, 1959-1979

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Historical Analysis of Black Women and Armed Resistance, 1959-1979 STRAPPED: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF BLACK WOMEN AND ARMED RESISTANCE, 1959-1979 By: JASMIN A. YOUNG A Dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History written under the direction of Deborah Gray White and approved by _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey MAY, 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Strapped: A Historical Analysis of Black Women and Armed Resistance, 1959-1979 by JASMIN A. YOUNG Dissertation Director: Deborah Gray White “Strapped: A Historical Analysis of Black Women and Armed Resistance, 1959-1979” is an intellectual and cultural study that broadens our understanding of the Black freedom movement by analyzing Black women who engaged in armed resistance from 1959 to 1979. I argue Black women increasingly embraced the tactic of armed resistance as a tool to achieve full freedom in post-World War II America. This work is significant because it offers a departure from previous scholars who have overwhelmingly assumed that armed resistance was the primary domain of Black men including Tim Tyson and Lance Hill. My doctoral project offers a different interpretation by separating armed self-defense from masculinity. I draw from and build on the histories of Black women, gender theories, and social movement scholarship to show that armed resistance was prevalent among Black women. Using a vast array of primary source materials such as newspapers, interviews, organizational documents, and government surveillance records, I analyze how the government's response to citizens’ demands for civil and human rights shaped the tactics Black women employed, including armed resistance. I trace the evolution of the philosophy of armed resistance in the mid-twentieth century. ii Acknowledgements It is with great pleasure that I take the opportunity to write the acknowledgements to my dissertation. First, I have to acknowledge how God’s wonderful and masterful plan for my life forced me to trust in the process when everything seemed to be out of sorts and especially when I wanted to give up. Writing a dissertation and completing a doctorate was a great act of faith. I’m grateful for God’s mercy and faithfulness. To be honest and frank, the road was not easy nor was it smooth, I faltered and stumbled so many times along the way; and so, I must give thanks to my mom for her unwavering support of me and my endeavors. She has been and continues to be my number one supporter, my first teacher, and her love and encouragement has sustained me when doubts crept in. When I entered the program at Rutgers, I had one major goal in mind: to complete the doctorate as “whole” as possible. I knew the journey would be a difficult one and I wanted to be sure that I remained the very best version of myself throughout. As I worked on the degree and even before entering the program I was blessed to have a family that kept me whole. My brothers Glenn and Joe never doubted my abilities and always believed in me. Since starting the program I’ve gained a sister-in-law, and a host of nieces and nephews whose beautiful faces and big hugs sustained me, not to mention the sweet sound of “Auntie” continues to warm my heart. I’d like to thank Karin Stanford and Ashley Jackson for their love, laughter, and support—and especially for allowing me to be a part of their family. My sister, Ashley was always a facetime away, and I appreciate all the ways in which she has been a cheerleader for me. It was Karin’s example as a professor, mentor, and friend that set me on this path so many years ago. I have valued her mentorship and I hope to one day make as large of an impact on my students’ lives as she has made on mine. More importantly, I’m looking forward to way more egghead trips. iii So many of my friends have become my family. Niaje Wells Hall has been more than a friend, and more than a supporter, not to mention the fact that she’s waited for years to hold up a sign at graduation for me. Thank you for your patience and for showing me perseverance. My CSUN tribe has kept me on point. I’m so fortunate to have started my academic career with such creative, intelligent, and bright individuals such as them. Alex especially made sure I got through. Stella, you’re next—let’s go! James Simmons, Rafiki Kai, and Thandi Chimurenga weren’t students but were guiding lights for me as an undergraduate and continue to be even at this point in life. One of the best things I did in undergrad was finding a group of people who understood me! The adventures I’ve had with Jaime Bianca are only a precursor to what is to come. And of course, Dustin was a dope addition to the crew. I’m so blessed to have you all. In New York, I met another group of lifelong friends. My days at Columbia earned me not