DOCSLIB.ORG

Freedom Bound

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Freedom Bound Richard Gallion, president of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, is among the thousands of Nova Scotians who can find their ancestors’ names among the three thousand recorded in the Book of Negroes. FREEDOM BOUNDA simple act – having one’s name recorded in a ledger known as the Book of Negroes – promised freedom to Black Loyalists in 1783 and, for some, allowed passage to Canada. But was Canada the promised land? by Lawrence Hill t is not easy to find original documents about the the Life of Boston King, a Black Preacher. Written by history of blacks in Canada. Indeed, many high- Himself, which begins, like most slave narratives, with school or university students would come back the circumstances of his birth: “I was born in the One copy of empty-handed if you sent them to the Province of South Carolina, 28 miles from the Book of library in search of material about Charlestown. My father was stolen from Africa Negroes, a blacks in the eighteenth century. A few when he was young …” hand-written, Ienterprising students might unearth newspaper But even some of the keenest students bound list of advertisements for runaway slaves. For example, might miss a little-known document offering black passen- the July 3, 1792, issue of The Royal Gazette and details about the names, ages, places of origin, gers leaving the Nova Scotia Advertiser carries a crude sketch and personal situations of thousands of blacks New York on of runaway slaves with the advertisement: “Run who fled American slavery and hoped to find British ships in Away, Joseph Odel and Peter Lawrence (Negroes) their promised land in Canada. 1783 during from their Masters, and left Digby last evening … It is called the Book of Negroes. the American Whoever will secure said Negroes so that The handwritten ledger runs to about 150 Revolutionary their Masters may have them again, shall receive TEN pages. It offers volumes of information about the lives of War, is stored DOLLARS Reward, and all reasonable Charges paid. Daniel black people living more than two centuries ago. On an at the Nova SHANNON HENNIGAR Odel, Phillip Earl.” anecdotal level, it tells us who contracted smallpox, who Scotia Archives The truly motivated student might dig up one of the was blind, and who was travelling with small children. in Halifax. memoirs written centuries ago by blacks who had come One entry for a woman boarding a ship bound for Nova to Canada. One, for example, would be the Memoirs of Scotia describes her as bringing three children, with a The Beaver February - March 2007 17 Born in men, women, and children who travelled – some as free Newfoundland people, and others the slaves or indentured servants of in 1783 where white United Empire Loyalists – in 219 ships sailing his father served from New York between April and November 1783. The as governor, Book of Negroes did more than capture their names for Sir Henry Clinton posterity. In 1783, having your name registered in the was appointed document meant the promise of a better life. commander-in- chief of the s the last British stronghold during the Revolu- British forces in tionary War, Manhattan – where the sacred and North America A the profane mingled so freely that an area in 1778. His 1779 teeming with brothels was ironically dubbed “Holy Philipsburg Ground” for its proximity to churches – became a Proclamation haven for black refugees. Some of the blacks who stated that any crowded into the city arrived on their own volition. But “Negro who shall others came on the invitation of the British, who twice desert the Rebel issued formal proclamations asking blacks to abandon Standard” would their slave owners and to serve the military forces of receive full pro- King George III. tection, freedom, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM IN BRITAIN The first proclamation appeared in November 1775, and land. just months after the Revolutionary War had begun. To attract more support for the British forces, John Murray, the Virginia governor who was formally known as Lord Dunmore, infuriated American slave owners with his famous Dunmore Proclamation: The Book of Negroes did more than capture their registered in the document meant the promise of a baby in one arm and a toddler in the other. In this way, To the end that peace and good order may the sooner be the Book of Negroes gives precise details about when restored … I do require every person capable of bearing and where freedom seekers managed to rip themselves arms to resort to His Majesty’s standard … and I do free of American slavery. As a research tool it offers his- hereby further declare all indented servants,Negroes,or torians and genealogists the opportunity to trace and others (appertaining to Rebels) free, that are able and correlate people backward and forward in time in other willing to bear arms, they joining His Majesty’s Troops, documents, such as ship manifests, slave ledgers, and as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this census and tax records. Colony to a proper sense of their duty to his Majesty’s Sadly, however, the Book of Negroes has been largely crown and dignity. forgotten in Canada. And that is a shame. Dating back to an era when people of African heritage were mostly Enslaved blacks attentively followed this proclamation, excluded from official documents and records, the Book fleeing their owners to serve the British war effort. of Negroes offers an