Peacebuilding Toolkit

Building good relations in local communities

This project is part financed by the European Union’s European Regional Development fund through the Peace III Programme funded through Monaghan Peace III Partnership.

There is no handy roadmap for reconciliation. There is no short cut or simple prescription for healing the wounds and divisions of a society in the aftermath of sustained violence. Creating trust and understanding between former enemies is a supremely difficult challenge. It is, however, an essential one to address in the process of building a lasting peace. Examining the painful past, acknowledging it and understanding it, and above all transcending it together, is the best way to guarantee that it does not – and cannot – happen again. As our experience in South Africa has taught us, each society must discover its own route to reconciliation. Reconciliation cannot be imposed from outside, nor can someone else’s map get us to our destination: it must be our own solution. This involves a very long and painful journey, addressing the pain and suffering of the victims, understanding the motivations of offenders, bringing together estranged communities, trying to find a path to justice, truth and, ultimately, peace. Faced with each new instance of violent conflict, new solutions must be devised that are appropriate to the particular context, history and culture in question.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu Reconciliation after violent conflict (Foreword) Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part 1 Contents

Acknowledgments Contents

The authors wish to acknowledge and thank those who contributed to this toolkit. Preface ...... 6 In particular we acknowledge the support of Monaghan Co. Council and the contribution of the organisations which are included as case studies in the toolkit. Part I: 1 Background: The Peace III programme in Co. Monaghan...... 7 Monaghan 2 Introduction to the Toolkit ...... 8 3 Using the Toolkit...... 9 The Border Minority Group: ‘Making Progress – growing trust’ 3.1 Aim of the Toolkit ...... 9 St. Macartan’s College & Monaghan Collegiate College: 3.2 Map of the Toolkit ...... 10 World War 1 and its impact on North Monaghan 3.3 Sample Programme ...... 11 Monaghan Community Forum: Hands Together Project 4 The legacy of the conflict in Monaghan...... 12 Monaghan Community Network: Communities Sharing Project 5 What is peacebuilding? ...... 16 Clontibret Community Partnership 5.1 Reconciliation ...... 18 Doohamlet Community ALL Together Forever Project 5.2 Values of peacebuilding ...... 19 Dartry Heritage Association 5.3 Local peacebuilding ...... 20 5.4 Principles of peacebuilding...... 21 Drum/Knockatallen: Heather Hills and Hope Project 5.5 Using community strengths to promote peacebuilding ...... 22 Monaghan Bombing Memorial Project Peacebuilding: An international perspective ...... 24 Dealing with the past...... 26 Border Counties A decade of centenaries in Monaghan ...... 28 Breifne in Transition Project (Cavan) 6 Community peacebuilding ...... 30 Connecting people Places and Heritage Project (Cavan) 6.1 Overview of the case studies ...... 30 The Roots project, Ramelton, Donegal Developing a shared vision and engaging the community ...... 32 Designing an interesting and relevant programme ...... 34 Donegal GAA/Raphoe Hockey Club Dealing with difficult issues...... 36 The Walk ‘n’ Talk Project (Donegal) Sustaining and deepening the work ...... 38 The Community Gardening initiative (Donegal) Commemorations and memorials...... 39

Part II: 7 Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding ...... 42 Overview of the process ...... 42 The five stages ...... 43 Step 1 What you hope to achieve...... 44 Developed by Design by Consensus Research 2011 www.moonman.ie Activity: Your group and community...... 45 Step 2 Your community strengths...... 46 © Copyright Monaghan County Council 2011. Activity: Mapping community strengths ...... 47 Activity: Community strengths and peacebuilding ...... 48 Developing your idea ...... 48 Activity: Reflection...... 49 Step 3 Planning stage ...... 50 Activity: Planning the project ...... 50 Step 4 Implementation ...... 51 Step 5 Follow up ...... 53 Reconciliation Matrix...... 54 Activity: Review ...... 56 Resources and support for peacebuilding ...... 57

References ...... 58

This project is part financed by the European Union’s European Regional Development fund through the Peace III Programme funded through Monaghan Peace III Partnership.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Preface Background: The Peace III programme in Co. Monaghan 1 Preface 1 Background: The overall objective of the Peace III programme is to reinforce progress towards a peaceful and stable society and promote reconciliation in Northern Ireland and the Border The Peace III programme in Co. Monaghan Region. County Monaghan Peace III Partnership has funded numerous community groups The EU Programme for Peace and Reconciliation is a special and organisations throughout county Monaghan to facilitate the process of building peace programme set up to reinforce progress towards a peaceful and stable at local level. Monaghan County Council society and promote reconciliation in Northern Ireland and the Border recognises that the concept of peace Region. Peace III is the third phase of this programme and it focuses on building can be a difficult one for groups two strategic objectives 1) Reconciling Communities and 2) Contributing to recognise and develop within their to a Shared Society. projects, groups and activities. Monaghan County Council has The Co. Monaghan Peace III Partnership is a sub-committee of the developed this user friendly Monaghan County Development Board and is administered by Peacebuilding Toolkit to strengthen and Monaghan County Council. The Peace III Partnership is responsible for enhance the Peace Programme at local delivering Priority One of the Peace III Programme. level and to support groups to achieve The structure of the PEACE III Partnership mirrors that of the County peacebuilding within their groups, Development Board plus representatives of the Peace III target groups villages and communities. (political ex-prisoners and their families, the Protestant community and foreign nationals), The Monaghan Peace III Implementation Plan The toolkit will assist community groups is funded under Priority 1, The shared vision which has been drawn up involved in delivering current or future Theme 1 – Building Positive for County Monaghan is: Peace III funded projects to ensure Relations at the Local Level. Hidden Heritage Drumming Workshop peacebuilding is central to the design This plan outlines how the and delivery of their projects. Monaghan Monaghan as an inclusive, outward looking, County Council would like to thank Consensus Research who delivered this project on Monaghan Peace III behalf of the Monaghan Championing Good Relations project and all the community Partnership proposes to progressive county which enjoys a diverse, address reconciliation in “ groups and organisations that contributed and support the development of this peacebuilding Toolkit. County Monaghan and how it vibrant economy, a sustainable environment intends to contribute to a and a high quality of life for all lasting peace in their area. ” David Fallon The overall aim of the Chairperson Implementation Plan is ‘to build Monaghan Peace III Partnership positive relations at the local level’ and focuses on a number of key areas including:

G Supporting and promoting for enhanced levels of community participation in general and cross community / cross border participation and engagement in particular

G Raising awareness of the extent, nature and value of diversity within the county and within the wider region

G Using dialogue to promote enhanced levels of understanding, respect and tolerance leading to the creation of more positive relations at a local level.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Introduction to the Toolkit 2 Using the Toolkit 3 Aim of the Toolkit 3.1 2 Introduction to the Toolkit 3 Using the Toolkit As a result of the ongoing peace process and the support of the Peace III programme many groups are keen to engage in peacebuilding at local level. A range of groups is now 3.1 Aim of the Toolkit becoming active in this area of work, including new groups with little or no experience of The aim of the toolkit is to provide a user-friendly guide for groups to peacebuilding. On the other hand, some communities may be reluctant to engage in support them through the process of building relationships with other peacebuilding as they feel they do not have the skills or expertise to take on something communities at local level. The toolkit highlights learning and good that is seen as difficult and possibly contentious. Community divisions and issues around practice from across Monaghan and sectarianism and the legacy of the conflict are more subtle in the southern border counties, draws on other examples of community particularly in rural areas. Over the years communities grew apart and these divisions were peacebuilding on both sides of the border. seriously exacerbated by the conflict. While a lot of progress has been made, significant divisions remain in many areas in the border counties including in County Monaghan. These divisions are reflected in the social, educational, religious and cultural, and sporting The toolkit provides a step-by-step guide arenas and are still being transmitted to the next generation of young people. both for those groups who are getting involved for the first time and also for groups that have already been involved, Peacebuilding is sometimes perceived as taking action in response to an overt problem but who now wish to develop their project of sectarianism or racism or a response to a particular incident in the community. For many and move it on to a new level. The toolkit years the tendency has been to leave things as they are and not to raise difficult or deals with the sensitive nature of some of contentious issues, unless there is a problem which needs to be resolved. This toolkit will this work and the challenges encountered assist groups to address these problems where and when they exist. However, the toolkit by local groups who wish to promote good will also encourage communities to be more proactive and to look at opportunities to relations in their area. It also looks at the enhance the quality of life for everyone in the area. It will encourage groups to focus on importance of diversity in local communities building more open and inclusive communities, where all sections of society feel welcome and how the promotion of diversity and and feel able to openly express their identity and culture. This approach will focus on the respect for difference can strengthen Community Forum strengths and assets of the community and encourage groups to look at how these can communities. The toolkit also provides Willow Structure be used to promote peacebuilding at local level. pointers and guidance as to how this work can be carried out in a sensitive manner. It focuses on how small steps can lead to significant shifts in attitudes and provides guidance on how change in the community can be sustained and nurtured, leading to more inclusive and rich communities.

Iconography The toolkit will: Outline the concept of peacebuilding including what is peacebuilding Case studies These highlight examples of peacebuilding work from and the underlying values and principles of peacebuilding Monaghan and the border counties. They are located throughout the toolkit and section 6 provides further examples of local peacebuilding. Document examples from the PEACE III Programme

Definitions These icons point to definitions of terms used in peacebuilding Highlight any barriers or issues that may impact on peacebuilding and good relations work. at local level

Discussions points This icon highlights key areas which groups are Set out a step-by-step guide to peacebuilding for Community Groups. encouraged to discuss when engaging in peacebuilding activities.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Using the Toolkit 3 Map of the Toolkit 3.2 Sample Programme 3.3 3 Using the Toolkit 3.2 Map of the Toolkit The toolkit is divided into two main parts: While the toolkit is designed for groups who are undertaking a specific Part 1 provides important background information and support material for groups peacebuilding initiative it can also be used by other community groups undertaking peacebuilding namely: who wish to integrate peacebuilding into their ongoing programmes and activities.

Groups who are considering becoming involved in peacebuilding or A short overview of the legacy of conflict in Co. Monaghan. groups that are already involved, can use the this manual in two ways; They can dip into sections of the manual and use this to assist them An overview of peacebuilding, providing some definitions of peacebuilding with specific elements of their programme. and outlining the key principles which underpin this work. Alternatively they can systematically work through the manual and use Examples of how community groups and institutions have implemented local it as the basis for a series of discussions around peacebuilding and as peacebuilding projects both in Monaghan and in other border counties. a tool to help them plan their project.