only a degree but also the friendship of Lee Bynum, Theresa Hernandez, Nicole Richards, and Garrett Felber—all excellent scholars in their own right. They have helped shape my own intellectual development and I’m grateful. Dr. Manning Marable embodied the importance of institution building, he mentored me, and helped shape my understanding of Black Studies in ways I continue to uncover. Although he’s gone, my hope is that I’ve honored his legacy and that my scholarship is a testament to his investment in me. Being at Columbia also gave me access to a host of scholars who are excellent in their own right including Elizabeth Hinton, Megan Francis, and James “J.T.” Roane. I would be remiss to not acknowledge my scholar-friends who have held me down while in the trenches and lifted me up when I needed a break: Akinyele O. Umoja, Charles Jones, Jocelyn Imani, Jonathan Fenderson, Ronald Williams, Tanisha Ford, DeMarcus Jenkins, Antar Tichavakunda, Philana Payton, Brooklyne Gipson, Khalfani Herman, Marissiko Wheaton, Courtney Cox, Cazembe Stallings Jr., Samar (Sasha) Rodriguez, Stina Soderling, and Miriam Tola. These folks read ‘shitty drafts,’ gave thoughtful feedback, shaped my thinking on the project, offered me publishing opportunities, assisted me while I was on the job market, took me iv out for drinks and dinner, provided the best hugs, poignant advice, and helped me to navigate academia (and really life) I owe them a great debt. Rutgers is a power house full of scholars and I was fortunate to be with a group of researchers, thinkers, and instructors that truly are shaping the field of History, Women’s and Gender Studies and Black Studies. I wish I had space to describe the significant contributions each of them are making but instead I’ll leave you to find their work and bask in their brilliance. I am honored to have shared space with Jesse Bayker, Kendra Boyd, Adam Wolkoff, Dara Walker, Miya Carney, Max Hantel, Shannen Dee Williams, Leigh Ann Francis, Arika Easley-Houser, John Adams, Vanessa Holden, Felicia Thomas, Ashleigh Sanders, Stephanie Jones-Rogers, Mekala Audain, Walter Rucker, Ann Gordon, Rudy Bell, and Christopher Hayes. It has undoubtedly made me a better scholar. I’m especially grateful for their friendship as well. Carolina Alonso and I began our time in New Brunswick together after finishing a whirlwind year at the London School of Economics and Political Science. I have valued her as a roommate, friend, confidant, study partner, and someone who is always ready to party. Her friendship and guidance has been invaluable to me over the years. Andre Townsend listened to me vent and remained steadfast in his assertion that I could do this and I could finish. I’m grateful for his love, respect, support, and generosity as I finished this work. My dissertation committee was comprised of distinguished scholars: Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, Temma Kaplan, and Jeanne Theoharis. I’m grateful for their time, contributions, and support throughout the writing. Dr. White pushed me to produce the best possible manuscript I could, and Dr. Theoharis provided critical support and v encouragement at every stage of this process. I have great appreciation for the staff at Rutgers University who were instrumental with all the administrative task over the years. Grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the Ford Foundation enabled me to conduct valuable research in a host of archives and libraries including Amistad Research Center, Schomburg Center, Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, The Freedom Archive, and the National Archives for Black Women's History. I am grateful for the librarians and archivists that helped me gather material and pointed me in the direction of unforeseen gems. This study is dedicated to my ancestors. To all of those who have come before me-- striving for Black liberation. I am particularly indebted to all the Black women who fought for freedom, who maintained faith that a new world was indeed possible, and strove to make it a reality. “It is our duty to fight for our freedom. It is our duty to win. We must love each other and support each other. We have nothing to lose but our chains.” -Assata Shakur vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Content vii List of Illustrations ix Introduction 1 Thinking of Armed Resistance as a Philosophy 7 Historiographical Significance 11 Chapter Outlines 32 A Note on Terminology 34 Chapter 1: A Historical Examination of Black Women Advocating Armed Resistance 38 Battling America’s Slave System 40 “Almost Advised Murder” 56 New Negro
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Black Panther Party “We Want Freedom” - Mumia Abu-Jamal Black Church Model
