DOCSLIB.ORG

A Forensic Analysis of How and Why the Ethiopians Escaped Colonization but the Yorubas Did Not

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Forensic Analysis of How and Why the Ethiopians Escaped Colonization but the Yorubas Did Not Anthropology and Ethnology Open Access Journal ISSN: 2639-2119 MEDWIN PUBLISHERS Committed to Create Value for Researchers A Tale of Two Empires: A Forensic Analysis of How and Why the Ethiopians Escaped Colonization but the Yorubas Did Not Mister Seun Ayoade* Short Communication Independent Researcher, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Volume 4 Issue 1 Received Date: March 11, 2021 *Corresponding author: Mister Seun Ayoade, Bsc (Hons) PHYSIOLOGY, Independent March 17, 2021 Researcher. Alumnus College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tel: Published Date: DOI: 10.23880/aeoaj-16000141 +2348060221764; Email: [email protected] Short Communication the lives of three very adroit Yoruba men viz Bishop Samuel A millennium ago they cast bronze and brass, smelted Johnson. Descendants of the emperor of Oyo when Oyo was iron and copper, built walled cities with tens of thousands Ajayi Crowther [died 1891] and his cousins, The Brothers virtually single handedly engineered Yoruba colonization Africa. By 1886-that momentous year-they had modern at its peak in the late 1700s [Alaafin Abiodun] these men of inhabitants and at one point ruled a fine slice of West Anglican Church was an extremely gifted linguist. He could Yet they fared no better than the most primitive spear by The British. Ajayi Crowther, the first black bishop of The weapons including rifles, rockets and The Gatling Gun. received a doctorate from Oxford University. His genius is This paper examines why given their relative state of speak many languages and took a degree in classics. He also advancementwielding African The tribe Yoruba in thepeople theatre were of colonized colonization. especially Why? vis-à-vis The Ethiopians who escaped colonization. Englishprobably Dictionary. best exemplified Yet for byall hishis translationgenius, it wasof The he Holywho advisedBible to YorubaQueen andVictoria the compilation to authorize of the firstbombardment ever Yoruba/ of In the 19th century European nations were obsessed with Lagos with the battleship HMS Bloodhound in 1851. This was colonizing Africa and Asia. They even had comparatively the very start of the colonization of The Yorubas; and netted enlightened Japan in their sights! “Russian ships made visits to Japan in 1792, 1804 and pennedBritain herthe firstfamous piece History of Yoruba of The territory-Lagos. Yorubas From Samuel The 1811 and it is possible that if Russia’s attention had not been EarliestJohnson Times[1846-1901], To The Beginningan Anglican of priest The British and gifted Protectorate. historian diverted to European problems it would have succeeded chap-as cunning as he was clever. He obtained not one but twoObadiah medical Johnson degrees [1849–1920] from the University his brother of Edinburgh.was a brilliant The in breaking the seclusion policy [of the Japanese]…..HMS inPhaeton reports forced (1812-1816) an entry tointo the Nagasaki secret committee in 1808 causingof the Eastconsternation India Company among , outlinedThe Japanese a far reachingauthorities…..Raffles scheme for Bachelor of Medicine [M.B., C.M] in 1886 and the Doctor of the commercial domination of Japan and sent two British Medicine [M.D.] in 1889. The very cunning intrigues of these “threeBackground musketeers” decided the fate of millions. quarters for the annexation of Formosa, the Luchus and The ships to Nagasaki….plans were even put forward in some By 1886 Christianity had been in Yorubaland for 43 the dangers of political and economic domination by foreign powersBonins…..During through thistheir crucial preoccupation period Japan in the was international saved from made very little progress. An exception was among the Egbayears branch[since of1843] The butYoruba. despite Persecution intense byevangelism the majority had pagans against the few Christian converts existed but only field. Britain….was concentrating…in China, France was….. in isolated bursts. Very few Yoruba Christians were actually entangled in Mexico….The American Republic was prevented by theBerlin civil Conferencewar from taking aside, a thevery colonization active part……” of The [1]. Yoruba by The British cannot be understood without understanding couldkilled