intimate and unsettling portrait of The Philipsburg Proclamation came four years later the origins of the Black Loyalists in Canada. Compiled and was designed to attract not just those “capable of bear- in 1783 by officers of the British military at the tail end ing arms,” but any black person, male or female, who was of the American Revolutionary War, the Book of Negroes prepared to serve the British in supporting roles as cooks, was the first massive public record of blacks in North laundresses, nurses, and general labourers. Issued in 1779 America. Indeed, what makes the Book of Negroes so by Sir Henry Clinton, commander-in-chief of the British fascinating are the stories of where its people came forces, it promised: “To every Negro who shall desert the from and how it came to be that they fled to Nova Sco- Rebel Standard, full security to follow within these lines, tia and other British colonies. any occupation which he shall think proper.” The document, which is essentially a detailed It is no small irony that Lord Dunmore, who issued ledger, contains the names of three thousand black the first proclamation, was a slave owner himself. The 18 February - March 2007 The Beaver sad truth is that when a number of former British mili- of New York City, blacks in Manhattan became increas- tary officers left New York City at the end of the war, they ingly desperate about their prospects. They had been took with them slaves or indentured servants, all of promised freedom in exchange for service in wartime. whom had no choice but to follow the men who claimed But would the British live up to their side of the bargain? to own them as they sailed to areas still under the rule of For a time, it looked as though they would not. When their king. the terms of the provisional peace treaty between the los- Nonetheless, in response to the British promises of ing British and the victorious rebels were finally made security and freedom, many blacks escaped from their known in 1783, the loyal blacks felt betrayed. Article 7 of owners and lent their skills and their labour to an army the peace treaty left the Black Loyalists with the impres- that had been weakened by smallpox epidemics and by sion that the British had abandoned them entirely. It said: the daily toll of fighting a war on a foreign continent. If you want to find examples of blacks joining the Brit- All Hostillities both by Sea and Land shall from hence- ish war effort, you would only have to scroll through the forth cease all prisoners on both sides shall be set at Lib- Book of Negroes to find listings of blacks who had served in erty and His Britannic Majesty shall with all a British military regiment called the Black Pioneers. In the convenient Speed and without Causing any destruc- ship La Aigle [sic], for example, which left New York for tion or carrying away any Negroes or other Property of Annapolis Royal on October 21, 1783, all forty-four of the the American Inhabitants withdraw all its Armies,Gar- black men, women, and children on board are listed as risons, and Fleets, from the said United States. having served with the Black Pioneers. The children appear to have been with their parents as they served Boston King, a Black Loyalist who fled from his slave behind British lines: owner in South Carolina, served with the British forces in the war, and went on to become a church minister in Nova Jam Crocker, 50, ordinary fellow, Black Pioneers. For- Scotia and subsequently in Sierra Leone, noted in his merly servant to John Ward,Charlestown,South Caroli- memoir the terror that blacks felt when they discovered na; left him in 1776. the terms of the peace treaty: names for posterity. In 1783, having your name better life. Molly, 40, ordinary wench, incurable lame of left arm, Rose Fortune Black Pioneers. Formerly slave to Mr. Hogwood, Great came to Bridge near Portsmouth,Virginia; left him in 1779. Nova Scotia with her Jenny, 9, Black Pioneers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memoirs of Boston King
    Module 03: A Revolution for Whom? Evidence 2: Memoirs of Boston King Introduction Even without proclamations from royal officials, slaves throughout the American colonies left their masters and went in search of the British army. Boston King, a young South Carolina slave, was one of the thousands of African Americans who joined the British between 1775 and 1781. Boston King was also one of several thousand former slaves who, in remaining with the British when the Revolution ended, left the only homes they had ever known but gained their freedom. Questions to Consider • Why did Boston King run away? • What role or roles did King serve with the British? • What do King's language and actions suggest about his feelings for the British? • What did the American Revolution do for Boston King? Document I was born in the Province of South Carolina, 28 miles from Charles Town. My father was stolen away from Africa when he was young. I have reason to believe that he lived in the fear and love of God. He was beloved by this master, and had the charge of the Plantation as a driver for many years. In his old age he was employed as a mill-cutter. My mother was employed chiefly in attending upon those that were sick, having some knowledge of the virtue of herbs, which she learned from the Indians. She likewise had the care of making the people's clothes, and on these accounts was indulged with many privileges which the rest of the slaves were not When I was six years old I waited in the house upon my master.
