Communication platforms for industrial and residential gateways (I)

Prof. Dr. Ralf E.D. Seepold

Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática Universidad Carlos III de Madrid [email protected]

Outline

‹ Home and industrial Networking

z Powerline z Phoneline z z Others ‹ Service platforms

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1 : A definition

The automatic operation or control of equipment, a process, or a system without conscious thought. [Fow78]

[Fow78] Fowler, F.G. and Fowler. H.W., Oxford Concise Dictionary, 6th ed, Clarendon Press, Oxford,1978.

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Smart Home: A definition

‹ Home or building [Red01] ‹ Usually a new one ‹ Equipped with structured wiring ‹ Enable remote control or programme an array of electronic devices via commands

[Red01] Vendela Redriksson, “Smart home or building”, http://whatis.techtarget.com, 2001.

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2 Application areas

‹ Communication ‹ Entertainment ‹ Security ‹ Convenience ‹ Information systems ‹ Etc.

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Smart Home: Applications

‹ Examples

z Phone to arm home security z Control temperature z Switch appliances on/off z Control lightning z Program home theatre/entertainment system z … and many more

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3 Push for Home Networking

‹ Rapid growth in multiple-PC household penetration

z PC penetration exceeds 50% in US households z Multi-PC/household growth (U.S.): 15M (1998) to 26M (2003) * ‹ Increasing Internet usage

z Nearly 90% of PC households will be online by 2001 z Internet usage growth (U.S.): 20% (1997) to 47% (2001) ** ‹

z Broadband penetration growth (U.S.): less than 1M (1998) to more than 15M (2002) *** z % Penetration of online households (U.S.): increases from 2% (1998) to 26% (2002) ***

* - Dataquest, ** - Yankee Group, *** - Forrester Research

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Residential gateways (US)

in ‘000s of units 2000e 2001e 2002e 2003e 2004e Data gateway 35 272.3 485.9 892.5 894.2 Entertainment gateway 0 0 19.4 119 268.2 Home Automation gateway 4.4 36.3 58.3 59.5 44.7 Multifunctional gateway 4.4 54.5 408.1 1,903.90 3,263.70 Total 43.8 363 971.7 2,974.80 4,470.80

‹ Significant growing will heavily depend on successful standardisation in the medium term

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4 Applications Driving Home Networking

Source: Cahners In-Stat Group

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Bandwidth Requirements

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5 Home Automation/Network Standards and Specs ‹ Alliances and Working Groups [Hom03a]

z 22 entries ‹ Proprietary

z 6 entries ‹ Only a few of them can survive!

[Hom03a] Home Toys. Standard List, http://www.hometoys.com/resources.htm , 2003.

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Standardisation (I)

‹ One relevant sector-crossing and platform-independent concept: Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi) [Wes01] ‹ Several industry-specific consortia implemented

z Construction z Consumer electronics z Telecoms z Utilities z Mobile telephony z … some of them being broad (like HomePNA or HomePlug) or other being narrow (like CABA), i.e. control of heating systems.

[Wes01] N. Loeken, W. Fickus et al., “Services Gateway Software”, WestLB Panmure, Market Analysis, March 2001.

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6 Standardisation (II)

‹ Regional standards (some examples) z US ■ , CEBus (Powerline), Smarthome, LON z Europe ■ EHS, EIB, Batibus z Japan ■ HBS, TRON ‹ Media-related standards z (PC) z IEEE1394 Multimedia z …

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Summary of standards

Physical media Protocol Powerline Phone/bus Wireless Others Webpage CEBus X www..org Batibus/BCI; Konnex X www.batibus.com; www.konnex.org EHS; Konnex X X X www.ehsa.com; www.konnex.org EIBA; Konnex X X www.eiba.org; www.konnex.org Firewire (IEEE1394) X standards.ieee.org HiperLAN2 X www.hiperlan2.com HomePlug X www.homeplug.org HomePNA X www.homepna.org IEEE802.11x X standards.ieee.org; www.ieee802.org LonTalk X X X X www.echelon.com USB X www.usb.org X10 X www.x10.org

Discovery protocols Jini X X X X www.jini.org UPnP X X X www.upnp.org

Higher level types of home networking platforms HAVi X www.havi.org MHP X www.mhp.org OSGi X X X X www.osgi.org

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7 Technical overview

Technology Media Tx Mbit/s / Distance [m] Nº Device Cost/Capacity Security

CEBus Powerline/ TP/ Only US 0.01, 300/0.0096, 65535 Low Dep. on media wireless 100m only US

BCI TP 4800 7680 Media High

EHS Powerline/ TP/ 2.4/ 0.06-1.0, 300-1000m/ 68x1015 High Dep. on media Wirelesss/ IrDa 100m0.0096, 100m/?