The toolkit also provides a number of discussion points for groups to reflect on and explore when they are considering taking on a peace building initiative. 3.3 Sample Programme

Below is a possible programme for groups who wish to explore Part II provides a step-by-step guide for groups to use when planning and developing peacebuilding and plan a programme in their area. Each session a peacebuilding initiative. It contains: could be completed over the course of a typical meeting (i.e one and a half to two hours) or alternatively groups could devote a one-day workshop to cover the full programme and to fully explore all the issues and plan a programme. A number of exercises and questionnaires designed to stimulate discussion around peacebuilding and to support groups to take practical steps to develop a project. Session 1: Review of the context section – the legacy of the conflict It also provides additional information on resources and support available in Co. Monaghan to groups engaging in peacebuilding. Session 2: Exploration of peacebuilding and what this means in your local community Session 3: Looking at your community and examining how you Every group is working in a different context and at a different stage of development could develop a local peacebuilding project regarding peacebuilding. The toolkit sets out guidelines and steps which any group can Session 4: Planning the project use when planning and implementing a project and it is hoped that this process will be of assistance to groups at different stages of development. However the success of any Session 5: Follow up: How to deepen and sustain peacebuilding in peacebuilding project will be determined by local groups working on their own ideas and your community developing projects which suit the local context. Groups can use the toolkit in different ways, depending on the background of the community and their experience of If groups feel that some of the issues that may emerge are potentially peacebuilding. Groups should not feel restricted by the toolkit and should always rely on difficult or may present challenges for the community, they should their own judgements and instincts and draw upon their own experiences, ideas and consider using an external facilitator for these sessions. Groups should strengths when engaging in peacebuilding work. contact Monaghan Co. Council or other local support structures to check out what support is available to them.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I The legacy of the conflict in Monaghan 4

4 The legacy of the conflict Key Terms in Monaghan Prejudice Discrimination County Monaghan shares 125 km of border with Northern Ireland and is surrounded on and social/cultural activities. The nature and the level of division in the Racism three sides by counties Fermanagh, Tyrone and Armagh. The impact of the border and the border counties is different from that experienced in Northern Ireland, Sectarianism conflict has been described as “profound” and the Monaghan County Development Board particularly in urban areas where clear interfaces occur and where there noted that “by far the biggest influence on are contested spaces and other more obvious signs of underlying the lives of the people of Monaghan over sectarian tensions, which Co. Tyrone the last fifty years has been the border still manifest themselves with Northern Ireland”. in occasional outbreaks In the rural setting… local historic memories stretch much of violence. further into the past, sometimes centering on memories of However, the absence The border and the conflict impacted in “ of violence or of obvious previous land ownership patterns or on atrocities whose Co. Armagh a range of ways on life in the county, one Co. Monaghan interfaces in border of the most obvious being the closure of implications remain alive today. Less mobile property Fermanagh counties does not mean border roads. Over 50 border crossings in that there are no divisions. relationships and the continuity of family and community Clones the county were closed/cratered with the There is a general Ballybay result that normal cross-border social and memory in rural communities mean that injuries in rural acceptance across the economic activity was severely restricted Castleblayney border counties and in rural communities have additional depth and length. and in some areas effectively stopped Northern Ireland, that there completely. In and around Clones, for (Morrow et al. 2000). are still significant divisions Carrickmacross example, there were 17 road closures and ” between communities Co. Cavan three permanent army checkpoints and in Co. Louth which limit the level of the north of the county, seven of the nine interaction. These may not be physical or visible barriers, but they are border crossings in this area were blown barriers nonetheless, and they continue to shape behaviour and Co. Meath up and blocked off. As a result of all these attitudes across the region. In rural areas, these divisions often predate closures, communities on either side of the recent conflict, and are a legacy from generations of separation the border, grew apart and over the years and mistrust. Main towns in County Monaghan relationships withered.

The conflict also impacted on population movements, with Protestants moving out of Definitions Monaghan to Northern Ireland and a number of displaced Catholics moving to Monaghan, where many were housed in local authority housing estates. Over the course of the Prejudice Troubles the ongoing violence in Northern Ireland and the spill-over of violence into Unfavourable opinion or feeling formed beforehand without knowledge Monaghan led to a breakdown in relationships and to the polarisation and isolation of thought or reason. communities. The County experienced a number of serious incidents including the Or, feeling or attitudes positive or negative but usually antagonistic Monaghan bombing which killed seven people. The legacy of these years is still evident towards individuals or groups and based on prior assumptions. in the County and the divisions and fractures still impact on the lives of it’s people. Discrimination Unfair treatment of a person, a racial group minority based on prejudice. The rapid social and economic changes over the last decades, combined with the ongoing working out of the peace process has changed the face of the border counties and altered many of the structures and ways of life which had maintained long standing divisions Racism between communities. While there has been a lot of change in the border counties, Antagonism towards members of a different race based on a belief of innate superiority separate identities have continued particularly in the areas of church, schooling, marriage of a particular race.

Sectarianism is discrimination based on religion.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I The legacy of the conflict in Monaghan 4

The legacy of the conflict in Monaghan (cont.)

The divisions in the border counties tend to be more subtle and may not even be obvious to A key issue with regard to division and sectarianism in rural an outsider. However they are present and because they are less obvious and openly communities on both sides of the border is the extent to which acknowledged, they can be more difficult to address. Indeed some people would argue that the minority community is permitted to display its culture and we should avoid this issue when there isn’t an obvious problem in case it disturbs the customs. Cultural symbols and traditions are equilibrium, which exists in local communities and damages existing relationships. However core elements which create a sense of identity within a experience shows that it is better to move these relationships to a new level where all community and a sense that these are not acceptable to other cultures and traditions are acknowledged, understood and respected and where the sections of the community is a major source of tension and diversity in local potential conflict. communities is seen as There is a genuine lack of understanding, hurt and a strength to be celebrated, rather than This sense of rejection leads to a type of social exclusion, which bewilderment arising from the resistance to marches a hidden source of can be both enforced by the majority community and embraced “ tension to be avoided. by the minority community. As a result these minority from Catholic neighbours. People feel that it is the Breaking down barriers communities tend to withdraw from wider community life and only time of the year they openly assert their identity and improving become “communities within communities” To a certain extent Hands Together within those areas and cannot understand why this relationships can also some of this exclusion is related to perceptions of how people will be Stone wall building have a positive impact treated as much as actual reality. However perceptions and historic expression is not acceptable to Catholic neighbours. on the overall memory are powerful forces and much of the current work in the area Opposition to parades was generally equated with community and on of peacebuilding is about changing these perceptions and wider socio-economic acknowledging the legitimacy of these histories. a rejection of Protestant expression of identity. development. In order (Crawley 2002). to address the division ” in local communities it is helpful to explore the nature of these divisions and to try to understand how such divisions are sustained. In a review paper for CRC and RCN, Peter Osborne (2009) suggests that the separation of communities in rural Discussion Points areas may be understood as relating to four distinct categories: This overview of the legacy of the conflict can be used to start a discussion Physical division – which may manifest itself through townlands and a ‘patchwork’ quilt of in your group about the conflict, the border and the legacy of the troubles communities, villages, farms or the use of separate buildings/services rather than an actual in Monaghan. Groups who are considering getting involved should take time wall or fence to reflect on these issues and to openly share their views on the situation in the county.

Mindset division – as affiliations differ and people feel a sense of belonging in communities What are your thoughts on this analysis of the legacy of the conflict in Monaghan?

Was there any part of this that you found most interesting or challenging? Patterns of behaviour – manifest in how those from differing backgrounds attend social, sporting, church or cultural organisations; and Do you agree or disagree with this description of the situation in the County?

Does it capture/represent the experiences of your community? Why / why not? Background – as people from different ages, gender, racial background, sexual orientation or other categories interact differently with people from different religious/political What else could have been included in this section? background and have differing views and behaviour.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I What is peacebuilding? 5

5 What is peacebuilding?

Peacebuilding is a term used to describe the processes and activities involved in Level 1 Lederach’s pyramid shows resolving violent conflict and establishing a sustainable peace. It is an overarching Political leaders the role of different layers concept that includes conflict transformation, restorative justice, trauma healing, of society in peacebuilding. reconciliation, development and leadership. It is similar in meaning to conflict resolution but highlights the difficult reality that the end of a conflict does not automatically lead Focus on high level negotiations to peaceful, stable, social economic development. leading to peace agreements

Level 2 Definitions Mid-level leadership: Leaders in different sectors of society (Churches, Trade Unions, Academics, Peacebuilding Local Authorities, Police/Garda, Media, NGOs The goal of peacebuilding is for people to accept each other and be Mid-level political leaders (counsellers, youth reconciled to living together peacefully. branches of political parties)

Peacebuilding involves building bridges and establishing good relations between ordinary people on all sides of a conflict. Focus on problem solving and developing consensus Promoting social, economic and cultural programmes to reinforce Peacebuilding also involves trying to understand what caused the conflict peace, Addressing the root causes of conflict so that the violence of the past is not repeated. Conferences, training, seminars, awareness raising, providing funding and support for peacebuilding initiatives.

Level 3 Peacebuilding involves a shift from a society characterised by conflict and division to Community and voluntary sector, civil society a society based on equality and justice. The process of building peace involves many Youth groups, schools, women's groups, church groups, stages and a range of participants with different roles. It aims to address both the causes and effects of conflict. social, sporting and cultural organisations, farming organisations, Peacebuilidng organisations Peace is not a product that can be achieved in the short-term It is a long-term process whereby the people directly involved or affected by the conflict work Focus on building relationships across the divide, collectively to transform society. All parts of society must work together in Dealing with the roots causes of conflict peacebuilding. and community and voluntary groups can play a critical role in Developing joint initiatives and projects, establishing new groups, promoting ‘peacebuilding from below’. networks and structures across divides, social and cultural activities, public events and lobbying.

Adapted from Lederach.

