Le Memorie Di Wong Kar-Wai: Tra Il Tempo Perduto E Il Tempo Ritrovato

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Le Memorie Di Wong Kar-Wai: Tra Il Tempo Perduto E Il Tempo Ritrovato Laurea magistrale in Lingue e culture dell’Asia Orientale Tesi di laurea Le memorie di Wong Kar-wai: tra il tempo perduto e il tempo ritrovato Relatore Ch. Prof. Paolo Magagnin Correlatore Ch.ma Prof.ssa Nicoletta Pesaro Laureando Elisabetta Zorzi Matricola 813935 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 Ai miei genitori, Giorgia, Andrea e Matteo, per il loro supporto e il loro affetto 1 Indice I. 前言 3 1. Introduzione 6 2. Il cinema di Hong Kong 8 2.1 Le origini del cinema fino agli anni Sesssanta 8 2.2 Dagli anni Sessanta alla New Wave 13 2.3 Déjà Disparu: lo spazio della scomparsa e il nuovo cinema di 17 Hong Kong 3. Il mondo cinematografico di Wong Kar-wai 24 3.1 Wong Kar-wai: cenni biografici 24 3.2 Il “metodo” Wong Kar-wai 31 4. La visione del tempo nel cinema di Wong Kar-wai 35 5. La trilogia latina 42 5.1 La leggenda dell’uccello senza zampe: Days of Being Wild (A Fei 42 Zhengzhuan, 1991) 5.2 L’amore in un’epoca d’innocenza: In the Mood for Love 54 (Huayang Nianhua, 2000) 5.3 Una storia da ricordare: Happy Together (Chun Guang Zha Xie, 71 1997) 6. Conclusioni 84 7. Appendice: Filmografia 86 8. Glossario di termini cinematografici 98 9. Bibliografia 105 2 前言 我的毕业论文题目是 《王家卫的记忆:失去的时间与找回的时间》。王 家卫一九五八年七月十八日出生于上海。六零年代初,中国发生了大变化,消 费水平降低了,改革的倾向与毛泽东的斗争变得越来越强,所以王家卫, 他父 母,还有很多人搬迁到上海。 他属于新香港导演的第二潮, 他的电影方式是戏剧性和善感。 这个导演 把他的电影建立在香港。王家卫把这个城市描写得很支离破碎和流离失所。 他的才能是结合不同的电影体裁, 从戏剧,武打片到喜剧。由于很多形象的使 用, 王家卫的革命,创造和试验性的才能受到所有人赞赏,并使他的观众进入 到角色中。 这篇论文的目的是用他的电影来分析和记忆时间,特别是《阿飞正传》, 《花样年华》和《春光乍泄》。 时间的观念散布在他整个的影片中,他的摄影技巧,场面几乎是一样的,但是 人物的刻划,或者其它成分,比如时钟,并不一样。他办事总是那么一板一眼, 注重每一个细节。 在历史和个人的方面,时间和空间统一了:即使时过境迁,但仍记忆犹 新。他对电影的未来充满了担心, 也害怕权力的交接,给自己的身份带来影响。 为了表示乡愁,王家卫的电影中,所有的人物和地点都存在联系。他在这里表 现他的压抑,比如《花样年华》。 为了描写这样的情况,王家卫使用过去的元素和地点,比如歌曲,服穿, 发型。就像张曼玉在《花样年华》中穿的旗袍,她在影片中的经典旗袍秀引领 时代对旗袍美的评价。 王家卫小时候,就和他的父母搬迁到香港,所以他的电影好像一个自传 的小说。因为特指自己的过去,比如《阿飞正传》这部电影中的水手,就有王 家卫父亲的影子。 本文有九章,其中从第二章到第五章,描写最主要的部分,第一章是引 言,它介绍了论文的结构。 3 第二章阐述香港电影的历史,它介绍了电影的起源和现状。从二十世纪 六十年代到九十年代,香港电影变成一种重要的产业,并且在世界各地上演。 香港 是一个资本主义社会,融合了东方和西方的文化。通过了这个艺术工具, 抒写了香港自己的电影产业。三十年代之前,香港还是一个次要的电影市场, 主要的电影市场是在上海和广州。 在一九六零年这个时期电影有了很多类型:从喜剧片到歌舞片,从戏剧 到粤剧,但是最重要还是武侠片。 在六十年代末,经济萧条,学生运动频发,社会动荡,同时由于出现了 有线广播电视,电影产业逐渐萎缩,很少人去电影院看电影,因此广东的电影 院逐渐关门。在这种情况下,导演们纷纷转型,将自己的电影放在电视上供人 们观看。 一九七九年香港出现了一个新导演的浪潮,在这里有很多导演,比如许 鞍华,徐克,谭家明和方育平,他们在外国学习了,接触并了解了西方的电影 风格。 八十年代是一个繁荣的时期,因为建立了新电影发行公司,比如新艺城 和电影工作室。在这个时期香港出现了第二代年轻导演:关锦鹏,刘国昌,罗 卓瑶和王家卫。他们运用传统的元素,还有试验的气魄,这些电影在九十年代 得到了全世界的赞赏。 第三章介绍王家卫的电影世界:他的童年时期,全家搬迁到香港的原因 和他在那的生活,以及他所有的电影。这章也展现了他拍摄电影的手法。他的 手法之一就是由两个人物组成,并且与其它人物的命运相交,比如《花样年 华》,王家卫讲述了一个已婚男子和一个已婚女子偶然相遇,相爱,但不能相 守的故事。王家卫受西班牙文学的影响很大,尤其是 Manuel Puig 和 Gabriel García Márquez. 从 Manuel Puig 身上承袭了细节的用法,感情,手势, 言词, 还有些重要的事件。 第四章是关于时间发展的问题,在王家卫的电影里这个观念很重要。因 为导演要描写各人物对时间的感悟,还有时间的意义。这些是他所关心的事情。 王家卫表达不同形式的时间:限定时间,相爱时间,回忆时间,还有在《春光 乍泄》电影中的两个主人公分手后所表现出的孤独时间。 4 通过 《阿飞正传》,《花样年华》 和《春光乍泄》的画面和音乐,这三 部电影来解说什么是过往的时光。在电影《阿飞正传》,《花样年华》中,王 家卫用他细腻的手法来表达他对六零年代香港的追忆,因为那是他的青年时期。 在《阿飞正传》这部电影中讲述了阿飞从来没见过自己的亲生母亲,从 小就由养母养大,所以他对生命中遇到的每一个女人都冷酷无情。他从养母那 里知道生母的住处,决定去菲律宾,历经千辛万苦,找到了自己的亲身母亲, 但是母亲不愿和他相认,他就带着怨恨离开。 《花样年华》描写了一九六二年的香港,男主人公夫妇和女主人公夫妇 同时搬进了同一栋公寓。直到有一天,男女主人公他们发现自己的另一半成了 一对婚外恋的主角。他们在配偶背叛的阴影下,小心翼翼的接近对方。