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Un Mar De Historias Entrecruzadas, Y En Un Solo Libro MEMORIAS Revista digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe colombiano Revisitando un clásico: James Burney y su Historia de los Bucaneros de América. Una definición del mundo a principios del S. XIX Revisiting a classic: James Burney and A History of the buccaneers of America. A definitions of the world at the beginning of the 19th century Juan Marchena1 Resumen Entre la literatura y la historia y sobre la base de los escritos del navegante inglés James Burney el presente trabajo hace un recorrido a lo largo del siglo XVIII por el proceso de conocimiento de la navegación en los mares del planeta haciendo especial énfasis en los viajes por el Caribe. Palabras Clave: James Burney, bucaneros, navegaciones, siglo XVIII. Abstract Taking into consideration literature and history, together with the accounts of the English naval officer James Burney, this paper examines the 18th century's knowledge- acquisition process regarding ocean navigation and makes special emphasis on the journeys in the Caribbean. Keywords: James Burney, buccaneers, navegations, XVIII century. 1 Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Año 9, N°16. Barranquilla, Mayo 2012. ISSN 1794‐8886 36 MEMORIAS Revista digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe colombiano Libros como fragatas En pleno apogeo de las obras “fragatas” que llevaban a los lectores británicos a Emily Dickinson escribió que “no existe “tierras lejanas”, destacaron enseguida mejor fragata que un libro para aquellas que tenían como personajes llevarnos a tierras lejanas”2. Es una principales a los piratas, seres mitad frase que resume lo que a mediados del abominables, mitad fascinantes, que S. XIX, en plena expansión de la encarnaban, en aquel mundo de revolución industrial y en el vórtice de seguridades comerciales y un colonialismo inglés que se dilataba empresariales, el viejo y eterno espíritu velozmente por Asia, África y Oceanía, de aventuras, imprescindible para se entendía como la mejor manera de distraer y emocionar, en mitad del explicar el mundo. Lo visto y observado turbión romántico, las almas de los desde la borda de un navío británico, y viajeros y viajeras de papel. Obras – transcrito en las páginas de un libro, novelas casi en su totalidad, a las cuales constituía al parecer todo lo que se se debió el triunfo arrollador del género- necesitaba para dominar y entender la que componen un repertorio nutrido, geografía física y humana del planeta. desde las inaugurales de todas ellas, Solo Joseph Conrad, pocos años Robinson Crusoe4 (1719) y enseguida después, pondría en entredicho esta afirmación porque, según él, desde la borda de un navío no podía aprenderse contra el continente. ¡Paf!, haría uno de sus pequeños cañones de seis pulgadas; aparecería nada, a no ser sobre el alma de los que una pequeña llama y se extinguiría; se esfumaría una ligera humareda blanca; un pequeño 3 navegaban en él . proyectil silbaría débilmente y nada habría ocurrido. Nada podría ocurrir. Había un aire de locura en aquella actividad; su contemplación 2 Poetisa estadounidense (1830-1886). Sus obras producía una impresión de broma lúgubre. Y completas no fueron publicadas sino hasta 1955 esa impresión no desapareció cuando alguien de por Thomas Johnson. a bordo me aseguró con toda seriedad que allí 3 Heart of darkness, Londres 1899. El corazón había un campamento de aborígenes (¡los de las tinieblas. “En una ocasión, me acuerdo llamaba enemigos!), oculto en algún lugar fuera muy bien, nos acercamos a un barco de guerra de nuestra vista”. Traducción de Sergio Pitol. anclado en la costa. No había siquiera una Lumen, Barcelona, 1982. cabaña, y sin embargo disparaba contra los 4 Primera edición, 1719. Título completo: The matorrales. Según parece los franceses libraban Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of allí una de sus guerras. Su enseña flotaba con la Robinson Crusoe of York, mariner: Who lived flexibilidad de un trapo desgarrado. Las bocas Eight and Twenty Years, All Alone in Un- de los largos cañones de seis pulgadas inhabited Island on the Coast of America, Near sobresalían de la parte inferior del casco. El the Mouth on the Great River of Oroonoque; oleaje aceitoso y espeso levantaba al barco y lo Having Been Cast of Shore by Shipwreck, where volvía a bajar perezosamente, balanceando sus in all the Men perished but himself. With an espigados mástiles. En la vacía inmensidad de la Account how he was at last strangely deliver’d tierra, el cielo y el agua, aquella nave disparaba by pirates. Written by Himself, Londres, Año 9, N°16. Barranquilla, Mayo 2012. ISSN 1794‐8886 37 MEMORIAS Revista digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe colombiano Vida, aventuras y peripecias del famoso quedaron para siempre reunidos en este Capitán Singleton5 (1720), ambas de único apellido: pirata); y quien los Daniel Defoe, hasta la más