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'Freaky:' an Exploration of the Development of Dominant
From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ an Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture Dimitrios Liokaftos Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology February 2012 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Dimitrios Liokaftos Signed, 2 Abstract Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge. -
A Briefly Annotated Bibliography of English Language Serial Publications in the Field of Physical Culture Jan Todd, Joe Roark and Terry Todd
MARCH 1991 IRON GAME HISTORY A Briefly Annotated bibliography of English Language Serial Publications in the Field of Physical Culture Jan Todd, Joe Roark and Terry Todd One of the major problems encountered when an attempt is made in January of 1869 and that we were unable to verify the actual starting to study the history of physical culture is that libraries have so seldom date of the magazine. saved (or subscribed to) even the major lifting, bodybuilding and “N.D.” means that the issue did not carry any sort of date. “N.M.” physical culture publications, let alone the minor ones. Because of this, means no month was listed. “N.Y.” means no year was listed. “N.V.” researchers have had to rely for the most part on private collections for means that no volume was listed. “N.N.” means that no issue number their source material, and this has limited the academic scholarship in was assigned. A question mark (?) beside a date means that we are the field. This problem was one of the major reasons behind the estimating when the magazine began, based on photos or other establishment of the Physical Culture Collection at the University of evidence. Texas in Austin. The designation “Current” means that, as of press time, the Over the last several months, we have made an attempt to magazine was still being published on a regular basis. You will also assemble a comprehensive listing or bibliography of the English- note the designation “LIC.” This stands for “Last in Collection.” This language magazines (and a few notable foreign language publications) simply means that the last copy of the magazine we have on hand here in the field of physical culture. -
Arnold Sports Festival Grows Bigger, Better in 2016 185,000 Expected to See 18,000 Athletes from 80 Nations Compete in 55 Sports and Events
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE December 3, 2016 Arnold Sports Festival, March 3-6, 2016 Arnold Sports Festival Grows Bigger, Better In 2016 185,000 expected to see 18,000 athletes from 80 nations compete in 55 sports and events COLUMBUS, OHIO – The Arnold Sports Festival, the largest multi-sport event in the nation, will grow to a record 55 sports and events when the annual celebration of health and fitness is held in Columbus for the 28th consecutive year. The 2016 Arnold Sports Festival will be March 3-6, 2016 at the Greater Columbus Convention Center, Ohio Expo Center and several other venues in Central Ohio. New events this year include IFBB Arnold Pro Wheelchair bodybuilding, Indoor Triathlon and Baton Twirling. All professional and amateur bodybuilding contests will be at the convention center while several competitions and the Arnold SportsWorld Kids & Teens EXPO will be at the Ohio Expo Center. The 28th Annual Arnold Classic, Arnold Classic 212, Arnold Classic Physique, Fitness International, Figure International, Bikini International, Physique International and Arnold Wheelchair professional bodybuilding contests will be at the Battelle Grand. Prejudging for some events will be presented on the Arnold Fitness EXPO stage. The Arnold Amateur IFBB/NPC Bodybuilding, Fitness, Figure, Bikini & Physique Championships will also be at Battelle Grand and the Arnold Fitness EXPO stage. Women’s events will be on Thursday, March 3 and men’s events on Friday, March 4, with finals in bodybuilding, fitness, figure and bikini scheduled for Saturday, March 5 on the Arnold Fitness EXPO stage. Sports and events to be held at the Ohio Expo Center include Archery, Cheerleading & Dance, CrossFit Endeavor, Equestrian, Table Tennis and XPC Powerlifting / POWER X. -
The Bodybuilding Truth
