Final Report South Manchester EIA Jamalco

Prepared by: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Conrad Douglas & Associates Limited 14 Carvalho Drive Kingston 10 Jamaica W.I Tel: (876)929-8824 (876)929-0023 (876)929-0025 Fax:(876)929-8823

FOR

For: JAMALCO PROPOSED EXPANSION OF MINING OPERATIONS IN

Halse Hall Clarendon SOUTHERN MANCHESTER

BY JAMALCO

Submitted to: NEPA

September 2005

10-11 Caledonia Avenue Kingston 5 Document No.: CD*PRJ1023/05 Jamalco South Manchester EIA Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

TABLE OF CONTENTS...... I LIST OF FIGURES ...... V LIST OF TABLES ...... VI LIST OF APPENDICES ...... VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... I INTRODUCTION...... I LOCATION AND LAYOUT ...... I Load Station ...... ii Summary Of The Legislation And Responsible Agencies...... ii ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... IV Potential Impacts & Proposed Mitigative Steps ...... iv 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.2 LOCATION AND LAYOUT ...... 1-1 1.3 BAUXITE MINING AND LOAD STATION ...... 1-3 1.3.1.1 Bauxite Mining Area...... 1-3 1.3.1.2 Load Station...... 1-4 1.3.1.3 Stockpiles/Screening/Loading...... 1-6 1.3.1.4 Power...... 1-6 1.3.1.5 Mine Facilities ...... 1-7 1.4 ROPECON CONVEYOR SYSTEM...... 1-8 1.4.1 Transportation Corridor From Mine To Refinery ...... 1-11 1.4.1.1 Ore Transportation Systems ...... 1-11 1.4.1.2 Haul-Roads ...... 1-12 1.5 SEWAGE TREATMENT ...... 1-12 1.6 REHABILITATION STANDARDS ...... 1-13 1.6.1.1 Alcoa’s Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Standards & Guidelines...... 1-13 1.7 NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES...... 1-16 1.7.1 MOU With FORESTRY DEPARTMENT ...... 1-16 1.8 LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT...... 1-17 2 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS ...... 2-1 2.1 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 2-1 2.1.1 Alcoa’s Policies, Principles And Guidelines ...... 2-1 2.1.1.1 Alcoa’s Environmental Policy...... 2-1 2.1.1.2 Alcoa’s Environmental Principles ...... 2-2 2.2 LOCAL POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS ...... 2-4 2.2.1 Policy, Legislation, Regulations & Standards ...... 2-4 2.2.1.1 Agenda 21...... 2-5 2.2.1.2 Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act, 1991...... 2-5 2.2.1.3 Wildlife Protection Act, 1945 ...... 2-6 2.2.1.4 Watershed Protection Act, 1963...... 2-7 2.2.1.5 Mining Act, 1975...... 2-7 2.2.1.6 Minerals (Vesting) Act, 1947...... 2-7 2.2.1.7 Bauxite And Alumina (Special Provisions) Act, 1978...... 2-7 2.2.1.8 Bauxite And Alumina Encouragement Act, 1950...... 2-8 2.2.1.9 Town & Country Planning Act, 1987...... 2-8 2.2.1.10 Forestry Act, 1937...... 2-8 2.2.1.11 Water Resources Act; The Underground Water Control Act, 1959...... 2-9 2.2.1.12 Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act, 1985...... 2-9

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2.2.1.13 The Public Health Act (1974)...... 2-10 2.2.1.14 Disaster Preparedness And Emergency Management Act, 1993...... 2-10 2.2.1.15 National Solid Waste Management Authority Act, 2001...... 2-11 2.2.1.16 Occupational Safety & Health Act, 2003 (Draft)...... 2-11 2.2.1.17 Manchester Parish Provisional Development Order, 1974...... 2-12 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 3-1 3.1 LAND USE AND GEOLOGY ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Land Use ...... 3-1 3.1.1.1 Topography...... 3-1 3.1.1.2 Area And Land Cover...... 3-1 3.1.1.3 Land Capability...... 3-3 3.1.1.4 Development Strategy...... 3-4 3.1.1.5 Industrial...... 3-6 3.1.2 Urban Settlement Development ...... 3-8 3.1.2.1 Parish Council/Land Use Zoning...... 3-8 3.1.3 Aesthetics ...... 3-8 3.1.4 Potential Uses ...... 3-9 3.2 GEOLOGY ...... 3-11 3.2.1 Geological History...... 3-11 3.2.2 Geomorphology...... 3-11 3.2.2.1 Landforms On The Cretaceous Volcaniclastic Area...... 3-11 3.2.2.2 Landforms Of The Limestone Areas...... 3-11 3.2.3 Structure ...... 3-12 3.2.3.1 General...... 3-12 3.2.3.2 Faults ...... 3-12 3.2.3.3 Williamsfield “Trough” Or Graben...... 3-13 3.2.4 Economic Geology...... 3-14 3.3 HYDROLOGY ...... 3-15 3.3.1 General ...... 3-15 3.3.2 Hydrostratigraphy ...... 3-15 3.3.3 Water Resources Potential ...... 3-18 3.3.3.1 Rainfall Resources...... 3-18 3.3.3.2 Surface Water Resources...... 3-18 3.3.3.3 Ground Water Resources ...... 3-18 3.3.3.4 Water Resources Development...... 3-19 3.3.3.5 Water Quality...... 3-21 3.4 AIR QUALITY AND WEATHER...... 3-22 3.4.1 Air Quality...... 3-22 3.4.1.1 Air Quality Management Program ...... 3-22 3.5 WEATHER...... 3-24 3.5.1 Regional Setting/Sphere Of Influence...... 3-24 3.5.1.1 Proposed Mining Area...... 3-24 3.5.1.2 Mining Area Clim ate ...... 3-25 3.6 WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION...... 3-31 3.6.1 Introduction ...... 3-31 3.6.2 Methodology...... 3-31 3.6.3 Ecological Context ...... 3-32 3.6.3.1 National Biological Diversity – International and National Levels ...... 3-32 3.6.4 Findings ...... 3-33 3.6.4.1 Description of Vegetation Types...... 3-33 3.6.4.2 RopeCon Conveyor Route Loadout Station to Plant...... 3-46 3.6.4.3 Faunal Studies...... 3-46 3.6.4.4 Other Fauna...... 3-48 3.6.4.5 Ecological Relationships ...... 3-54 3.6.4.6 Biodiversity Levels ...... 3-55 3.6.5 Conclusions & Recommendations...... 3-56 3.6.5.1 Conclusions...... 3-56 3.6.5.2 Recommendations ...... 3-56

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3.7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL RESOURCES ...... 3-57 3.7.1 Summary ...... 3-57 3.8 NOISE LEVELS AND VIBRATIO N...... 3-57 3.8.1 Mining ...... 3-57 3.8.2 Audiometric Survey...... 3-58 3.8.3 Vibration Analysis ...... 3-58 3.9 NATURAL HAZARD VULNERABILITY...... 3-59 3.9.1 Natural Hazard Vulnerability - Manchester...... 3-59 3.9.1.1 Flooding...... 3-59 3.9.1.2 Landslides ...... 3-60 3.9.1.3 Seismic Activity...... 3-60 3.9.1.4 Conclusions...... 3-62 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS...... 4-1 4.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATIVE STEPS ...... 4-1 5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROJECT IMPACTS ...... 5-1 5.1 OBJECTIVE ...... 5-1 5.2 SURVEY POPULATION...... 5-1 5.3 SURVEY ANALYSIS ...... 5-6 5.3.1 Demographic...... 5-6 5.3.2 Community Opinion ...... 5-7 5.3.3 Awareness and Opinion on Existing Bauxite Facilities and Operations ...... 5-7 5.3.4 Awareness of the Expansion Plans by JAMALCO...... 5-10 5.3.5 Availability of Water ...... 5-11 5.3.6 Interactions with bauxite companies ...... 5-12 6 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 6-1 6.1 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 6-1 6.1.1 Mining Alternatives ...... 6-1 6.1.2 No Action Alternative ...... 6-1 6.1.2.1 Mine Bauxite From Areas Other Than Areas Proposed...... 6-1 6.1.2.2 Mine Bauxite In the South Manchester SML As Proposed...... 6-2 6.1.3 Transportation Alternatives-Mines to St. Jago...... 6-2 6.1.3.1 RopeCon Conveyor System...... 6-2 6.1.3.2 Use Trucks on Existing Roads between Mines and St. Jago Railhead ...... 6-3 6.1.3.3 Use Trucks on a New Haul Road between Mines and St. Jago Railhead...... 6-4 6.1.3.4 Extend Rail Lines between Mines and St. Jago Railhead...... 6-4 7 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN JAMALCO AND FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF JAMAICA ...... 7-1 7.1.1.1 Emergency Response...... 7-2 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 8-1 8.1 MONITORING PROGRAMME...... 8-1 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...... 8-2 8.2.1 Training...... 8-4 9 ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY...... 9-1 9.1 RISK ASSESSMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK ...... 9-1 9.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 9-2 9.2.1 Jamalco’s Oh&S Policy ...... 9-2 9.2.2 Solid And Hazardous Waste Management...... 9-2 9.2.3 Solid Waste Management ...... 9-3 9.2.3.1 Landfill Management Program...... 9-4 10 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ...... 10-1

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10.1 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ON MINING PROJECT...... 10-1 10.2 COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTIONS ...... 10-2 10.2.1 Education ...... 10-2 10.2.2 Health...... 10-3 10.2.3 Infrastructure Upgrade ...... 10-3 10.2.4 Sports ...... 10-4 APPENDIICES ...... 5 APPENDIIX II...... 6 APPENDIIX IIII...... 12 APPENDIIX IIIIII...... 19 APPENDIIX IIV...... 26