neverfor their get pagansfaith. Most to marry persecution them so camethe few in Christiansthe form shunning, mockery and ostracization. Yoruba Christians A Tale of Two Empires: A Forensic Analysis of How and Why the Ethiopians Escaped Colonization Anthropol Ethnol Open Acc J but the Yorubas Did Not 2 Anthropology and Ethnology Open Access Journal ecstasy the Yoruba Christians headed to Lagos to see The these pioneer Yoruba Christians were Protestant Christians British Governor General who must have thought Christmas married among themselves and were quite tightknit. Most of had come early. The news was almost too good to be true. toof realizeChurch thatof EnglandChristianity [Anglican] would neveraffiliation. catch Some on without highly themselves under The British Empire’s protection! And so forward thinking and intelligent fanatics among them began Without resistance, here were a local people willing to put military invasion from Christian Britain. Yoruba Christians out by the Yoruba Christian intelligentsia and The British something dramatic happening. Something dramatic like a Governorthe terms ofGeneral the decampment of Lagos. Threeand peace decades treaty earlier, were worked it had protectionwere treated and like courted second them class because citizens the by Christians the rank had and a Bloodhound and the loss of hundreds of lives for the British file Yoruba pagans but the Yoruba leaders offered them taken the bombardment of Lagos by the battleship HMS hinterland was coming to The British without any resistance! theseskill the Christians pagan rulers drafted needed and translated and prized-the letters ability for monarchs. to speak Post-hasteto take Lagos the from Yoruba the Yoruba.Christian Now minority the far moreheaded populous to the Oneand writecan thesee Whitehow man’sthe opportunity language [English]. and temptation So it was thatfor manipulation and deceit was great under such conditions. A they had drawn up in collusion with the Governor General of lot was added and lost in translation. Lagos.battlefield To get and the got winning the losing side to side sign to up sign was thenot sodocuments easy but eventually they too signed. The Christian minority had pulled That the Yoruba Christian intelligentsias were liberal in the translation of letters is on record. The Reverend Samuel had been achieved in a matter of days! The 1886 documents Johnson even advised it in History of the yorubas. Critiquing guaranteedit off. What decadesprotection of furiousfrom persecution evangelism couldto all not Christians achieve and forced the pagan rulers to encourage the preaching of some pagan Yoruba rulers The Reverend Samuel Johnson wasa letter sure from that The part Acting of the Governor spirit of ofthe Lagos letter [Fred would Evans] be lost to pagan religion was also abolished. And to enforce all these, in translation. Hear him viz- “But happily the patronizing Britishthe Gospel. Colonial Human troops sacrifice, armed part with and state parcel of the of artthe MartiniYoruba language of the letter which discloses so much thinly veiled contempt will be lost in translation, and in other respects new dispensation the hitherto despised Christians became theHenry elite, Rifles second were only stationed to the paganin every rulers Yoruba themselves. town. In Mass this interpreters MAY BE TRUSTED to make up in tone and andexpression death thefor whatYoruba is Christianwanting in intelligentsia style and diction ameliorated [2]. In Theconversions tables had to Christianityturned and slowlythe Yoruba but surely pagans took and place muslims and harshthose daysletters when and pagananimated Yoruba tepid kings letters had at the will power to suit of thelife werechurches now and the missionsecond classschools citizens. sprung If upthose like pagan mushrooms. Yoruba No opportunity to alter the meanings of documents to their greatsituation advantage and temper arose of asrecipients did in 1886 and to however. save their Two own Yoruba skins. Samuelrulers and Johnson) their armies they were had handingbeen told sovereignty that by affixing over to their the armies with combined forces of over two hundred thousand British,marks toto thata man 1886 they treatywould (instigatedhave buried by the the hatchet Reverend and men had fought themselves to exhaustion. One of the sides united against the white usurpers. Ever heard the tale of slowly but surely annihilating the other side which was had obtained the Gatling