EIB Powerline/TP/Wireless 2.4, 600m/ 0.0096, 1000m/ 64770 High Dep. on media 0.0192

Ethernet UTO/FO 10/100/1000 --- Media High

IEEE1394 UTP 4.5/72, 3200 (V1394b) 64/1024 Media / Low High USB/2.0 TP/USB 5/30, 480 (V2.0) 127 Media High Hipherlan2 WLss 54 - Media High HomePlug Powerline 14 - Media / Low High HomePNA Cable Telef 10 (payload), 300m 50 Good High Lonworks Todos + radio .039-2.5 32000 Media /Low Dep. on media X10 Powerline 0.00005 256 Media Medium / Low IEEE802.11 WLss 54, 25-500m -- Under dev. Low/Increasing WLss 10/100 8 Media Media/High

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Market acceptance

Source: Dataquest

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8 Powerline

‹ Devices that can be connected directly into the main power supply ‹ Using of standard wiring ‹ A computer need to be attached to the line to monitor the devices ‹ X10 for example has chips placed in the devices and bypass dedicated computers ‹ Advantages z Easily available z Cheap ‹ Weak points z Interference z Power cuts z Not reliable

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Phoneline/Busline

‹ Separated 12V twisted pair cable ‹ Runs in parallel to traditionally cables ‹ Independent of conventional mains borne power supplies ‹ Devices can be configured to adhere to stricter operational parameters ‹ Standard defined by Konnex (www.konnex.org) z Ease the combination of different busline protocols z Enable the integration of non-busline devices (cf. expensive busline devices) ‹ Advantages z Most effective z Most reliable (proven in large buildings and factories) z two.-way protocol enable self-monitoring ‹ Weak points z Small number of device providers z High price

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9 Wireless

‹ Become more popular

‹ Advantages z No wires, no modification z Can compliment wired network ‹ Weak points z Relatively expensive z Less reliable z Interference z Short range z Can be corrupted by breaking the system’s code z Narrowband interface

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Details: Powerline X10 ‹ Home automation industry standard ‹ Group belongs to the pioneers in the area ‹ Started in late 70s by Pico Electronics ‹ Very popular in the US ‹ Many products available ‹ Cheap devices (e.g. lamp control for 13€) ‹ Rely on powerline

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10 X10

‹ Limited number of devices

z 16 devices in 16 different house codes ‹ No security or encryption ‹ Limited stability of powerline connections ‹ No plug&play of devices

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X10: Signal transmission

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11 X10: Signal transmission (cont.)

‹ Transmitted pulses have a duration of 1ms ‹ Receiver open a receive window of 0.6ms ‹ Transmission start point is achieved by transmitting at least 6 leading clear zero crossings

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X10: Device

‹ Each device has a house code

z 4 bit nibble (letter from ‘A' to ‘P’) ‹ and unit code

z Numerical code from 1 to 16 ‹ Redundancy: each data frame is transmitted twice ‹ Transfer requires different labels or addresses and commands – time consuming

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12 X10: Transmission duration

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X10: Summary

‹ Most popular standard in the US ‹ 100 million products have been sold between 1978-2000 ‹ 1 sec transmission time for a byte with 50Hz power system (slow) ‹ Unreliable transmission – no error checking/correction ‹ Two way communication (e.g. device reply that switch is on or off) ‹ Devices act as slaves and initiate no own transmissions

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13 Other powerline examples

‹ Internet ADSL to a single PC via the power supply ‹ Home networking via power sockets & Internet ADSL for multiple PCs via the power supply ‹ Home networking via power sockets & Internet ADSL for multiple PCs via the power supply ‹ Home networking via power sockets & Internet ISDN for multiple PCs via the power supply ‹ Internet ADSL gaming console application ‹ Internet ADSL SetTopBox application

Source: Develo

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Phoneline: For example with LonWorks ‹ Standard for home, industry and aircraft control and data networks ‹ Standard defined by Echelon for LON (Local Operating Network) ‹ Central unit is a NeuronChip ‹ LonTalk Network based on that technology ‹ Limited capability for data transfer but can run over powerline, wireless etc.