    Women Who Lead Black Panther Party “We Want Freedom” - Mumia Abu-Jamal Black Church model: ● “A predominantly female membership with a predominantly male clergy” (159) Competition: ● “Black Panther Party...gave the women of the BPP far more opportunities to lead...than any of its contemporaries” (161) “We Want Freedom” (pt. 2) Invisibility does not mean non existent: ● “Virtually invisible within the hierarchy of the organization” (159) Sexism does not exist in vacuum: ● “Gender politics, power dynamics, color consciousness, and sexual dominance” (167) “Remembering the Black Panther Party, This Time with Women” Tanya Hamilton, writer and director of NIght Catches Us “A lot of the women I think were kind of the backbone [of the movement],” she said in an interview with Michel Martin. Patti remains the backbone of her community by bailing young men out of jail and raising money for their defense. “Patricia had gone on to become a lawyer but that she was still bailing these guys out… she was still their advocate… showing up when they had their various arraignments.” (NPR) “Although Night Catches Us, like most “war” films, focuses a great deal on male characters, it doesn’t share the genre’s usual macho trappings–big explosions, fast pace, male bonding. Hamilton’s keen attention to minutia and everydayness provides a strong example of how women directors can produce feminist films out of presumably masculine subject matter.” “In stark contrast, Hamilton brings emotional depth and acuity to an era usually fetishized with depictions of overblown, tough-guy black masculinity.” In what ways is the Black Panther Party fetishized? What was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense? The Beginnings ● Founded in October 1966 in Oakland, Cali.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St Annual Walter Rodney Speakers Series (2013)
    Groundings Volume 1 | Issue 1 Article 4 September 2014 1st Annual Walter Rodney Speakers Series (2013) Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/groundings Part of the African History Commons, African Studies Commons, Growth and Development Commons, International Relations Commons, Labor Economics Commons, Political Economy Commons, Political Theory Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation (2014) "1st Annual Walter Rodney Speakers Series (2013)," Groundings: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/groundings/vol1/iss1/4 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Groundings by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Groundings (2014) 1(1) : Page 6 WALTER RODNEY SPEAKER’S SERIES ---- REPORT The 1st Annual Walter Rodney Speaker’s Series January - May, 2013 Thursdays, 5-7pm at the Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library OVERVIEW Professor Jesse Benjamin, with generous base-support from a Georgia Humanities Council Grant, the AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library, the Walter Rodney Foundation, Kennesaw State University, and Clark Atlanta University, established a (now annual) public lecture series that explores the life and work of Dr. Walter Rodney and his core contributions to Pan-Africanism, development theory, emancipatory pedagogy, and theories of race and class in the Caribbean, Africa and the rest of the world. This project seeks to keep Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Updates – 8 Nov 2016
    JNYC ABCI Post Office Box 110034 Brooklyn, New York 11211 Updates for November 8th 21 Oct - Democracy Now! feature on remaining Panther PPs 50 years after the founding of the Black Panther Party, some members are still locked up as political prisoners. MORE: (Democracy Now!) As the Black Panther Party marks its 50th anniversary we revisit two decades of Democracy Now! interviews with members who were released from prison, in many cases after tortured confessions, wrongful convictions, and longterm solitary confinement. We also report on those still behind bars. Political prisoners are part of the Black Panther Party legacy. Some former members have been behind bars 40 years. In some cases, court documents show they were punished essentially for being in the Black liberation struggle. Many continue face parole board denials based on their relationship with the party. Perhaps the most famous political prisoner in the United States, Mumia Abu-Jamal is a former Panther who has regularly been interviewed on Democracy Now! as an award-winning journalist. Learn about the others below. Two former Black Panthers have died behind bars this year. Abdul Majid was serving a 33-years to life sentence for the 1981 death of NYPD officer John Scarangella, and attempted murder of his partner. The incident occurred during a shoot-out after police stopped a van they said was linked to Assata Shakur's escape from prison. The suspects escaped but Majid was later arrested and brutally beaten, along with Bashir Hameed. Known as the "Queens Two," they faced three trials over five years before being convicted under a judge who was the son and brother of a police officer.
