DOCSLIB.ORG

Bedrock Valleys of the New England Coast As Related to Fluctuations of Sea Level

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Bedrock Valleys of the New England Coast as Related to Fluctuations of Sea Level By JOSEPH E. UPSON and CHARLES W. SPENCER SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 454-M Depths to bedrock in coastal valleys of New England, and nature of sedimentary Jill resulting from sea-level fluctuations in Pleistocene and Recent time UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication, as follows: Upson, Joseph Edwin, 1910- Bedrock valleys of the New England coast as related to fluctuations of sea level, by Joseph E. Upson and Charles W. Spencer. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. iv, 42 p. illus., maps, diagrs., tables. 29 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 454-M) Shorter contributions to general geology. Bibliography: p. 39-41. (Continued on next card) Upson, Joseph Edwin, 1910- Bedrock valleys of the New England coast as related to fluctuations of sea level. 1964. (Card 2) l.Geology, Stratigraphic Pleistocene. 2.Geology, Stratigraphic Recent. S.Geology New England. I.Spencer, Charles Winthrop, 1930-joint author. ILTitle. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Configuration and depth of bedrock valleys, etc. Con. Page Abstract.__________________________________________ Ml Buried valleys of the Boston area. _ _______________ M2 1 Introduction _______________________________________ 1 General features__-_______-_--___-____--___- 21 Purpose of the investigation____________________ 1 Depth of bedrock thalwegs _ _ _ ______________ 23 Acknowledgments__ ___________________________ 2 Charles buried valley _ _________________ 23 Previous investigations._________________________ 2 Method of investigation_____________________________ 2 Aber jona-Fresh Pond buried valley _______ 23 General geologic setting.____________________________ 3 Maiden buried valley __ _______________ 24 Location of sections and sources of data _______________ 5 Unconsolidated deposits. ____________________ 24 Configuration and depth of bedrock valleys and stratig­ Summary of features of the Boston Basin area raphy Of fill.___----__-----_.__________________ 5 buried valleys____________--_-_-____---__- 28 Bedrock valleys of coastal Connecticut ____________ 5 Bedrock valleys near Portsmouth, N.H____________ 28 General features.___________________________ 5 Bedrock valleys of the Maine coast- ______________ 29 Depth of bedrock thalwegs_________________ 6 General features______------------____---___ 29 Housatonic River_______________________ 7 Depth of bedrock thalwegs _ ________________ 30 Quinnipiac River.______________________ 8 Presumpscot buried valley _-_-_-____----_ 30 Connecticut River ______________________ 8 Thames River________________________ 10 Kennebec bedrock valley. _ _____________ 30 Unconsolidated deposits.____________________ 10 Sheepscot River at Wiscasset _________ 31 Tffl_-_______-____________________l____ 10 Penobscot River bedrock valley __________ 31 Outwash__ __________________________ 10 St. Croix bedrock valley (Passamaquoddy Estuarine deposits._____________________ 11 31 Deposits at Middletown-Portland Bridge. _ 12 Unconsolidated deposits. ___________ _____ 33 Summary of features of Connecticut coastal Till. ----------------_--------_--- 33 valleys __________________________________ 13 Outwash _________ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 33 Narragansett Bay area___-_____-__________-_____ 13 Marine clay and silt_____------_-------- 33 General features.__---_-______--____________ 13 Summary of features of Maine coastal bedrock Depths of bedrock thalwegs__________________ 15 valleys ____________________---_____------ 36 Blackstone bedrock valley _______________ 15 Conclusions. ___________-__--___-____---_---------_- 36 Providence bedrock valley_______________ 16 Taunton-Sakonnet bedrock valley______ 18 Depths and origin of the bedrock thalwegs-- ______ 36 Unconsolidated deposits_____________________ 18 Stratigraphy of the depositional fill .---______--__. 38 Summary of features of Narragansett Bay area References cited___-_____-_---------------_--------- 39 valleys._________________________________ 21 Index _____________-______--_-______-_---_--------- 43 in IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are In pocket] PLATE 1. Sections of bedrock valleys of coastal Connecticut. 2. Sections of the Charles and Maiden buried valleys in the Boston area, Massachusetts. 3. Sections of bedrock valleys along the Maine coast. 4. Map of the New England coast showing elevations of thalwegs of bedrock valleys. 