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LIST OF FIGURES

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FIGURE 1-1: SML 130 – PROPOSED MINING AREA WITH LOADING STATION HIGHLIGHTED...... 1-2 FIGURE 1-2: SML 130 LOADING STATION WITH ROPECON ROUTE AND HAUL ROADS HIGHLIGHTED .... 1-5 FIGURE 3-1: LAND USE MAP FOR SML 130 ...... 3-2 FIGURE 3-2: AGRICULTURAL LAND CAPABILITY ...... 3-3 FIGURE 3-3: DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY...... 3-5 FIGURE 3-4: AREAS CLASSIFIED AS URBAN...... 3-7 FIGURE 3-5: PLANNING REGION ...... 3-10 FIGURE 3-6: RIO MINHO HYDROLOGIC BASIN (INCLUDING MANCHESTER HIGHLANDS ) HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY ...... 3-16 FIGURE 3-7: HYDROSTRA ITIGRAPHY OF SML 130...... 3-17 FIGURE 3-8: WELLS IN THE RIO MINHO HYDROLOGIC BASIN ...... 3-19 FIGURE 3-9: KNOCKPATRICK W EATHER STATION (AMV) – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR THE YEAR 2001 ... 3-26 FIGURE 3-10: KNOCKPATRICK W EATHER STATION (AMV ) – W IND ROSE PLOT FOR THE YEAR 2000 . 3-27 FIGURE 3-11: JAMALCO W EATHER STATION, HALSE HALL – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR YEAR 2001 ...... 3-28 FIGURE 3-12: JAMALCO W EATHER STATION, HALSE HALL – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR YEAR 2001 ...... 3-29 FIGURE 3-13: JAMALCO W EATHER STATION, HALSE HALL – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR YEAR 1999 ...... 3-30 FIGURE 3-14: COMPARISON OF BIODIVERSITY LEVELS ...... 3-55 FIGURE 3-15: MAXIMUM MERCALLI INTENSITY IN JAMAICA ...... 3-61 FIGURE 5-1: POPULATION DENSITY OF SML 130 ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 5-2: ENUMERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED WITHIN EDS S28-S62 ...... 5-3 FIGURE 5-3: ENUMERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED W ITHIN EDS S28-S71 ...... 5-4 FIGURE 5-4: ENUMERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED WITHIN EDS S53-S76...... 5-4 FIGURE 5-5: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS ...... 5-6 FIGURE 5-6: NEGATIVE IMPACTS EXPERIENCED FROM EXISTING BAUXITE MINING AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS ...... 5-7 FIGURE 5-7: NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF BAUXITE MINING AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS ON THE COMMUNITIES ...... 5-9 FIGURE 5-8: POSITIVE IMPACTS OF BAUXITE MINING AND TRANSPORT OPERATIONS ON THE COMMUNITIES ...... 5-10 FIGURE 5-9: RESPONDENTS’ MAIN SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER ...... 5-11

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LIST OF TABLES

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TABLE 0-1: NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES...... II TABLE 1-1: IMPACT AND MITIGATION TABLES ...... IV TABLE 3-1: AGRICULTURAL LAND CAPABILITY...... 3-4 TABLE 3-2: URBAN SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT...... 3-8 TABLE 3-3-FLORA DIVERSITY ...... 3-32 TABLE 3-4- FAUNA DIVERSITY ...... 3-33 TABLE 3-5: VEGETATION OF SOUTH MANCHESTER MINING AREAS...... 3-37 TABLE 3-6: AVIFAUNA OF SOUTH MANCHESTER...... 3-47 TABLE 3-7: TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE [AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES] KNOWN TO INHABIT SOUTH MANCHESTER ...... 3-49 TABLE 3-8: INVERTEBRATES OF SOUTH MANCHESTER ...... 3-50 TABLE 4-1: IMPACT AND MITIGATION TABLES ...... 4-1 TABLE 5-1: TOTAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ENUMERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED ...... 5-5 TABLE 5-2: NUMBER OF YEARS OF RESIDENCE IN THE RESPONDENTS' RESPECTIVE COMMUNITIES ...... 5-6 TABLE 5-3: RESPONDENTS PERSONAL OPINIONS OF THEIR COMMUNITIES ...... 5-7 TABLE 5-4: RESPONDENTS SUGGESTIO NS ON HOW TO DEAL WITH NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF BAUXITE MINING AND PROCESSING OPERA TIONS ...... 5-8 TABLE 5-5: REACTIONS OF RESPONDENTS IF THEIR LANDS BECOME NECESSARY FOR MINING ...... 5-8 TABLE 5-6: SUGGESTED METHODS FOR TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS BETWEEN THE MINES AND THE PLANT ...... 5-9 TABLE 5-7: RESPONDENTS' OPINIONS OF THE TRA FFIC CONDITIONS IN THEIR COMMUNITIES ...... 5-9 TABLE 5-8: NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS AWARE OF JAMALCO'S PLANNED EXPANSION OF OPERATIONS .5- 10 TABLE 5-9: RESPONDENTS VIEWS ON THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF JAMALCO'S PLANNED EXPANSION ON THEIR COMMUNITIES ...... 5-10 TABLE 5-10: REASONS BEHIND RESPONDENTS' OPINIONS OF THE WATER QUALITY IN THEIR AREAS.... 5-12 TABLE 9-1: RISKS AND THEIR PREVENTATIVE ACTIONS ...... 9-1

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE APPENDIX II: ‘JAMALCO AND YOU’ Q & A BOOKLET APPENDIX III: REFORESTA TION PLAN IN JAMAICA –MEMORANDUM OF UNDERS TANDING BETWEEN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE- FORESTRY DEPARTMENT AND ALCOA. APPENDIX IV: SURVEY INSTRUMENT APPENDIX V: TEAM MEMBERS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

This EIA Report provides component details for a segment of the approved 2.8 million metric tonne per year efficiency upgrade at Jamalco. The upgrade project has received blanket approval from NEPA. However, specific components are now being addressed in greater detail. This EIA report has been completed in keeping with the approved Terms of Reference for the project (included as Appendix I) and seeks approval for the following:

1. Establishment of mining operations in South Manchester. The mine area will extend from Mt. Oliphant in the East to Woodlands in the West, Green Pond in the North and Bossue in the South with bauxite deposits being accessed by haul roads.

2. Establishment of a bauxite loading station and associated infrastructure (bauxite stockpiles, offices, sewage treatment plant, fuel storage, vehicle and equipment maintenance, water storage, etc.) at Mt. Oliphant, Manchester

3. Installation of a new aerial conveyor system (RopeCon) with associated infrastructure to transport bauxite from the new Mt. Oliphant loading station to the existing St. Jago Railhead.

LOCATION AND LAYOUT

The mining activities proposed in the South Manchester area will be undertaken within the boundaries of the SML 130 (as depicted in Figure 1-1).

The overall project will involve access to 45 million tonnes of bauxite on the South Manchester Plateau. The mine area will extend from Mount Oliphant in the East to Woodlands in the West, Green Pond in the North to Bossue in the south, and will have bauxite deposits being accessed by haul roads. The required bauxite throughput delivered to St. Jago will be 1200 tons per hour (tph) after screening to remove the estimated 5% by volume of limestone which exists in the ore.

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LOAD STATION A new bauxite loading station will be established at Mount Oliphant to centralize the management and handling of bauxite coming from the mines. A centralized loading station designed and built with all the appropriate amenities and facilities necessary to carry out the required functions will serve to streamline operations and provide an atmosphere for high quality operations and compliance with the rules and regulations of all relevant authorities.

Jamalco proposes to install a new method of conveying bauxite from the South Manchester mines to the St. Jago railhead, the “RopeCon” conveyor system. RopeCon represents the latest innovation in bulk material handling from the world leader in long distance continuous conveyor systems – Doppelmayr. The system is adaptable and can accommodate single conveyor lengths up to 20,000 m, on tower spacing up to 2,000 m apart, with capacities up to 10,000 tonnes/hour.

SUMMARY OF THE LEGISLATION AND RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES

TABLE 0-1: NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES

LEGISLATION INSTITUTION RESPONSIBLE Natural Resources Conservation NRCA Act, 1991 Authority Natural Resources Conservation Wildlife Protection Act, 1945 Authority Watershed Protection Act, 1963 Natural Resources Conservation Ministry of Agriculture & Mining Mining Act, 1975 Jamaica Bauxite Institute Mines and Geology Division Ministry of Agriculture & Mining Minerals (Vesting) Act, 1947 Jamaica Bauxite Institute Mines and Geology Division Ministry of Agriculture & Mining Bauxite & Alumina (Special Provisions) Jamaica Bauxite Institute Act, 1978 Mines and Geology Division Ministry of Agriculture & Mining Bauxite & Alumina Encouragement Jamaica Bauxite Institute Act, 1950 Mines and Geology Division

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LEGISLATION INSTITUTION RESPONSIBLE Town & Country Planning Act, 1987 Town Planning Department Forestry Act, 1937 Forestry Department The Water Resources Act/UWC Act, Water Resources Authority 1959 Ja. National Heritage Trust Act, 1985 Jamaica National Heritage Trust Ministry of Health/Environmental Control Public Health Act, 1985 Division Disaster Preparation & Emergency Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management Act, 1993 Emergency Management National Solid Waste Management National Solid Waste Management Authority Act, 2001 Authority Manchester Parish Provisional Town Planning Department Development Order, 1974

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

POTENTIAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATIVE STEPS

TABLE 1-1: IMPACT AND MITIGATION TABLES

Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative Channel run-off to storm water ponds for sedimentation

Construction Activities Channel run-off to storm water ponds for sedimentation and regular (Loading Station, road and Sedimentation road maintenance railroad)

Rehabilitation will be done to off-set any potential sedimentation Rehabilitation Major Positive problems through the use of contouring and revegetation.

Conclusion: With proper systems and monitoring in place this potential impact can be kept at a minor negative should it occur.

Minimize exposed stockpiles; construct Storm Water Run-off Mining Minor Negative Collection Pond. Collected pond water will be used for dust Leaching suppression.

Rehabilitation Major Positive Rehabilitation will be done to off-set any potential leaching.