    [Show full text]
  • Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice
    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2015 Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2625217 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156-1239 (2015) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod EVIEW R ABSTRACT This Article introduces to legal scholarship the first sustained discussion of prison LA LAW LA LAW C abolition and what I will call a “prison abolitionist ethic.” Prisons and punitive policing U produce tremendous brutality, violence, racial stratification, ideological rigidity, despair, and waste. Meanwhile, incarceration and prison-backed policing neither redress nor repair the very sorts of harms they are supposed to address—interpersonal violence, addiction, mental illness, and sexual abuse, among others. Yet despite persistent and increasing recognition of the deep problems that attend U.S. incarceration and prison- backed policing, criminal law scholarship has largely failed to consider how the goals of criminal law—principally deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retributive justice—might be pursued by means entirely apart from criminal law enforcement. Abandoning prison-backed punishment and punitive policing remains generally unfathomable. This Article argues that the general reluctance to engage seriously an abolitionist framework represents a failure of moral, legal, and political imagination.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Women As Activist Intellectuals: Ella Baker and Mae Mallory Combat Northern Jim Crow in New York City's Public Schools During the 1950S
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research Hostos Community College 2019 Black Women as Activist Intellectuals: Ella Baker and Mae Mallory Combat Northern Jim Crow in New York City's Public Schools during the 1950s Kristopher B. Burrell CUNY Hostos Community College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/ho_pubs/93 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] £,\.PYoo~ ~ L ~oto' l'l CILOM ~t~ ~~:t '!Nll\O lit.ti t~ THESTRANGE CAREERS OfTHE JIMCROW NORTH Segregation and Struggle outside of the South EDITEDBY Brian Purnell ANOJeanne Theoharis, WITHKomozi Woodard CONTENTS '• ~I') Introduction. Histories of Racism and Resistance, Seen and Unseen: How and Why to Think about the Jim Crow North 1 Brian Purnelland Jeanne Theoharis 1. A Murder in Central Park: Racial Violence and the Crime NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS Wave in New York during the 1930s and 1940s ~ 43 New York www.nyupress.org Shannon King © 2019 by New York University 2. In the "Fabled Land of Make-Believe": Charlotta Bass and All rights reserved Jim Crow Los Angeles 67 References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or John S. Portlock changed since the manuscript was prepared. 3. Black Women as Activist Intellectuals: Ella Baker and Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mae Mallory Combat Northern Jim Crow in Names: Purnell, Brian, 1978- editor.
    [Show full text]
  • An Interview with Dorie Ann Ladner Emilye Crosby
    “I Just Had a Fire!”: An Interview with Dorie Ann Ladner Emilye Crosby The Southern Quarterly, Volume 52, Number 1, Fall 2014, pp. 79-110 (Article) Published by The University of Southern Mississippi, College of Arts and Sciences For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/567251 [ This content has been declared free to read by the pubisher during the COVID-19 pandemic. ] VOL. 52, NO. 1 (FALL 2014) 79 “I Just Had a Fire!”: An Interview with Dorie Ann Ladner* EMILYE CROSBY Although I didn’t meet Dorie Ladner until April 2010, she helped shape the world that I grew up in. She and others in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) were the “shock troops,” the cutting edge of the civil rights movement. Founded out of the 1960 sit-ins, the young people in SNCC led the way in challenging and defeating segregation in public accommodations. They also moved into rural southern communities, organizing and working with local residents on registering to vote, trying to breathe life into what was ostensibly a constitutionally-protected right. Born and raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, by the time Dorie and her younger sister Joyce Ladner encountered the sit-in movement in their fi rst year of college at Jackson State, they already had years of experience attending meetings of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). They were mentored by three men who would eventually lose their lives as a result of their civil rights activism: Medgar Evers, Clyde Kennard, and Vernon Dahmer.1 Dorie Ladner describes being deeply affected by the murder of Emmett Till, and it seems almost preordained that she would join the emerging student movement at the fi rst opportunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Evaluations of Experiences in African-Centered Educational Institutions