NELSON MONTANA THE BODYBUILDING TRUTH Dear friend and fellow athlete, Think you know about bodybuilding? Think again. If you really knew how to build the ultimate body in less than six months time, would you keep paying for more? More supplements? More personal training? More courses? More magazines? Would you keep spending your money on the deceptions, the product scams, the bogus supplements, and the false muscle building methods that the bodybuilding marketers propagate to line their pockets? The end result. Your bodybuilding progress is held back while the fat cats get rich. What if you knew the truth? What if someone were to blow the whistle on the con artists within the bodybuilding world and at the same time, share with you the secrets for packing on thick, dense muscle - fast! And burning off every last ounce of your bodyfat! Sounds unthinkable right? Well, the unthinkable has just happened. Every week I get at least one proposal from some self-appointed guru wanting us to publish his latest bodybuilding book. I read them, but never publish them, because basically, they're all worthless. However, the latest book by my friend Mr. Nelson Montana, titled The Bodybuilding Truth – Insider Secrets You're Not Supposed to Know, literally blew me away. And it blew away hundreds of ideas that I had accepted as truth for years about the sport of bodybuilding and exposed everything the bodybuilding marketers don't want you to know. Nelson Montana is an in your face kind of guy; he tells it like it is. A bodybuilding industry insider, Montana worked for Testosterone Magazine, but got fired because he refused to write an article touting ZMA, a fancy Zinc supplement, as the latest thing for muscle growth. -
Jim Witt:Alifewithtwo Loves
VOLUME 2 NUMBER 6 May 1993 JIM WITT: A LIFE WITH TWO LOVES It is, I suppose, in the nature of things that a journal devot- I’m still a little touched. I was a boxer when I was young. Seven- ed to the history of the iron game would report the deaths of those ty-five amateur fights. I was in the paratroopers in the war and I who had distinguished themselves in the field of physical culture. got my knee all shot up over in Italy in 1944. Once I got on the Our field is a large and growing one, and the focus of IGH is con- weights, my knee got better. I entered my first lifting meet in 1962 centrated on people who made their primary contributions prior to in Tyler, Texas. I was 47. Lots of folks told me I was too old for such 1960, so we often have many deaths to report. Even so, it foolishness, but I didn’t pay a bit of attention. An old man is a hard thing, especially when one of the men who can love a woman just as much as a young man can, died was one of our oldest friends. specially if he’s never been in love before. Jim Witt was a man already in his That was how it was with me and these middle years when I first met him over damned old weights. I even do the 30 years ago, but although he was well Olympic lifts. Not too damn well, into his fifth decade of life, he was a though. -
Intensityfor
DECEMBER 2010 / IRON MAN MAGAZINE— DECEMBER 2010 / IRON MAN MAGAZINE— HARDBODY HOTNESS—MANDY BLANK IS BACK TERRY, ™ Vertical Web ad- dress is obscured by logo. HARDBODY Mandy Blank IronManMagazine.com Page 182 INTENSITY for IMMENSITY! Big Dan Hill’s WE KNOW TRAINING Dorian-esque HIT Workout Back-Attack ™ 6Training DAN HILL: INTENSITY FOR IMMENSITY Tips Rev Up Your Rear View Hormone Hijack Is the Environment Stealing Your Testosterone? All-Over-the-Map Leg Zap Antoine Vaillant’s Lower-Body Size Surger DECEMBER 2010 $5.99 PLUS: • Mr. Olympia: Action-Packed Full-Page Pics! • Bill Starr’s Seat-of-Power Glute Getter • Charles Poliquin’s Intrarep-Pause Mass Maker Please display until 12/1/10 FC_DEC_2010_F.indd 1 10/5/10 12:14:35 PM CONTEWE KNOW TRAINING™ NTS DECEMBER 2010 80 FEATURES DAN HILL 56 TRAIN, EAT, GROW 134 Hit the growth threshold with 4X training, and you’ll build new mass—guaranteed. 80 INTENSITY FOR IMMENSITY New pro Dan Hill, 24, works at getting huge—in and out of the gym. 98 HORMONE HIJACK Is the environment stealing your muscle gains? It’s very possible, and Jerry Brainum has some solutions. 116 A BODYBUILDER IS BORN: GENERATIONS Ron Harris hammers home some old-school iron wisdom: Treat all your children the same. 120 CANADIAN WHEELS Cory Crow gets the lowdown on Antoine Vaillant’s all-over-the-map leg zap. 120 CANADIAN WHEELS Contents_F.indd 18 10/4/10 5:49:56 PM DECEMBER 2010 / IRON MAN MAGAZINE— HARDBODY HOTNESS—MANDY BLANK IS BACK Dan Hill appears ™ Vertical Web ad- on this month’sdress is obscured HARDBODY Mandy Blank IronManMagazine.com cover. -
The Lastinterview
THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CULTURE December 2000 Volume 6 Number 4 The LastInterview As many IGH readers know, we’ve been working on a book about the cultural significance of Muscle Beach for the past several years. As part of our research for that book, we’ve interviewed many of the “regulars” of Muscle Beach. On 10 June 1999 we visited with Steve Reeves, and as far as we know, this was the last formal interview he ever gave. We met Steve at his horse ranch in southern California and taped him in the living room of his spacious Spanish-style ranchhouse. Present for the interview with us was Steve’s longtime companion, Deborah Englehorn Reeves. Steve was dressed in his work clothes— blue jeans, a short-sleeved work shirt, and a pair of well-worn boots. He was a wonderful host, proudly showing us his beautiful Morgan horses and the stable he had personally designed to house them. The day was warm and he was the picture of vigorous health—lean yet thick, with a youthful stride, that legendary face, a pair of hands and forearms that bespoke a lifetime of hard work, and the relaxed attitude of a man at peace with himself. —Jan and Terry Todd TT: Yesterday, when I spoke to Armand Tanny, he told me that he remembers very fondly the days you guys spent down there at Muscle Beach and he said he has a pretty clear memory of the first time he ever saw you. He knew who you were. Maybe he’d seen a photograph of you when you were still a teenager and so when he saw you come to the Beach that first time, he recognized who you were. -