gun and the sneider rifle and was the frog gradually boiled without realizing it? That was how the Yoruba Christian Intelligentsia had been waiting for. The treatyYoruba armistice colonization ceremony. took place. Both Itpreviously is very important warring factionsto note Yorubausing mostly Christian muskets intelligentsia [3]. This wasapproached the golden the opportunity losing side returnedthat there to was their NO cities disarmament with every of swordany kind still during in its scabbardthe 1886 and informed them they could bring an immediate end to the war. If only they would allow Great Britain to mediate in the war, British troops (armed with state of the art Martini hadn’tand every the rifle foggiest still slung idea on that shoulder. they Nowere arms being or ammunition colonized. was surrendered and no guns stacked. The pagan soldiers andHenry escort Rifles,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Samuel Johnson on the Egyptian Origin of the Yoruba
    SAMUEL JOHNSON ON THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE YORUBA by Jock Matthew Agai A thesis submitted to the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 Declaration I, Jock Matthew Agai, hereby declare that ‘SAMUEL JOHNSON ON THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE YORUBA’ is my own original work, and that it has not been previously accepted by any other institution for the award of a degree, and that all quotations have been distinguished by quotation mark, and all sources of information have been duly acknowledged. __________________________ Jock Matthew Agai (Student) ______________________ Professor Phillippe Denis (Supervisor) 30 November 2016 i Dedication This research is dedicated to my grandmother, the late Ngo Margaret alias Nakai Shingot, who passed away in 2009, during which time I was preparing for this research. She was my best friend. May her gentle soul rest in peace. ii Thesis statement The Yoruba oral tradition, according to which the original ancestors of the Yoruba originated from the “East,” was popular in Yorubaland during the early 19th century. Before the period 1846 to 1901, the East was popularly perceived by the Yoruba as Arabia, Mecca or Saudi Arabia. Samuel Johnson (1846-1901) mentioned that Mohammed Belo (1781-1837) was among the first Africans to write that the East meant Arabia, Mecca or Saudi Arabia. He contested the views of associating the East with a Muslim land or a Muslim origin. In contrast to these views, Johnson believed that the East actually meant Egypt. This thesis presents research into Samuel Johnson’s contribution towards the development of the tradition of Egyptian origins of the Yoruba.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 11:26:22PM Via Free Access Ish Personnel Reluctant to Serve in the Tropics
    Gesnerus 77/2 (2020) 348–410, DOI: 10.24894/Gesn-en.2020.77014 James Africanus Beale Horton (1835–1883) – A West African Army Doctor’s Strategies of Self- Legitimisation* Andrea Graf Summary This article examines the interconnections between medical science and poli- tics on the eve of the advent of colonial rule on the West African coast by means of the example of James Africanus Beale Horton (1835–1883), one of the fi rst West Africans to receive medical training in Britain and to serve as a medical offi cer in the British Army. As he is known today as a political author, Horton’s scientifi c work has hitherto been largely neglected in the historiogra- phy. His work as a medical offi cer and his research as an ambitious medical sci- entist allowed him to develop elaborate proposals for hygiene policy reforms. Furthermore, angered by emerging European race theories, he set out to re- fute prejudices against Africans and to draft self-governing West African states. This article seeks to demonstrate how scientifi c research helped a mid-nineteenth-century African scholar legitimise himself as an authoritative doctor and situate himself within European political and academic paradigms. Proto-Colonialism, Medical Topography, British West Africa, Racism Introduction By the end of the 1850s, the British ‘civilising mission’ in Africa was supposed to be at an advanced stage, but high morbidity and mortality rates made Brit- * I would like to thank Roberto Zaugg for his continued support and encouragement, Patrick Grogan for his invaluable editing, and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful com- ments on this article.
