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Glacial Geology and Aquifer Characteristics of the Big River Area, Central Rhode Island

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Glacial Geology and Aquifer Characteristics of the Big River Area, Central Rhode Island U.S. Department of the Interior Stone and Dickerman U.S. Geological Survey Glacial Geology and Aquifer — Characteristics of the GLACIAL Big River Area, Central GEOLOGY Rhode Island AND AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS OF By JANET RADWAY STONE and DAVID C. DICKERMAN Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4169 MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT THE BIG RIVER Big River Study Area AREA, CENTRAL RHODE ISLAND Prepared in cooperation with the RHODE ISLAND WATER RESOURCES BOARD — WRIR 01-4169 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Glacial Geology and Aquifer Characteristics of the Big River Area, Central Rhode Island By JANET RADWAY STONE and DAVID C. DICKERMAN Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4169 Prepared in cooperation with the RHODE ISLAND WATER RESOURCES BOARD Northborough, Massachusetts 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: Subdistrict Chief U.S. Geological Survey Massachusetts-Rhode Island District Branch of Information Services U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286 Water Resources Division Denver, CO 80225-0286 10 Bearfoot Road Northborough, MA 01532 or visit our Web site at http://ma.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Previous Studies .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Topography and Drainage ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Bedrock ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Glacial Geology..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Distribution of Surficial Materials............................................................................................................................... 4 Till ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Meltwater Deposits...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Glacial Lakes and Ice-Margin Positions during Deglaciation..................................................................................... 6 Postglacial Deposits .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Aquifer Characteristics.......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Till ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Stratified Deposits ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Hydraulic Properties of the Sand and Gravel Aquifer....................................................................................... 9 Aquifer Tests ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 FIGURES 1, 2. Maps showing: 1. Location of study area and major drainages in the Big River area, Rhode Island ........................................ 2 2. Glacial lakes and ice-margin positions during deglaciation, Big River area................................................. 7 TABLES 1. Surficial materials, well-construction characteristics, and hydraulic properties determined from aquifer tests in the Big River area, Rhode Island................................................................................................................ 10 CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To obtain foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer square foot per day (ft2/d) 0.09290 square meter per day square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer VERTICAL DATUM Sea Level: In this report “sea level” refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)—a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Contents III Glacial Geology and Aquifer Characteristics of the Big River Area, Central Rhode Island By Janet Radway Stone and David C. Dickerman INTRODUCTION part in Washington County; it encompasses parts of the Coventry Center, Hope Valley, Crompton, and Slocum The Rhode Island Water Resources Board 7.5-minute quadrangles. (RIWRB), which is responsible for developing the This investigation includes a characterization of State’s major water resources, is concerned that contin- the geologic framework and an evaluation of the ued growth in demand for water in Rhode Island will hydraulic properties of the stream-aquifer system. The severely stress water supplies. In the early 1960s, the Big River area stream-aquifer system is the surficial State proposed construction of a surface-water reser- aquifer and the network of rivers, brooks, lakes, and voir in the Big River Basin in central Rhode Island to ponds that overlie and are in hydraulic connection with meet the growing water demands, but, to date (2001) the aquifer. The surficial materials units of the Big the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not River area and the accompanying bedrock-surface given approval for construction of this reservoir. As an contours (pl. 1) were delineated on the basis of data alternative, the RIWRB would like to identify sites in collected during field mapping, seismic-refraction the Big River area stream-aquifer system where high- surveys, ground-penetrating radar surveys, logs from yield supply wells can be constructed to meet future all available wells and test holes, and results of water demands. A cooperative study was initiated previous investigations. during the summer of 1995 by the U.S. Geological Some streams in the study area lose surface Survey (USGS) and the RIWRB to evaluate ground water naturally to the underlying sand and gravel aqui- water as a source of water supply in the Big River area. fer, whereas others lose water to the aquifer by induced This report presents the initial results of a multi- infiltration of streamflow caused by ground-water year investigation of the three-dimensional characteris- withdrawals. Most large ground-water withdrawals are tics of the surficial aquifer system based on geologic from public-supply wells in the sand and gravel aquifer and geophysical field studies, and provides information in the Mishnock River Basin. Minimal ground-water needed to protect, develop, and manage the Big River withdrawals take place in the Big River Basin, because area stream-aquifer system. The Big River area most of the land is designated as open space and pro- includes the entire Big River drainage basin and part tected from development by State law. The primary of the Mishnock River drainage basin (fig. 1) and use of surface water in the study area is for recreation. covers approximately 35 mi2, including parts of the Water from the Flat River Reservoir, the largest towns of Coventry, Exeter, and West Greenwich. Most surface-water body in the study area, is used only for of the Big River area is in Kent County, with a small recreational purposes. Introduction 1 o o 71o45' 71o37'30" 71 30' 71 22'30" 42o00' Woonsocket Cumberland Burrillville North MASSACHUSETTS Smithfield Central Smithfield Lincoln Falls Glocester 41o52'30" North Pawtucket RHODE ISLAND Providence Providence Johnston Foster Scituate East CONNECTICUT Providence 71o15' Cranston 41o45' Barrington West Warren Warwick Warwick Coventry Big River Bristol 71o07'30" Study Area East Greenwich o 41 37'30" West Greenwich North Kingstown Portsmouth Tiverton Exeter Jamestown Little Hopkinton Middletown Compton 41o30' Richmond South Kingstown Newport Charlestown RHODE ISLAND SOUND 41o22'30" Narragansett Westerly 0 5 10 MILES 0 5 10 KILOMETERS BLOCK ISLAND SOUND ATLANTIC OCEAN 41o15' Block Island New Shoreham Figure 1. Location of study area and major streams in the Big River area, Rhode Island. 2 Glacial Geology and Aquifer Characteristics of the Big River Area, Central Rhode Island Acknowledgments conducted a water-resources investigation for the South Branch Pawtuxet River Basin, which includes the Big The authors express appreciation to Timothy River Basin. Brown,
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