The model shows that grassroots community leadership is vital in peacebuilding and that community led initiatives are an important part of peacebuilding. Comprehensive peacebuilding is reliant on the activities of grassroots communities and is sustained by a society-wide network of relationships that promote justice and address the root causes of enmity.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I What is peacebuilding? 5 Reconciliation 5.1 Values of peacebuilding 5.2

5.1 Reconciliation

Reconciliation is a core element of peacebuilding. Reconciliation has been described as 4. Significant cultural and attitudinal change: Changes in how people both a goal – something to achieve – and a process – a means to achieve that goal. relate to, and their attitudes towards, one another. The culture of suspicion, fear, mistrust and violence is broken down and opportunities and space opened up in which people can hear and be heard. A culture Reconciliation needs to take of respect for human rights and human difference is developed creating Definitions place at the individual, a context where each citizen becomes an active participant in society community and at national and feels a sense of belonging. Reconciliation level. The bottom-up Reconciliation is a long-term process approach focuses on actions that aim to transform It is also a deep process, it involves a coming to 5. Substantial social, economic and political change: The social, economic relationships at the terms with an imperfect reality which demands and political structures which gave rise to the conflict and estrangement community and changes in our attitudes, our aspirations, our are identified, reconstructed or addressed, and transformed. interpersonal levels. emotions and feelings, perhaps even our beliefs. Such profound change is a vast and often painful challenge, and cannot be Reconciliation must be proactive in seeking to rushed or imposed. create an encounter where people can focus on their Reconciliation is also a very broad process. It applies to relationship and share their Case Study everyone. The attitudes and beliefs that underpin violent conflict perceptions, feelings and 5.2 Values of peacebuilding tend to spread much more generally through a community and experiences with one must be addressed at that broad level. another. The values of peacebuilding include: The Border Minority Group Brandon Hamber and Integrity: doing what you say you will do So, while there is a crucial individual element to reconciliation, there used music Grainne Kelly developed and marching is also a community-wide element that demands a questioning of Honesty: being as open and honest as possible about what you can a definition of reconciliation bands as a the attitudes, prejudices and negative stereotypes that we all and cannot do which involves five means to bring people develop about “the enemy” during violent conflict. So reconciliation interwoven strands. Trust: getting to know and trust others well enough to find areas together and to explore needs to be a broad, inclusive process. If it is to be a sufficiently 1. Developing a shared of common concern as well as being able to discuss differences diversity and difference. broad process, reconciliation must be inclusive of the many and vision of an interdependent The BMG project ‘Making various interests and experiences across a society that has Truth: acknowledging the past and having open dialogue to address and fair society: The Progress – growing trust’ experienced conflict. (Reconciliation after violent conflict IDEA). myths and perceptions development of a vision of drew on the rich tradition of bands in the Cavan – a shared future requiring the Respect: accepting and respecting differences and sensitivity to the Monaghan area and involvement of the whole experiences and views of others society, at all levels. Although individuals may have different opinions or political beliefs, the organised a seminar on articulation of a common vision of an interdependent, just, equitable, open and diverse Social Justice: creating ownership, democracy and including everyone band with people from both society is a critical part of any reconciliation process. communities. This looked at Non violence: a commitment non violence and finding alternatives to practical issues around 2. Acknowledging and dealing with the past: Acknowledging the hurt, losses, truths and violence as a way of dealing with conflict organising and funding a suffering of the past. Providing the mechanisms for justice, healing, restitution or reparation, and band as well as the musical restoration (including apologies if necessary and steps aimed at redress). To build reconciliation, Equity: building equality and fairness for all traditions of the different individuals and institutions need to acknowledge their own role in the conflicts of the past, Endurance: a long term commitment to building a better future bands. This step is critical as accepting and learning from it in a constructive way so as to guarantee non-repetition. it validates peoples culture 3. Building positive relationships: Relationship building or renewal following violent conflict Accountability: being open and transparent with everyone involved. and traditions and builds addressing issues of trust, prejudice, intolerance in this process, resulting in accepting confidence in communities. commonalities and differences, and embracing and engaging with those who are different to us.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I What is peacebuilding? 5 Local peacebuilding 5.3 Principles of peacebuilding 5.4

5.3 Local peacebuilding

Peacebuilding is reliant on the activities of grassroots communities and peace is sustained Key elements of good relations work by a society-wide network of relationships that promote justice and equality and address Building good relations at local level is about local people working together the underlying causes of conflict. Sustaining peace is as much reliant on the activities of on projects that are relevant, interesting and, where possible, enjoyable. communities as it is on the political process itself. Community groups can play a number of important roles: Building good relations requires the involvement of the wider community • Mobilising people and all sections of the community (different ages, religious backgrounds, ethnic backgrounds etc) need to be engaged. • Providing an environment and resources for local peacebuilding Every individual in the community has something to contribute and needs • Facilitating dialogue for understanding to be involved from the outset. Good relations work can be the key to unlocking this potential in the community. Case Study • Creating the social space for contact and dialogue Engaging everyone in a good relations programme will have a positive In Donegal the • Engaging with minority groups and those effect on other community, social and economic activities in area. GAA and Raphoe who are excluded Hockey club joined together • Using local skills, knowledge and to develop an approaches to create local peace innovative programme comprising coaching and May Day parade, Clontibret 5.4 Principles of peacebuilding workshop. The two sporting Local peacebuilding is about working to ensure that bodies recruited three coaches The principles of peacebuilding include: local communities are inclusive of people from different background and views, and creating a for a 10-month period to climate where people can celebrate and be proud of their cultures. All peacebuilding work A long-term approach: overcoming mistrust and deep divisions is provide coaching in three involves change at some level and this is also the case with local peacebuilding. It requires a difficult and long term process specific generic skills areas change in understanding, in attitudes, and in behaviour and this may be uncomfortable for some common to both sporting people. At local level there are understandable fears that peacebuilding activities could damage Discussion of the different understandings of what caused the conflict codes: speed, strength and existing relationships even if these relationships are not perfect. There is a fear of “falling out with will help to ensure there is learning from the mistakes of the past sports psychology. the neighbours” or “opening a can of worms” and a reluctance to engage in activities which Addressing the legacy of conflict including the needs of victims/survivors might raise the past and cause difficulties for either one’s own or the other community. This is a The coaches worked of violence and ex-prisoners/ex-combatants common reaction in communities that experience conflict and division. predominantly in schools and A lot of work at local level is about creating opportunities for people to move out of their comfort Local peacebuilding initiatives by community groups provide a strong with individual GAA teams in zone, to interact with new people who may be their neighbours and to talk about issues that are foundation for creating a more peaceful future Donegal and Raphoe Hockey considered difficult or contentious. This can be difficult for some people as it alters relationships club, focusing on U-18 players which have evolved over generations and which have allowed communities to co-exist during the Building relationships: creating opportunities for people to have contact and spending equal time with conflict when tensions were high in the border region. and to build positive relationships is essential male and female teams. The programme also involved Effective peacebuilding responds to needs as identified by the It is easy to include those who fit in, but much more difficult to engage with and genuinely include a series of workshops on community and involves as many different groups, organisations those who are “different”. However, the central focus of peacebuilding and good relations work sectarianism, racism and and agencies as possible is to do exactly this and to engage with those who are different, those we have disagreed with or politics in sport, as well as those who have been considered to be opposed to or even “the enemy” of our community. Creating safe spaces for consensus-building and dialogue as religion and its role in sport. peacebuilding requires difficult conversations to take place

Good Community relations Peacebuilding must be inclusive of people of all groups The overall objective of good community relations work is to work towards building an equal (e.g. gender, political, religious, ethnic, age etc.) shared future by eliminating sectarianism, racism and prejudice so that we may live in a place Building trust is at the heart of peacebuilding: mistrust is deeply ingrained with pride and neighbourliness (Monaghan Co. Council). and trust can be the most difficult outcome to achieve.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I What is peacebuilding? 5 Using community strengths to promote peacebuilding 5.5

5.5 Using community strengths to promote peacebuilding

Peacebuilding has traditionally been seen as something which happens in response to an Groups and organisations are key to local development and overt problem of sectarianism or racism or a particular incident in the community. Where peacebuilding as they mobilise people and provide focus and a structure there is no overt problem the tendency has been to leave things as they are and not raise for these initiatives. difficult or contentious issues. A community is also made up of individuals and the capacity of This can result in difficult individuals to make a difference is sometimes overlooked. Individuals Case Study issues being ignored or even represent enormous and sometimes untapped potential, and mobilizing denied, and sections of the their capacities should be an important part of every group’s efforts. There are a number of examples community feeling Asset or strengths based approach seeks to tap into the skills and of how commemorations and marginalised. abilities of both individuals and groups in the community and to connect monuments have come to There has also been a the diverse range of interest and talents in an area. represent and symbolise good tendency to view issues relations in Monaghan. Dartry Community development work is concerned with working collectively relating to diversity and Heritage Association is cross with communities and groups for positive social change, inclusion and minority groups as a problem community group formed with equality. It is based on a set of core principles and values including to be fixed rather than as the mission of bringing the participation, empowerment, inclusion, equality, social justice and strengths and assets which community in the Rockcorry / respect for diversity. It plays a crucial role in supporting active enrich a community. Therefore Drum area together to protect democratic life by promoting the autonomous voice of disadvantaged we need to shift the focus and preserve local heritage. and vulnerable communities. Peacebuilding is therefore an integral part away from this problem focus of community development in any community that has experienced One of the first projects to one where diversity is seen conflict and/or divisions. undertaken by the group was as a strength and a building the restoration of the Dartry block of a sustainable monument. This project has been a huge success community. and has helped to forge strong links within the Using a strengths based Discussion Points community. It has contributed to a sense of a approach involves looking shared heritage and helped to heal divisions which at this diversity as an have affected this area over the years. opportunity and mobilising Groups should take time to reflect on the issues raised in this section and to relate Another example is the Monaghan Bomb Memorial Project the positive energy and all them to their own situation and what they hope to achieve in their community. which set out to address the legacy of the bombing in 1974 the different experiences, by erecting an appropriate memorial to the victims. The project perspectives and talents What aspects of this are most relevant and applicable to your own local context? involved consultations with relatives of the victims and other of the community. interested parties on all aspects of the project including the Are there any definitions or statements in this section that strike a chord with you? This approach shifts the focus design and location of the monument itself. The resulting from needs and problems to Is there anything that you have difficulties with or disagree with? memorial maintains a balance between public art and an community capacities. It is appropriate memorial to the victims. The memorial itself, the What can you take from this to inform your proposed project? not dependent on outside process of designing and planning and the dedication of it by funding, but may access this Do you consider peacebuilding as a separate project or can you effectively integrate it into your ongoing President Mary Mc Aleese has helped to heal the wounds of to support the work of the programmes and activities? the bombing and bring some sense of closure to the relatives community. Can you think of a time or times when your community made a positive contribution to peacebuilding/ of the victims. (See section 6 for full case study) Critically this approach building positive relations. Describe this. What were people doing that made this happen? connects people around things Can you now come up with a definition of peacebuilding that suits your area and reflects the hopes that interest and motivate them. Developing good relations and building inclusive and aspirations of all sections of the community? communities depends on both: Based on this review of peacebuilding and your community what types of activities could you do that • Building a belief in the capacities of local people, and would further strengthen community relations in your area? • Mobilizing their capacities to produce concrete outcomes.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I What is peacebuilding? 5 Peacebuilding: An international perspective from John Yemma