5. Map of the New England coast showing elevations of the thalwegs of preestuarine valleys. Page FIGURE 1. Index map of New England showing rivers, location of sections, and major structural basins._______________ M6 2. Section of the Connecticut bedrock valley at highway bridge between Middletown and Portland, Conn______ 9 3. Sketch map of Narragansett Bay showing locations of bedrock valleys and sites of sections or where other data were obtained_____________________________________________________________________________ 14 4. Profile of thalweg of Blackstone bedrock valley between Woonsocket and the city of Warwick, R.I__________ 17 5. Section of Taunton-Sakonnet bedrock valley at Tiverton, R.I__________________________________________ 19 6. Sketch map of Boston area, Massachusetts, showing locations of buried bedrock valleys and of geologic sections- 22 7. Profile of thalweg of Aberjona-Fresh Pond and lower Charles buried valleys._____________________________ 25 8. Section of Maiden buried valley at Maiden, Mass-______--__-________--_-_--__----_-_-___--_----_----_ 26 9. Sketch map of the vicinity of Eastport, Maine, showing thalwegs of St. Croix bedrock valley and tributaries in the southern Passamaquoddy Bay area-__-_----__--------_----------_---_-----_------------------- 32 TABLES TABLES 1-5. Summary of: page 1. Stratigraphy of unconsolidated deposits in New England bedrock valleys._________________________ M5 2. Information on bridge foundation borings at crossings of bedrock valleys in Connecticut-_______^_____ 6 3. Data on bedrock valleys at 10 sites in Narragansett Bay________________________________________ 15 4. Information on crossings of buried valleys in the Boston Basin area, Massachusetts._________________ 23 5. Information on crossings of bedrock valleys along the Maine coast._______________________________ 29 6. Inferred elevations of thalwegs of New England coastal bedrock valleys-_________________________________ 37 7. Generalized comparison of late Pleistocene and Recent stratigraphic units in bedrock valleys of the New England coast____-_-____-______-_____-____-___---_--___--___--_______-_-__-______________- 38 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY BEDROCK VALLEYS OF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST AS RELATED TO FLUCTUATIONS OF SEA LEVEL By JOSEPH E. UPSON and CHARLES W. SPENCER ABSTRACT The igneous and metamorphic rocks, buried beneath Test borings for bridges crossing 14 New England rivers or the coastal-plain sediments of New Jersey and Long bays near the coast (including Narragansett and Passamoquoddy Island, emerge at about New York City. Thence, Bays) reveal information on depths to thalwegs of buried east and north, except for Cape Cod and for local bedrock valleys and on the nature of contained unconsolidated accumulations at other places of glacial and marine sediments. An attempt is made to infer from these data some­ thing of the time and rate of sea-level rise in late- or post­ deposits, these rocks occur along most shores, either glacial time as one phase of the general problem of encroach­ exposed or thinly covered. Along all coastal stretches ment of salty ground water from the sea. exposed to the open sea, these rocks are washed clean Thalweg elevations near the coast range from about 95 within the zone reached by high tides and storm waves. feet msl (mean sea level) to about 420 feet msl. Virtually At the mouths of the streams and rivers, however, the level reaches on the Blackstone buried valley at about 200 feet msl and on the Charles at about 250 feet msl suggest bedrock lies some distance below sea level. at least local base levels. The bedrock valleys were formed Nearly every stream enters the sea above or near the before the Wisconsin Glaciation, and the thalweg elevations site of a buried or submerged bedrock valley which are not considered to be a measure of sea-level decline at the contains unconsolidated deposits. At the shore the Wisconsin maximum. The unconsolidated deposits within the bedrock valleys are deepest parts of these valleys, the thalwegs, lie from a of late and post-Pleistocene age, and differ systematically few tens of feet to more than 400 feet below present along the coast. In the valleys off the Connecticut coast, sea level. The largest of these valleys are those of: fluvioglacial outwash, possibly related to a stand of the ice at the Housatonic, Quinnipiac, Connecticut, and Thames Middletown, Conn., is overlain in irregular contact by estuarine Rivers in Connecticut; Narragansett Bay in Rhode deposits extending to about present sea level. Valleys in the Boston area and in southern Maine contain mainly glacial- Island and Massachusetts; the streams entering Boston marginal marine clays, also overlain by estuarine deposits. Harbor, Mass.; 'and the Portland Harbor area, Passa- Estuarine deposits of appreciable
Recommended publications
  • “Until That Song Is Born”: an Ethnographic Investigation of Teaching and Learning Among Collaborative Songwriters in Nashville

