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Chapter 17: the Vietnam War, 1954-1975

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Chapter 17: the Vietnam War, 1954-1975 1954–1975 The Vietnam War . The Big Ideas , SECTION 1: The United States Focuses on Vietnam The fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. American efforts to stop the spread of communism led to U.S. involvement in the affairs of Vietnam. SECTION 2: Going to War in Vietnam The fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. After providing South Vietnam with much aid and support, the United States finally sent in troops to fight as well. SECTION 3: Vietnam Divides the Nation People react to periods of breathtaking social and cultural change in different ways. The experience of Vietnam produced sharp divisions between Americans who supported the war and those who did not. SECTION 4: The War Winds Down The fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. After nearly eight years of fighting in Vietnam, the United States withdrew its forces. The American Vision: Modern Times Video The Chapter 17 video, “Vietnam: A Different War,” explores the causes and the impact of this longest war in American history. 1954 • Vietminh defeat French 1964 1965 • Geneva Accords signed • Congress passes Gulf • U.S. combat troops of Tonkin Resolution arrive in Vietnam ▲ Eisenhower Kennedy L. Johnson 1953–1961 1961–1963 1963–1969 ▲ ▲ 1955 1960 1965 ▼ ▼ ▼ 1955 1964 • Khrushchev is • Japan introduces first dominant leader high-speed passenger train in USSR 1958 • De Gaulle heads France’s Fifth Republic 768 CHAPTER 12 Becoming a World Power (t)AP/Wide World Photos, (bl br)White House Historical Association, (bc)Art Resource Diane Walker/TimePix/ Getty Images The dedication ceremony for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1967 in Washington, D.C., November 13, 1982 • March on the Pentagon takes place 1973 1968 • Cease-fire signed • Tet offensive with North Vietnam 1975 • Students protest at • Evacuation of last Democratic National Americans from Vietnam Convention in 1970 Chicago • National Guard troops kill HISTORY students at Kent State Nixon University Ford ▲ ▲ 1969–1974 ▲ ▲ 1974–1977 ▲ Chapter Overview Visit the American Vision: Modern Times Web site at 1970 1975 tav.mt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter Overviews— ▼ ▼▼▼ Chapter 17 to preview chapter 1971 information. • Pakistani civil war leads to 1967 1968 independent Bangladesh • First heart • Soviets repress 1975 transplant Czechoslovakia’s rebellion • Civil war breaks performed out in Angola 769769 (t)Picture Research Consultants, (c)Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent, (b)White House Historical Association, (bl)White House Historical Association Questioning the Author hile reading this textbook, do you ever wonder what the author was Wthinking when he wrote a passage? If so, you have questioned the author in your mind. Effective readers understand that every author writes for an audience. When you create questions for the author, you help yourself get to the deeper meaning of the text. You will find answers to some of your questions in the text, but some questions will remain open- ended. The reading strategy called Questioning the Author (QtA) helps you to make connections and read beyond the text. You can use QtA at any time, whether you are reading the main text or the American Story near the beginning of each section. Stop occasionally during the reading to ask yourself about the author’s purpose for a passage, the clarity of the passage, or about experiences that link this information to something else. You will also notice that this textbook contains extended quotes from the people of the time. When you see these quotes, ask yourself why the author has included them. QUESTIONING Read the passage below about American officer THE AUTHOR Archimedes Patti, who helped Vietminh leader Ho Always ask yourself if what Chi Minh write the Vietnam Declaration of you are reading makes Independence in 1945. sense. If it doesn’t, you can reread a passage or discuss When a translator read aloud the opening— it with your teacher or, with “All men are created equal; they are endowed by your teacher’s permission, their Creator with certain unalienable rights; with a partner. among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”—Patti suddenly sat up, startled, recog- nizing the words as very similar to the American Declaration of Independence. (p. 774) Use these QtA questions to discuss the text passage. • Why did the author include the opening of the declaration? • What does this sentence remind you of? • Do you understand why Patti reacted in such a way? • Based on what you know about the origin of the quote, what do you think will happen next? As you read Chapter 17, stop at least once on each page to apply QtA to a passage you have just read. You should also use this strategy for each quote. Understanding why an author has included a particular quote will help you better understand the quote itself and the information surrounding the quote. 