Peacebuilding: An international perspective from John Yemma

Peacebuilding is a new approach to ending war, and it's becoming a global buzzword. One other ingredient in peacebuilding is needed – addressing a It's different from peacemaking, which brings politicians around a table to hammer out community’s spiritual needs. Religion is often central to conflict. In the a peace deal. And it's different from peacekeeping, which sends foreign soldiers to monitor northern tier of sub-Saharan Africa, Muslims are in conflict with peace agreements, separate warring parties, and protect civilians in conflict zones. Christians. In the Balkans, For most of modern history, peace was a matter of paper. Politicians sat around a table, it is Islam vs. Orthodox hammered out a cease-fire, Christianity. In South Asia, History despite its wrenching pain cannot and signed it. Peace was Hindus confront Muslims. a matter of what powerful men In the Gulf, the divide is “be unlived but if faced with courage need decided in consultation with Sunni and Shiite. Not so one another, not a condition long ago in Northern not be lived again. Maya Angelou to be rebuilt and sustained Ireland, it was Catholics for a broader community. against Protestants. ” That neglect often turns into Sure, each tradition has a penchant for excess – crusades, jihads, state failure. Paul Collier, author victimization, persecution. But each also has strands of forgiveness and of ‘Wars, Guns and Votes’, tolerance. If there is a central truth amidst all these traditions, it has to writes that 40 percent of post- be tolerance. People who work on peacebuilding look for aspects of conflict countries slip back into different belief systems that emphasis that. violence within a decade – and The world has always had wars. But if there is even the slightest that those relapses make up 50 possibility that the spirit of freedom so evident in early 2011 can take percent of the world's civil wars. hold, then all the practical tools of peacebuilding will be needed to Examples of reversions to ensure that tribal, ethnic, family, and racial rivalries don’t subvert the Museum and Library Hidden Heritage violence are plentiful – Rwanda process. Peacebuilding is about helping the center hold. It is the and Burundi, Liberia and Côte alternative to the narrative of war that otherwise dominates the pages d'Ivoire; Uganda and Sudan – but they aren't confined to Africa. The condition holds in of any publication whose job is to monitor the world. Indonesia, Georgia, the Philippines, Colombia, Lebanon and Haiti. John Yemma is the editor of The Christian Science Monitor (extract). Peacebuilding happens outside the halls of power – in the fields; where men who once fought now farm, in schools where child soldiers learn trades, in courtrooms and parliamentary chambers, where problems once solved with weapons are submitted to tedious democratic resolution. Case Study Realists believe the cycle of violence is just the way of the world. Idealists believe if we can just stop the fighting, a natural state of peace will return. No one, after all, is against peace. The ROOTS project (Reliving Our Origins Together, Sir) But peace is not just the absence of war. It requires hard work and constant attention. in Donegal also used history as a means of peacebuilding. Peacebuilding embraces both the realist and idealist positions. It is a broad-front effort that It looked at the local history of Ramelton and used this as has emerged in the past 20 years and that is aimed at going beyond conflict resolution to a way of exploring the shared heritage and history of the area. conflict prevention.

Peacebuilding is 10,000 small, practical things. Because young men without jobs and too The project involved young people aged 5-17 and, much time on their hands are easily coaxed into fighting, peacebuilders have to work on it explored the different cultures that are the legacy of the Ramelton creating jobs. Schools and health clinics help war-battered families mend. Professionally community including Gaelic/Scots Gaelic and Scots/Scots Irish. trained lawyers, judges and administrators instill confidence that the system is not rigged The ROOTS project explored and celebrated the diverse roots of the to favor the few. Utilities and roads foster a sense of progress. Free and fair elections community and established links across the present community divides encourage people to feel they are the actual owners of their nation. by discovering and sharing the expression of these cultures.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I What is peacebuilding? 5 Dealing with the past

Dealing with the past

Reconciliation is a key element in building a stable and peaceful society where the The Healing through Remembering project identified a number of ways culture, beliefs and aspiration of all sections of the community are respected and that communities can remember the events connected with the past in celebrated. Politicians reach agreement through negotiation over the issues in conflict a way that contributes to reconciliation. These are: and find ways to compromise and work together. The communities who have suffered Commemoration through the conflict and those who have been directly involved also need to work out Commemoration can be defined as ‘the act of honouring the memory how they will deal with the past, rebuild relationships and live together. There may be an of a person (or event) with a ceremony’ or as an act that commits unwillingness or a fear of dealing with difficult and contentious issues as everyone wants to memory a person (or event). to get on, to move away from the past as quickly as possible. In the aftermath of a violent conflict a reconciliation process can be seen as dangerous and an impediment Day of reflection to more important priorities such as economic development. A day of reflection can be defined as: an activity emphasising the The IDEA handbook ‘Reconciliation after violent need to reflect on why? And as a way of affirming a commitment to a better future. conflict’ addresses the issue of moving on and Those who cannot looking to the future rather than focusing on the past. Strorytelling and a storytelling process remember the past are This article highlights the importance of reconciliation Storytelling can be defined as: a way in which individuals, groups, “ and the central role of dealing with the past in the communities and societies give voice to the story and experience of condemned to repeat it. overall process of reconciliation. conflict. A story telling process can be defined as: enabling the expression of, listening to and the collection of personal, communal The argument runs something like this: “How are we George Santayana and institutional stories relating to the to expect our politicians to begin establishing the ” conflict in and about northern Ireland. patterns of future cooperation in government if we spend time digging up and examining in public the Acknowledgment and very things that divided them in the past? That will surely just undermine the fragile an acknowledgment process cooperation that we are attempting, by holding on to the past instead of looking to the Acknowledgment can be defined as: future. Would it not be better to concentrate for the time being on our similarities and leave recognising the “harm done” as a result of our differences to a later, less tense time?” This is understandable, but it is counter- conflict. An acknowledgment process can be productive. Such reflection on the past is as necessary as it is painful because defined as: one which enables the individual a divided society can only build its shared future out of its divided past. It is not possible and organisation to take responsibility for to forget the past and start completely fresh as if nothing had happened. Indeed, harm done and this may then accumulate in the motivation for building a future is precisely to ensure that the past does not return – the form of public acknowledgement. and so a clear understanding of, and a coming to terms with, that past is the very best way Truth Recovery and to guarantee it will not come back to haunt a society. The past must be addressed in order a Truth Recovery process to reach the future. Reconciliation, if it is designed and implemented in a genuine and Truth recovery can be defined as the meaningful way, is the means to do that. uncovering and revealing of “what happened” as part of the conflict in and about Northern Ireland. A truth recovery Drumcorrin National School However, memory is a two-edged sword. It can play a crucial role in making reconciliation process could be defined as: that which systematically and sustainable but it also has the capacity to hinder reconciliation processes. Too much methodically attempts to uncover, research, record and validate as emphasis on the past can mean that the divisions and conflicts of the past never die. much as possible about “what happened”. Given the dangers of too much memory, a society coming out of conflict must try to attain the right mixture of remembering and forgetting. Living Memorial Museum Without the knowledge and understanding that comes from dialogue we cannot know the A living memorial museum can be defined as: a dynamic memorial to impact our words and actions might have on our children and others we influence. Much of all those affected by the conflict which keeps the memories of the past our communal response to the past may emerge from throw-away comments made in front alive and provides a diverse chronicle of the history of the conflict in of our children while watching television. All of the issues relating to the past – Truth and about Northern Ireland. Commissions, Inquiries, memorials, moral assessments etc. – are complex. But we can While each of these approaches is distinct there is potential for overlap only realise how complex if we examine these issues together with others. and to link these approaches when considering dealing with the past. Additional information and resources are available from Healing Through Remembering.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I What is peacebuilding? 5 A decade of centenaries in Monaghan

A decade of centenaries in Monaghan

Dealing with the past will have a central role to play in local peacebuilding and community The decade of centenaries marks important events which cannot be relations in Monaghan over the next few years as the country deals with the “decade of ignored by Irish society. But the challenge for everyone is how to approach commemorations” The decade from 2012 to 2022 will mark the centenary of some of the most these issues in a way that brings about greater understanding, an significant events in Irish history including the Ulster Covenant, the 1916 rising, the Battle of acknowledgment of our shared history and more inclusive the Somme, the War of Independence, the Government of Ireland Act, the Treaty, and the commemorations. This will be a challenge at national level but will also civil War. present challenges at local level especially in border areas where the legacy of the period is still present. Therefore communities in Monaghan The border region and Monaghan in particular was caught up in these unfolding events and need to take time to reflect on this and to work out how they can mark tensions were high in the county over the course of this decade. Major national issues of this these events in a way that contributes to reconciliation. period such as the home rule crisis, the war of independence and the establishment of the border were played out at local level in the county and tore the two communities apart. These events were highly divisive and the legacy of this period has continued to influence and shape relationships in the county up to the present. The level of tension in the county during this period is captured in the Emerald Curtain: “When the home rule crises broke in 1912 Monaghan’s Protestant community comprised 25.3% of the population… The Solemn League and Covenant received strong support in Cavan and Monaghan with Edward Carson travelling to address a monster rally in Newbliss, Co. Monaghan in August 1913. Unionists enlisted in the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) which began drilling. By 1914 the UVF had 3,400 members Peace tip to Belfast in Cavan, probably more in Monaghan and 2,746 in Discussion Points Donegal. Training camps were running throughout 1914 and huge stores of weapons were built up, some from the Larne gun running. The level of Protestant mobilisation sparked a Do you think there are dangers in focusing on history and on the past? Is it possible or counter reaction with the formation of the Irish National Volunteers in the county in 1914. desirable to leave the past behind and move on? The police reported a high level of tension in the county with disturbances that summer in Clones and Castleblayney. It is not often realised how close the border counties came to civil What are your views on the approaches to dealing with the past as defined by Healing through war in 1914.” Remembering. Can you think of examples of each of these approaches to remembering the past either locally or elsewhere? During this period over 500 men from Monaghan fought and died in WWI, many at the battle of the Somme. The tension in the county continued during the War of independence and the Do you think your group/community could engage in a process of dealing with the past? creation of the border added a new dimension. The Unionist community in the county Would one or more of the approaches outlined above be relevant and useful in carrying out this work? continued to argue for inclusion in Northern Ireland and many moved to Northern Ireland in the years after partition. How should local groups in Monaghan mark these centenaries in a way that is inclusive and that can lead a deeper understanding of our shared history? The events of this period were divisive and made it difficult for the two communities in the county to examine this history and develop a shared approach to commemoration. However Is there anything that your own group can do at local level in this regard? a number initiatives in recent years have taken on the task of exploring the shared history Are there opportunities for you to join with other local groups or to take part in wider county or regional events of the county and have effectively used this as a means to bring people together. Some and activities? examples of how this can be done are included in the section on local peacebuilding in Monaghan. This includes the St. Macartan's/Monaghan Collegiate School project on WWI, How could a commemorative event or initiative be developed that would contribute to greater understanding the Dartry Monument and work carried out by the Border Minority Group. and improved community relations? Would you have any concerns or fears about taking on a project of this nature? What resources do you have and what assistance would you need in order to plan and carry out a local event?