    [Show full text]
  • The Man Question in Ifá 1
    NOTES Introduction: Exhuming Subjugated Knowledge and Liberating Marginalized Epistemes 1 . Anibal Quijano, “Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality,” Cultural Studies 21, no. 2/3 (March/May 2007): 169. 2 . Maria Lugones, “Hetrosexualism and the Colonial Modern Gender System,” Hypatia 22, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 186. 3 . Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). 4 . Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa. Myths of Decolonization (Dakar, Sengal: Codesria, 2013), 52. 5 . Ibid., 16. 6 . New York Times , February 3, 2015. 7 . Ifi Amadiume, Re-inventing Africa Matriarchy, Religion, and Culture (London: Zed Books, 1997), 23. 8 . Maxwell Owusu, “Toward an African Critique of African Ethnography: The Usefulness of the Useless,” in Reclaiming the Human Sciences and Humanities through African Perspectives , ed. H. Lauer and Kofi Anyidoho (Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers), 90. 1 Divining Knowledge: The Man Question in Ifá 1 . Throughout the text, although I refer to Yor ù b á people, my primary focus ̀ is on the history and culture Ọ y ọ́ -Yor ù b á , which is a dominant subgroup of the nationality. That said, it should be noted that those cultural specificities were more pronounced before the sweeping changes that occurred in civil war and in the post-nineteenth-century periods. Language is also central to this study, and my engagement is with standard Yorù b á language, which ̀ ̀ is said to have privileged the Ọ y ọ́ dialect. The term “ Ọ y ọ́ -Yor ù b á ” covers ̀ many towns and communities that were at the center of Ọ y ọ́ Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigerian Press Under Imperialists and Dictators, 1903-1985
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 296 319 CS 211 319 AUTHOR Ogbondah, Chris W. TITLE Nigerian Press under Imperialists and Dictators, 1903-1985. PUB DATE Jul 88 NOTE 36p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (71st, Portland, OR, July 2-5, 1988). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) Reports Research /Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/12CO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *African History; *Authoritarianism; Case Studies; Colonialism; Foreign Countries; Freedom of Speech; Government Role; *Journalism; Media Research; News Media; Political Nttitudes; *Public Opinion IDENTIFIERS Journalism History; Journalism Research; Media Government Relationship; *Nigeria; *Press Law ABSTRACT Comparing the Nigerian press during the colonial period of British rule and the post-independence period, a case study examined two press laws: the Newspaper Ordinance No. 10 of 1903, and Decree No. 4 of 1984 (Public Officers Protection against False Accusation Decree). Using qualitative research methodology, the study investigated how the indigenous population reacted to the press laws. The Newspaper Ordinance law was selected because it was the first newspaper law enacted by the colonial government. Decree No. 4 was selected because it embodied all previously enacted post-independence press laws. Both laws were enacted by an authoritarian form of government--a colonialist/imperialist regime in one instance and a military dictatorship in the other. Analysis indicated that the introduction of the first press law met with public resentment similar to the public opposition to the press law enacted by the Muhammadu Buhari military regime. The objectives of the press laws were found to be about the same, and the rationales for public resentment of the laws were congruent.