    [Show full text]
  • The Book of Negroes As a Canadian Work of Rememory
    Where Literature Fills the Gaps: The Book of Negroes as a Canadian Work of Rememory Christine Duff awrence Hill’s the Book of negroeS1 takes its title from a late eighteenth-century document listing some 3,000 Black Loyalists given passage to Nova Scotia following the American LWar of Independence. Prior to Hill’s widely read novel, few Canadians were aware of the document’s existence, much less the reasons for this displacement of people and their treatment following their arrival. Through the voice of Hill’s protagonist, Aminata Diallo, the fictional scribe who creates the register “The Book of Negroes,” these historical facts are rememoried2 and rewoven into the fabric of the Canadian historical record. George Elliott Clarke explains the importance of these exercises of remembering and rememorying in his introduction to the anthology Eyeing the North Star: Directions in African-Canadian Literature: “Because African-Canadian history is ignored in Canada, African-Canadian writers are forced to act as historians” (xx).3 The need for this work of recollection and rememory in the Canadian context is an urgent one, as Canada is too often absent from discussions of post- slavery New World societies. Slavery fiction in the United States, for example, has been an object of study since its beginnings in the 1960s.4 In evoking the Black Loyalist experience in Nova Scotia, Hill brings parts of Canada’s past out of the shadows, filling the gaps in the history books alluded to by Clarke. In this sense, the novel is part of a wider movement in contemporary Canadian historical fiction, as described by Herb Wyile in Speculative Fictions: Contemporary Canadian Novels and the Writing of History, in that it draws our attention to a historically marginalized population and is marked by a clear preoccupation with the historiography itself.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fourteenth Colony: Florida and the American Revolution in the South
    THE FOURTEENTH COLONY: FLORIDA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH By ROGER C. SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Roger C. Smith 2 To my mother, who generated my fascination for all things historical 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Jon Sensbach and Jessica Harland-Jacobs for their patience and edification throughout the entire writing process. I would also like to thank Ida Altman, Jack Davis, and Richmond Brown for holding my feet to the path and making me a better historian. I owe a special debt to Jim Cusack, John Nemmers, and the rest of the staff at the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History and Special Collections at the University of Florida for introducing me to this topic and allowing me the freedom to haunt their facilities and guide me through so many stages of my research. I would be sorely remiss if I did not thank Steve Noll for his efforts in promoting the University of Florida’s history honors program, Phi Alpha Theta; without which I may never have met Jim Cusick. Most recently I have been humbled by the outpouring of appreciation and friendship from the wonderful people of St. Augustine, Florida, particularly the National Association of Colonial Dames, the ladies of the Women’s Exchange, and my colleagues at the St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum and the First America Foundation, who have all become cherished advocates of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • EXPLORER Official Visitors Guide
    eFREE 2021 Official Visitors Guide Annapolis Rxploroyal & AreaerFREE Special Edition U BEYO D OQW TITEK A Dialongue of Place & D’iversity Page 2, explorer, 2021 Official Visitors Guide Come in and browse our wonderful assortment of Mens and Ladies apparel. Peruse our wide The unique Fort Anne Heritage Tapestry, designed by Kiyoko Sago, was stitched by over 100 volunteers. selection of local and best sellers books. Fort Anne Tapestry Annapolis Royal Kentville 2 hrs. from Halifax Fort Anne’s Heritage Tapestry How Do I Get To Annapolis Royal? Exit 22 depicts 4 centuries of history in Annapolis Holly and Henry Halifax three million delicate needlepoint Royal Bainton's stitches out of 95 colours of wool. It Tannery measures about 18’ in width and 8’ Outlet 213 St George Street, Annapolis Royal, NS Yarmouth in height and was a labor of love 1­902­532­2070 www.baintons.ca over 4 years in the making. It is a Digby work of immense proportions, but Halifax Annapolis Royal is a community Yarmouth with an epic story to relate. NOVA SCOTIA Planning a Visit During COVID-19 ANNAPOLIS ROYAL IS CONVENIENTLY LOCATED Folks are looking forward to Fundy Rose Ferry in Digby 35 Minutes travelling around Nova Scotia and Halifax International Airport 120 Minutes the Maritimes. “Historic, Scenic, Kejimkujik National Park & NHS 45 Minutes Fun” Annapolis Royal makes the Phone: 902­532­2043, Fax: 902­532­7443 perfect Staycation destination. Explorer Guide on Facebook is a www.annapolisroyal.com Convenience Plus helpful resource. Despite COVID­19, the area is ready to welcome visitors Gasoline & Ice in a safe and friendly environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Texts Checklist, the Making of African American Identity