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Community peacebuilding 6 Overview of the case studies 6.1

6 Community peacebuilding

If you are planning to carry out a local peacebuilding project it may be 6.1 Overview of the case studies helpful to review the different examples provided here. The group should discuss these projects and the different The toolkit provides examples of how local groups have worked to build good relations and approaches used and identify how these promote peacebuilding in their areas. It focuses mainly on projects funded under the first approaches could be used or adopted to suit their phase of Peace III in Co. Monaghan but also includes some examples of work under local situation. previous programmes and from other border counties. The case studies also show how Groups can use these examples both to discuss groups have used a range of approaches and methods to promote good relations at local wider peacebuilding issues and to assist them in level. Communities have used activities as diverse as arts, music, sport, outdoor activities, developing a suitable project in their own local history and gardening to develop relationships. community. Groups can get additional information on these projects from Monaghan This research identified a number of key factors which are seen as central to good local Co. Council and in many cases would be able to peacebuilding and the examples here show how local groups have addressed these issues meet with the organisers of these projects and and applied the principles of peacebuilding on the ground. find out at first hand how they had planned and implemented them. The key factors are: • Exploring /clarifying what you hope to achieve and developing a shared vision • Investing time to build partnership and local consensus • Designing an interesting and relevant programme of activities • Engaging the community and building ownership School outing • Dealing with difficult and contentious issues • Being flexible and responding to change • Sustaining and deepening the work • Drawing on community assets/strengths • Using external support and resources Discussion Points • Celebrating success. When you have had an opportunity to review the examples in the toolkit it may be helpful to take time to discuss these examples. Members of groups are The case studies which have been used to highlight particular approaches and ways of working encouraged to research and use other examples of community peacebuilding includes ten project from Co. Monaghan and a further five projects from Cavan and Donegal. to inform their planning. This toolkit is drawing on these projects and using their experiences to highlight particular approaches and way of working. These groups were selected as they reflect the range and Which of these examples did you find most interesting? breadth of peacebuilding work which has taken place across the border counties in recent years. It is not a review or evaluation of the projects and the research did not examine the Are there examples that you think are particularly challenging? actual impact of these projects on peacebuilding. What have you learned about local peacebuilding In other sections of the toolkit we highlighted the importance of local involvement in from these case studies? peacebuilding and some of the challenges which groups face when taking on this work. What can your community take from these examples? We also highlighted the fact that peacebuilding does not have to be a complicated and academic process but can be done by local people in their own area through harnessing Has this inspired you or given you ideas as to how your community might engage in peacebuilding? the resources, skills and motivation of all sections of the community. Are there any specific ideas or approaches that you would like to develop in your community?

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Community peacebuilding 6 Developing a shared vision and engaging the community

Developing a shared vision and engaging the community

The value of investing time and energy into planning the initial phase of the project can be Doohamlet organised a good relations programme ‘Doohamlet seen in the Macartan's/Monaghan Collegiate School project. The two schools had limited Community All Together Forever’ which involved all groups and contact prior to the Peace III project and there was no working relationship between staff. organisations in the area. The programme drew in the local national Therefore the proposal to take on a joint project dealing with a potentially contentious school, the day care project, the IFA, the local youth group and the issue needed to be carefully thought through and discussed by the school, in order to Development Association. Between them these groups organised over build working relationships and develop a shared vision for the project. This groundwork 30 events under different headings such as social, education/training, ensured that the two schools had a clear communications and sport. These events attracted large crowds from vision for the project and could all sections of the community. The group undertook a comprehensive communicate this to other stakeholders promotion campaign in order to inform the community and to generate (students, parents, other teachers and local interest. This included texting, a door-to-door leaflet drop, using Monaghan Co. Council). The project the parish bulletin, and community newsletter and local radio. Events involved 50 students from the two ranged from first aid to community gardening, dancing and drumming, schools and included a lot of joint work village enhancement and drama and an information day. by the students plus two trips to Belgium. The initial planning phase provided a solid platform for the implementation of the project and for dealing effectively with the many practical issues, which arise in a Case Study project of this nature. The partnership between the two schools The Breifne in Transition project is based in Cavan but works with and the teachers involved in implementing communities in the neighbouring counties of Monaghan, Fermanagh and the project reflected the overall ethos of Leitrim. The project has three strands namely: Inter-Faith, Deep Dialogue Heather Hills and Hope project the project and provided a role model for and the Mediation service. The Inter-Faith group is made up of clergy and the students themselves. The project has lay people who hold leadership positions in the different Churches in the resulted in the development of ongoing links between the two schools which goes beyond area. The group meets on a monthly basis and activities include sharing personal the Peace III project and has the potential to have long term benefits for the two schools. stories, residentials, trips, cross border networking with partner group – the Cookstown Churches Forum. Monaghan Community Forum set up a Heritage Network early on in the project and this group then took responsibility for the programme and decided on workshops and projects. The project was focusing on the shared heritage of the county and this mixed The Deep Dialogue group is drawn from a mix of Republicans, including ex-prisoners; group was well aware of the heritage of the area and the type of activities that would border Protestants; members of the Orange Order; and victims from both sides of the interest others in their community. As a result there was a good level of engagement by all community divide. The project involves ongoing dialogue between these groups plus sections of the community in the programme of activities. Equally important the Network residentials, visits and guest speakers such as the PSNI and Loyalist and Republican – has continued to operate and has the potential to become an important element of the ex-combatants. The Mediation strand of the project provides a free and confidential heritage scene in the future. mediation service to people in the border region. Mediation is provided by a panel of 20 St Macartan's and Monaghan Collegiate College also developed structures which trained volunteers who offer mediation in areas such as community conflicts and peace promoted ownership by the students. The students organised themselves into working related issues. (See page 38 for full case study.) groups to deal with different elements of the project and this approach was seen as critical to the success of this project. It ensured that the students took ownership of the project and really engaged with it. It also allowed the students to build real working relationships with their peers, to learn from each other and to have fun together.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Community peacebuilding 6 Designing an interesting and relevant programme Dealing with difficult issues Designing an interesting Dealing with difficult issues and relevant programme

One of the challenges faced by groups taking on peacebuilding is what to do. There is a need As outlined in this toolkit there are a number of essential building to balance the focus on addressing the peacebuilding agenda with the need to design blocks in peacebuilding particularly building trust and relationships, programme which will be attractive to local people and which will engage different sections and effective communications. However real peacebuilding also needs of the community. There is an ongoing to move to a deeper level and to break the silence by addressing dilemma in peacebuilding between doing potentially difficult issues which have divided communities in Ireland, intensive and longterm work with a small such as history, culture and traditions. Local communities tend to avoid number of people and doing shorter and this step either through the fear of offending their neighbours or a less intensive activities with a greater perception that there is no problem in the area. In other cases there number. A number of projects in may be a reluctance to deal with these perceptions and an Monaghan have devised programmes unwillingness to challenge attitudes and behaviour that has become which combined peacebuilding with engrained in communities. interesting and creative activities and through this managed to generate greater There is no one way for communities to do this and it is up to each interest and attract a wider cross section group to think through the issues in their area and to come up with local of the community. solutions. In other sections of the report we have outlined steps and approaches which groups can use. Here we outline how groups in Several of the groups supported under the Monaghan and other border counties have taken on issues that can be first phase of Peace III have organised visits sensitive or contentious and through this made a valuable contribution and tours to a range of sites of cultural and to local peacebuilding. historic interest. In most cases these have Heather Hills and Hope project generated a lot of interest in the local community and been well supported. Case Study Some examples of tours that have been arranged are: The ‘Hands Together Project’ was developed by G Monaghan Community Forum organised a heritage tour which traced the passage Monaghan Community Forum with the aim of getting of time within Monaghan and surrounding counties visiting a number of important sites communities – to engage in peacebuilding by bringing including prehistoric sites, the Clontibret battle site and the Battle of the Boyne site. them together around shared interests in arts and heritage. The willow sculpture element of this project G The Border Minority Group organised a visit to the Battle of the Boyne site and to see the murals on both sides of the divide in Belfast. worked with six groups across the county to construct and maintain willow sculptures which reflected the G The St Macartan's and Monaghan Collegiate project involved two trips to the WWI hopes and feeling of the local community. battle field in Flanders. The heritage stand focused on aspects of heritage that Arts, music, dance and sport have also been used bring people together. There is a are not exclusive to one community but common to all widespread interest in these areas among all age groups and across all sections of the such as bronze sculpting, and building dry stone walls. community. Therefore they have proved to be useful in attracting people to come together on These elements were very effective in attracting people activities which are seen as interesting and enjoyable from across the county, particularly men as they involved practical, outdoor work. Other elements of the programme also attracted a good level of interest as they provided people Donegal also used community-based allotment as a way of getting people from a range of with training and insights on different areas of heritage such as bronze casting, backgrounds and different ages to work together. Three community-led gardens were blacksmithing, cookery and leather making. Again the focus on practical and hands on developed from scratch, one in Letterkenny, one in Moville and one in Raphoe. They provide workshops appears to have been effective in getting people to take part. a basis for inter-generational work between older people and young members of the local community, and involved people from disadvantaged communities, ethnic minorities and from a range of religious and cultural backgrounds.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Community peacebuilding 6 Dealing with difficult issues