    “Until That Song Is Born”: an Ethnographic Investigation of Teaching and Learning Among Collaborative Songwriters in Nashville

    “UNTIL THAT SONG IS BORN”: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF TEACHING AND LEARNING AMONG COLLABORATIVE SONGWRITERS IN NASHVILLE By Stuart Chapman Hill A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Music Education—Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT “UNTIL THAT SONG IS BORN”: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF TEACHING AND LEARNING AMONG COLLABORATIVE SONGWRITERS IN NASHVILLE By Stuart Chapman Hill With the intent of informing the practice of music educators who teach songwriting in K– 12 and college/university classrooms, the purpose of this research is to examine how professional songwriters in Nashville, Tennessee—one of songwriting’s professional “hubs”—teach and learn from one another in the process of engaging in collaborative songwriting. This study viewed songwriting as a form of “situated learning” (Lave & Wenger, 1991) and “situated practice” (Folkestad, 2012) whose investigation requires consideration of the professional culture that surrounds creative activity in a specific context (i.e., Nashville). The following research questions guided this study: (1) How do collaborative songwriters describe the process of being inducted to, and learning within, the practice of professional songwriting in Nashville, (2) What teaching and learning behaviors can be identified in the collaborative songwriting processes of Nashville songwriters, and (3) Who are the important actors in the process of learning to be a collaborative songwriter in Nashville, and what roles do they play (e.g., gatekeeper, mentor, role model)? This study combined elements of case study and ethnography. Data sources included observation of co-writing sessions, interviews with songwriters, and participation in and observation of open mic and writers’ nights.
  • Idaho Profile Idaho Facts

    Idaho Profile Idaho Facts

    Idaho Profile Idaho Facts Name: Originally suggested for Colorado, the name “Idaho” was used for a steamship which traveled the Columbia River. With the discovery of gold on the Clearwater River in 1860, the diggings began to be called the Idaho mines. “Idaho” is a coined or invented word, and is not a derivation of an Indian phrase “E Dah Hoe (How)” supposedly meaning “gem of the mountains.” Nickname: The “Gem State” Motto: “Esto Perpetua” (Let it be perpetual) Discovered By Europeans: 1805, the last of the 50 states to be sighted Organized as Territory: March 4, 1863, act signed by President Lincoln Entered Union: July 3, 1890, 43rd state to join the Union Official State Language: English Geography Total Area: 83,569 square miles – 14th in area size (read more) Water Area: 926 square miles Highest Elevation: 12,662 feet above sea level at the summit of Mt. Borah, Custer County in the Lost River Range Lowest Elevation: 770 feet above sea level at the Snake River at Lewiston Length: 164/479 miles at shortest/longest point Width: Geographic 45/305 miles at narrowest/widest point Center: Number of settlement of Custer on the Yankee Fork River, Custer County Lakes: Navigable more than 2,000 Rivers: Largest Snake, Coeur d’Alene, St. Joe, St. Maries and Kootenai Lake: Lake Pend Oreille, 180 square miles Temperature Extremes: highest, 118° at Orofino July 28, 1934; lowest, -60° at Island Park Dam, January 18, 1943 2010 Population: 1,567,582 (US Census Bureau) Official State Holidays New Year’s Day January 1 Martin Luther King, Jr.-Human Rights Day Third Monday in January Presidents Day Third Monday in February Memorial Day Last Monday in May Independence Day July 4 Labor Day First Monday in September Columbus Day Second Monday in October Veterans Day November 11 Thanksgiving Day Fourth Thursday in November Christmas December 25 Every day appointed by the President of the United States, or by the governor of this state, for a public fast, thanksgiving, or holiday.
  • A History of Connecticut's Long Island Sound Boundary