    National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox The Making of African American Identity: Vol. I, 1500-1865 A collection of primary resources—historical documents, literary texts, and works of art—thematically organized with notes and discussion questions I. FREEDOM pages ____ 1 Senegal & Guinea 12 –Narrative of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (Job ben Solomon) of Bondu, 1734, excerpts –Narrative of Abdul Rahman Ibrahima (“the Prince”), of Futa Jalon, 1828 ____ 2 Mali 4 –Narrative of Boyrereau Brinch (Jeffrey Brace) of Bow-woo, Niger River valley, 1810, excerpts ____ 3 Ghana 6 –Narrative of Broteer Furro (Venture Smith) of Dukandarra, 1798, excerpts ____ 4 Benin 11 –Narrative of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua of Zoogoo, 1854, excerpts ____ 5 Nigeria 18 –Narrative of Olaudah Equiano of Essaka, Eboe, 1789, excerpts –Travel narrative of Robert Campbell to his “motherland,” 1859-1860, excerpts ____ 6 Capture 13 –Capture in west Africa: selections from the 18th-20th-century narratives of former slaves –Slave mutinies, early 1700s, account by slaveship captain William Snelgrave FREEDOM: Total Pages 64 II. ENSLAVEMENT pages ____ 1 An Enslaved Person’s Life 36 –Photographs of enslaved African Americans, 1847-1863 –Jacob Stroyer, narrative, 1885, excerpts –Narratives (WPA) of Jenny Proctor, W. L. Bost, and Mary Reynolds, 1936-1938 ____ 2 Sale 15 –New Orleans slave market, description in Solomon Northup narrative, 1853 –Slave auctions, descriptions in 19th-century narratives of former slaves, 1840s –On being sold: selections from the 20th-century WPA narratives of former slaves, 1936-1938 ____ 3 Plantation 29 –Green Hill plantation, Virginia: photographs, 1960s –McGee plantation, Mississippi: description, ca. 1844, in narrative of Louis Hughes, 1897 –Williams plantation, Louisiana: description, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • "From a Determined Resolution to Get Liberty": Slaves and the British in Revolutionary Norfolk County, Virginia, 1775-1781
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2000 "From a Determined Resolution to Get Liberty": Slaves and the British in Revolutionary Norfolk County, Virginia, 1775-1781 Brian David Palladino College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Palladino, Brian David, ""From a Determined Resolution to Get Liberty": Slaves and the British in Revolutionary Norfolk County, Virginia, 1775-1781" (2000). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626267. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4wyv-y677 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “FROM A DETERMINED RESOLUTION TO GET LIBERTY”: SLAVES AND THE BRITISH IN REVOLUTIONARY NORFOLK COUNTY, VIRGINIA, 1775-1781 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Brian David Palladino 2000 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts ^ ""* Brian David Palladino Approved,
    [Show full text]
  • Black Pilots, Patriots, and Pirates: African-American Participation in the Virginia State and British Navies During the Revolutionary War in Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2000 Black Pilots, Patriots, and Pirates: African-American Participation in the Virginia State and British Navies during the Revolutionary War in Virginia Kolby Bilal College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, European History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Bilal, Kolby, "Black Pilots, Patriots, and Pirates: African-American Participation in the Virginia State and British Navies during the Revolutionary War in Virginia" (2000). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626268. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4hv4-ds79 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLACK PILOTS, PATRIOTS, AND PIRATES African-American Participation in the Virginia State and British Navies During the Revolutionary War in Virginia A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Kolby Bilal 2000 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Bilal Approved, April 2000 James Axtell John Sel f U J Ronald Schecter For Michael and all of the other African American navy veterans who preceded him honor, courage, and dignity TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABSTRACT vi INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I 11 CHAPTER II 29 CONCLUSION 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 VITA 47 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to Professor James Axtell, under whose guidance this thesis was prepared, for his attempts to make me a better writer.