Dealing with difficult issues

A good example how groups have dealt with difficult issues is the whole area of music and of outdoor activities around Knockatallen focusing on the rich flora and cultural traditions and particularly the subject of marching bands. Over the years marching fauna of the area. These activities included walks and turf cutting and bands have been viewed as contentious by some and therefore an issue which communities involved both primary and secondary schools in the region. However the have been reluctant to explore. In recent years however, groups have started to use music and core of the project was building relationships between these two dance to celebrate diversity and a number have gone a step further by exploring more difficult communities by providing opportunities for people to meet an interact issues around marching bands, sashes/banners and drumming. Groups have drawn on this and more importantly to share their stories about the important things in theme to explore diversity simply by having a band from the other tradition taking part in an their community and what it was like to grow up an live in separate but event or by exploring the differences in traditions and styles of music. Some have gone deeper neighbouring communities. The two groups held a by examining the views and perceptions of different communities towards these issues and residential event where they carried out a ‘mapping sought to broaden peoples perspectives of our heritage and traditions. our communities’ exercise. Through this the groups drew a visual map of their respective communities The Clontibret Community Partnership made marching bands a central part of their fun day and then shared this highlighting what community with bands from both sides of the border – including Orange marching bands – taking part in means and what each community considered a parade through the area. The group had organised a range of events and on the day with important and was proud of in their area. people dressing up in period costumes and through this approach attracted a large crowd from all section of the community. Significantly members of the Knockatallen group attended the annual 12th July picnic in Drum and Monaghan Community Network used storytelling as a means of getting people to look at their gained a wonderful insight into an important cultural own background and traditions and to get different perspectives on life in Monaghan during the event for the community of Drum. The groups also troubles. This event brought together a mixed group who talked about growing up in the area undertook a joint visit to Derry where they visited and what it was really like for members of each community. It looked at the normal aspects of diverse site such as the Apprentice Boys Memorial growing up as well the issues around life during the troubles and provided an opportunity to Hall and the Museum of Free Derry. open up discussions on these issues in a safe setting. Given the contentious nature of Irish history there is Heather Hills and Hope The Hills Heather and Hope project an understandable reluctance to examine history in groups where there Community mapping Case Study involved Drum and Knockatallen are different views and perceptions. However those groups who have communities and focused on the natural developed innovative history projects are very positive about the level environment of their areas. This project The Walk ‘n’ Talk scheme in Donegal used the outdoors of engagement and the positive impact on relationships. involved two neighbouring but different to help build relationships between communities with no previous contact A good example of this is the St. Macartan’s/ Monaghan Collegiate asylum seekers and the local community or experience of working together. project which looked at the history of WWI. By focusing this project on and to foster a sense of place among Knockatallon has a catholic population those young men from north Monaghan who fought and died in WWI the asylum seekers living in the county. It and due to location has been perceived project made this topic interesting and relevant to the young people. It promoted integration and inclusion and as a republican area. Drum on the other allowed these young people to look at why some young boys of their age allowed the asylum seekers to practice hand is a small village with a protestant and from their own areas and from both communities decided to join the their language skills. population which was isolated during army and go to fight in Flanders. They used local history sources such as The asylum seekers and people from local Donegal the conflict but has more recently been the county library and the Clogher Historical Society to trace these young communities went on walks in different parts of involved in a number of peacebuilding soldiers and then travelled to Flanders to see what had happened to them the county and together they learned about the initiatives. The foundation for the project and where many of them had died. This project gave recognition to a environment, history and culture as well as was personal relationships and the group which had been written out of Irish history. building friendships. leadership shown by those involved in the two groups, Drum Development The BMG group also looked at history through music and drama when Association and Knockatallon Development they brought the musical ‘From the Somme to D Day’ to the Iontas Company. Despite the difference between the two communities they both recognised that there theatre in Castleblayney. They used their network of contact across the were also a lot of commonalities. Both communities have a commitment and interest in county to attract a large mixed audience who had the opportunity to look protecting the environment and wildlife of their area and both have a strong tradition in music at the often contentious issue of Irishmen joining the British Army and and bands. The Hills Heather and Hope project gave these communities an e opportunity to fighting in the two world wars. They also organised a series of events on explore each others cultures and traditions. Through this initiative the groups organised a series war and commemoration.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Community peacebuilding 6 Sustaining and deepening the work Commemorations and memorials

Sustaining and deepening the work Commemorations and memorials

Peacebuilding is a long term commitment which requires the sustained engagement of There are a number of examples of how commemorations and different sections of the community and a willingness to take some risks in order to move on monuments have come to represent and symbolise good relations to more meaningful engagement. There are a number of examples in the border region where in Monaghan. Monuments and commemorative events often marked projects have successfully done this and moved peacebuilding on to deeper level. events or incidents related to conflict either here in Ireland or in other conflicts such as WW1. Traditionally these were associated with one The Breifne in Transition project is based in Cavan but works with communities in the or other section of the community and perceived as being exclusive neighbouring counties of Monaghan, Fermanagh and Leitrim. The project is supported under to that community. As a result they were sometimes seen as divisive the Peace III programme and builds on over a decade of peacebuilding work carried out by symbols in local areas. In recent years considerable efforts have been the Cavan Family Resource Centre. It has three strands, namely: Inter-Faith, Deep Dialogue made to change this view and to ensure that both existing and new and the Mediation service. monuments were symbols of reconciliation and good relations. In Monaghan there are a number of interesting examples of how this has The Inter-Faith group is made up of clergy and lay people who hold leadership positions in happened. These highlight how the combined efforts of local groups the different Churches in the area. The group meets on a monthly basis and activities include and Monaghan Co. Council can make a real difference to how people sharing personal stories, residentials, trips, cross-border networking with partner group – understand and commemorate our shared history. the Cookstown Churches Forum. An example of one trip which looked at different perspectives on issues related to the conflict was the visit to Armagh. This included a tour Dartrey Heritage Association is cross community group formed with Case Study of Dan Winters’s Cottage, birthplace of the Orange Order, a tour of Carleton Street Orange the mission of bringing the community in the Rockcorry / Drum area Hall in Portadown, and a visit to Drumcree and the Garavaghy road where talks were given together to protect and preserve local heritage. This is a mixed The Connecting by people from both sides of the divide.The Deep Dialogue group is drawn from a mix of community and Drum is recognised as the only Protestant village in people, places Republicans (including ex-prisoners), border Protestants, members of the Orange Order the Republic of Ireland. The area has a rich cultural heritage and and Heritage and victims from both sides of the community divide. The project involves ongoing dialogue contains a number of important historical structures and monuments. project in Cavan between these groups plus residentials, However these buildings and monuments were linked to the Dartry uses the visits and guest speakers such as the PSNI estate and have been a source of division in the area. The new group heritage of the border area and Loyalist and Republican ex-combatants. was keen to raise awareness in the local community and to ensure as a means to bring There is a strong emphasis on building respect that all sections of the community valued and appreciated the shared together people from Cavan and trust among group members and on aspects of this heritage. One of the first projects undertaken by the and Fermanagh. This deepening the level of dialogue through group was the restoration of the Dartry monument which is located project has been delivered storytelling... the mediation strand of the on the Cootehill–Rockcorry road close to the village of Drum. by Cavan County Museum project provides a free and confidential This monument was erected by the local voters in 1807 in memory under both Peace II and mediation service to people in the border of the M.P. Richard Dawson. Over the years it had been neglected with Peace III and has both a region. Mediation is provided by a panel the site overgrown and the monument frequently daubed with graffiti. school and an adult strand. of 20 trained volunteers who offer mediation The Dartry Heritage Association brought the two communities together The adult strand has in areas such as community conflicts and to develop a plan for the restoration work. explored some of the peace related issues. difficult issues around the The group worked closely with Monaghan Co. Council and secured conflict in the border region The Breifne in Transition project has funding to restore the monument to its original condition. The project through artwork, poetry established a good reputation over the years Magheracloone Group ‘Digging up the past’ has been a huge success and has helped to forge strong links within and a sound archive. and has built solid foundations and strong the community. It has contributed to a sense of a shared heritage and This archive records the relationships with different communities in the helped to heal divisions which have affected this area over the years. experiences of different region. This has enabled the project to engage in sensitive work with people from different The group has grown in strength and has moved on to undertake groups during the conflict communities and with very different backgrounds and beliefs. The project has invested a lot a number of other initiatives including the restoration of the Lady and provided a unique of time in laying the groundwork which has enabled it to engage a diverse range of people Anne Dawson Temple. The process of bringing the community opportunity for people to and to address contentious issues. The project demonstrates the importance of working at together around the restoration and getting the engagement of tell their stories of the the pace of the community and the need to build confidence among participants particularly different sections of the community has been as important as the difficulties faced while living with members of the minority community who have not previously engaged in programmes physical restoration work and has contributed to a sense of a in the border region. of this nature. They have developed a strong local network of people who have the credibility community restoration. and are motivated and willing to bring in other members of their community.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part I Community peacebuilding 6 Commemorations and memorials (cont.)

Commemorations and memorials (cont.)

The restored monument is a significant landmark in the area and is a symbol of the “These works are the fruits of an inclusive partnership, with combined efforts of the different sections of the local community. It highlights how representatives of the victims and their families, members history and heritage can become a focal point for building bridges and healing divisions rather than a source of ongoing division and conflict. of the local community, the local authorities, artists and writers all coming together to produce an enduring and The Monaghan bombing which took place in May 1974 caused the death of seven people and inflicted serious injury to many more. It had a devastating effect on Monaghan town respectful tribute to the victims of the bombing... with both and its people. There was no real acknowledgment the public memorial and the anthology we have lasting, of the Monaghan bombing at either local or national accessible, essential points of contact with Monaghan’s level and for many years the families of those who died and those who were injured in the bombings memory of a day in 1974 when a cloud of evil brought have felt that their loss had not been recognized. unbearable grief. These memorials are a powerful statement The Monaghan Bomb Memorial Art Project was established to address the legacy of this atrocity of intent that such evil will never triumph. We hope and pray by erecting an appropriate memorial for the thirtieth it’s day is done. Today we renew our determination to anniversary of the bombing in 2004. vindicate the memory of the dead and the misery of the Monaghan Co. Council and Town Council set up hurt and bereaved by nurturing this hard earned peace and a committee which involved representatives of the watching it grow strong.” bereaved families to design an appropriate monument commemorate this event. Following extensive consultations with the families and other interested organisations it was decided that a monument would be erected in front of the Courthouse and close to the actual site of the Case Study bombing. The resulting memorial is a beautiful structure which enhances the town and maintains Monaghan Community Network has been involved in local peacebuilding work in Monaghan Bomb Memorial, the right balance between public art and a memorial Monaghan and Armagh over the last decade and has established a good track Monaghan Town to the victims. record with communities from all sections of the community on both sides of the border. The Network has engaged in a gradual process of building trust and The project also involved the production of a book (‘Later On’ by Evelyn Conlon) which establishing relationships between different communities including some smaller contained, articles by members of the bereaved families, eyewitness accounts of the Protestant communities who have been isolated from the majority community over the years. bombing as well as essays and poems by writers from Monaghan. The MCN project ‘Communities Sharing’ placed a lot of emphasis on local communities taking The memorial was dedicated by the President Mary Mc Aleese at a ceremony in May 2004 ownership of peacebuilding and on bringing people together to share and celebrate difference. on the 30th anniversary of the bombing. The event attracted a large crowd and in many A key aspect of this was groups opening their facilities and halls and hosting their neighbours – ways represented the public acknowledgment of the bombing that the victims felt had often for the first time. While the Network supported these activities the key element was local been denied for thirty years. In her address the President highlighted the importance involvement and local people having the confidence and the commitment to take these of both the monument itself and the process of planning and designing it, in healing significant steps. It is this local ‘buy in’ which enables a group of local people to question the wounds of the bombing. and change decades of traditions and behaviour which can keep neighbours apart.