    [Show full text]
  • In 1897, the Patriarch of Modern Yoruba Historiography, Reverend
    BOOK REVIEW A History of the Yoruba People. By S. Adebanji Akintoye. Amalion Publishing, Dakar, 2010, xii + 498 pp. ISBN 978-235926-005-2 (Hardback). US$ 50.00. In 1897, the patriarch of modern Yoruba historiography, The objective of the author — to write a book Reverend Samuel Johnson wrote the following words that is accessible to general readers and the academic in the preface of his book (completed and edited by his scholars — is complicated, as he recognizes, by the brother, Obadiah Johnson), The History of the Yorubas fact that the subject of Yoruba history “is large and (1921): continually growing” with “many unresolved issues of fact and interpretation” (vii). The Yoruba not only “The histories of all nations present many phases have, arguably, the largest cultural-ethnic group in and divers[e] features, which are brought out by vari- West Africa with far more ancestral polities/states and ous writers in the lines in which each is interested; the towns/cities than any but it also has the distinction of same method we hope will be pursued by writers in this being one of the African groups with the largest cor- country until we become possessed of a fuller History pus of publications on culture and history. Akintoye’s of the Yorubas” (JOHNSON 1921: viii). book however succeeds very well in providing a lucid synthesis of the newer and the older literature that The History of the Yorubas was the first attempt, is not limited to the traditional historical essays and more than a hundred years ago, to provide a compre- books but also includes archaeology, art history, and hensive history of the Yoruba peoples from their ori- local histories; and for the much later periods — twen- gins as a cultural-ethnic community to the present.
    [Show full text]
  • The Educated Elite and Associational Life in Early Lagos Newspapers: in Search of Unity for the Progress of Society
    THE EDUCATED ELITE AND ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE IN EARLY LAGOS NEWSPAPERS: IN SEARCH OF UNITY FOR THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY by NOZOMI SAWADA A thesis submitted to University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre of West African Studies School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham July 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis has examined the associational lives of the educated African elite described in the Lagos newspapers between 1880 and 1920, focusing especially on articles about memorial associations, industrial and agricultural associations, and associations relating to the ceremonies of the British Empire. There are two purposes underlying this research. The first is to re-examine early colonial Lagos, which has been described as a divided society. The second is to re-evaluate the roles of the early Lagos press. Based on extensive examination of the Lagos newspapers, this thesis argues that the descriptions of associational activities in Lagos newspapers were part of a conscious project of the press to re-construct Lagos society by encouraging “unity” for an “African”/“Nigerian” way of progress.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Modern Messianic Cults (London: Mcgibbon and Kee, 1963); T
    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. E.g., V. Lanternari, Religions of the Oppressed: A Study of Modern Messianic Cults (London: McGibbon and Kee, 1963); T. Hodgkin, Nationalism in Colonial Africa (London: Frederick Muller, 1956), chapter 3. 2. R. Horton, “African Conversion,” Africa 41 (1971), 85–108. 3. J. D. Y. Peel, “Religious Change among the Yoruba,” Africa 37 (1967), 292–306, and “Conversion and Tradition in Two African Societies: Ijebu and Buganda,” Past and Present 77 (1977), 108–41. 4. J. D. Y. Peel, Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000). 5. See H. Whitehouse, Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); and H. Whitehouse and J. Laidlaw, eds., Ritual and Memory: Toward a Comparative Anthropology of Religion (Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 2004). 6. M. Pelkmans, ed., Conversion after Socialism: Disruptions, Modernisms and Technologies of Faith in the Former Soviet Union (New York: Berghahn, 2009), being selected papers from a conference held at the Max Planck Institute Halle in April 2005. 7. T. G. Gbadamosi, The Growth of Islam among the Yoruba, 1841–1908 (London: Longman, 1978). It is worth noting that, though Gbadamosi is a Muslim himself, his study is bookended in Christian terms, since its start and end dates have no Muslim relevance but derive from mission activity and documentation. 8. See Rosalind I. J. Hackett, “The Academic Study of Religion in Nigeria,” Religion 18 (1988), 37–46. 9. For a recent work that usefully spans its trajectory up to the present, see Jens Kreinath, ed., The Anthropology of Islam Reader (London: Routledge, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Argument for the Reclassification of Yoruba As a Language Isolate
