Communication platforms for industrial and residential gateways (I)
Prof. Dr. Ralf E.D. Seepold
Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática Universidad Carlos III de Madrid [email protected]
Outline
Home and industrial Networking
z Powerline z Phoneline z Wireless z Others Service platforms
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1 Home Automation: A definition
The automatic operation or control of equipment, a process, or a system without conscious thought. [Fow78]
[Fow78] Fowler, F.G. and Fowler. H.W., Oxford Concise Dictionary, 6th ed, Clarendon Press, Oxford,1978.
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Smart Home: A definition
Home or building [Red01] Usually a new one Equipped with structured wiring Enable remote control or programme an array of electronic devices via commands
[Red01] Vendela Redriksson, “Smart home or building”, http://whatis.techtarget.com, 2001.
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2 Application areas
Communication Entertainment Security Convenience Information systems Etc.
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Smart Home: Applications
Examples
z Phone to arm home security z Control temperature z Switch appliances on/off z Control lightning z Program home theatre/entertainment system z … and many more
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3 Push for Home Networking
Rapid growth in multiple-PC household penetration
z PC penetration exceeds 50% in US households z Multi-PC/household growth (U.S.): 15M (1998) to 26M (2003) * Increasing Internet usage
z Nearly 90% of PC households will be online by 2001 z Internet usage growth (U.S.): 20% (1997) to 47% (2001) ** Broadband Internet access
z Broadband penetration growth (U.S.): less than 1M (1998) to more than 15M (2002) *** z % Penetration of online households (U.S.): increases from 2% (1998) to 26% (2002) ***
* - Dataquest, ** - Yankee Group, *** - Forrester Research
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Residential gateways (US)
in ‘000s of units 2000e 2001e 2002e 2003e 2004e Data gateway 35 272.3 485.9 892.5 894.2 Entertainment gateway 0 0 19.4 119 268.2 Home Automation gateway 4.4 36.3 58.3 59.5 44.7 Multifunctional gateway 4.4 54.5 408.1 1,903.90 3,263.70 Total 43.8 363 971.7 2,974.80 4,470.80
Significant growing will heavily depend on successful standardisation in the medium term
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4 Applications Driving Home Networking
Source: Cahners In-Stat Group
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Bandwidth Requirements
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5 Home Automation/Network Standards and Specs Alliances and Working Groups [Hom03a]
z 22 entries Proprietary
z 6 entries Only a few of them can survive!
[Hom03a] Home Toys. Standard List, http://www.hometoys.com/resources.htm , 2003.
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Standardisation (I)
One relevant sector-crossing and platform-independent concept: Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi) [Wes01] Several industry-specific consortia implemented
z Construction z Consumer electronics z Telecoms z Utilities z Mobile telephony z … some of them being broad (like HomePNA or HomePlug) or other being narrow (like CABA), i.e. control of heating systems.
[Wes01] N. Loeken, W. Fickus et al., “Services Gateway Software”, WestLB Panmure, Market Analysis, March 2001.
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6 Standardisation (II)
Regional standards (some examples) z US ■ X10, CEBus (Powerline), Smarthome, LON z Europe ■ EHS, EIB, Batibus z Japan ■ HBS, TRON Media-related standards z Ethernet (PC) z IEEE1394 Multimedia z …
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Summary of standards
Physical media Protocol Powerline Phone/bus Wireless Others Webpage CEBus X www.cebus.org Batibus/BCI; Konnex X www.batibus.com; www.konnex.org EHS; Konnex X X X www.ehsa.com; www.konnex.org EIBA; Konnex X X www.eiba.org; www.konnex.org Firewire (IEEE1394) X standards.ieee.org HiperLAN2 X www.hiperlan2.com HomePlug X www.homeplug.org HomePNA X www.homepna.org IEEE802.11x X standards.ieee.org; www.ieee802.org LonTalk X X X X www.echelon.com USB X www.usb.org X10 X www.x10.org
Discovery protocols Jini X X X X www.jini.org UPnP X X X www.upnp.org
Higher level types of home networking platforms HAVi X www.havi.org MHP X www.mhp.org OSGi X X X X www.osgi.org
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7 Technical overview
Technology Media Tx Mbit/s / Distance [m] Nº Device Cost/Capacity Security
CEBus Powerline/ TP/ Only US 0.01, 300/0.0096, 65535 Low Dep. on media wireless 100m only US
BCI TP 4800 7680 Media High
EHS Powerline/ TP/ 2.4/ 0.06-1.0, 300-1000m/ 68x1015 High Dep. on media Wirelesss/ IrDa 100m0.0096, 100m/?