    A History of Connecticut's Long Island Sound Boundary

    The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law CUA Law Scholarship Repository Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions Faculty Scholarship 1972 A History of Connecticut's Long Island Sound Boundary Raymond B. Marcin The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar Part of the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Raymond B. Marcin, A History of Connecticut's Long Island Sound Boundary, 46 CONN. B.J. 506 (1972). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions by an authorized administrator of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 506 CONNECTICUT BAR JOURNAL [Vol. 46 A HISTORY OF CONNECTICUT'S LONG ISLAND SOUND BOUNDARY By RAYMOND B. MARciN* THE SCENEt Long before remembered time, ice fields blanketed central India, discharging floes into a sea covering the Plains of Punjab. The Argentine Pampas lay frozen and still beneath a crush of ice. Ice sheets were carving their presence into the highest mountains of Hawaii and New Guinea. On the western land mass, ice gutted what was, in pre-glacial time, a stream valley near the northeastern shore. In this alien epoch, when woolly mammoth and caribou roamed the North American tundra, the ice began to melt. Receding glaciers left an inland lake where the primeval stream valley had been. For a time the waters of the lake reposed in bo- real calm, until, with the melting of the polar cap, the level of the great salt ocean rose to the level of the lake.
  • Tidal Flushing and Eddy Shedding in Mount Hope Bay and Narragansett Bay: an Application of FVCOM

    Tidal Flushing and Eddy Shedding in Mount Hope Bay and Narragansett Bay: an Application of FVCOM

    Tidal Flushing and Eddy Shedding in Mount Hope Bay and Narragansett Bay: An Application of FVCOM Liuzhi Zhao, Changsheng Chen and Geoff Cowles The School for Marine Science and Technology University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth 706 South Rodney French Blvd., New Bedford, MA 02744. Corresponding author: Liuzhi Zhao, E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract The tidal motion in Mt. Hope Bay (MHB) and Narragansett Bay (NB) is simulated using the unstructured grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM). With an accurate geometric representation of irregular coastlines and islands and sufficiently high horizontal resolution in narrow channels, FVCOM provides an accurate simulation of the tidal wave in the bays and also resolves the strong tidal flushing processes in the narrow channels of MHB-NB. Eddy shedding is predicted on the lee side of these channels due to current separation during both flood and ebb tides. There is a significant interaction in the tidal flushing process between MHB-NB channel and MHB-Sakonnet River (SR) channel. As a result, the phase of water transport in the MHB-SR channel leads the MHB-NB channel by 90o. The residual flow field in the MHB and NB features multiple eddies formed around headlands, convex and concave coastline regions, islands, channel exits and river mouths. The formation of these eddies are mainly due to the current separation either at the tip of the coastlines or asymmetric tidal flushing in narrow channels or passages. Process-oriented modeling experiments show that horizontal resolution plays a critical role in resolving the asymmetric tidal flushing process through narrow passages.
  • Geologic Site of the Month: Why Is Sebago Lake So Deep?

    Geologic Site of the Month: Why Is Sebago Lake So Deep?