Conclusion: Bauxite is a chemically stable soil of neutral pH. Therefore there will be no exposure of any mineral substance which will be dissolved by rain to critically change the soil pH

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative Fast cleaning up of spilled bauxite, limiting stockpile time at mine site and sprinkling with water if necessary. This is not an expensive mitigation and is already practiced

Transportation of ore, Minor Negative Properly maintain and irrigate haul roads, cover trucks on public spillage on roadways, roads, limit time stockpiles are unattended, establish weather unattended stockpiles, stations. blending activities Standard procedures at Jamalco that are included in the designs Fugitive and costing for the project Emissions Construction Activities Minor Negative Properly plan and coordinate activities, use contractors who are aware and respect Jamalco’s principles and standards, monitor activities closely Monitoring of contractors is ongoing and incurs no new costs

Rehabilitation Major Positive Rehabilitation activities including recontouring of mined out areas and revegetation will significantly reduce, if not eliminate the potential for emissions. Haul roads (where practical) may be converted to parochial roads or will be rehabilitated also. Conclusion: With proper systems and monitoring in place this potential impact can be kept as a minor negative. It is practically impossible to eliminate this impact and Jamalco will conduct periodic monitoring of the ambient air quality throughout the mining area and surrounding communities for particulate matter.

Mining Minor Negative Mining activities will be primarily away from major residential areas and settlements. Where blasting will be required, proper procedures Noise & for clearance, warning, etc will be followed. Monitoring of noise Vibration levels will be done from time to time to verify maintenance of standards.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Transportation by Truck, Minor Negative Implement and enforce truck speeds to minimize potential for noise Conveyor and Rail and vibration. Train and monitor truck drivers in maintaining speed limits, use of compression, horns, etc. Utilise dedicated haul roads as much as possible. The RopeCon system will not contribute to major noise formation as it rolls on Teflon rollers for minimal noise impact. The RopeCon system is budgeted for in the upgrade project and the other items are standard procedures for Jamalco and will not incur much cost to implement.

Loading Station Minor Negative Remote location of load station will offer buffer from communities Operations and settlements. Monitoring of closest communities will be conducted. Equipment will be designed and sourced to limit the impacts of noise and vibration.

Conclusion: It is practically impossible to eliminate impacts related to noise and vibration from occurring. However, based on implementation of procedures, protocols, proper planning, design of equipment, training and monitoring of employees and their activities, this impact can be maintained easily as a minor negative.

Mining and Load Station Major Negative Jamalco has a MOU with the Forestry Department to develop Siting revegetation and habitat creation through technologies involving creative conservation. Jamalco is committed to maintaining the Loss of guidelines from the Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Standards & Biodiversity Guidelines (1994).

While cost has not yet been fully determined, the expansion budget of Jamalco has made accommodation for implementation of this MOU.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Rehabilitation Major Positive Through the MOU with Forestry and the rehabilitation principles of Jamalco, mined areas will be rehabilitated and where possible work will be done to revive the same or similar biodiversity as existed prior to mining

Jamalco will establish nurseries, etc and this is also considered in the budget for the project.

Conclusion: The loss of biodiversity is an unavoidable negative impact of mining activities. Systems must be put in place to assess, identify and preserve any rare, endemic or otherwise valuable species that may be found in the mine areas. While it is agreed that bauxite soils do not support high levels of diversity in vegetation because of its infertility, care must be taken to complete the necessary assessments and to identify and preserve all valuable features of the lands biodiversity. Jamalco has significant experience in rehabilitation and revitalization of mined out areas and has developed and continues to conduct research and development work on its science & technology.

Mining Major Negative Farmers who leased lands from Jamalco or the Government will be relocated to other available lands and assistance will be provided by

Jamalco in re-establishing their plots. The replacement situation will be the same or better than before. Subsistence Farming Rehabilitation Major Positive In many cases, affected lands will be returned to a condition where it can be used for various types of farming activities. Animal husbandry and tree crops may be two of the more suitable options.

Conclusion: The displacement of farmers is an unavoidable impact. Jamalco has always worked with the people of the communities in which they operate to ensure that any negative impact caused by the operation has a suitable remedy or solution. This situation will be no different.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Bauxite is found in the open fields between the hillocks. Areas to be Site Clearance and cleared will therefore be kept to the open fields. All precautionary Major Negative Preparation measures will be put in place to ensure habitats on hillocks are not affected.

During mining operations all steps will be put in place to ensure Loss of natural heavy machinery and workers do not damage the hillocks and the features such Mining Operations Major Negative habitats therein. This may include at a minimum red tagging at foot as habitats, of hillocks. niches and species Jamalco has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Forestry Department to develop a land cover revegetation and habitat creation plan through technologies involving preservation Rehabilitation Major Positive and creative conservation. Jamalco is committed to maintaining the guidelines from the Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Standards & Guidelines.

Conclusion: The loss of biodiversity is an unavoidable negative impact of site clearance and mining activities. Systems have been put in place to assess, identify and preserve any rare, endemic or otherwise valuable species that may be found in the mine areas. While it is agreed that bauxite soils do not support high levels of diversity in vegetation because of its infertility, care has been taken to complete the necessary assessments and to identify and preserve all valuable features of the lands biodiversity. The biological diversity of the hillocks will be maintained at all cost, as these areas hold the major floral and faunal species of the region, as well as providing niche communities for the various species known to inhabit the area. Jamalco has significant experience in rehabilitation and revitalization of mined out areas and has developed and continues to conduct research and development work on its science & technology.

Mining Minor Negative While a few areas have piped water, water from catchment such as tanks and drums are the primary sources. To protect these water Water Supply sources from dust, Jamalco is aware that it must exercise due care in its haul road maintenance program to limit the amount of dust that gets entrained and may end up in the drinking water of residents.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Potable Consumption Major Positive Jamalco is always willing to work with the relevant Authorities to seek out solutions to benefit the communities in which they work.

Conclusion: While mining activities may have a potential minor negative impact (dust) on water supply in catchment, Jamalco is committed to the vigilant and aggressive monitoring and management of its mining operations and haul roads to minimize fugitive dust formation. Mobile sprinklers and proper stockpile management should go a long way in containing this impact.

Mining Minor Negative Waste materials will be sorted and managed in keeping with Jamalco standards. Certain vegetative matter and mining rejects will be used as backfill. Vehicle maintenance waste from mining equipment will be managed in keeping with Jamalco standards and procedures and will be taken to the refinery for inclusion in the waste streams there. Waste Management Loading Station Minor Negative Defined waste collection areas with proper labelling and instructions will be located at the mining offices. Jamalco will utilize its existing waste collection protocols and will continue to manage and dispose of all grades of waste in keeping with its current standards and procedures. Proper training and direction will be provided to all employees in waste handling and management at the site. Sensitive waste streams (used oil, batteries, etc.) will be taken to the refinery for proper management.

Conclusion: Generation of solid waste is unavoidable. The quality of the systems, standards, procedures and training in place is the determining factor in how well the management programme works. Jamalco has a solid reputation for proper handling and management of all varieties of waste materials at all its operations in Jamaica. This project will be managed no differently.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining No Impact Sewage generated at the mines will be managed through the use of portable chemical toilets or the construction of temporary facilities. These will be managed using Jamalco’s time tested approaches and within the regulations. Licensed sewage handling contractors will be hired to properly dispose of waste generated. Sewage Minimal Cost and recognised aspect of the mining operation

Loading Station No Impact A tertiary level sewage treatment system will be designed and constructed at the loading station. The proven SRC BST system is proposed. Details are provided in the body of the report. Cost – approx. JA$ 4M – 6M

Conclusion: Sewage handling, treatment and disposal resulting from Jamalco’s operations will not present any negative impacts to the environment or communities within the project area.

Mining Major Positive Increased employment will be welcomed in the communities. Satellite business opportunities will benefit. No mitigation required. Labour Loading Station Major Positive Increased employment opportunities and support for satellite businesses.

Conclusion: The proposed hiring of approximately 200 temporary employees during construction activities and approximately 50 permanent employees for mining and load station positions represents a major positive impact to these communities. Additional employment in areas of transportation (consideration is being given to the utilization of smaller over-the-road trucks rather than large 100 tonne trucks sub-contracted from the surrounding areas) to move bauxite from mines to load station among other informal job and opportunity creation will be important to the communities in the area.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Major Negative Aesthetics in the mining areas will be affected significantly. Mitigation involves minimize the clearance of areas only to what is absolutely necessary. Jamalco’s track record and commitment to a proper rehabilitation and revitalization program along with their MOU with the Forestry Department demonstrates their commitment.

Bauxite Transportation Minor Negative The proposed RopeCon conveyor will be visible and may detract Aesthetics from the natural look of the area. However, 70% of the structure is reusable and will be removed from the landscape upon completion of mining activities.

Rehabilitation Major Positive Through the MOU with Forestry, Jamalco will work to rehabilitate the mined areas with a view to restore them to a similar look as existed prior to mining.

Conclusion: All impacts related to aesthetics are unavoidable, but reversible. Jamalco’s commitment to rehabilitation and revitalization will ensure that the mined out areas are returned to a visual and physical usefulness in keeping with local and their own guidelines.

Mining No Impact All known and identified archaeological or historical heritage resources will be avoided or preserved. Any unknown resources or artefacts unearth will be managed as directed by the Jamaica Archaeological National Heritage Trust (JNHT) approved guidelines for managing & Historical archaeological and historical heritage items discovered during such Heritage activities, It includes specific methods of operation including necessary contacts and procedures to follow. Jamalco will notify the JNHT immediately of any such occurrence.

Conclusion: A lot of work has gone into the identification of heritage resources in the mining areas. Jamalco is committed to the preservation of all such items and will work with the JNHT to this end.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative/ Dislocation can result in a negative as well as a positive impact. Housing solutions provided by Jamalco have been consistently of Minor Positive high quality, cost and standard and will remain so. In most cases relocated individuals are placed in similar or better living conditions than before. Illegal squatters will be managed through legal means.