    Peer Reviewed Journal of Forensic L UPINE PUBLISHERS & Genetic Sciences Open Access DOI: 10.32474/PRJFGS.2018.02.000142 ISSN: 2638-6062 Mini Review Argument for The Reclassification of Yoruba as A Language Isolate Seun Ayoade* Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Received: Published: *Corresponding October author: 01, 2018; October 05, 2018 Seun Ayoade, BSc (Hons) Alumnus, College of Medicine U.I, Independent Researcher, Nigeria Mini Review th century. Alaafin of Oyo is said to have ruled in the area in the 16 Whereas the uniquely tonal language of Yoruba is currently Thus by 1600 there was still considerable cultural contact between classified as belonging to one of the ‘families’ of African languages an th people in the Dahomey area and the Yoruba of both Oyo and Ife. The argument can be made that this is a misnomer, made by patronizing Yoruba language was understood and used right along the coast to European explorers and linguists of the 19 and early 20th the frontiers of modern Ghana. The kingdom of Allada, or Ardrah, centuries. The principal reason Yoruba came to be thus classified which exercised authority over the Aja peoples of the coast, shared was because of similarities European racists found between Yoruba to a very large extent Yoruba civilization [5]- “An Empire of this and some other Nigerian/west African languages. Assuming sub- type, with Oyo as its centre thus extended over most of western Saharan Africans had no history and had never set up kingdoms Nigeria, as far as the lower Niger in the east, to the west as far as and colonies of their own it simply never occurred to these far as Atakpame in Togo, while in the north it controlled Nupe and prejudiced Europeans and Americans that these other languages th Borgu.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Early Nigerian Doctors and Their Contribution to Modern Medicine in West Africa
    SOME EARLY NIGERIAN DOCTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN MEDICINE IN WEST AFRICA by ADELOLA ADELOYE* To THE medical historian two roads at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, would excite a good deal of interest. One is the Africanus Horton Road which leads to the Computer Centre, and the other is Sapara Road along which lies the Department of Nursing. Africanus Horton, together with his colleague, William Davies, were the first Nigerians to qualify as medical doctors' when they simultaneously gained the M.R.C.S. ofEngland at King's College, London, in 1858. On the other hand, Oguntola Sapara, who obtained the L.R.C.P. and S. of Edinburgh in 1895, was the last and eighth Nigerian to qualify in medicine in the nineteenth century. Between 1858 and 1895, five other Nigerians graduated in medicine, namely Nathaniel King (1874), Obadiah Johnson (1884), John Randle (1888), Orisadipe Obasa (1891) and Akinsiku Leigh-Sodipe (1892). This paper briefly sketches the life histories of these illustrious nineteenth-century Nigerian doctors and the contributions which they made as pioneer physicians to the practice of modem medicine in West Africa. After completing their studies at King's College, London, William Broughton Davies and James Africanus Beale Horton left England for Scotland where they obtained the M.D.; Davies, in October 1858 by examination from the University of St. Andrews,2 and Horton by a thesis from Edinburgh University in August 1859.3 In September 1859, Davies and Horton were commissioned in the British Army as Staff Assistant Surgeons for services in West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • British Colonial Authoritarianism, African Military Dictatorship and the Nigerian Press by Chris W