    Why is Sebago Lake so deep? Maine Geological Survey Maine Geologic Facts and Localities February, 1999 Why is Sebago Lake so deep? 43° 51‘ 13.36“ N, 70° 33‘ 43.98“ W Text by Robert A. Johnston Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Why is Sebago Lake so deep? Maine Geological Survey Introduction Modern geophysical equipment allows geologists to investigate previously unmapped environments, including ocean and lake floors. Recent geophysical research studied the types, composition, areal extent, and thickness of sediments on the bottom of Sebago Lake in southwestern Maine. Geologists used side- scan sonar and seismic reflection profiling to map the bottom of the lake. Approximately 58 percent of the lake bottom was imaged with side-scan sonar and over 60 miles of seismic reflection profiles were collected. This web site will discuss the findings of the seismic reflection profiling. Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 2 Why is Sebago Lake so deep? Maine Geological Survey Physiographic setting Sebago Lake, although second in surface area to Moosehead Lake, is Maine's deepest lake. With a water depth of 316 feet, its deepest part is 49 feet below sea level! Sebago Lake is located in southwestern Maine 20 miles northwest of Portland and 50 miles southeast of the White Mountains. It lies along the transition between the Central Highlands and the Coastal Lowlands physiographic regions of New England (Figure 1). The abrupt change in landscape can be seen in panoramic views from several vantage points near Sebago Lake. Denny, 1982 Denny, Maine Geological Survey From From Figure 1.
  • 1980 MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY and SHALLOW STRUCTURE of EASTERN RHODE ISLAND SOUND and VINEYARD SOUND, MASSACHUSETTS Charles J. O'har

    1980 MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY and SHALLOW STRUCTURE of EASTERN RHODE ISLAND SOUND and VINEYARD SOUND, MASSACHUSETTS Charles J. O'har

    MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY AND SHALLOW STRUCTURE OF EASTERN RHODE ISLAND SOUND AND VINEYARD SOUND, MASSACHUSETTS Charles J. O'Hara and Robert N. Oldale U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1186 1980 INTRODUCTION This report presents results of marine studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) during the summers of 1975 and 1976 in eastern Rhode Island Sound and Vineyard Sound (fig. 1) located off the southeastern coast of Massachusetts. The study was made in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Public Works and the New England Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It covered an area of the Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf between latitude 41° 12' and 41° 33'N, and between longitude 70° 37' and 71° 15'W (see index map). Major objectives included assessment of sand and gravel resources, environmental impact evaluation both of offshore mining of these resources and of offshore disposal of solid waste and dredge spoil material, identification and mapping of the offshore geology, and determination of the geologic history of this part of the Inner Shelf. A total of 670 kilometers (km) of closely spaced high- resolution seismic-reflection profiles, 224 km of side-scan sonar data, and 16 cores totaling 90 meters (m) of recovered sediment, were collected during the investigation. This report is companion to geologic maps published for Cape Cod Bay (Oldale and O'Hara, 1975) and Buzzards Bay, Mass. (Robb and Oldale, 1977). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are indebted to the staffs of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the Marine Science Consortium for their cooperation in the use of their research vessels.
  • New Partnership for Restoration in Southeast Coastal New England Margherita Pryor from Westerly, Rhode Island to Chatham, Massachusetts, Wildlife Service, U.S

    New Partnership for Restoration in Southeast Coastal New England Margherita Pryor from Westerly, Rhode Island to Chatham, Massachusetts, Wildlife Service, U.S