Transportion upgrade Minor Negative/ Dislocation can result in a negative as well as a positive impact. Residential (RopeCon) Minor Positive Housing solutions provided by Jamalco have been consistently of Relocation high quality, cost and standard and will remain so. In most cases relocated individuals are placed in similar or better living conditions than before. Illegal squatters will be managed through legal means.

Rehabilitation Major Positive Upon completion of rehabilitation activities, many of the rehabilitated lands will be suitable for residential developments and will be a benefit to the development of the communities.

Conclusion: Circumstances will occur that require relocation of residents of the various communities impacted through mining and railroad upgrade. The best possible situation is for dialogue and implementation of Jamalco’s proven relocation programme. This may be an unavoidable impact in some cases, however, suitable mitigation is readily available. Depending on the individual situation, this impact could be positive or negative.

Mining Minor Negative Displaced utilities will be replaced in a timely manner, with service that is the same or better than before. This includes potential

electricity, water and road impacts. All efforts will be made to minimize disruption to the communities. Where possible the replacement will be put in place before the existing is impacted. Utility Relocation Transportation Upgrade Minor Negative Displaced utilities will be replaced in a timely manner, with service (RopeCon) that is the same or better than before. This includes potential electricity, water and road impacts. All efforts will be made to minimize disruption to the communities. Where possible the replacement will be put in place before the existing is impacted.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Conclusion: In many cases this is an unavoidable impact. Where service can be maintained or restored with the least amount of discomfort it shall be done. If managed well, this impact may not be realized as a negative.

Mining Major Negative Natural drainage regimes will be impacted during mining. This is unavoidable and through Jamalco’s mine rehabilitation programme the mined out areas will be restored to a usefulness incorporating both natural and stormwater drainage.

Transportation Upgrade Minor Negative Very slight potential for a negative impact since minimal soil (RopeCon) movement or excavation is anticipated. Where it occurs, it will be an unavoidable impact. However, care will be taken to ensure that new Natural and drainage regimes are designed into the work and that the solutions Stormwater are suitable for the areas of interest. Drainage Loading Station Major Negative Many areas of natural drainage will be modified to construct the Construction station. This is unavoidable. The comprehensive plans and designs will take drainage into consideration as it is important to the stability of the areas and to the protection of surrounding communities.

Rehabilitation Major Positive Rehabilitation plans will incorporate designs for natural drainage and stormwater management.

Conclusion: While It will be impossible to eliminate impacts related to drainage, Jamalco possesses the technology and know-how to properly design and construct alternative drainage solutions that will serve to eliminate potential problems. In some cases, flood prone areas can be alleviated through this process.

Mining Minor Negative Mining areas are usually away from public roadways and where Transportation necessary bypass roads are always constructed to service the and Travel surrounding communities. Mines will be serviced by dedicated haul Disruption roads.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Transportation Upgrade Major Positive The implementation of the RopeCon system will keep the equivalent (RopeCon) of 48 dump trucks (25 tonnes capacity) per hour off the roadway throughout the communities and with that the associated stresses on environment, communities and infrastructure.

Conclusion: Minimal transportation disruption will occur with this project, however, all systems are in place from the early planning stages to limit this disruption. Constructing bypass roads, constructing solutions fully before making changes, implementing RopeCon and limiting the number of trucks on the roads will go a long way towards limiting transportation and travel disruptions.

Permanent Employees Major Positive Jamalco will employ approximately 50 permanent employees at the Mt. Oliphant Loading Station and mining operations. Many will come from the surrounding communities. A positive impact, no mitigation required.

Truckers Major Positive Private truckers will be hired for hauling bauxite from the mines. Socio-Economic Many operators will be from local communities. No mitigation Benefits required.

Temporary Workforce Major Positive Jamalco will hire approximately 200 temporary employees during preparation and construction activities to provide various services. Many employees will be sourced from local communities for these positions. Positive impact, no mitigation required.

Conclusion: There are positive impacts associated with the project which need to be mentioned. In many ways, the implementation of this project is a win- win situation.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

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1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This EIA Report provides component details for a segment of the approved 2.8 million metric tonne per year efficiency upgrade at Jamalco. The upgrade project has received blanket approval from NEPA, however specific components are now being addressed in greater detail. This EIA report has been completed in keeping with the approved Terms of Reference for the project (included as Appendix I) and seeks approval for the following:

3. Installation of a new aerial conveyor system (RopeCon) with associated infrastructure to transport bauxite from the new Mt. Oliphant loading station to the existing St. Jago Railhead.

1.2 LOCATION AND LAYOUT

The mining activities proposed in the South Manchester area will be undertaken within the boundaries of the SML 130 (as depicted in Figure 1-1 below).

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FIGURE 1-1: SML 130 – PROPOSED MINING AREA WITH LOADING STATION HIGHLIGHTED

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The area consists of a few Sub-regional centers, such as, Cross Keys and Plowden Hill with the majority of communities representing District Centers. Jamalco proposes to utilize small scale site specific mining techniques to locate, remove and transport the bauxite to the railhead without causing major impacts or nuisances to the public. Well maintained haul roads will connect the mines, loading station and the new aerial ore transport system (RopeCon) proposed for the area. The RopeCon system will take the bauxite from the loading station in Mt. Oliphant to the St. Jago Railhead where it will be transported by train to the refinery.

The SML in relation to identified deposits of bauxite is shown on Figure 1-1 above. This map shows the location of bauxite deposits that Jamalco has access to under the SML, however, the company will use testing, its experience and sound judgement in deciding which areas are mined and which ones will be left in a natural state. Areas with historical or cultural heritage resources will be given special attention, and decisions will be made on a case-by-case basis on how best to handle those situations. Issues related to population density and the need for relocation will also be addressed on a case-by-case basis.

1.3 BAUXITE MINING AND LOAD STATION

1.3.1.1 BAUXITE MINING AREA The SML extends from Belmont in the Northeast to Victoria Town in the Southeast, Plowden Hill in the Southwest and Little Hampton in the Northwest.

The South Manchester Plateau bauxite deposits are located at an average elevation of 1800 ft above and to the West of the existing St. Jago railhead. A severe escarpment having natural slopes of up to 45 degrees separates the mining areas from the railhead.

The bauxite ore that has been identified in South Manchester is of good quality and can be processed at the refinery without enhancement. It is proposed that due to the lower quality of the bauxite from North Manchester, that both ores be blended to enhance the processability of the North Manchester ore and better streamline the quality of ore that reaches the refinery.

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The blended bauxite from North and South Manchester will minimize undue disruptions to the refinery, while allowing the plant to meet its production targets and gain valuable knowledge for future processing operations.

1.3.1.2 LOAD STATION A new bauxite loading station will be established at Mount Oliphant to centralize the management and handling of bauxite coming from the mines (See Figure 1-2). A centralized loading station designed and built with all the appropriate amenities and facilities necessary to carry out the required functions will serve to streamline operations and provide an atmosphere for high quality operations and compliance with the rules and regulations of all relevant authorities.

The facility will include; office buildings, canteen and change rooms, mobile equipment service area, fuel storage/dispensing area, sewage treatment system, weather station, security post and parking areas for equipment and to service an estimated maximum workforce of 120 individuals at peak operation. The loading station is being established to transport bauxite coming from the mines, via the new RopeCon system, across the escarpment to the St. Jago railhead. From the St. Jago railhead the bauxite will be transported by train to the refinery at Halse Hall.

The area reserved for the loading station is approximately 50 acres and is used primarily for subsistence farming. The company will continue to have dialogue with the farmers with a view to assist in the sustainance of their farming practices in areas which will not be directly impacted by mining activities. Some farmers will be relocated to other areas and the reserved area will be cleared of trees and shrubs, the site will be levelled and drainage systems put in place to accommodate the features of the station

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FIGURE 1-2: SML 130 LOADING STATION WITH ROPECON ROUTE AND HAUL ROADS HIGHLIGHTED

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1.3.1.3 STOCKPILES/SCREENING/LOADING The Mt. Oliphant loading station will include storage space for two 50,000 tonne bauxite stockpiles, one 50,000 tonne limestone rejects stockpile, screening equipment, belt loading and the conveyor control building. With the establishment of the Mt. Oliphant loading station, the screening operation at St. Jago will become redundant as screening will be done at the loading station.

Raw/Potable Water

The South Manchester Mine and the Mount Oliphant Loading Station will require approximately 700,000 gallons of water per day for general facility uses such as, changing rooms, bathrooms, vehicle washing and also for dust suppression on mine roads. There are existing production wells in the area that Jamalco has access to that have more than enough capacity to satisfy the facility demands. Jamalco is actively in dicussion with the National Irrigation Commission to negotiate and determine appropriate arrangements for the supply of potable water. Wells are located as close as the Retrieve and Mango Tree communities in proximity to the proposed location of the Mt. Oliphant Loading Station, and all indications are that capacities are more than sufficient to service the mining operations,.

Storm water runoff will be collected in an onsite artificial pond that will be used for dust suppression on the haul roads. This pond will be the sedimentation control point at the station as drainage features of the site will be directed there. The facility shall include a loading bay for mine water trucks to be loaded with raw water.

1.3.1.4 POWER Electrical power for the project will be supplied from the JPSCo national grid system. The design requirements for the project expect power supply in the order of 69 KV.

Jamalco has incorporated a unique feature in the designs for South Manchester which involves the regeneration of electricity using the new bauxite transportation system (RopeCon). Under the weight of the bauxite and the influence of gravity, the belt turns an electromagnetic turbine to generate electricity. The turbine on the proposed RopeCon system will produce 1.2 MW of electricity which will be fed to the national grid system for credit from JPSCo. .

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An onsite diesel powered generator will be the supplemental power source for the operation. Discussions with the JPSCo are ongoing to determine the point of common coupling (PCC) and division of responsibility and details for that connection.

1.3.1.5 MINE FACILITIES Facilities at the Mount Oliphant loading station will be designed for mining and transportation of bauxite using 25-50 tonne trucks with a peak estimated workforce of approximately 120 persons. . The Mount Oliphant Loading Station will include facilities to support the South Manchester Mine and the loading station operations, these include:

· Office building- to include two offices for supervising personnel male/female change rooms, office for contractors, a medical facility and parking for an ambulance.

