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Culture Contact and John Frum Movement on Tanna (New Hebrides)

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Culture Contact and John Frum Movement on Tanna (New Hebrides) ET TECHNIQUE WTBE-NER 28, me Nonsieur PARIS VIIO a 2293 I NO 1529 As he is called in the New Hebrides pijin, Tdan Tannatt has had, since the advent of Captain Cook, on Angust 6th 1774, close to two hundred years contact with the white min's cullure, The detailed study of this contact, if not a really revealing one, is nevertheless one of the most interesting chapters af the history of cul-bure con- tast in lielanesia'. ,, Tama is' a volcanic island, mountainous at the north and the sou%h, with rich ana densely inhabited tablelands in the middle, The sea approaches are of coral formtion on the western coast: of vol- canic rock on the eastern coast, which boasts a dimjlnutive and tame volCano, Stiream are nunesous, but in most cases, dry up before get- ting very far and rarely com down to the sea, The population actually of ,6,95Q inhabitants, as far as I could make crut, #ts been steadily grdwing in nuabers during at least the lasttwenty years, The first contacts made by the native people were &th adven- $umrs and fortune-seekers of 'aL1 kinds, whalersn dealers ,in alcohol, , fire-arm and amunition which they traded for becha de Mer, sandal- wood, su3;phur and coconut oil, Tradition says St was a time of strife, of unforgiving wars and of great loss sf life; violent death was a normal one for Very little is lsncrm of these tbes, as very little has been written about thene on becane cl rer and soniew-hat more stable in re- lation with what had beenh.agpening until then, when the sandalwood era ended and the Presbyterian form of Christian mfssiorsand the building of copra as the ba8Ej;s of the new money economy to be, were established The early history of Christianity on the island nay be safa to give the key for the Gimes ahead, 33 was a very troubled and difficult establishment, after the death of John Williams on Eromngo;, Six Samoan teachers and one of their wives, two Buropean Hissfom- ries, two missionaries wives and one child died before any succssaful Chrls"cian settlsment could be spoken of, these being commenced Zrz 1869 at Port Resolution and l&"era. They all died from sickness arad 2 curiously only one man died a martyr to his faith, a native of the island, Nmwanyan of Lenakel, at a much later dat0,Sn 1899. Christianity took thirty years to gain somthing of a foot- hold on the island, During these thirty years missionaries came in and out, feeling more or less all the time that their lives were in danger, and being now and thenbunableto bear the strain, Grown wisq the second generakion of missionaries gained sone foothold and wor- ked quietly tutoring their first followers. Men such as Neilson, Watt and Frank Paton were patient people. Their first baptisms took %hem twelve years (1881) to negociate. They tried their way, seeking friendship as a means o% advancing their ,oause, campa$gning against the Queensland slave labour tsaffio, buying small glota of land for the establishment of alssion-posts, striving to organize peace on the island through persuasion. No lrMan Tanna" will speak against them, although they were intolerant, often hasty in their dealings With native custom and the most hateful aspects of it; the traditional whose whose job was the young man's sexual inrtiation and the drin- king of Kava, The missionary was then relatively a rich man, his sa- lary being a good one -@OQ sterling -; moreover, he reaeived from the friends of the mission in Scotland, Australia and New Zealand valuable goods such as cloth or European clothes which he could give away fxorn tine to time and thus gain valuable prestige, Which was EL much bettes method of gaining friendship th@n LheWreat of the etsr- na1 fire freely made use of by his native teachers, The next generation of missionaries brought in around 1900 young, energetic and harsh men, I&craillan and. Dr, Hicholson who set tha"slV8s to the task 02 seal;ising a wholly Christian Tanna in a ïnatter of a 2ew years. This brought a time of crisis between the Christians and the heathen, between the nissionarles and the traders, and between the two nationql powers, France and England., striving to add the PTew Hebrides each to its sphere of ilzfluenoe, During the premding years, n had come to Tanna more or less on the side of the Eission, but on trading business. At one time, there were up to three of them onme island': Forlong, Carruthers and NfcKenzie, traders at all times when they were not doing sorne evange- lis2ng work of their own, Traders they wem, on their om account, an& maybe because of that they failed to gee any hold on the people; ' thme is nothing to tell us that the comercial deals they made were not sinilar to those of their non-Presbyterian colleagues, Qn