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University African-American Studies Theses Department of African-American Studies 5-7-2016 Looking Back to Go Forward: Student Evaluations of Experiences in African-Centered Educational Institutions Ivan N. Vassall III Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/aas_theses Recommended Citation Vassall, Ivan N. III, "Looking Back to Go Forward: Student Evaluations of Experiences in African-Centered Educational Institutions." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2016. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/aas_theses/34 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of African-American Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in African-American Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOOKING BACK TO GO FORWARD: STUDENT EVALUATIONS OF EXPERIENCES IN AFRICAN-CENTERED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS by IVAN N. VASSALL III Under the Direction of Makungu Akinyela, PhD ABSTRACT In educational research, a prevalent topic of discussion is African-centered pedagogy. This phenomenological study records the unique perspectives of adults who specifically grew up in African-centered learning environments from a young age. The sample includes 10 African American adults, aged 18-45, from various cities in the United States. Mixed methods are applied in this study: group concept mapping strategies are implemented to yield both qualitative and quantitative results for analysis. Data is further supplemented with one-on-one interviews, and a review of themes from interview transcripts using multiple coding processes. Findings from this particular demographic can add another dimension to the current literature on the relevancy and need for culturally relevant pedagogical practice for African-American children.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Anarchism, Pedro Riberio
    TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................2 2. The Principles of Anarchism, Lucy Parsons....................................................................3 3. Anarchism and the Black Revolution, Lorenzo Komboa’Ervin......................................10 4. Beyond Nationalism, But not Without it, Ashanti Alston...............................................72 5. Anarchy Can’t Fight Alone, Kuwasi Balagoon...............................................................76 6. Anarchism’s Future in Africa, Sam Mbah......................................................................80 7. Domingo Passos: The Brazilian Bakunin.......................................................................86 8. Where Do We Go From Here, Michael Kimble..............................................................89 9. Senzala or Quilombo: Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism, Pedro Riberio...........................................................................................................................91 10. Interview: Afro-Colombian Anarchist David López Rodríguez, Lisa Manzanilla & Bran- don King........................................................................................................................96 11. 1996: Ballot or the Bullet: The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Electoral Process in the U.S. and its relation to Black political power today, Greg Jackson......................100 12. The Incomprehensible
    [Show full text]
  • The Crusader Monthll,J Nelijsletter
    THE CRUSADER MONTHLL,J NELIJSLETTER ROBERT F. WILLIAMS, EDITOR -IN EXILE- VoL . ~ - No. 9 MAY 1968 Afro-Americans & Slick John Kennedy Government of the United States is no government T~E of the Afro-Americans at all. The slick John Ken- nedy gang is operating one of the greatest sham govern- ment in the entire world. Afro-Americans and fair minded Od > ~- O THE wN«< /l~USL . lF Yov~Re EyER IN NE60, CALL ME AT whites must be gullible indeed to believe that the racist, KKK dominated so-called U.S. Government is concerned with the welfare and human rights of colored people. The colored people of the USA must bring themselves to realize that taken integration is a slick manuever to check the restlessness of an oppressed people fast becoming infect ed with the germ of total resistance policy developing among all of the oppressed peoples of the world. Token integration means nothing to the masses. Even an idiot should be able to see that so-called Token integration is no more than window dressing designed to lull the poor downtrodden Afro-American to sleep and to make the out side world think that the racist, savage USA is a fountainhead of social justice and democracy. The Afro-American in the USA is facing his greatest crisis since chattel slavery. All forms of violence and underhanded methods o.f extermination are being stepped up against our people. Contrary to what the "big daddies" and their "good nigras" would have us believe about all of the phoney progress they claim the race is making, the True status of the Afro-Ameri- can is s#eadily on the down turn.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism, Separatism, and Pan-Africanism