· Canteen/Change room facilities for peak workforce of 120 individuals.

· Mobile equipment shed – with change room facilities

· Fuel bay - Diesel Storage and dispensing facility for 50,000 gallons for mine equipment and off-loading and storage for fuel for load station locomotives. All existing Alcoa Environmental Health & Safety protocols will be implemented at the station.

· Miscellaneous - Parking facilities for a workforce of 120, Security fence and security post at each entry point to loading station, Contractor Lay Down area to accommodate 100 pieces of heavy equipment, Weather station to include precipitation, evaporation and dust monitoring, telecommunications/local area network, sewerage treatment system and landscaping to include trees to act as dust buffer.

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1.4 ROPECON CONVEYOR SYSTEM

The South Manchester mining project will involve access to 45 million tonnes of bauxite on the Plateau. A pre-engineering study for this project resulted in the proposal for the installation of a regenerative aerial conveyor system and associated infrastrure to link the South Manchester Plateau with the existing St. Jago railhead. This option was selected because it offered the least negative environmental impacts, met the material handling requirements, the lowest security and health and safety risk and a low maintenance cost (over the anticipated lifespan of the mine).

The system proposed for South Manchester will comprise 10 support towers starting at a ground elevation of approximately 1750 ft in Mt. Oliphant, extending in a straight alignment to a ground elevation of approximately 150 ft at St. Jago. The maximum line inclination will be 45 degrees and the system is designed to transport 14,500 tonne per day of bauxite from the mining area to the railhead at an average delivery rate of 1200 tonnes per hour. In comparison, it would require the services of 48 dump trucks of 25 tonne capacity every hour (which is unrealistic) to match that performance. The proposed operation schedule is 7 days per week, 12 hours per day, inclusive of regular scheduled maintenance.

The system will be installed with minimum impact on the environment and communities through the use of limited access roads leading to the tower foundations and a 50 feet wide easement along the route. All access roads and easements will be rehabilitated immediately upon completion of construction except for a single gated access road which will be maintained to allow access to the re-lift station, main tower and anchor cables for maintenance.

The RopeCon system has a unique maintenance feature in that maintenance personnel can inspect and attend to the components via a side car that runs along the conveyor.

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Where the RopeCon system crosses a roadway, standard steel baskets will be placed underneath the belt to catch any material that may fall off. The entire length of the conveyor will be hooded to protect against the effects of wind and rain. The RopeCon system is one of the quietest bulk material handling conveyor systems in the world. This is accomplished through careful selection of materials of construction, which include teflon wheels which account for the quiet nature of the system. The system is light blue in color to blend in with the natural background and aircraft warning lights which will be positioned atop the towers. The RopeCon system is modular and adaptable, therefore upon completion of mining activities in South Manchester, the system can be removed from the landscape and reused elsewhere or stored.

The benefits of the RopeCon system include:

Combination of two proven technologies; aerial ropeway and conventional belt conveying

Eliminates the need for large numbers of trucks driving through communities to the St. Jago Railhead.

Small footprint, only 10 towers will be required with a limited number of access roads .

Designed to generate 1.2MW of electrical power during normal operation

Reduces or eliminates many environemntal or health and safety issues related to other methods of transportation

Teflon rollers will be used on the cables to provide quiet operation of the conveyor.

The conveyor will be hooded to prevent dispersion and where the conveyor crosses a roadway a steel basket will be suspended under the system

Conveyor structure is modular so that it can be used elsewhere when mining ends in the area (not a permanent fixture on the landscape).

Low maintenance when compared to other options considered.

See Figure 1-2 for the routing of the RopeCon system proposed.

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Examples of RopeCon Systems Around the World

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Examples of RopeCon Systems Around the World

1.4.1 TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR FROM MINE TO REFINERY

1.4.1.1 ORE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS The development of the South Manchester mining area will require the construction of haul roads, by-pass roads and upgrading of a few parochial roads. The plan is as follows:

Utilise dedicated haul roads to transfer bauxite ore from the mines using 25-50 tonne trucks, to the loading station at Mount Oliphant.

Screen, stockpile and load processed ore at the Mount Oliphant loading station unto the RopeCon conveyor system for transport to the existing St. Jago railhead.

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The distance between the proposed Mount Oliphant loading station and the existing St. Jago Railhead (as the crow flies) is 3.2 km. The RopeCon system offers a secure and less intrusive means of transportation which will be beneficial to the public and the company.

From the St. Jago Railhead, blended bauxite will be loaded into railcars as is presently done for transportation to the refinery in Halse Hall.

1.4.1.2 HAUL-ROADS Jamalco has transitioned away from the construction of large haul-roads to support 100 Ton trucks, and today has developed an effective model where highway trucks will be used on smaller roads to transport the bauxite. This approach was developed in the old mining area of Mocho and significant knowledge has been gained during the time of the company’s operations in that community. This is a direct result of Alcoa’s core values, which are designed to provide environmental and economic benefit to the communities. Some of the improved opportunities are:

1) Road conditions have significantly improved when compared to those which existed before mining activities began. The improvements have also resulted in the reduction and in some instances the elimination of dusting issues.

2) Improved road signs

3) Opportunity of residents to earn a livelihood from the trucking activities

4) Reduced trucking hours.

5) In areas where the existing road is not adequate, the company has worked, and will continue to work in tandem with the Parish Council to improve the road condition.

1.5 SEWAGE TREATMENT

A Bio-digester Septic Tank (BST) sewage treatment facility designed by the Scientific Research Council of Jamaica has been proposed for the Loading Station at Mount Oliphant. The system is being designed as a gravity flow unit that will allow for primary, secondary and tertiary level post treatment (through a reed bed system). Final disposal

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The concept of the BST is an onsite sanitation unit that provides for disposal of toilet (black) wastewater as well as sullage (kitchen and bathroom wastewater). It provides an environmentally sound treatment method for sewage as organic and pathogen loads are significantly reduced in the process. The BST relies on the bio-organic breakdown of organic waste under anoxic conditions and produces biogas (anaerobic digestion). The BST is not a “standard septic tank” and should not be confused as such.

Benefits of the BST include:

· High treatment efficiency through longer retention and favourable conditions, under normal conditions persons have no contact with the waste stream

· Low maintenance system with life span in excess of 20 years

· System produces biogas that can be used for cooking, water heating, refrigeration and electric power generation

· Clean (odourless) discharge with significant reduction in pathogens, small quantity of sludge produced (no need for frequent withdrawal)

1.6 REHABILITATION STANDARDS

1.6.1.1 ALCOA ’S BAUXITE MINE REHABILITATION STANDARDS & GUIDELINES The following guidelines are adapted from Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Standards & Guidelines (1994). These are standard practices to which the client is committed to maintaining at the proposed bauxite railhead, storage areas, mining sites and transportation corridors in southern Manchester and Clarendon.

· During land clearing, utilization of existing resources on the site must be maximized. These may include timber, buildings and produce.

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· If the existing vegetation can assist in the rehabilitation process it should be harvested and redistributed in a timely manner on the areas being rehabilitated.

· Burning as a means to remove vegetation should be used as a last resort and should be considered only after harvesting, habitat and burying options have been considered.

· Land area cleared should be the minimum for efficient mining (pits and infrastructure) and rehabilitation.

· Topsoil and remaining vegetation debris must be harvested from the entire area to be mined and either stored where it can be recovered or utilized immediately on other areas being rehabilitated.

· Whenever topsoil is stored it should be done so for the least possible time to minimize the loss of biological activity and nutrients.

· If there are potentially toxic substances in the overburden and mine waste, they should be handled in such a way as to minimize the impact on the rehabilitation and the surrounding areas.

· In some circumstances, in addition to topsoil, subsoil horizons and/or a portion of the overburden may need to be harvested and re-spread on the rehabilitated areas ni order to successfully establish the desired vegetation. Topsoil and subsoil/overburden should be re-spread as separate strata and not mixed together.

· Clearing of additional vegetation for storage of topsoil and/or overburden should be minimized.

· Finished slope angles in reshaping will depend on aesthetics, final land use, soil characteristics and safety. Reshaped terrain should conform to the natural landscape.

· All slopes must be stable. If erosion is likely to occur then erosion control works should be put in place

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· Compression resulting from the mining, reshaping and soil placement process must be relieved (e.g. by ripping, plowing and sub-soiling etc.) where rehabilitation plans require water infiltration and plant root penetration. During this operation care must be taken to ensure that unfavorable sub-soil materials are not brought to the surface and excessive topsoil burial does not occur.

· soil nutrient and pH levels must be adjusted where this is necessary to achieve rehabilitation objectives

· Where regeneration of native vegetation is the objective, nutrient and pH levels should closely match pre-existing conditions. Soil conditioners should be considered to ameliorate adverse conditions.

· Topsoil must be replaced as the final soil profile. The thickness and area to which the topsoil is returned must provide the maximum value to the end use of the rehabilitated area.

· The topsoil should be evenly spread over the area.

· Where native vegetation is to be re-established, only propagules of the indigenous plant species should be used. Preferably, these should be collected from the areas being cleared or other local provenances.

· Revegetation strategies should be based on a high level of understanding of local climatic conditions and ecological processes. Re-established plant communities should eventually duplicate the natural ecological processes and functions of the original vegetation.

· Fauna return should be encouraged by natural means through the creation of suitable habitat rather than by physical re-introduction. Keystone species may need to be transferred where they are absent or inadequately represented in surrounding areas.

· Artificial barriers such as perimeter roads and fences, which inhibit flora or fauna recolonization, should be removed as soon as practical.

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Implementation of these policies, principles and guidelines within Alcoa, begins with the CEO who is ultimately responsible for assuring conformance with Alcoa's Environmental Policy Worldwide. The technical guidance and support will be provided by the environmental staff and other support groups.

At Jamalco, local implementation of these policies, principles and guidelines is the responsibility of the location manager, business unit managers, staff support groups, operating managers, sponsoring managers, environmental affairs staff, government affairs staff, Alcoa personnel and other staff groups.