EIB Powerline/TP/Wireless 2.4, 600m/ 0.0096, 1000m/ 64770 High Dep. on media 0.0192
Ethernet UTO/FO 10/100/1000 --- Media High
IEEE1394 UTP 4.5/72, 3200 (V1394b) 64/1024 Media / Low High USB/2.0 TP/USB 5/30, 480 (V2.0) 127 Media High Hipherlan2 WLss 54 - Media High HomePlug Powerline 14 - Media / Low High HomePNA Cable Telef 10 (payload), 300m 50 Good High Lonworks Todos + radio .039-2.5 32000 Media /Low Dep. on media X10 Powerline 0.00005 256 Media Medium / Low IEEE802.11 WLss 54, 25-500m -- Under dev. Low/Increasing Bluetooth WLss 10/100 8 Media Media/High
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Market acceptance
Source: Dataquest
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8 Powerline
Devices that can be connected directly into the main power supply Using of standard wiring A computer need to be attached to the line to monitor the devices X10 for example has chips placed in the devices and bypass dedicated computers Advantages z Easily available z Cheap Weak points z Interference z Power cuts z Not reliable
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Phoneline/Busline
Separated 12V twisted pair cable Runs in parallel to traditionally cables Independent of conventional mains borne power supplies Devices can be configured to adhere to stricter operational parameters Standard defined by Konnex (www.konnex.org) z Ease the combination of different busline protocols z Enable the integration of non-busline devices (cf. expensive busline devices) Advantages z Most effective z Most reliable (proven in large buildings and factories) z two.-way protocol enable self-monitoring Weak points z Small number of device providers z High price
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9 Wireless
Become more popular
Advantages z No wires, no modification z Can compliment wired network Weak points z Relatively expensive z Less reliable z Interference z Short range z Can be corrupted by breaking the system’s code z Narrowband interface
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Details: Powerline X10 Home automation industry standard Group belongs to the pioneers in the area Started in late 70s by Pico Electronics Very popular in the US Many products available Cheap devices (e.g. lamp control for 13€) Rely on powerline
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10 X10
Limited number of devices
z 16 devices in 16 different house codes No security or encryption Limited stability of powerline connections No plug&play of devices
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X10: Signal transmission
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11 X10: Signal transmission (cont.)
Transmitted pulses have a duration of 1ms Receiver open a receive window of 0.6ms Transmission start point is achieved by transmitting at least 6 leading clear zero crossings
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X10: Device
Each device has a house code
z 4 bit nibble (letter from ‘A' to ‘P’) and unit code
z Numerical code from 1 to 16 Redundancy: each data frame is transmitted twice Transfer requires different labels or addresses and commands – time consuming
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12 X10: Transmission duration
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X10: Summary
Most popular standard in the US 100 million products have been sold between 1978-2000 1 sec transmission time for a byte with 50Hz power system (slow) Unreliable transmission – no error checking/correction Two way communication (e.g. device reply that switch is on or off) Devices act as slaves and initiate no own transmissions
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13 Other powerline examples
Internet ADSL to a single PC via the power supply Home networking via power sockets & Internet ADSL for multiple PCs via the power supply Home networking via power sockets & Internet ADSL for multiple PCs via the power supply Home networking via power sockets & Internet ISDN for multiple PCs via the power supply Internet ADSL gaming console application Internet ADSL SetTopBox application
Source: Develo
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Phoneline: For example with LonWorks Standard for home, industry and aircraft control and data networks Standard defined by Echelon for LON (Local Operating Network) Central unit is a NeuronChip LonTalk Network based on that technology Limited capability for data transfer but can run over powerline, wireless etc.