    searching for placeA Companion to African American History529 Edited by Alton Hornsby, Jr Copyright © 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Chapter Thirty-one Searching for Place: Nationalism, Separatism, and Pan-Africanism AKINYELE UMOJA Perhaps no concept in the history of American radicalism has been more maligned or misunderstood than the concept of the “black nation.” The quest of Afro-American people for some form of territorial integrity and national self-determination has had a long and winding history . [T]he Afro-American people have given the concept of the “black nation” their own definition, utility, and both an organized and unorganized expression of its political intent. The idea of a “black nation” has not disappeared but has taken on an even newer expression. (William Eric Perkins, “Black Nation,” in Encyclopedia of the American Left, 1992) In March of 1968, 500 Black1 Nationalists met in Detroit, Michigan, to discuss the direction of their movement at the Black Government Conference. The conference was convened by the Malcolm X Society, former associates of Malcolm Shabazz, continuing his work in Michigan. The roster of participants of this convention read like a who’s who of Black Nationalists. Conference participants included the widow of Malcolm X, Betty Shabazz; former associates and confidants of Malcolm X, Imari Obadele, attorney Milton Henry, Hakim Jamal, Obaboa Owolo (Ed Bradley); the founder of the holiday Kwanzaa, Maulana Karenga; the poet and author Amiri Baraka; spiritual leader of the Yoruba Kingdom of the United States, Oserjiman Adefumi; and former Garveyite and Communist “Queen Mother” Audley Moore. At this conference, the participants declared their independence from the United States, demanded reparations as compensation for slavery and other violations of black human rights, identified South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana as the national territory of the proposed Black nation, and established a provisional government for Blacks desiring to live outside the jurisdiction of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Elaine Brown Papers, 1977-2010 [Bulk 1989-2010]
    BROWN, ELAINE, 1943- Elaine Brown papers, 1977-2010 [bulk 1989-2010] Emory University Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library Atlanta, GA 30322 404-727-6887 [email protected] Collection Stored Off-Site All or portions of this collection are housed off-site. Materials can still be requested but researchers should expect a delay of up to two business days for retrieval. Descriptive Summary Creator: Brown, Elaine, 1943- Title: Elaine Brown papers, 1977-2010 [bulk 1989-2010] Call Number: Manuscript Collection No. 912 Extent: 68.25 linear feet (71 boxes), 2 oversized papers folders (OP), AV Masters: 1 linear foot (1 box), and 66 MB (332 files) born digital material and .5 linear feet (1 box) Abstract: Papers of civil rights activist Elaine Brown, including correspondence, personal papers, writings by Brown, records of organizations founded by Brown, records of her campaigns for President of the United States and Mayor of Brunswick, Georgia, and subject files. Language: Materials primarily in English with some materials in French. Administrative Information Restrictions on Access Special restrictions apply: Collection stored off-site. Researchers must contact Rose Library in advance for access to this collection. Subseries 2.1: Michael Lewis' medical records are restricted until his death. Use copies have not been made for audiovisual material in this collection. Researchers must contact the Rose Library at least two weeks in advance for access to these items. Collection restrictions, copyright limitations, or technical complications may hinder the Rose Library's ability to provide access to audiovisual material. Emory Libraries provides copies of its finding aids for use only in research and private study.
    [Show full text]
  • Hicks, Robert "Bob", House Other Names/Site Number: N/A Name of Related Multiple Property Listing: N/A
    NPS Form 10-900 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service DEC - 5 i:014 National Register of Historic Places Registration For s This fom, is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instruction ~ w to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property be o.g..d! r-"rrOt' applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories- from the instructions. Historic Name: Hicks, Robert "Bob", House Other Names/Site Number: N/A Name of related multiple property listing: N/A [ 2. Location Street & Number: 924 East Robert "Bob" Hicks St City or town: Bogalusa State: LA County: Washington Not for Publication: D Vicinity: D 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this ~ nomination D request for determination of eligibility meets, meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property~ meets D does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: D national D state ~ local Applicable National Register Criteria: ~ A ~B De Do Signature of certifying official/Title: Pam Breaux, State Historic Preservation Officer Date Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism State or Federal a enc /bureau or Tribal Government In my opinion, the property D meets D does not meet the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]