1.7 NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES

The Company’s activities take a particular interest in preserving existing and potential historical sites within the development area. The operations are guided by and must comply with Alcoa’s World Alumina strict Environment, Health and Safety Standards. In addition to those already identified, all effort will be made to identify, locate and document, buildings, structures, sites and any other natural phenomena that can be considered significant from a cultural heritage perspective. Mining operations will be designed to avoid or manage appropriately (through direction from the Jamaica Heritage Trust) all such features that may be encountered.

1.7.1 MOU WITH FORESTRY DEPARTMENT Jamalco has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Forestry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture to facilitate collaborative activities between the parties in relation to the development and implementation of a “Land Care Management Plan” for segments of the mining area to govern the process of reclamation, rehabilitation and monitoring of mined out lands (and any others identified) in accordance with predetermined post mining land uses.

This MOU will see to the preservation of species for use in the rehabilitation of mined out areas.

A draft copy of this historical collaboration is included in the report as Appendix III: Reforestation plan in Jamaica –Memorandum of understanding between Ministry of Agriculture- Forestry Department and Alcoa.

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1.8 LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT

The Company has developed a comprehensive Land Acquisition and Resettlement program over the thirty years of operation on the island. The program continues to benefit from improved methodology and strategy in clearing mining lands while creating as minimal an impact on the existing social structure of the affected communities. In developing the South Manchester Resource areas the company’s present thinking is to utilize available government owned lands as the first areas that would be mined. This presents two important opportunities to the future development of the area:

1. Minimal social disturbance as government lands are sparsely populated and in most cases free of any settlement(s).

2. Provision of suitable lands (after rehabilitation and certification) for resettlement of residents from other potential mining areas.

The company approaches this process with an open mind and as such, feels that residents must also have the option to exercise their right to choose where they would like to be resettled. For a more comprehensive overview of Jamalco’s Land Acquisition and Resettlement methods please refer to the Jamalco publication “You and Jamalco” (Ó Jamalco 2000 – included as Appendix II: ‘Jamalco and you’ Q & A Booklet This represents an easy and simple guide for residents to understand the issues that will impact on their lives and what are their available options.

The company feels that the utilization of suitable available lands in the proposed mining areas for resettlement will minimize the negative issues of community dislocation.

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POLICY, LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS

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2 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS

2.1 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMIN ISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

This section provides a background on Alcoa’s (Jamalco) Environmental Policy and International & National Policies, Legislation and Regulations applicable to the proposed upgrade and expansion of the Jamalco facility (Plant, Port and Mines).

2.1.1 ALCOA’S POLICIES, PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES

2.1.1.1 ALCOA ’S ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY The Jamalco facility, under the management of Alcoa, strives to meet or exceed all environmental policies and regulations locally and within its corporate structure. As such, the facility is operated under strict guidance and guidelines to insure compliance at all levels of operation. The following information is derived from the existing Jamalco Environmental Policy Document.

It is Alcoa's policy to operate world-wide in a manner which protects the environment and the health of our employees and of the citizens of the communities where we have an impact.

ü We will comply with all applicable environmental laws, regulations and permits, and will employ more restrictive internal standards where necessary to conform with the above policy.

ü We will anticipate environmental issues and take appropriate actions which may precede laws or regulations.

ü We will work with government and others at all levels to develop responsible and effective environmental laws, regulations and standards.

ü All Alcoans are expected to understand, promote and assist in the implementation of this policy.

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2.1.1.2 ALCOA ’S ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES In support of Alcoa's Environmental Policy, the following principles have been developed to provide additional direction on specific issues. The implementation plan, which follows, provides details on how the Policy and Principles will be carried out.

ü We will support Sustainable Development

ü Alcoa will incorporate sustainable development into our operations by integrating environmental considerations into all relevant business decisions. We will achieve cleaner production through programs of waste minimization and pollution prevention with specific and measurable reduction targets.

ü We will practice responsible use of natural resources

ü Alcoa will utilize the best available information to plan and execute all projects that involve extraction of raw materials, or which may restrict the use of natural resources or impact ecosystems.

ü We will utilize techniques accepted as best practices on a worldwide basis for resource extraction, resource use, waste management, and rehabilitation of ecosystems disturbed by our activities.

ü We will use energy wisely

ü Alcoa will strive to maximize efficient energy use, conserving non-renewable resources.

ü We will practice sound environmental management

ü Alcoa will integrate environmental management fully with business and operating management to ensure that long-term and short-term environmental issues are considered together with market and economic aspects when decisions are made about new and existing facilities, processes, products, services, acquisitions and divestitures.

ü We will provide training and information

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ü Alcoa will sponsor training in the environmental area. We will also provide employees, suppliers, customers and neighbors with information needed to understand and help us achieve the goals of our environmental policy.

ü We will audit our operations and report findings

ü Alcoa will audit each of its operations on a regular basis to identify strengths and weaknesses of the location's environmental management process and to identify actions that need to be taken to prevent environmental problems or correct environmental deficiencies. Appropriate management, including the Alcoa Board of Directors, will be informed of the audit findings.

ü We will sponsor activities to improve the science of environmental protection.

ü Alcoa will sponsor and conduct research and development (including application of emerging technologies) to improve our ability to predict, assess, measure, reduce, and manage environmental impacts of our operations. We are committed to continuous improvement in all aspects of our environmental performance.

ü We will develop and adhere to high standards.

ü Alcoa will develop and implement worldwide environmental standards and best practices with emphasis on areas that are unique to our business.

ü We will report on our activities

ü Alcoa will communicate promptly and openly with individuals and communities regarding the environmental aspects and impacts of our operations, as well as with concerned parties who request such information. Alcoa will also provide an annual Environmental Health and Safety report that describes our programs, plans and performance. The report will be made available to shareholders and the public.

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2.2 LOCAL POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS

2.2.1 POLICY, LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS & STANDARDS The following represents descriptions of applicable legislative requirements with which activities of this proposed upgrade must comply:

· Agenda 21

· Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) Act, 1991

· Wildlife Protection Act, 1945

· Watershed Protection Act, 1963

· Mining Act, 1975

· Minerals (Vesting) Act, 1947

· Bauxite and Alumina (Special Provisions) Act, 1978

· Bauxite and Alumina Encouragement Act, 1950

· Town & Country Planning Act, 1987

· Forestry Act, 1937

· Water Resources Act/Underground Water Control Act, 1959

· Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act, 1985

· Beach Control Act, 1956

· Public Health Act, 1985

· Disaster Preparedness & Emergency Management Act, 1993

· National Solid Waste Management Authority Act, 2001

· Occupational Safety & Health Act, 2003 (DRAFT)

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· Manchester Parish Provisional Development Order, 1974

2.2.1.1 AGENDA 21 In June 1992, Jamaica participated in the United Nations Conference for Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One of the main outputs of the conference was a plan of global action, titled Agenda 21, which is a “comprehensive blueprint for the global actions to affect the transition to sustainable development” (Maurice Strong). Jamaica is a signatory to this convention. Twenty seven (27) environmental principles were outlined in the Agenda 21 document. Those relevant to this project, which Jamaica is obligated to follow are outlined below:

The United Nations hosted the EARTH SUMMIT '92 and from this conference twenty - seven (27) environmental principles were outlined. Not all of these principles are applicable to the project but those deemed relevant and appropriate are outlined below.

2.2.1.2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AUTHORITY ACT, 1991 The Act is the overriding legislation governing environmental management in the country. It also designates National Parks, Marine Parks, Protected Areas and regulates the control of pollution as well as the way land is used in protected areas.

This Act requires among other things, that all new projects or expansion of existing projects which fall within a prescribed description or category must be subjected to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

The regulations require that eight (8) copies of the EIA Study Report must be submitted to the Authority for review. There is a preliminary review period of ten days to determine whether additional information is needed. After the initial review the process can take up to ninety days for approval. If on review and evaluation of the EIA the required criteria are met, a permit is granted.

Specifically, the relevant section(s) under the Act which addresses the proposed mining activities are:

s.10: (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the Authority may by notice in writing require an applicant for a permit of the person responsible for

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undertaking in a prescribed area, any enterprise, construction or development of a prescribed description or category-

(a) to furnish the Authority such documents or information as the Authority thinks fit; or

(b) where it is of the opinion that activities of such enterprise, construction or development are having or are likely to have an adverse effect on the environment, to submit to the Authority in respect of the enterprise, construction or development, an EIA containing such information as may be prescribed, and the applicant or, as the case may be, the person responsible shall comply with the requirement.

s.12: Licenses for the discharge of effluents etc.

s.17: Information on pollution control facility

s.18: Enforcement of Controls – threat to public health or natural resources

s.32-33: Ministerial Orders to protect the environment

s.38: Regulations

2.2.1.3 WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1945 This act involves the declaration of game sanctuaries and reserves, game wardens, control of fishing in rivers, protection of specified rare or endemic species. The Act also provides for the protection of animals and makes it an offence to harm or kill a species which is protected. It stipulates that, having in one’s possession “whole or any part of a protected animal living or dead is illegal.

This Act has to be considered for the proposed project, ecological assessments will determine if rare or endangered species will be impacted.

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2.2.1.4 WATERSHED PROTECTION ACT, 1963 This Act governs the activities operating within the island’s watersheds, as well as, protects these areas. The watersheds which are designated under this Act include Rio Minho, Cane River and Rio Nuevo watersheds areas.

Determinations will be made to identify any potential impacts that this project may have on the various watershed areas and will propose mitigative actions where impacts are identified.

2.2.1.5 MINING ACT, 1975 The Mining Act regulates the activities of the mining sector including the various intricacies involved in the granting of licenses, prospecting rights and regulations, compensation payments and the utilization of special lands under a mining lease.

This Act is of special importance to the proposed mining activities and would be administered by the Jamaica Bauxite Institute (JBI).

2.2.1.6 MINERALS (VESTING) ACT, 1947 The Minerals (Vesting) Act, through the Minister, has the power to declare that all minerals being in, on or under any land or water, whether territorial waters, rivers, or inland sea, are vested in and are subject to the control of the Crown. As such this Act governs the extent to which royalties are payable to landowners.