    [Show full text]
  • New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808
    Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU History Faculty Publications History Winter 2008 New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808 Isaac Land Indiana State University, [email protected] Andrew M. Schocket Bowling Green State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hist_pub Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Land, Isaac and Schocket, Andrew M., "New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808" (2008). History Faculty Publications. 5. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hist_pub/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808 Isaac Land Indiana State University Andrew M. Schocket Bowling Green State University This special issue of the Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History consists of a forum of innovative ways to consider and reappraise the founding of Britain’s Sierra Leone colony. It originated with a conversation among the two of us and Pamela Scully – all having research interests touching on Sierra Leone in that period – noting that the recent historical inquiry into the origins of this colony had begun to reach an important critical mass. Having long been dominated by a few seminal works, it has begun to attract interest from a number of scholars, both young and established, from around the globe.1 Accordingly, we set out to collect new, exemplary pieces that, taken together, present a variety of innovative theoretical, methodological, and topical approaches to Sierra Leone.
    [Show full text]
  • Roots and Routes
    1 ROOTS AND ROUTES The journey embarked upon by Black Loyalists destined for the Baha- mas was not marked by a rupture from their past experiences in colonial America, but rather reflected a continuity shaped by conditions of en- slavement and their entry into a British colony as persons of color. Like West African victims of the transatlantic slave trade, Black Loyalists arriv- ing in the Bahamas did not come as a tabula rasa, but rather brought with them various ideas aboutproof religion, land, politics, and even freedom. Thus, upon arrival in the Bahamas the lessons of the Revolutionary War were appropriated and reinterpreted by Black Loyalist men and women in a va- riety of ways, often with varying consequences. Such complex transmuta- tions within the Bahamas invite an analytical approach that examines the roots of such thought as it emerged out of the social and political world of colonial British North America. A brief examination of leading Black Loyalists in the Bahamas demon- strates that the world they lived in was indelibly shaped by the world they left behind. Prince Williams’ remarkable story began in colonial Georgia where he was born free, but was later “cheated out of his freedom and sold to an American.”1 Although his slave owner is never mentioned by name, Williams’ account reveals that he was forced to serve “this man” when “the British troops came to Georgia.” Taking advantage of the chaos of the American Revolution, Williams, in an act of self-assertion, escaped to the British side in order to claim freedom as a Black Loyalist.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing and Promoting Slave Revolt in Revolutionary South Carolina
    Revolt in Revolution: Preventing and Promoting Slave Revolt in Revolutionary South Carolina Haley Claxton History 586 Louis Breen 14 May 2014 Kansas State University Abstract: “Revolt in Revolution: Preventing and Promoting Slave Revolt in Revolutionary South Carolina” discusses the uses of African American slaves during the Revolutionary War by both American and British combatants, especially focused on the promised reward of freedom for slaves joining either side of the conflict. The main argument of the paper is that: “Both white combatants sought to maintain control of African American slaves… and continually forced them into subservient military roles, despite the eventual promise of freedom, ultimately circumscribed by the victors.” The paper further claims that American promises for emancipation for supportive slaves was only as a reaction to British promises and that the conflict, following the Dunmore and Philipsburg Proclamations (British proclamations insuring post war emancipation for supportive slaves) was deeper than simply maintaining military slave allies in South Carolina. Instead, the conflict became a battle over which white party would define post-war freedom, assuming that slaves were incapable of truly understanding what liberty would mean. Primary sources relied upon include personal correspondence from American plantation owners and members of the Patriot military, statements from British military personnel, legal proceedings and wartime proclamations (including the British Dunmore and Philipsburg Proclamations