My Memories of Reg Park
Iron Game History Volume 10 Number 2 My Memories of Reg Park Joe Weider Reg Park was born in Leeds, England in 1928, world events, and they were swept up in the maelstrom and by his early twenties he had become not only the of World War II. Reg, like so many of his countrymen, greatest bodybuilder to have come from Great Britain joined the service as soon as he was 18 and served as a but also one of the greatest of all time. What's more, physical training director stationed in Malaya. He Reg was the primary role model for history's most returned home in 1948 just in time to travel to London to famous bodybuilder-Arnold himself-who happily see John Grimek win the Mr. Universe contest and John tells anyone within earshot that when he decided to Davis win the gold medal in the heavyweight division in become a competitive bodybuilder, the man he most weightlifting at the Olympic Games. wanted to look like was big Reg Park. In any case, I'm Reg was very impressed by John Davis-con happy to say that I was there when Reg's fame exploded sidered at that time to be the strongest man in the and that I was able to play a role in his success. I hasten world-and by all the other great lifters, but he told me to add that Reg helped me, too; his rock-hard, massive that nothing matched the dramatic effect John Grimek's body provided me with photographic opportunities that herculean development and masterful posing had on his pushed the sales of my magazines to record heights in impressionable mind. -
Sporting Legends: Reg Park
SPORTING LEGENDS: REG PARK SPORT: BODYBUILDING COMPETITIVE ERA: 1983 - 1999 Reg Park, (7 June 1928 - 22 November 2007) in Yorkshire, England, was a bodybuilder, businessman, and film actor. Park won the 1949 Mr. Britain, and then subsequently spent six months in the United States. There, he met up with Joe Weider who began to feature the Englishman prominently in his magazines. Park was runner-up to Steve Reeves in the 1950 NABBA Amateur Mr. Universe and then broke what had been an American monopoly on bodybuilding titles by winning the 1951 NABBA Amateur Mr. Universe. He went on to win the 1958 and 1965 NABBA Pro Mr. Universe titles. Massively built, standing 6' 2" and with a top weight of 225 lbs., Park was also renowned for his strength, which he often demonstrated in public performances. He was an early influence and mentor for champion bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger. As an actor, Park made only five films - all Italian sword and sandal - but he remains a favourite among fans of the genre. SPORTING LEGENDS: REG PARK Reg Park had one of the greatest physiques of his generation. Up to the time of his illness in 2007, despite being in his seventies, Park continued to train clients at the Morningside Virgin Active Gym in Sandton, South Africa. He has been featured in many fitness and bodybuilding magazines, and has also appeared on the cover of MUSCLE magazine. He was inducted into the International Federation of Bodybuilders (IFBB) Hall of Fame's first ballot in 1999. With his wife Mareon of 55 years at home and Jon Jon by his side, Park died on November 22, 2007 in his home in South Africa, after an eight month battle with metastatic melanoma (a form of skin cancer). -
2019 Arnold Sports Festival to Feature
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE November 29, 2018 2019 Arnold Sports Festival To Feature Record 22,000 Athletes From 60 Nations In 80 Sports & Events Columbus Convention Center, Ohio Expo Center To Again Host Most Events COLUMBUS, OHIO – The Arnold Sports Festival, already the largest multi-sport event in the world, will grow even larger in 2019 when an estimated 22,000 athletes from 60 nations compete in a record 80 sports and events from February 28-March 3 in Columbus, Ohio. Headlining the nation’s largest multi-sport festival are professional bodybuilding and strongman competitions with the most well built and strongest athletes in the world. These premier physique and strongman competitions are featured daily at the Greater Columbus Convention Center. The 31st Arnold Classic will be held at Battelle Grand on Saturday, March 2, along with the Bikini International, Arnold Classic Men’s Physique and