2.2.1.7 BAUXITE AND ALUMINA (SPECIAL PROVISIONS) ACT, 1978 This Act makes provision for the power of the Minister (s) to declare on behalf of the Government to confirm agreements and arrangements between Government and Bauxite Producers, the power to declare persons “Bauxite Producers” and the power to transfer or vest lands of Bauxite Producers. The Act identifies exemptions from approval consents, Transfer Tax, Stamp Duty and Fees of land being owned by a Bauxite Producer for the production of bauxite.

It also gives the Minister power to ensure that orders or regulations are consistent with agreements made and finally it enforces that Income Tax shall be payable against production levees and to be paid in United States currency.

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2.2.1.8 BAUXITE AND ALUM INA ENCOURAGEMENT ACT, 1950 This Act authorizes a company to produce bauxite and alumina. It also identifies the power of the Minister on behalf of the Government, to approve the expansion of the alumina industry in Jamaica. In addition, the Act identifies exemption of customs duty for articles/materials used in the production of bauxite, as well as, specific circumstances for payments of General Consumption Tax and conditions for exemption from excise and customs duty. Special provisions are also made for exemptions from Income Tax.

2.2.1.9 TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING ACT, 1987 This Act governs the development and use of land. Under this law the Town Planning Department is the agency responsible for the review of any plans involving industrial development. The law allows for specific conditions to be stipulated and imposed on any approved plans. This planning decision is based upon several factors, these include;

· the location of the development

· the nature of the industrial process to be carried out

· the land use and zoning

· the effect of the proposal on amenities, traffic, etc.

This Act is applicable to the proposed plant and port upgrades and mining activities.

2.2.1.10 FORESTRY ACT, 1937 This Act provides for the management and the declaration of Forest Reserves on Crown Lands and regulates activities in Forest Reserves. This Act will be reviewed to determine if the upgrade activities (particularly mining) will impact on Forest Reserves and to what extent.

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2.2.1.11 WATER RESOURCES ACT; THE UNDERGROUND WATER CONTROL ACT, 1959 The Underground Water Control Act of 1959 is the legal instrument and is enforced by the Water Resources Authority (WRA). The Water Resources Act is expected to provide for the management, protection, controlled allocation and use of water resources of Jamaica. Thus the water quality control for both surface and ground water are regulated by this Act.

If the proposed facility intends to utilize any existing ground water, permission would be needed, in the form of an issued license for this activity. Under this Act exploratory activities such as the boring/drilling of wells for the purpose of searching for underground water without the written consent would be a violation.

In addition, any activity which negatively influences the quality of existing water, whether ground or surface, would be relevant to this Act.

The proposed project will impact on:

· Ground water resources as it proposes, to increase ground water extraction rates.

2.2.1.12 JAMAICA NATIONAL HERITAGE TRUST ACT, 1985 The Act is administered by the Jamaica National Heritage Trust, formerly the Jamaica National Trust. This Act provides for the protection of important areas, including the numerous monuments, forts, statues, buildings of historic and architectural importance in Jamaica.

In the approved mining SML of South Manchester, several historic sites and buildings have been identified within the general area of this project, these include several churches, schools, Great Houses and natural features of significant importance to our heritage.

During this project, an Archaeological and Heritage Retrieval Plan will be implemented to protect any historical or archaeologically significant item encountered.

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2.2.1.13 THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACT (1974) This Act controls and monitors pollution from point sources. Any breaches of this Act would be sent through the Central Health Committee which takes action through the Ministry of Health, Environmental Control Division (E.C.D.). The ECD has no direct legislative jurisdiction, but works through the Public Heath Act to monitor and control pollution from point sources. Action against any breaches of this Act would be administered by the Central Health Committee. The functions of the department include:

· The monitoring of waste water quality, including regular water quality analysis, using water standards published by NEPA;

· Monitoring of occupational health as it relates to industrial hygiene of potentially hazardous working environments;

· Monitoring of air pollutants through its laboratory facilities.

In addition, there are various sections of this legislative instrument which governs and protects the health of the public. Relevant sections under the Public Health Act of 1985, are Sections 7.- (1) A Local Board may from time to time, and shall if directed by the Minister to do so, make regulations relating to (o) nuisances and 14.- (1) The Minister may make regulations generally for carrying out the provisions and purposes of this Act, and in particular, subject to section 7, but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, may make regulations in relation to (d) air, soil and water pollution.

Aspects of the project related to odour have been considered since odour is a part of the Air Emissions regulations to be promulgated in 2004.

2.2.1.14 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ACT, 1993 The principal objectives of the Act is to advance disaster preparedness and emergency management measures in Jamaica by facilitating and coordinating the development and implementation of integrated disaster management systems. Jamalco has established procedures and guidance documents in place in terms of disaster preparedness and emergency management.

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2.2.1.15 NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY ACT, 2001 The National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA) under this Act has the responsibility to manage and regulate the solid waste sector. It includes requirements for licences for operators and owners of solid waste disposal facilities (in addition to permit requirements of NEPA).

2.2.1.16 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ACT, 2003 (DRAFT) This Act oversees the prevention of injury and illness resulting from conditions at the workplace, the protection of the safety and health of workers and the promotion of safe and healthy workplaces.

Sampling of sections from the Draft Act that are relevant to this project, include:

4. (1) This Act applies to all branches of economic activity and to all owners, employers and workers in all such branches.

5. (1) The owner of every industrial establishment or mine which carries on business on or after the appointed day shall, subject to subsection (8), apply to the Director in the prescribed form to be registered under this Act.

18. (1) Provides a description of the duties of employers, outlining the need for quality work areas and work environments, procedures and guidelines that will result in safe and healthy workplaces.

19. (1) discusses the duties of employers at construction sites in terms of employee safety and health during work activities.

25. (1) an employer shall make or cause to be made and shall maintain an inventory of all hazardous chemicals and hazardous physical agents that are present in the workplace.

26. (1) this section provides guidelines and procedures for employers to follow in terms of identification of hazardous chemicals. This includes labeling and identification protocols.

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30. (1) Basically, this section of the Act requires an employer to provide training of its employees with a potential for exposure to hazardous chemicals or physical agents.

It is expected that this Draft Act will be Gazetted in the near future. As such, it is important that Jamalco have an understanding and appreciation for its contents.

2.2.1.17 MANCHESTER PARISH PROVISIONAL DEVELOPMENT ORDER, 1974 This document provides the development plan for the Parish of Clarendon. It clarifies the role and responsibility of the local planning authority and provides guidance on how development of the parish should proceed. All activities in this proposed upgrade of the Jamalco operations that requires local planning authority approval will be properly identified and the appropriate permits and licenses will be secured.

In terms of mining, the Order indicates that there are “widespread and substantial deposits of bauxite occur at various places within the Parish and it is intended that these should not in any way be rendered incapable of extraction as a result of urbanization”.

Special note: The Jamaica Bauxite Institute (JBI) is the regulatory agency monitoring the bauxite industry, and as such their policies will extend to any development on bauxite owned lands.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 LAND USE AND GEOLOGY

3.1.1 LAND USE The primary focus of this EIA report centers on the establishment of new bauxite mines, a new loading station, and other related aspects of the industry in the South Manchester Plateau.

These establishments are recognised as requiring access to and the use of significant amounts of space, some of which may be in use for residential, commercial, farming or other uses. In this section we utilise combinations of historical data and information with observations, ground-truthing and knowledge of the area. The culmination of our efforts is summarized in below.

3.1.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY The topography of Manchester is undulating with escarpments and highlands of which the most prominent are the Carpenters Mountains, Mile Gully Mountains, May Day and Don Figuerero Mountains.

3.1.1.2 AREA AND LAND COVER The parish of Manchester occupies an area of 791.6 sq.km, which accommodates a scattering of villages and other urban settlements. Mixed cultivation is confined to the northern regions. Bauxite deposits have impacted on the levels of mixed cultivation. Large areas in the valleys are now used as pasture lands, some areas are in woodland and ruinate providing poor grazing for small herds of cattle and goats.

Citrus is cultivated in some areas as are mixed crops such as corn, coffee, Irish potatoes, pimento. Upland areas are cultivated in ackee, breadfruit, mango, cocoa, etc.

The Northern area comprises most of the parish’s forests and forest reserves, within conservation areas.

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FIGURE 3-1: LAND USE MAP FOR SML 130

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3.1.1.3 LAND CAPABILITY Agricultural land capability in Manchester varies between classes I, II, III and V. The following table identifies the suitability of each class. (Figure 1-1 below)

FIGURE 3-2: AGRICULTURAL LAND CAPABILITY

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TABLE 3-1: AGRICULTURAL LAND CAPABILITY

LAND CLASS CAPABILITY PERMEABILITY Suitable for cultivation (tillable) with almost no I Plentiful limitations. II Suitable for cultivation with moderate limitation Plentiful III Suitable for cultivation with strong limitations Very limited or none Not suitable for cultivation, but for planted forest, V Limited tree crops and improved grasses Not suitable for cultivation – should be kept under VI Plentiful natural vegetation.

3.1.1.4 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The long term land management and development strategy is to allow for available resources to be used in a manner that ensures maximum economic benefits without contravening the general principles of conservation. In this regard there are definitions of growth centres for urbanization and conservation. Land uses include agriculture, national & marine parks, watershed areas, industrial forests, resort centres and bauxite deposits (See Figure 3-3).

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FIGURE 3-3: DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Physical, social and economic growth and development over the last 30 years, has been influenced by the bauxite/alumina industry through Alcoa, Alpart, and other foreign interests largely enhanced by Alcan of Canada (now Windalco). Mandeville, the parish capital, has become a strong financial and commercial location and also an important administrative centre which continues to experience growth.

Residential and commercial uses are developed in urban areas designated as villages, district centres, sub-regional centres and regional centres. The latter three are classified in the National Physical Plan 1978-1998.