    New Partnership for Restoration in Southeast Coastal New England Margherita Pryor From Westerly, Rhode Island to Chatham, Massachusetts, Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Natural Resources the coastal watersheds of southeastern New England occupy Conservation Service, and the Small Business Administra- a distinct ecological and management niche between Long tion. The Agency should also include stakeholders from local Island Sound and the Gulf of Maine. With its layers of 400 governments and agencies, non-governmental organizations, years of development—from farming and fishing to indus- and academic institutions. The conferees also recommend trialization to suburban office parks—this area presents that the Agency, through this regional effort, facilitate the environmental challenges that are unique, but also represen- development of strategies to restore and protect the southern tative of the country at large. In addition to its splendid sense New England Estuaries. of place and nature, history has also left it with the cumula- In response, EPA Region 1 has been working with inter- tive impacts of centuries of ecological insults. Toxic residues, ested partners in both Rhode Island and Massachusetts, channeled and impounded rivers, and highly altered natural including federal, state, and local agencies, the Narragansett systems are legacies now compounded by excess nutrients Bay and Buzzards Bay NEPs, and non-governmental organi- and increasing vulnerability to climate change. zations such as the Cape Cod Commission, to think through In facing these daunting challenges, Southeastern New an effective partnership framework. Consistent with Congres- England is fortunate to be home to multiple federal, state, and sional direction, the goal of this partnership places particular local agencies—along with dozens of universities, research emphasis on addressing key habitat and water quality priori- institutions, watershed groups, land trusts, and other non- ties, especially the nexus between them in key activities so governmental organizations.
  • Memorial to Alonzo Wallace Quinn 1899-1977

    Memorial to Alonzo Wallace Quinn 1899-1977

    Memorial to Alonzo Wallace Quinn 1899-1977 MARLAND P. BILLINGS Department o f Geological Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Alonzo Wallace Quinn, Professor of Geology, Emeritus, at Brown University, died on April 8, 1977, in Providence, Rhode Island, in his seventy-eighth year. Lon’s chief geological interests included the petrology, age, and origin of the rocks of the northern Appalachian Mountains, especially the late Paleozoic intrusives of Rhode Island, the pre-Pennsylvanian igneous and metamorphic rocks of southern New England, and the plutonic rocks of New Hampshire. Of his many geological accomplishments, the greatest was the completion of the map of the bedrock geology of Rhode Island, published in Bulletin 1295 of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1971, on a scale of 1:125,000. Geologic maps are the basic material for under­ standing the geology of the upper part of the crust. A formal mapping program in Rhode Island began in 1944, when the state arranged a cooperative program with the U.S. Geological Survey. Excellent topographic sheets, published as IV i' quadrangles on scales of one inch to 2,640 or 2,000 feet were available as base maps. Most of the geologic mapping was done by university personnel working as part-time employees of the Survey. As Lon pointed out in Bulletin 1295, Rhode Island is the only state for which the bedrock geological map is based on maps prepared on a scale of 1:31,680 or 1:24,000. He modestly failed to mention that he personally—sometimes with an associ­ ate—mapped 35% of the state.
  • Landforms and Resources

    Landforms and Resources

    Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Physical Geography of the United States and Canada Section 1 Landforms and Resources Terms and Names Appalachian Mountains major mountain chain in the eastern United States and Canada Great Plains largely treeless area in the interior lowlands Canadian Shield rocky, flat area that surrounds Hudson Bay Rocky Mountains mountain chain in the western United States and Canada Continental Divide line of the highest points in the Rockies that marks the separation between rivers flowing to the east and to the west Great Lakes five large lakes found in the central United States and Canada Mackenzie River Canada’s longest river Before You Read In the last chapter, you read about human geography–the way humans in general relate to their environment. In this section, you will learn about the physical features and resources of the United States and Canada. As You Read Use a graphic organizer to take notes about the landforms and resources of the United States and Canada. LANDSCAPE INFLUENCED The United States and Canada are rich DEVELOPMENT (Page 117) in natural resources. They have much How vast are these countries? fertile soil and water and many forests and The United States and Canada occupy the minerals. This geographic richness has central and northern four-fifths of the attracted immigrants from around the continent of North America. Culturally, the world for centuries. region is known as Anglo America. This is 1. What binds Canada and the United because both countries were colonies of States together? Great Britain at one time and because most of _______________________________ the people speak English.
  • Sulphate Balance of Lakes and Shallow Groundwater in the Vasavere Buried Valley, Northeast Estonia