但这样 的结局注定是没有结局的。这部电影也描述了六十年代,一群上海人如何在香 港生活的。王家卫的这部电影是根据著名文学家刘以鬯的《对倒》小说来改编 的。他巧妙的借鉴了刘以鬯的《对倒》小说中所表达的思念之情,将其充分的 展现在大银幕上,使观众产生共鸣! 《春光乍泄》这部电影叙说了一对同性恋人,黎耀辉和何宝荣。 为了有 新的开始,决定去阿根廷看伊瓜苏瀑布,却在半路中迷路了,之后因为争吵两 人决定暂时分开。只有黎耀辉一个人去看了大瀑布,在瀑布下,他感到非常孤 独,决定返回香港。途中他去了趟台北,却在那里有所领悟,要开开心心地在 外面流浪,就要有一个可以回去的地方。同时在这部电影中也体现出九七香港 回归前两个同性恋男子对回归之后身份归属的担忧。这部电影是在阿根廷拍摄 的,这个地方离香港很远,并且这个地方让王家卫回忆起当时流浪的生活。 第六章介绍了这篇论文的结论,提要。在附录有王家卫的所有电影: 《旺角卡门》, 《阿飞正传》,《东邪西毒》,《重庆森林》,《堕落天使》, 《春光乍泄》, 《花样年华》,《2046》,《手》,《My Blueberry Nights》 和《一代宗师》。 在最后一章附带意大利文,英文和中文电影技术名字的注释词表。这为 观众了解导演的电影世界提供了帮助。 5 1. INTRODUZIONE Wang Jiawei 王家卫, conosciuto a livello internazionale come Wong Kar-wai, è indubbiamente l’autore di un cinema suggestivo e saliente che si pone al di fuori dei soliti metodi di rappresentazione che stanno alla base del cinema narrativo classico. Egli appartiene alla Seconda Nuova Ondata di registi di Hong Kong ed è noto per il suo stile sensibile e melodrammatico, che spesso si focalizza sulla città di Hong Kong, la quale viene rappresentata in maniera dislocata e frammentata. Ha la capacità di fondere linguaggi e generi diversi (melodramma, film d’azione, commedia) in uno stile sperimentale, proprio di quei registi della Seconda Nuova Ondata. La sua fama nel mondo cinematografico contemporaneo si deve in gran parte al suo talento pittorico, alla sua capacità di trascinare lo spettatore all’interno delle proprie opere, grazie anche all’uso suggestivo delle immagini. L’elaborato sviluppa il tema della memoria, ossia il tempo del ricordo e il tempo del passato. In Days of Being Wild, Happy Together e In The Mood For Love emergono i legami del regista con la “sua” Hong Kong, ponendo l’attenzione sugli anni della sua formazione, al rapporto con la storia delle città della sua giovinezza. Il cinema di Wong Kar-wai è radicato nella realtà culturale di Hong Kong, ma è anche influenzato dalla tradizione del cinema moderno occidentale. I suoi film non prevedono mai una sceneggiatura dettagliata, ma solo “poche pagine di appunti da modificare durante il tournage, in base alle suggestioni della location al lavoro di direzione degli attori” come spiega Silvio Alovisio.1 Il lavoro si apre con un profilo storico sul cinema di Hong Kong, dalle origini ad oggi, ponendo l’attenzione sui registi più importanti che hanno contribuito allo sviluppo dell’industria cinematografica della città, approfondendo il concetto di “spazio della scomparsa” e di déjà disparu, tratti dall’opera di Ackbar Abbas.2 Nel terzo capitolo viene tratteggiata la figura di Wong Kar-wai, dagli anni della sua infanzia, dall’esilio a Hong Kong, causato dall’instabilità politica ed economica del paese, dal forte legame con la famiglia, passando alla descrizione del suo metodo di lavoro cinematografico. 1 Silvio Alovisio, Wong Kar-wai, Il Castoro Cinema, Milano, 2010, p. 43. 2 Ackbar Abbas, Hong Kong: Culture and the Politics of Disappearance, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1997. 