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14 ISO/OSI Model functions
OSI Level Function Services
Standard Objects&types, Configuration 7 Application Application Program Properties, Filetransfer,Netw. Services
Network Variables, Application- 6 Presentation Data Interpretation message, Remote data
Communication, Remote Proc. Call 5 Session Remote Actions Link recovery
End-to-End Ack, Service type, Recogn. 4 Transport End-to-End Reliability of packets
Unicast & Multicast, target addressing, 3 Network Target Addressing Routing of messages
Framing, Data encoding, CRC, 2 Data Link Media Access and Framing Collision Detection, Media access
media specific details 1 Physical Physical Access Transceiver Type, phys. Connection
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LonTalk: Protocol
Provides a common applications framework Using Standard Network Variable Types (SNVTs); defined in each node Links are allowed between inputs and outputs of the same type Object-oriented approach to product development
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15 LonTalk: Protocol (cont.)
Node programs may write new values into one of its outputs New values is propagated across the network to all nodes with input network variables connected to this output Connections are defined during installation SNVTs enable compatibility between product from different manufactures
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LonTalk: Protocol (cont.)
Example SNVTs
z Variable Type Units z Temperature Degrees Celsius z Relative Humidity Percent z Device State Boolean z Day of Week Enumerated List (Mon-Sun) Each node has a 48-bit unique ID assigned during manufacture
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16 Addressing and data capacity of the application layer Network hierarchie
z DOMAIN – identifies a sub-system as a open madia for large installationsSUBNET – subconjunto de un dominio; enrutado basado en subredes z NODE – identifies a sub-node or sub-net Addressing
z UNICAST (Sub-net/Node) – sends message to a node z MULTICAST (Grupo) – sends message to a group of nodes ■ Efficient use of the bandwidth ■ Group members can be in any part of the network ■ One node may talk to 15 nodes in parallel ■ Complex service support for ACKs z BROADCAST – send messages to a sub-net or domain
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Examples from our cooperation partner: TLON GmbH Process industry Catering industry
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17 THEN Dying Machine
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Automated Function
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18 Special Product Developement Hardware
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TLON Projects
Machine in CHINA Machine in India INTERNET Machine in US THEN in Schwäbish Hall
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19 Infranet-Restaurant
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Infranet Valley
Zweckgebäude - Freizeit & Restaurant & Hotel Transport und Verkehr - Kantinen , Schwimmbäder
-Bahnhof SHA -Bausparkasse -Tankstellen -DIAK -Autowerkstatt -Solpark -Stadtbus -Schulen (St.Michael) INTERNET -Flugplatz -Behörden Browser WAP-Handy Stadtwerke -Strom -Gas Industrie -Wasser Wohngebäude
-Optima -Recaro
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20 Wireless: IEEE 802.x
Very popular in home and office environment [IEE03] Several enhancements available 802.11a – 802.11g 802.11 standard first ratified in July 1997 z 802.3 LAN emulation z 3 PHY’s were specified for 1 & 2 Mbps ■ FHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum ■ DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ■ Infrared Two High Rate PHY’s ratified in September 1999
z 802.11a 6 to 54Mbps in the 5GHz band ■ OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex z 802.11b 5.5 and 11Mbps in the 2.4GHz band
[IEE03] IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee, http://www.ieee802.org/, http://www.ieee802.org/11/ , 2003.
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Evolution
802.11a: High speed w/ more channels • OFDM data rates up to 54 Mbps 802.11a • 8 to 12 non-overlapping channels vs 3 for 802.11b/g • Not a global standard • Not backward compatible with 802.11b Missing Link
802.11g: High speed & high range • OFDM data rates up to 54 Mbps 802.11g • >50% range advantage over 802.11a • Global standard • Mandatory backward compatibility w/802.11b 802.11b 801.11b: A solid base • Wi-Fi: >95% of WLAN market in 2002 • Installed base of 60 to 70 million radios by end of 2003 • Future systems need to remain backwards compatible to 802.11b
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21 Combined a + g (+b) Technology: Bridges The Compatibility Gap
Dual Band 802.11a+g (+b) 802.11a • Operates in both 2.4 and 5GHz bands • Compliant to 802.11b, g, a standards • Backwards compatible to legacy 802.11b systems 802.11a+g • Opens the possibility for users to easily connect to any existing or future 802.11 network 802.11g
802.11b
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Protocol layers in 802
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22 Others
Bluetooth Infrared Ethernet USB Firewire Jini UPnP
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Outline
Home and industrial Networking
z Powerline z Phoneline z Wireless z Others Service platforms
z Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi) z Others
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