770 CHAPTER 17 The Vietnam War Analysis Skill Standard CS1 Comparing Present and Past Chronological and Spatial Thinking You will understand history better if you learn to compare the present with the past, evaluate the consequences of past events and deci- sions, and determine the lessons that were learned. magine that you have walked into class and face a test for which you did not Iprepare. How do you react? When people are faced with a problem, some might ignore it, hoping it will go away. Others may run away from the problem. Still others might face the problem, trying to influence the potential outcome. You may find that the most effective way to address a problem is to review past solutions to similar problems that you or others have tried. When historians try to understand events, they often use a similar strategy. Historians review information to see if they recognize any patterns. They then use their prior knowledge of similar historical events to compare these events. The events may have occurred before or after the event they are studying. Historians also may compare present events with those that occurred in the past, evaluating the consequences of past events in order to determine lessons learned. Read the following passage to see how President Dwight Eisenhower used the consequences of the past in his policy decisions on Vietnam. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly.... Asia, after all, has already lost 450 million of its peoples to the Communist dictatorship, and we simply can’t afford greater losses.... (page 775) As you learned in previous chapters, after World War II the United States was concerned about the spread of communism around the world. When President Eisenhower took office, China had become a communist country and the United States was negotiating an armistice with communist North Korea. Eisenhower feared that if Vietnam, too, fell to communism, other nations in Southeast Asia would follow. This concern influenced Eisenhower’s decision to support the French against the Vietminh. As you read the chapter, note how the domino theory influenced United States pol- icy in Vietnam through 1975. At the same time, determine what lessons were learned, or not learned, from this policy. CHAPTER 17 The Vietnam War 771 The United States Focuses on Vietnam Guide to Reading Connection Content Vocabulary Reading Strategy In the previous chapter, you learned domino theory, guerrilla Organizing As you read about the about the civil rights movement. In this increasing involvement of the United section, you will discover how the Academic Vocabulary States in Vietnam, complete a graphic United States became involved in a war region, occupy, principal organizer similar to the one below by in Vietnam. People and Terms to Identify providing reasons that the United States Ho Chi Minh, Dien Bien Phu, Ngo Dinh aided France in Vietnam. Diem • The United States supported the French in an effort to prevent the further Reading Objectives Reasons for U.S. Support of France spread of communism. (p. 773) • Describe the nationalist motives of • A newly independent Vietnam was Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh. divided in two, the communist North • Explain the origins of American and the pro-Western South. (p. 775) involvement in Vietnam during the 1950s. Preview of Events ✦1946 ✦1950 ✦1954 1946 1950 1954 1956 French-Vietminh The United States supplies Vietminh defeat French at Dien Bien Ngo Dinh Diem refuses to participate War begins military aid to France Phu; Geneva Accords signed in Paris in nationwide elections in Vietnam The following are the main History–Social Science Standards . The Big Idea , covered in this section. 11.9.2 Understand the role of mili- The fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. In a tary alliances, including NATO and SEATO, in deterring communist continuing effort to stop the spread of communism, the United States began to aggression and maintaining security during the Cold War. support France’s efforts to control Vietnam after World War II. Despite the help of 11.9.3 Trace the origins and geopoliti- the United States, the French eventually were defeated by the Vietminh. During cal consequences (foreign and domes- tic) of the Cold War and containment negotiations to end the war, the Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into two sec- policy, including the following: the era of McCarthyism, instances of domestic tions—the pro-Communist North and the pro-Western South. When France pulled Communism (e.g., Alger Hiss) and black- out, the United States stepped in to aid South Vietnam as tensions between the listing; the Truman Doctrine; the Berlin Blockade; the Korean War; the Bay of Pigs North and South escalated.
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