    Sulphate Balance of Lakes and Shallow Groundwater in the Vasavere Buried Valley, Northeast Estonia

    SULPHATE BALANCE OF LAKES AND SHALLOW GROUNDWATER IN THE VASAVERE BURIED VALLEY, NORTHEAST ESTONIA K. ERG Department of Mining Tallinn Technical University 82 Kopli St., 10412 Tallinn Estonia Phone: 620 38 53 Fax: 620 36 96 E-mail:[email protected] Groundwater constitutes an important component of many water resource systems, supplying water for domestic use, for industry, and for agriculture. Management of a groundwater system, an aquifer, means making such decisions as to the total quantity of water to be withdrawn annually, the location of wells for pumping and for artificial recharge and their rates, and control conditions at aquifer boundaries. Not less important are decisions related to groundwater quality. In fact, the quantity and quality problems cannot be separated. In many parts of country, with the increased withdrawal of groundwater, the quality of groundwater has been continuously deteriorating. In recent years the attention has been focused on groundwater contamination by mine water. A most important part of modelling procedure is a thorough understanding of the system, and the processes that take place in it. It is important to identify those parts of the system’s behaviour that are relevant to the considered problem, while other parts may be neglected. On the basis of this understanding, summarised as a conceptual model of the given problem, a numerical model is constructed. A groundwater flow model of the Quaternary aquifer, in eastern part of oil shale deposit area, in Vasavere buried valley, was constructed by using the conceptual model. The infiltration of contaminants grows and the Quaternary aquifer is polluted by sulphate in a large area of Vasavere buried valley.
  • On the Breccia Gashes of the Durham Coast. Lebour.G.A

    On the Breccia Gashes of the Durham Coast. Lebour.G.A

    Durham E-Theses Some aspects of the geomorphology of the Durham coast Westgate, W. A. How to cite: Westgate, W. A. (1957) Some aspects of the geomorphology of the Durham coast, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8519/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. SOME ASPECTS OF THE G-EOMQRPHOLO GY OP THE DUHHAM COAST W.A. Westgate, B.Sc. Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. in the University of Durham. February, 1957. Itmm?, not ** > \ i3i (i) This research was carried out whilst I was in receipt of a Nature Conservancy Research Studentship "between July 1953 and July 1955.
  • Songs of the Vietnam War Lyrics

    Songs of the Vietnam War Lyrics

    The Limits of Power: The United States in Vietnam Name:______________________________________________ 2 Online Lesson Songs of the Vietnam War Lyrics Introduction: Throughout history, the strong feelings raised by the sacrifices, ideals, heartbreaks, and triumphs of war have often been expressed by poets and artists in songs. Songs that best cap- tured the strong feelings of Americans became very popular and lived on long after the details of the conflict were forgotten. Whether they expressed patriotism and national ideals such as inThe Star-Spangled Banner and The Battle Hymn of the Republic, sacrifice and heroism such as inWhen Johnny Comes Marching Home, or disappointment and loss such as All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight, these songs have become part of the history. The Vietnam War was no exception. Below is a small selection of the many songs written by Americans, Vietnamese, and French about the Vietnam War. Lyndon Johnson Told the Nation By Tom Paxton (1965, folk) < http://youtu.be/JQqapCkf4Uc> I got a letter from L.B.J., it said, “This is your lucky day. It’s time to put your khaki trousers on. Though it may seem very queer, we’ve got no jobs to give you here, so we are sending you to Viet Nam” chorus And Lyndon Johnson told the nation, “Have no fear of escalation, I am trying ev’ryone to please. Though it isn’t really war, we’re sending fifty thousand more to help save Viet Nam from Viet Namese.” I jumped off the old troop ship, I sank in mud up to my hips, And cussed until the captain called me down, “never mind how hard it’s raining, Think of all the ground we’re gaining, just don’t take one step outside of town.” Every night the local gentry slip out past the sleeping sentry They go out to join the old V.C.