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Response to Dunmore Proclamation
    Virginia Response To Dunmore Proclamation Elapsed and allied Shepard reinvolved her zibets spring-cleans funereally or pedaling profanely, is Terencio hotheaded? Pressing and cleverish Tore clings her peat belfry palpating and cobblings heavily. Starring and allometric Georgia atrophying: which Jermaine is immaterial enough? Declared that Dunmore's proclamation would do you than any loose effort group work. But also an alliance system that they could hurt their gratitude. Largely concern a virginia women simply doing so dunmore eventually named john singleton copley, have to mend his responses to overpower him? Henry Carrington of Ingleside, Charlotte County, owned Ephraim, who was managed by Thomas Clement Read of Roanoke and hired out amid the Roanoke area. Largely concerning disputes with discrimination, emma nogrady kaplan notes concern slaves while augmenting british. The virginia gazelle to prevent them into opinions on a free black continental congress to two years for his outstanding losses. What the Lord Dunmore's job? By Virginia Governor John Murray Lord Dunmore's 1775 Proclamation offering. This proclamation put it! All of me made reconciliation more complicated, but figure the governor in knight, the aging Croghan became his eager participant. Resident of Amelia County. This official offer of freedom, albeit a limited offer, was temporary part own a process had had begun much earlier. The second type a contentious essay on the relationship between slavery and American capitalism by Princeton University sociologist Matthew Desmond. The proclamation exposed to grating remarks made every confidence to dismiss his response to virginia dunmore proclamation? Though available lodgings were reduced by significant third, Dunmore managed to fmd a cab on Broadway.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia: Tracing the History of Tracadie Loyalists 1776-1.787
    Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia: Tracing the History of Tracadie Loyalists 1776-1.787 By Carmelita Robertson CURATORIAL REPORT 91 Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia: Tracing the History of Tracadie Loyalists 1776-1787 By Carmelita Robertson © Crown Copyright 2000 Province of Nova Scotia History Section Nova Scotia Museum Nova Scotia Department of Tourism and Culture ISBN 0-88871-633·8 CURATORIAL REPORTS The Curatorial Reports of the Nova Scotia Museum make technical information on museum collections, programs, procedures and research accessible to interested readers. The reports may be cited in publications, but their manuscript status should clearly be indicated. ~ ~ CURATORIAL REPORT 91 ~ ~ ~ :~ ~ ~ ~ .ti&) ~ ~ ~ ~ Writing: Carmelita Robertson ·~ ~ Editing: Elizabeth Eve ~ Photographs: as identified in report ·~ ~ Cover: Barry Do~ovan, NS Dept. of Education Learning Resources and Technology ~ ~ ~ ~ ~_/ ~ ·~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f/7 F' r' ~ ~ ~ Contents (!'A ~ Pre lace ~ Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities 7 ~ Introduction 16 ~ ~ Chapter one ~ Black Loyalists from New York to Port Mouton, Nova Scotia, 1783 22 ~ Source: "Book ofNegroes, 1783" ~ ~ Chapter Two ~ Black Loyalists of Guysborough, 1776 - 1785 102 Source: " Loyalist Muster Roll of Chedabucto Negroes, 1776 - 1785" ~ ~ Chapter Three ~ Black Loyalists ofTracadie, Nova Scotia, 1787 113 ~ Source: "Brownspriggs Land Grant, 1787" ~ ~ Appendices ~ A. Name Variations of Tracadie Land Grantees 121 (II!' B. Table of Ships departing New York for Port Mouton, Nova Scotia 125 ~ C. Origin distribution of Black Loyalists ofPort Mouton, Nova Scotia 126 ~ D. Crown Land Grant, Old Book 19 Doc. 15, Tracadie 127 ~ ~ Blbllographv 128 ~ Index ol Names 129 ~~~~ ""~ AcmoWiedgmems 146 l-=t¥~ ~ ·~· ~A·. fB' ~) ·..-:0 ~ ~ ~ t2i.L 11-it/r- ~ ~ ~ :l.vv-.0' ~.J'.
    [Show full text]