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14 ISO/OSI Model functions

OSI Level Function Services

Standard Objects&types, Configuration 7 Application Application Program Properties, Filetransfer,Netw. Services

Network Variables, Application- 6 Presentation Data Interpretation message, Remote data

Communication, Remote Proc. Call 5 Session Remote Actions Link recovery

End-to-End Ack, Service type, Recogn. 4 Transport End-to-End Reliability of packets

Unicast & Multicast, target addressing, 3 Network Target Addressing Routing of messages

Framing, Data encoding, CRC, 2 Data Link Media Access and Framing Collision Detection, Media access

media specific details 1 Physical Physical Access Transceiver Type, phys. Connection

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LonTalk: Protocol

‹ Provides a common applications framework ‹ Using Standard Network Variable Types (SNVTs); defined in each node ‹ Links are allowed between inputs and outputs of the same type ‹ Object-oriented approach to product development

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15 LonTalk: Protocol (cont.)

‹ Node programs may write new values into one of its outputs ‹ New values is propagated across the network to all nodes with input network variables connected to this output ‹ Connections are defined during installation ‹ SNVTs enable compatibility between product from different manufactures

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LonTalk: Protocol (cont.)

‹ Example SNVTs

z Variable Type Units z Temperature Degrees Celsius z Relative Humidity Percent z Device State Boolean z Day of Week Enumerated List (Mon-Sun) ‹ Each node has a 48-bit unique ID assigned during manufacture

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16 Addressing and data capacity of the application layer ‹ Network hierarchie

z DOMAIN – identifies a sub-system as a open madia for large installationsSUBNET – subconjunto de un dominio; enrutado basado en subredes z NODE – identifies a sub-node or sub-net ‹ Addressing

z UNICAST (Sub-net/Node) – sends message to a node z MULTICAST (Grupo) – sends message to a group of nodes ■ Efficient use of the bandwidth ■ Group members can be in any part of the network ■ One node may talk to 15 nodes in parallel ■ Complex service support for ACKs z BROADCAST – send messages to a sub-net or domain

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Examples from our cooperation partner: TLON GmbH ‹ Process industry ‹ Catering industry

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17 THEN Dying Machine

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Automated Function

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18 Special Product Developement Hardware

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TLON Projects

Machine in CHINA Machine in India INTERNET Machine in US THEN in Schwäbish Hall

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19 Infranet-Restaurant

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Infranet Valley

Zweckgebäude - Freizeit & Restaurant & Hotel Transport und Verkehr - Kantinen , Schwimmbäder

-Bahnhof SHA -Bausparkasse -Tankstellen -DIAK -Autowerkstatt -Solpark -Stadtbus -Schulen (St.Michael) INTERNET -Flugplatz -Behörden Browser WAP-Handy Stadtwerke -Strom -Gas Industrie -Wasser Wohngebäude

-Optima -Recaro

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20 Wireless: IEEE 802.x

‹ Very popular in home and office environment [IEE03] ‹ Several enhancements available 802.11a – 802.11g ‹ 802.11 standard first ratified in July 1997 z 802.3 LAN emulation z 3 PHY’s were specified for 1 & 2 Mbps ■ FHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum ■ DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ■ ‹ Two High Rate PHY’s ratified in September 1999

z 802.11a 6 to 54Mbps in the 5GHz band ■ OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex z 802.11b 5.5 and 11Mbps in the 2.4GHz band

[IEE03] IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee, http://www.ieee802.org/, http://www.ieee802.org/11/ , 2003.

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Evolution

802.11a: High speed w/ more channels • OFDM data rates up to 54 Mbps 802.11a • 8 to 12 non-overlapping channels vs 3 for 802.11b/g • Not a global standard • Not backward compatible with 802.11b Missing Link

802.11g: High speed & high range • OFDM data rates up to 54 Mbps 802.11g • >50% range advantage over 802.11a • Global standard • Mandatory backward compatibility w/802.11b 802.11b 801.11b: A solid base • Wi-Fi: >95% of WLAN market in 2002 • Installed base of 60 to 70 million radios by end of 2003 • Future systems need to remain backwards compatible to 802.11b

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21 Combined a + g (+b) Technology: Bridges The Compatibility Gap

Dual Band 802.11a+g (+b) 802.11a • Operates in both 2.4 and 5GHz bands • Compliant to 802.11b, g, a standards • Backwards compatible to legacy 802.11b systems 802.11a+g • Opens the possibility for users to easily connect to any existing or future 802.11 network 802.11g

802.11b

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Protocol layers in 802

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22 Others

‹ Bluetooth ‹ Infrared ‹ Ethernet ‹ USB ‹ Firewire ‹ Jini ‹ UPnP

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Outline

‹ Home and industrial Networking

z Powerline z Phoneline z Wireless z Others ‹ Service platforms

z Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi) z Others

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