Arnold Strongman Classic Finals. Other IFBB Pro League events on the weekend include Fitness, Figure, Classic Physique, Women’s Physique and Pro Wheelchair. The Arnold Amateur NPC Bodybuilding, Fitness, Figure, Bikini & Physique Championships will be held at the Battelle Grand and Arnold Fitness EXPO from Thursday, February 28 through Saturday, March 2 and is expected to attract more than 700 athletes. New events in 2019 include Armlifting, Foosball, Futsal, High School Weightlifting, Speed Cubing and the Viking Dash Trail Runs. Sports and events at the Ohio Expo Center in 2019 include Arnold SportsWorld Kids & Teens EXPO, baton twirling, cheerleading & dance, futsal, gymnastics, martial arts and pickleball. The Arnold SportsWorld Kids & Teens EXPO is helping kids be more active, building healthier habits for life. -
The Arnold Strongman Classic
THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CULTURE Volume 9 Number 1August 2005 The Arnold Strongman Classic In early March of 2005 the fourth annual contest in 2002, but in 2003 and 2004, the contest has Strongman Classic was held in Columbus, Ohio as one been dominated by Zydrunas Savickas, the powerful of the fifteen sporting events comprising the gigantic young Lithuanian giant who has gotten stronger each sports festival now known as year. Broad, tall, and athletic, the Arnold Fitness Weekend. the 6'3", 375 pound Savickas The 2002 and 2003 versions is ideally constructed for featured four events, the 2004 events which require a com- version featured five events, bination of brute strength and and the 2005 version added a power. We have done our sixth event. The 2005 com- best to limit the importance petition took two days, of endurance in our competi- involved ten athletes, and fea- tions, as our intention has tured three events on each of been, and remains, to deter- those two days. The aim of mine which athlete has the this annual competition, from best claim to the mythical the beginning, has been to title of "The Strongest Man in design a series of events the World." We realize, of which—taken together—pro- course, that the winner of our vide a way to determine a contest—or any other such man's overall strength. contest, for that matter—will Those of us responsible for face counter-claims from oth- the choice of events—David er men and other contests, but Webster, Bill Kazmaier, Jan we nonetheless accepted the Todd, and myself—have challenge given to us five done our best to create events years ago by Arnold that would allow the top per- Schwarzenegger and Jim formers in weightlifting, Lorimer to put together a powerlifting, and the "strong- contest and a group of man" sport to have an equal Referee Odd Haugen calls the count as Lithuania's strength athletes that would Zydrunas Savickas lifted the Inch Dumbell overhead chance of winning. -
Ethnosport-Strongmen Discipline: Alfa and Omega of the World’S Strongmen Movement
Международный журнал «Этноспорт и традиционные игры», №1 (1) 2019 For references: Redjkins, V. Ethnosport-strongmen discipline: alfa and omega of the world’s strongmen movement. International Journal of Ethnosport and Traditional Games, №1 (1), 18–31. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.34685/HI.2019.1.1.008 ETHNOSPORT -STRONGMEN DISCIPLINE: ALFA AND OMEGA OF THE WORLD’S STRONGMEN MOVEMENT Vladislavs Redjkins PhD student, ORCID: 0000-0002-2892-143X Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Academic Department of hospitality, tourism and sport; World Strongmen Federation, Chairman; LATVIA Annotation The article discusses research of the world’s strongmen movements genesis. The research covers historical aspects of creation and establishing of strongmen sport, as well as information about David Webster who personally contributed to the formation of strongmen. The article also contains comparative analysis of institutional forms of strongmen movement – IFSA, show «The World`s Strongest Man», a yearly festival of Arnold Schwarzenegger «Arnold Sports Festival», world's series of the World Strongman Cup under the auspieces of the World Strongman Cup Federation (Аustria). Countries, holding strongmen sport most often are outlined. It is established, that in the genesis of strongmen sports, the continuation of traditional strongmen competitions, available in most of the world's cultures, is clearly shown. For now, World's strongmen movement, consists of scattered commercial companies and sports associations, and doesn’t have any leading structure. Such a situation opens a window of opportunity for the World Strongmen Federation to become a leader of world's strongmen movement. Additional opportunities are offered by the fact, that strongman is very likely to become the recognized sport, because demonstrated by the high interest of athletes and the public towards such competitions, as well as a high and stable interest from TV stations.