    The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. Africa Media Review Vol. 6 No. 3 1992 ©African Council for Communication Education British Colonial Authoritarianism, African Military Dictatorship and the Nigerian Press by Chris W. Ogbondah* Abstract The history of journalism in Nigeria has been influenced by the two major eras of British colonial rule (1895-1960) and indigenous military governments after independence on October 1, 1960. Both forms of governments enacted press laws at various periods in Nigeria's journalism history. This study compares and contrasts the variables that shaped the laws enacted by both the British colonial and the post-independence military governments, the intended overt and covert objectives of those laws and the reactions of the indigenous people. *Dr. Chris W. Ogbondah teaches in the Department of English Language and Literature, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, U. S. A. 1 L'Autoritarisme Colonial, La Dictature Militalre Africaine et la Presse au Nigeria par Chris W. Ogbondah R6sum6 L'histolre du journalisme au Nigeria a ete infiuencee par deux epoques principales, l'une, celle du regime colonial britannique (1859-1960) et l'autre, celle du gouvemement militaire indigene apres l'accession du pays a l'independance. le ler octobre 1960. Toutes les deux formes de gouvemement ont edicte des lois sur la presse a diverses occasions au cours de l'histoire du journalisme au Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Abacha, Sani (1993), ‘General Abacha’s Speech After Resignation of Shonekan’, http://www.dawodu.com/abacha3.htm, accessed 15 August 2012. ——— (1996) http://www.dawodu.com/ibb3.htm, accessed 15 August 2012. Abimbola, Wande (2000) ‘Continuity and Change in the Verbal, Artistic, Ritualistic, and Performance Traditions of Ifa Divination’, Insight and Artistry in African Divination, ed. John Pemberton III (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press), pp. 175–81. Abiodun, Rowland (1994) ‘Understanding Yoruba Art and Aesthetics: The Concept of Ase’, African Arts 27.3. Abodunrin, Femi, Olu Obafemi, and Wole Ogundele (2001) Character Is Beauty: Redefi ning Yoruba Culture and Identity Iwalewa-Haus, 1981–1986 (Trenton, NJ: African World Press). Action Group (AG) (1957) NCNC: Their Black Record (Nigeria: Publisher Unknown). Adedeji, Joel (1969) The Alarinjo Theatre: The Study of a Yoruba Theatrical Art Form from its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Times (unpublished dissertation). Adéëkô, Adélékè (1998) Proverbs, Textuality, and Nativism in African Literature (Miami: University Press of Florida). Agbakoba, Joseph C.A. (2009) ‘Personal Values and Democratic Ethics’, The Developmental Philosophy of Emmanuel Onyechere Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe: Personal Values, Personal Awareness and Self-Mastery, eds Olusegun Oladipo and Adebola B. Ekanola (Ibadan: Hope Publications). Agbese, Pita Ogaba (2002) ‘The Civil War and the Transformation of Nigerian Politics’, The Nigerian Civil War and Its Aftermath, eds Eghosa E. Osaghae, Ebere Onwudiwe, and Rotimi T. Suberu (Ibadan: John Archers). Agbola, Tunde (1997) The Architecture of Fear (Ibadan: IFRA). Ajayi, Omofolabo S. (1998) Yoruba Dance: The Semiotics of Movement and Body Attitude in a Nigerian Culture (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press).
    [Show full text]
  • Samuel Johnson of Yoruba Land, 1846-1901: Religio-Cultural Identity in a Changing Environment and the Making of a Mission Agent
    SAMUEL JOHNSON OF YORUBA LAND, 1846-1901: RELIGIO-CULTURAL IDENTITY IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAKING OF A MISSION AGENT By Kehinde Olumuyiwa Olabimtan A Thesis submitted to the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2009 DECLARATION I hereby declare that I composed this thesis myself, and that it has not been previously accepted by any other institution for the award of a degree, and that all quotations have been distinguished by quotation mark, and all sources of information have been duly acknowledged. _________________________________________________ Kehinde Olumuyiwa Olabimtan September 21, 2009 ii To Bose, Bolarinwa, OIumide and Tinuoluwa, my immediate context of life, for the time and opportunities they sacrificed so that I may complete this research iii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the cultural and the religious formation of Rev. Samuel Johnson and his response to the changing environment of West Africa, particularly Yorubaland, in the nineteenth century. Divided into two parts, the first part looks at the biography of the man, paying attention to his formative environment and his response to it as a Yoruba evangelist in the service of the Church Missionary Society (CMS). The second part explores the issues that were involved in his response to his changing milieu of ministry—encounter with Yoruba religions and Islam, the search for peace in the Yoruba country, and historical consciousness. The first chapter, which is introductory, sets the pace for the research by looking at the academic use to which the missionary archives have been put, from the 1950s, to unravel Africa’s past.
    [Show full text]