6 Con il quarto capitolo si viene a delineare il concetto di tempo nelle opere cinematografiche del regista in tutte le sue sfaccettature, sviluppando nel capitolo quinto il tempo della memoria, analizzando il significato della memoria del tempo passato attraverso la sequenza di immagini e di musiche nei film Days of Being Wild, Happy Together e In the Mood for Love. La trilogia presa in considerazione ricostruisce i ricordi del tempo passato, l’incapacità di riconoscere i sentimenti altrui, un tempo che viene smembrato, frantumato e analizzato alla ricerca del suo io. Un flusso di coscienza nel passato dell’autore, ma anche attuale per dare forma alla sua identità. In appendice, infine, è stata inserita tutta la filmografia di Wong Kar-wai, dalle trame di ogni singolo film ai riconoscimenti ottenuti a livello internazionale, seguita da un glossario italiano-inglese-cinese dei termini cinematografici come strumento di supporto al lettore, per cogliere al meglio il mondo cinematografico del regista in ogni sua sfumatura. 7 2. IL CINEMA DI HONG KONG 2.1 Le origini del cinema fino agli anni Sessanta Il cinema arriva in Cina nel 1896 e ricorre al termine diànyǐng 电影 “ombre elettriche”, oppure all’espressione diànguāng yǐngxì 电光影戏, 影 spettacolo di ombre elettriche”, come se volesse mantenere un legame con la tradizione storico- teatrale, che con questo nuovo linguaggio assume la forma di una serie di immagini che vengono riprese e poi proiettate, ossia “elettriche”. Hong Kong, dagli anni ’60 agli anni ’90 del XX sec., è stata sede di una delle industrie cinematografiche più attive del mondo. Società capitalista e consumista, un incrocio tra Oriente e Occidente, ha trovato nel cinema un mezzo artistico attraverso il quale esprimersi. La storia del cinema di Hong Kong, infatti, è legata all’eredità culturale e alle vicende storiche e politiche della Cina. Fino agli anni ‘30, questo cinema ha avuto un ruolo marginale, in quanto i maggiori centri produttivi all’epoca erano Canton e Shanghai. Nel 1923 Li Minwei 黎民伟3, insieme a Liang Shaobo 梁少伯, al fratello Li Beihai 黎北海 e al cugino Li Haishan 黎海山, fonda la prima società hongkonghese, la Minxin 民新电影公司 (China Sun Motion Picture Company), che segna l’inizio dello sviluppo dell’industria cinematografica del territorio. Il primo lungometraggio prodotto fu Yanzhi 胭脂4 di Li Beihai. La casa di produzione, a causa di un attacco contro l’imperialismo occidentale che fece crollare l’economia della colonia5, fu trasferita a Shanghai nel 1926, e in seguito fu assorbita dalla Lianhua Film Company 联华影业公司6 nel 1930. Li Minwei, con l’amico Luo Mingyou 罗明佑 (fondatore della North China Film Company 中国北方影业公司 nel 1927), iniziarono a collaborare, mettendo insieme le due società cinematografiche nella produzione di Gudu Chunmeng 故都春梦 (Spring Dream In The Old Capital) nel 1930. Infine, nel 33 Li Minwei fu direttore teatrale, documentarista e fotografo. Egli dirige il primo film a Hong Kong Zhuangzi Shi Qi 庄子试妻 (Il maestro Zhuang mette alla prova la moglie) nel 1913. 4 Il titolo inglese è Lipstick: il film è ispirato a un racconto fantastico del Liaozhai zhiyi 聊斋志异 (I racconti fantastici dello studio Liao) di Pu Songling 蒲松龄. 5 Stephen Teo, Hong Kong Cinema. The Extra Dimension, London, British Film Institute, 1997, cap.1, pp. 3-8. 6 La compagnia cinematografica Lianhua prediligeva film artistici e letterari, apprezzati dal pubblico intellettuale. 8 1931 Li Minwei e Luo Mingyou stabilirono una terza compagnia cinematografica, la Da Zhonghua Baihe Film Company 大中华百合公司, a cui prese parte anche Huang Yicuo
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