This is also critical if the process is to continue and if local peacebuilding is to be sustained after the Peace III programme is completed. Monaghan Community Network has organised a range of events in these local halls and regularly used bands from different backgrounds to play in these halls.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Overview of the process The 5 Stages

Part II: 7 Step-by-step guide The 5 Stages to peacebuilding 1 Why you want to get involved Overview of the process in peacebuilding, the potential benefits for your community. This section of the toolkit provides Where you are now and where you want to get to a framework for groups who wish to undertake peacebuilding work in their area. Activity: Your group It can be used both by groups who are new and community to this work and by groups who have already been involved but now wish build on and develop their work further. 2 Identifying the strengths and talents in your The step-by-step guide is set out in five Asset mapping community and organisations which can be stages with materials to assist groups excercise used for peacebuilding to work through each of the stages in a structured way.

Peacebuilding matrix Planning: Deciding Internet training in Castleblayney 3 what to do / looking at options for a project and Activity: Planning working out the the project Case Study details of the project The Hills Heather and Hope project involved Drum and Knockatallen communities and used the natural environment of their areas as a basis Checklist: for local peacebuilding. This project gave these communities an Things to look out for opportunity to explore each others cultures and traditions. Through this Implementation initiative the groups organised a series of outdoor activities around Knockatallen focusing on the rich flora and fauna of the area. 4

The core of the project was building relationships between these two communities by Evaluation questions providing opportunities for people to meet an interact and more importantly to share Next steps their stories about the important things in their community and what it was like to grow up and live in separate but neighbouring communities. The two groups took part in a 5 residential event where they took part in a ‘mapping our communities’ exercise. Follow up: Celebration, Review and Peacebuilding matrix Members of the Knockatallen group attended the annual 12th July picnic in Drum and looking to the future gained a wonderful insight into an important cultural event for the community of Drum. The groups also undertook a joint visit to Derry where they visited diverse site such as the Apprentice Boys Memorial Hall and the Museum of Free Derry.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Step 1: What you hope to achieve Activity: Your group and community

Step 1 Activity: What you hope to achieve Your group and community

Why you want to get involved in peacebuilding, the potential benefits for your community. 1 What is the legacy of conflict in your community? Where you are now and where you want to get to: This stage provides an opportunity for groups to explore what their motivation and hopes 2 Are there divisions and mistrust in are around peacebuilding and how the group could contribute to a more cohesive and your community today? peaceful community. 3 In what way does this division and As you can see this approach poses a series of questions rather providing an inflexible model to follow. This ensures that your response is relevant to your local context. Members mistrust affect your group? of each community group have a variety of experiences of the conflicts within its society. This exercise is most useful if a broad cross section of individuals involved in the group is 4 What bridges need to be built engaged in the process. There are no right or wrong answers to the questions that follow. between ordinary people in It is, however important to be open and honest in your answers, and to discuss areas of your community? agreement and disagreement together, so that your group can begin to get to grips with the challenge of peacebuilding. 5 What relationships between groups and communities need to be improved? Groups can refer to section 4 – The legacy of the conflict in Monaghan and section 5 on peacebuilding when discussing these questions. 6 To what extent are different groups, Inter-generational woodturning such as minority religious communities, ethnic minority communities, young people, older people Case Study and ex-prisoners, included in your community? 7 Who is included in your group and who is Given the contentious nature of Irish history there is an not represented? understandable reluctance to examine history in groups where there are different views and perceptions. However those groups who have developed innovative 8 In what ways has your group been involved in building history projects are very positive about the level of bridges and promoting better relationships? engagement and the positive impact on relationships. 9 How do you think the organisation is perceived in A good example of this is the St. Macartan’s/ Monaghan Collegiate relation to peacebuilding? project which looked at the history of WWI. By focusing this project on those young men from north Monaghan who fought and died in 10 What motivates you to desire to become involved in WWI the project made this topic interesting and relevant to the peacebuilding ? young people. It allowed these young people to look at why some young boys of their age and from their own areas and from both communities decided to join the army and go to fight in Europe.

They used local history sources such as the County library and the Clogher Historical Society to trace these young soldiers and then travelled to Flanders to see what had happened to them and where many of them had died. This project gave recognition to a group who had been written out of Irish history. (See page 37 for full case study.)

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Step 2: Your community strengths Activity: Mapping community strengths

Step 2 Activity: Your community strengths Mapping community strengths

Identifying and mapping the strengths and talents in your community which can be Use the asset map below to map out the assets in your community mobilised for peacebuilding. • Think of all the people, groups etc. in your community. Using strength based approach involves the following: • What are the things that make your area/community unique? 1) Identify the assets of your community by drawing up an assets map. • What aspects are you proud of? 2) Connect these assets to a new peacebuilding idea or to strengthen an existing project. • How would you describe your community to an outsider? 3) Reflect on what has emerged and to look at where and how this information can be • What are the ingredients that makes your community tick and makes it a good place to live? brought together into a community peacebuilding project that can genuinely engage all sections of the community. • Think of a time when your community was at its best.

After this you can look to external sources for support to assist you in implementing the project. However the key is that the project firstly draws on and uses the wealth Fill in as many assets as you can think of in your community focusing on each of resources and energy which already exist in every community and that the skills of the six areas above. and talents of all members of the community are brought together to plan and deliver Try to be as open and to think as broadly as you can and look out for hidden assets (particularly the project. individuals and groups who are not normally involved in community life) It is also important to be open and to recognise that we are looking for people to identify what they have and what is important to them. The skills and traditions of all the people in the community are equally important Process and contribute to making communities the vibrant places that we all want to live in. Individuals involved in the process should identify their own strengths. The key is to get people to focus on Looking at your community (local, country-wide or cross–border). what is important to them and what are they passionate about. What strengths or assets exist in your community, which would enable you to create a stronger, more cohesive and more inclusive community? This can be done in different ways depending on the community, the group involved and the level of activity currently taking place. Where there is a mixed community with religious or ethnic minorities then the initial exercise can be Physical space Institutions done either together or separately. Facilities Agencies The 6 categories of assets are: If the different communities are already working Individuals together and there is a relationship then the 1. Individuals community mapping exercise should be done by 2. Groups/organisations everyone and an overall community map created. This is best done with as many members of your 3. Institutions/agencies community taking part as possible. Where there is 4. Physical space/facilities a large group it may be best to divide people into Your Community 5. Local economy smaller groups (groups of 5 or 6 are best) to do the initial work and them put it all together as one 6. Traditions/stories larger map. Where there are different communities in the area Local Culture whether it is religious minorities or ethnic groups economy Traditions Customs Groups then the maps can first be done separately by these Stories Organisations communities. Following this the different groups come together to draw up a shared map for the overall community. This should involve as many as possible from the different communities rather than being done by representatives of the groups.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Activity: Community strengths and peacebuilding Developing your idea Activity: Reflection Activity: Activity: Community strengths and peacebuilding Reflection

The next step is to connect these assets and strengths to peacebuilding and to see how What new things did we find out about our community? these strengths could be released and used in order to build a stronger and more vibrant community. How can we take what we have learned and develop our community?

Are there particularly interesting or unique Your community strengths How could these be connected to and things that we can build on? (assets) used to develop and enhance good How do we ensure that everyone is involved? relations and peacebuilding in our area. How do we ensure that all these strengths and talents are brought together for this Individuals peacebuilding initiative?

Groups/organisations Are there other things we can do to mobilise the energy and skills of our community?

Institutions/agencies Are there others who we have not involved so far? Hands Together Physical space/facilities How could we involve them in this initiative?

Local economy/business

Traditions/stories Case Study

Several groups involved in peacebuilding used visits to significant sites on both sides of the border as a way of examining different strands of our history. The Battle of the Boyne Centre is particularly popular with groups and gives people different perspectives on this key event. The Border Developing your idea Minority Group visited the Boyne along with Clones Community Forum. Bringing a mixed group from different communities together to the centre deepened You have now identified the strengths and talents present in your community and have the experience for all concerned and opened up the opportunity for new looked at how these can be connected into community based peacebuilding. The next conversations regarding this event. stage is to reflect on what has emerged and to look at where and how this information The BMG group visited Belfast to look at more recent and difficult history. can be brought together into a community initiative that can genuinely engage all These groups visited different locations on both sides of the community and saw sections of the community. The group can identify a number of ideas and develop these the range of murals from both sides of the community. This can be challenging for into an overall programme. Again, this should ideally be done by the group who have many people as it confronts them with the reality of the conflict and the fact that carried out the mapping exercise. the paramilitary groups from both sides have power and influence, and still have a presence in these communities.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Step 3: Planning stage Activity: Planning the project Step 4: Implementation Step 3 Planning stage Step 4 Implementation

Deciding what to do / looking at options for a project and working out the details of the When undertaking peacebuilding work there is a range of things to look out project. Work as a group to explore what stage would you like your group to be at in three for. There are some risks involved in this work and groups need to be years time in terms of peacebuilding. Discuss the following questions and collate the views sensitive and to think things out carefully rather than creating a project of group members. simply because these was funding available. Peacebuilding is about building relationships – often with neighbouring communities. Therefore people need to be careful when undertaking this Activity: and to be sensitive to the concerns and fears of both their own community and the ‘other’ community. Planning the project Ultimately peacebuilding involves activities – workshops, meetings, trips, training, outdoor events, music and cultural activities. Therefore there is 1 What do you see as the priorities for peacebuilding in your community a host of practical details and arrangements that need to be considered. over the next three years? Ideally, in three years time, where would you When organising peacebuilding activities, groups need to pay attention like to see your group in terms of peacebuilding? to a range of practical issues in addition to the normal stuff that must be sorted out for all activities involving the public. 2 What does the group need to do better to contribute to peacebuilding? Experience shows that at local level the personal approach is the most 3 What opportunities are open for your group to make an impact effective. People rely on strong family and community networks both formal and informal and it is through these networks that people can St. Mc Cartan’s College and in peacebuilding? create links and build relationships. A few people can draw in more people Monaghan Collegiate College and eventually engage the wider community. 4 What do you think are the barriers to your work in peacebuilding? Some of the issues that can potentially cause difficulties when groups are 5 What change is needed within your group in relation to these issues? working together are: 6 Who should be consulted in the development of any Clarifying aims and expectations peacebuilding work? This should be done at the outset so that everyone is clear about what the project is about, what it is trying to achieve, the programme of activities, 7 What resources will be required to make this happen? who will be involved etc. A group contract or ground rules 8 What additional skills will your group require to make this happen? Groups should negotiate and draw up clear ground rules or guidelines for 9 What are the immediate first steps that need to be taken to achieve your the overall project. This process clarifies what is expected from participants and clarifies issues in advance. If there are specific workshops or seminars aims and objectives? separate ground rules may be required. 10 What are the most important things the organisation should do in the This contract can cover practical issues such as attendance at meetings next six months to develop or initiate peacebuilding work? and events, punctuality, behaviour etc. It also deals with issues such as respect for other participants, issues around confidentiality, participation 11 How will you measure how successful you have been in achieving your and trust. aims and objectives for peacebuilding over the next three years? Promoting participation and respect In order to undertake peacebuilding and facilitate the engagement of all sections of the community it is important that those involved are sensitive If you have as an individual and as an organisation honestly and seriously addressed these to the culture and religion of all participants. This relates to a wide range questions, you will now be embarking on an exciting and challenging journey as a group of issues which people need to consider. These are more than practical committed to long term peacebuilding. issues and in some cases they go to the heart of the issues around peacebuilding, respect for difference and promoting cultural diversity.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Step 4: Implementation (cont.) Step 5: Follow up