clásica, La vinculó también a un imaginario isla del Tesoro6 de Robert Louis especifico que tiene que ver con mapas Stevenson, escrita más de siglo y medio dibujados en torno a una X misteriosa, después. Un mitad de ellas aparecieron con buques pintados de negro, islas otras, muchísimo menos conocidas – tropicales, marineros de una sola pierna hoy casi desconocidas, diría yo- que y loros sobre sus hombros, barricas de cumplieron el mismo papel: llevar, ron, tormentas hy huracanes, peligros como fragatas, al gran público a tierras inauditos, naufragios, tiburones, lejanas, mostrándoles que fueron esos raptos... En realidad, no fue así, no tuvo compatriotas suyos -los buenos y los mucho que inventar Stevenson, sino que malos, pero compatriotas en suma- los bebió (y por eso el tema se hizo tan descubridores innegables de una nueva popular inmediatamente, porque existía geografía aventurera bañada por los una sólida base para recibir este tipo de siete mares del globo y que ahora relato-tópico) de una extensa colección aparecía desvelada entre las manos de de autores y obras (algunas también los lectores desde las páginas impresas muy conocidas en su momento)7. Y, de los libros. sobre todo, supo explotar un tema ampliamente difundido a través de la Siempre hemos pensado y creído que literatura y la historia de los piratas o de fue Stevenson quien relacionó a los la piratería. piratas con todas las maldades conocidas y posibles sobre los mares En efecto, entre la segunda mitad del S. (identificándolos además con corsarios, XVIII y la primera mitad del XIX, la bucaneros, filibusteros, quienes, cantidad de literatura editada sobre el distintos en su manifestaciones, tema en Inglaterra –especialmente- y en actuaciones, marcos jurídicos, etc., 7 Que el tema de la piratería y sus tópicos eran bien populares en esa época entre muchos impreso por W. Taylor en Paternoster Row, sectores de población se demuestra por el hecho 1719. de que, como Stevenson cuenta en sus 5 The life, adventures and Pyracies of the memorias, muchas personas (su padre, sus famous Captain Singleton, J. Brotherton, Graves parientes, sus amigos) le ayudaron dándole and Co., London, 1720. detalles, que él incorporaba a la obra, sobre la 6 El título original de su primera edición (en vestimenta de los piratas, hasta la forma de fascículos) fue: The Sea Cook, or Treasure hablar y comportarse, etc. Es decir, el tópico se Island, Young Folks, Londres, 1881-1882. construyó sobre otros tópicos. Año 9, N°16. Barranquilla, Mayo 2012. ISSN 1794‐8886 38 MEMORIAS Revista digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe colombiano Europa en general, fue muy importante razones que les llevaron a emprender (Nótese la correspondencia de estas tales acciones9. fechas de publicación con los fenómenos económicos y políticos que En una línea similar, ya en prosa, se estaban produciendo a nivel global, aparecieron enseguida The Pirate, de con epicentro en Gran Bretaña, y a los Walter Scott, editado en 182210, y The que antes hicimos referencia). De modo Red Rover: A Tale, (traducido como El que personajes como William Kidd, Corsario Rojo) de James Fenimore Howell Davis, Edward Teach Cooper, publicado en 182611. Y se (Barbanegra), Edgard England, hicieron muy populares las andanzas de Bartolomew Roberts, piratas de Jean Lafitte en el Golfo de México (a principios del XVIII, eran muy famosos principios del S. XIX) por unas entre los británicos del S. XIX. Sin supuestas memorias editadas por contar, obviamente, los clásicos del S. William S. Spear12, seguidas de la XVII. novela de Joseph Holt Ingraham sobre el mismo personaje, Lafitte: The Pirate Veamos algunos ejemplos de esta of the Gulf 13 editada en 1836. El mismo literatura. autor, ya entrando en todos los tópicos del caso, publicó tres años más tarde No fue una novela pero sí un best-seller: Captain Kyd, or The Wizard of the del poema El Corsario, A Tale8, de Sea14. También en 1836, Frederick Lord Byron (1814) se vendieron casi Marryat (Capitán Marryat), sacaba a la diez mil ejemplares en los primeros días tras su publicación: pleno de 9 El ejemplo de Byron en esta temática fue seguido en España por José de Espronceda, con romanticismo, queda en estos versos su poema, que también se hizo famosísimo, La canción del Pirata (Madrid, 1840). Para este identificada la vinculación de los piratas tipo de literatura en castellano ver Gerardo con la necesidad de vindicar y resarcir a González de la Vega, Por donde el viento nos lleve. Antología de relatos españoles de piratas, los desposeídos y los humillados. A Ediciones B, Madrid, 2003. 10 Hurst, Robinson and Co., London, 1822. partir de aquí, habrá piratas buenos y Fenimore Cooper fue al autor de otra novela de gran éxito, El último Mohicano, 1826. piratas malos: la diferencia estará en las 11 Paris-Londres, 1826. 12 William S. Spear (comp y ed.), The Memoirs of Lafitte, or The Barratarian Pirate: A Narrative Founded on Fact, Impr.
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