the other side, the missionaries, thinking in terms of a money econoay for their converts, strongly enoouraged the planting OP coconuts on a large scale, One can say that both on the 'production and on the comerctal side, the mission was a powerful element in the establfsh- ment of the copra econohy on Tanna. It is difficult to laow if the plan of having aissionary 3 traders was recognised as a failure , In any case, the evangrirlical trader disappeared from the picture at the time of ~vIacmil1an's and Nicholson*s taking over Qf; the mission work, In a way, their acti- vity started by a struggle with the ordinary traders for influence over Ghe native society, It must be remembered that the first locally written document of il?.t;erna%ionalvalue referring to !Vanna is dated 18'65, i% being a letter signed by the European residents, mostly Britishers, asking for French protection. This letter is a sign of the times. Up to now the European trader on. Tanna plays any card which comes in help- ful, Britishtraders will represent French firms ana British firms will have locally French agents, any one nationality, that of the "an, or that of the incorporated society will be made use o9 as the neceasity require& The only difference to-day is that there remains next to no quarrel between tñ8 traders and the mission, which lias long f o'rgotten its er8twlzile comeroia1 temptation. In reading the published missionary litera-bure and the unpu- blished official correspondence between the missionaries and the British side of the aew Hebrides administration, and remenbering 'reasons whiGh were often given by the missionaries to explain the slowness .of their work9 on@ gets the impression that two external factors were at least partly responsible for the mission policy in the first, years of our century. Presbyterian churches at home were tired of this hard island, of the so x~~nyyears of, missionary labour with so very few results to show; a's a consequence of this feeling, funds vere coming in lesser anounts; results had now to be shown %o keep up the giving ferTour of the mission*s feien& and the Tanna mission had, as a body, the first feeling that in some ways at least it should try $0 become self-supporting. The prudent and seemingly wise attitude of the older missiona- ries was discarded and the Ghristian conquest of tho isLana 1Ws or@- nized politically. It must-b6 said that the young natlve Chriskian ' conraanîties, with their tendency to be aor8 intolerant than their mas%ers, were quits ready forsthe new policy and put in%o it auch of the aggressiveness it cam t0 bear. These: Chritian groupa were made of coastal communities, whieh had the only workable anchorages of the island: Port Resolution, hite te^ sands, Waesisi, Zenakel, Kmmera,, They weFe the first to have come io contact with the white man and now the principal ones to suffer from the acts of the recruiters, plying their trade at the time for the benefit of the new settlers on EPate or %spiritu Santo, or the young Illining CQ~CBT~Sin new Caledonia. DissatIsf2sd with the treders whoa they already accused of cheating thea, resentful of the wc"n recruiting activities indulged in nmstly by the masters of French 'ships, they were ready to lean. on the mission, as much to resist Eu- ropean intruders as to push into political and religicaus submission their still he 2, t'ners was a general, feeling 4 that it was time some law and order was established on Tanna to put a stop to %he persistent killings of? native wars and guarantee the lives and belongings of the European residents, There was at that tine no Government to take on the job; the two Resident Commissioners in Vila were still haggling oves minor disputes and the Condominium aclministration had not yet been formally organised. So the missiom- . ries took upon themselves the establishment of: law and order3 it can be said that they gave the thiiflcing and the guidance, but left their nost trusted followers, Brom at Port Resolution Eourare at White- sand8 and Loohme, at Lenakel, mye or lesa at liberty to act accor- ding to their own views in the practical oareing out. This was the time of the 'so-called Tanna law. The Christian chiefs presided over native courts which enforced an unwritten and strict moral code: no wars, no fighting to settle quarrels no thie- ving, ao adultery, no drinking of Kava; the use of the customary , pro&tiXtute and the practising of death-mgie were banned, Most of these masures had popular appeal and were agreed to more or less generally, But the t\ot&&wing sf the prostitute and of "va drinking inflamed the heathens, who resisted, at %imsviolently, the enforcwg of tihe Court's decisions on these points, The Qourts had police for arresting the onlprits, In, the mat- ter of a few years their action, in the relation with the Smquen% visits of man-of-war, praQtically put a stop
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