Step 4 Implementation (cont.) Step 5 Follow up

The points below relate to the early stages of a peacebuilding initiative. As groups become Groups should view peacebuilding as an ongoing process rather than more familiar with each other and more open to discuss these issues it would be important a once-off event or project. When a particular project has been that space is provided for these discussions and that participants can openly exchange views completed we would encourage groups to look at how they can build on these issues. These issues could become the focal point for further peacebuilding. Some of on this and sustain the work. This stage provides groups with some the case studies included in this toolkit highlight how local groups have successfully done this. ideas as to how they can do this. It encourages them to look at ways of deepening and sustaining the work, reflecting on and evaluating the Examples of these issues include: work so far, and celebrating the achievements The importance of language Participants need be sensitive about the language they use when working with people Deepening and sustaining peacebuilding work from diverse backgrounds. In order to assist groups to develop their peacebuilding work Pobal Symbols (then ADM/CPA) developed a reconciliation matrix. This was designed Care should be taken that symbols, flags etc do not cause problems or get in the way to enable groups to analyse and reflect on their work and to explore of the project. how they could develop and enhance the reconciliation impacts. The matrix identified four levels of reconciliation, indicating the extent Venues to which the core objectives of reconciliation could be met. The four Groups should consider where they are holding meetings and events. Is the venue levels are: accessible and welcoming to all sections of the community and all ages (for example, it may not be appropriate to meet in a public house). 1. The creation of basic contact, awareness and understanding Planning events between groups. There are a host of factors to consider when planning an event in order to ensure everyone can attend, including religious observation, diet, use of alcohol etc. 2. Joint projects which involve shared activity, but do not address core conflict issues. Points to remember Avoid tokenism – build genuine participation 3. Core conflict issues are addressed. Take small steps – build on these at a later stage 4. Joint activity is undertaken designed to change structures Be realistic when planning – don’t take on too much and overstretch the group and cultures toward greater accommodation of diversity. Don’t assume people will get involved – you may need to work on this. Community Activities

In this framework reconciliation/peacebuilding is seen as a process Case Study characterised by different levels of engagement and encompassing a broad spectrum of activities. It focuses on three dimensions of reconciliation: healing, building relationships and reconstruction. One of the main challenges groups encounter when they take on It identifies both the intention of the work (i.e. the aim or desired peacebuilding is how to engage the community and attract in members outcome) as well as the practice (i.e. the means by which reconciliation of minority groups without singling people out and further isolating them. can be achieved). The most effective approach is to build a strong partnership with a local group and to work closely together to get all sections of the community to support the Overleaf there is a simplified version of the matrix which has been initiative. In Clontibret the two main traditions in the area had been working together for modified to reflect some of the current work taking place in the a number of years and had built up a good relationship. In order to strengthen links at border counties. local level they set up a new Community Partnership with representatives from the local Development Association, the Church of Ireland and the Presbyterian Church. Groups can use the matrix and discussion points to explore where they are now in terms of peacebuilding, the journey they have travelled and This committee then applied for funding and implemented a joint programme where to hope to get to. of activities. This meant that there was joint ownership of the programme and a good level of engagement in the activities by all sections of the community.

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Reconciliation Matrix

Reconciliation Matrix

Communities can work through the four levels of peacebuilding over Reconciliation Aim Types the lifetime of a programme (i.e. over a number of months or even depth of activities years) gradually going deeper into more challenging issues. On the other hand some communities may move between these levels only occasionally going into deeper issues when it is appropriate and safe or possibly when it emerges Contact Establish relationships, Visits, joint trips and outings, naturally in the course of the programme. Awareness Acknowledging others identity, ecumenical services. Understanding values and beliefs, enhance Single identity work in own community, Some groups manage to build in different levels awareness and appreciation Lectures, conferences and seminars. within the one event and aim to have a structured of others culture and community, Participating in joint programmes organ- part of the programme focusing on more difficult or build awareness of inter- ised by other agencies. connections in communities. Attending social, cultural, music contentious issues as part of a wider programme and sporting events. of activities. Inviting bands, dancers etc. from other community to participate in events.

Joint projects Building trust and relationships. Establishing community partnerships, Acknowledge the past and loss as Drawing up joint plans for your area a result of conflict / estrangement Undertaking commemorative projects, Build common vision for the area / peace gardens, murals, etc. Sharing community. facilities and developing joint facilities, Joint visits to conflict related / historical sites and events. Hands Together Exploring shared heritage and cultures Working outdoors in music, dance, rural lifestyles etc.

Raising conflictual Breaking the silence, raising issues Art/drama dealing with conflict and diversity, issues regarding culture, values, Workshops and training on reconciliation attitudes and structures which and dealing with the past. cause discrimination. Storytelling around the troubles and what Acknowledging suffering, it was like to be a Protestant/Catholic. Discussion Points exclusion and marginalisation Organising joint seminars, exhibitions, Build strong intergroup lectures on contentious issues. relationships. Critically reflect on Joint visits to historical/conflict related sites The peacebuilding matrix can be used in a number of ways and by groups and acknowledge the role of own or attending events dealing with sectarianism at different stages in their development. Groups that are in the early stages community with regard and the conflict followed by open discussion to sectarianism. on issues arising. can use it to plan out a possible peacebuilding route over the coming period and to look for ways of deepening the level of the work. On the other hand groups that have been involved can locate their project on the grid and look Changing culture Change or transform structures Public reconciliation events and ceremonies. and structure and ways of working. Symbolic events. for ways to enhance the quality of peacebuilding. Creating more inclusive structures Developing agreed approaches and in communities. procedures to deal with ectarianism and racism. Monitoring structures and institutions As a group review the matrix and identify where your project or proposed project Establishing multi-denominational schools, playschools, youth clubs, sport and cultural would fit on the matrix. organisations etc. Use the matrix to identify how you plan to progress the project. What steps do you need to take to achieve this?

Who else do you need to involve in the project in order to do this?

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Peacebuilding Toolkit Part II Step-by-step guide to peacebuilding 7 Activity: Review Resources and support for peacebuilding

Activity: Resources and support for peacebuilding Review and community relations work

Whatever the scale of the project, groups should take some time to review and evaluate A wide range of groups and organisations is available to support and assist groups engaging in what has taken place. Ideally this should include all sections of the community who were peacebuilding. For groups in Co. Monaghan the main support will be through the Community involved and should be carried out by a good cross-section of those involved (young and Enterprise Section of Monaghan Co. Council. Below are some organisations and resources people, older people, minority communities etc.) Where communities have undertaken which groups can check out when developing programmes. a bigger project with a range of activities over a number of months they should try to organise a separate celebration and review event. Organising programme is time consuming and those directly involved may not get a chance to talk or discuss the Community Relations Council www.nicrc.org.uk programme during the actual events themselves. Arranging some sort of follow up can give Co-operation Ireland www.cooperationireland.org people the space to talk and to look at opportunities for follow up. The celebration event could range from an informal get together of those involved in organising the programme Glencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliation to a larger event which involves as many programme participants as possible. www.glencree.ie Corrymeela www.corrymeela.org Review and evaluation questions Mediation Northern Ireland • Did we do what we set out to do? www.mediationnorthernireland.org • What worked well? Public Achievement • What challenges did we face and how well did we deal with these? www.publicachievement.com Grown in Peace • What do we need to do better? The Peace and Reconciliation Group gardening project www.peaceprg.co.uk • What did we learn through this project? Multi-Cultural Resource Centre www.mcrc-ni.org • Did we manage to reach out to and involve all sections of the community? Healing through Remembering www.healingthroughremembering.com • How well did we draw on the strengths of our community? • Can we see scope to continue and develop this programme? The Community Foundation for Northern Ireland www.cfni.org • What do we need to do to sustain the work? Pobal www.pobal.ie • Can we identify any particular benefits or possible impacts of the project? Irish Traveller Movement www.itmtrav.com • Has this project led to changes in how the community sees itself and how it defines Pavee Point www.paveepoint.ie the community? Integrating Ireland www.integratingireland.ie • Has the project changed how the community views diversity? Rural Community Network www.ruralcommunitynetwork.org Irish Human Rights Commission www.ihrc.ie Equality Authority www.equality.ie Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission www.nihrc.org INCORE www.incore.ulst.ac.uk Nurture Development www.nurturedevelopment.ie

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References

Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (2003) Reconciliation after violent conflict: A Handbook

Lederach, J.P: Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies United States Institute of Peace (1997)

Doherty, M: Peace and Reconciliation Worksheets for Facilitators

Conversation Guide on Dealing with the Past; Healing through Remembering

Area Development Management / Combat Poverty Agency Good Practice in Community Peacebuilding

Bell, J. Jarman, N. and Harvey, B. Beyond Belfast: Contested Spaces in Urban, Rural and Cross Border Settings; Community Relations Council and Rural Community Network

Monaghan Peace III Partnership Plan

Harvey, B. Kelly, A. Mc Gearty, S. Murray, S: The Emerald Curtain: The Social Impact of the Irish Border; Triskele (2005)

Hambor, B and Kelly, G: A Place for Reconciliation

Crawley, M: Protestant Communities in the Border Area

Morrow, D. Wilson, D. and Eyben, K. Reconciliation and Social Inclusion in Rural Areas. Jordanstown: University of Ulster and Future Ways (2000)

Asset Based Community Development Institiute. North Western University – www.abcdinstitute.org

Sharing the Learning: Donegal Peace and Reconciliation Partnership