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In addition, there are scatterings of linear and star shaped villages along roadways and road intersections throughout Manchester, which have not been classified as growth points, though they continue to sprawl, leap frog and become conurbations.

3.1.1.5 INDUSTRIAL Light industrial land use is confined to the hierarchy of rural/urban settlements and linear occupancy along district, sub-arterial and arterial roads. Heavy and special industrial plants include the bauxite processing plant at Kirkvine (Windalco).

Transportation and access routes, e.g. all classes of roads and railway lines link all urban centres and also penetrate agricultural areas, national parks and conservation areas.

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FIGURE 3-4: AREAS CLASSIFIED AS URBAN

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3.1.2 URBAN SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 3-2: Urban Settlement Development

MANCHESTER – HEIRARCHY OF GROWTH CENTRES District Centres Sub-Regional Centres Regional Centres Mount Oliphant Cross Keys Mandeville Harmons Pusey Hill Red Berry

3.1.2.1 PARISH COUNCIL/LAND USE ZONING Manchester is covered by Development Orders and subsequently falls under the aegis of the Town and Country Planning Act. Thus any form of development requires an application to the relevant Local Planning Authority (Parish Council) for permission to carry out building, engineering and mining operations or change in the use of land or buildings.

There are no specific demarcated zones for land use, but there are general statements of intended uses, supporting requirements and standards.

3.1.3 AESTHETICS There are several areas of outstanding natural beauty, visual and recreational amenity, and therapy. There are also areas which are aesthetically appealing and spiritually inspiring. The views from Spur Tree over the slopes toward the Alligator Pond and Canoe Valley coastal areas are magnificent. In additional there are remarkable 360° scenic views from the South Manchester Plateau, as in areas such as Pusey Hill.

A wide variety of microclimates exits throughout the parish, ranging from cool climatic conditions in Northern Manchester to warmer, drier conditions towards the southern coast of the Parish. The areas under study are adequately provided with transportation infrastructure – roads, haul roads, power transmission, and social infrastructure – hospitals (Mandeville), police stations, post offices, some government offices, schools, etc.

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3.1.4 POTENTIAL USES The Parish of Manchester is a designated watershed area. Some areas are designated as national parks and protected areas. Some are likely to be zoned for specific classification of industrial uses and buffer zones to avoid conflict and potential nuisances between industrial and residential users.

Most of the potential land uses in Manchester consists of future mining areas, existing mining areas and mined out lands for rehabilitation, forests and grassland.

The proposed project from JAMALCO includes the establishment of new mines, a new loading station and transportation corridors connecting the mines ultimately to the refinery in Halse Hall, Clarendon. The area to be mined is identified in the National Physical Plan 1978 – 1998 as Region D (Figure 3-5), the Manchester-Clarendon Region. Manchester has been extensively zoned and leased for bauxite mining operations.

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FIGURE 3-5: PLANNING REGION

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3.2 GEOLOGY

3.2.1 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY

3.2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY There are 3 main geomorphologic features in the Manchester area of the Rio Minho basin, Manchester Highlands sub-basin.

· The rugged and well dissected Cretaceous volcaniclastics to the north (of Christiana) · The highland areas of Tertiary limestones with different stages of karstic development · The flat Pleistocene-Recent river alluvium along the South Manchester coastline between Round Hill in the east and Old Womans Point in the west

3.2.2.1 LANDFORMS ON THE CRETACEOUS VOLCANICLASTIC AREA. The landforms are rugged and highly dissected. The dissection of most of the Cretaceous Central inlier is related to the Rio Minho River and its Tributaries. The Rio Minho flows to the east through Clarendon to the sea.

3.2.2.2 LANDFORMS OF THE LIMESTONE AREAS The following landforms related to the karst areas can be recognized.

1) Karstlands of high relief with glades not well developed to the west of Mandeville

2) Karstlands of low relief with high cone density i.e. glades not well developed and dolines have little bauxite cover (west of Spur Tree)

3) Karstlands on steep slopes with collapsed features (concentric area from Spur Tree along the Coast and north to St. Jago west of the Milk River)

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4) Karstlands with ridges and cones separated by bauxite filled glades (Manchester Plateau)

5) Flat sloping high level plain covered with thick bauxite soil (Roberts Run- Bousue area)

The areas showing the most mature karstic features are the northern and western sections of the Manchester Highlands.

3.2.3 STRUCTURE

3.2.3.1 GENERAL The Manchester Highlands area is situated on the south central section of the Clarendon Block, which is delineated on the east and west by the NW -SE trending Wagwater and Cambridge – Santa Cruz faults, respectively. The E-W Duanvale fault system defines the northern boundary. The bedding planes of the Newport Limestone seem to indicate a general shallow (50 – 100) dip to the east. The Manchester Highlands is in fact, tilted slightly to the east.

3.2.3.2 FAULTS Two main sets of faults cut the Manchester area. They trend:

· NNW - SSE and · E-W Mid-Miocene normal faulting initiated a subdivision of the area into elongated blocks trending NNW -SSE and late Pliocene-early Pleistocene tectonics produced renewed movement along old features. East of the Mile Gully synclinal axis step-faulting is consistently down to the west, while to the west of the axis, down-throw is to the east. The pattern again changes at the Spur Tree Fault, which down-throws to the west. This is believed to be related to the Spice Grove anticline. Thus an intimate relationship between faults and folds is found suggesting that they are genetically related. It appears that the Mile Gully syncline is the centre of collapse of a graben structure of which the Williamsfield Trough is but a part.

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The complementary NE-SW faults are generally poorly developed, and only become important as crushed zones (which have implications for groundwater flow) in the southern and western Manchester Highlands.

There are two important sets of E-W trending fault zones which traverse the northern and southern boundaries of the area. The northern E-W crush zone, which passes through Spauldings, is believed to be the western extension of the Crawle River Fault, which Coates (1965) believes to have both lateral and vertical movement.

The Sixteen Mile Gully Fault extends from Round Hill in the east to Blenheim in the west. Several splay faults trending NNW -SSE join the Sixteen Mile Gully Fault.

A series of faults run parallel to the coast between Old Womans Point and Round Hill.

The two most important north-south trending faults are the Whitney and the Queen Town Hill Faults. Both faults are thought to be the east and west boundaries respectively of the Williamsfield “Trough” or “Graben”. This is discussed in more detail below.

3.2.3.3 WILLIAMSFIELD “TROUGH” OR GRABEN A Graben is a “down faulted block generally linear, bounded by gravity faults”.

The Williamsfield Graben constitutes the major structural element of the Manchester Parish and the Rio Minho Hydrologic Basin. It is marked by a valley extending from Balaclava, St. Elizabeth through Mile Gully, Williamsfield, Porus and into Clarendon. The centre is marked by a line through Mile Gully, Williamsfield and St. Toolies to the scarp at St. Jago in Clarendon.

In the Balaclava area, the structure either shallows or dies out against the central inlier or the Crawle River Fault.

The Whitney Fault, which is considered to be the eastern boundary of the Williamsfield Graben, may be a gravity fault with its axial plane dipping to the west. The western boundary of the graben is considered to be the Queen Town Hill Fault which can be traced along the eastern border of the May Day Mountains, paralleling the Alligator Hole River in the south through Mango Tree, and Broad Leaf where it curves to the WNW through Royal Flat to the north of Mandeville.

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3.2.4 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY The economic potential of the Manchester area depends largely on the bauxite deposits located atop the Manchester Highlands (Plateau) and developed from the weathering of the Karst landscape. Large areas of the May Day and the Carpenters Mountains are known to have bauxite deposits and are under licence to either Alcoa (Jamalco) or Windalco.

Black sand deposits occur along the coastal strip between Farquhars Beach to the west and Old Womans Point to the east. These sands are magnetic and the deposits contain both ilmenite and magnetite. The deposits at Old Womans Point lie on a platform some 6 metres above sea level.

The limestones and dolomites that cover the majority of the area are relatively little used and if used is mainly for aggregate and road construction. A full economic appraisal of the limestones needs to be undertaken in light of the increased demand for industrial minerals both locally and overseas.

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3.3 HYDROLOGY

3.3.1 GENERAL Underground water has been used in the Rio Minho Hydrologic Basin since the early 1900. The Manchester Highlands as a part of this basin is partially supplied with groundwater for domestic purposes, not from wells drilled on the plateau, but from wells drilled to the east at Porus and to the west at Pepper, St. Elizabeth.

The Manchester Highlands occupy an area of 358 km2. The area is composed entirely of limestone of the White Limestone Group. The primary Limestone Formation is the Miocene aged Newport member.

The Limestone plateau rises steeply from the sea to an elevation of over 300 metres. The thickness of the limestone, as pointed out in the Geology section, is expected to be at least 1500 metres.

The limestone being highly karstified has no surface drainage except in small glades and only in the extreme rainy season.

3.3.2 HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY A hydrostratigraphic unit is a geologic formation (or series of formations) which demonstrates a distinct hydrologic character. Geologic formations are classified either as aquifers or aquicludes.

Rock formations with sufficient permeability to support perennial well and/or spring production are classified as aquifers. Rock formations with low permeability and which do not support perennial well and/or spring yield are classified as aquicludes. Surface water is the main potential of aquicludes because of their low permeability.

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Within the Manchester Highlands, the limestone aquifer is the principal hydrostratigraphic unit. It occupies an area of 358 km2 or 21% of the area of the Rio Minho Hydrologic Basin. The entire South Manchester area has the limestone formation as the main aquifer. Figure 3-6 below illustrates the hydrostratigraphy of the Manchester Highlands, and and Figure 3-7 illustrates the hydrostratigraphy for the proposed mining area (SML130).

Manchester Highlands

FIGURE 3-6: RIO MINHO HYDROLOGIC BASIN (INCLUDING MANCHESTER HIGHLANDS ) HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY

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FIGURE 3-7: HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY OF SML 130

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3.3.3 WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL The water resources potential of the Manchester Highlands falls into 3 types.

· Rainfall · Surface Water Resources · Ground Water Resources

3.3.3.1 RAINFALL RESOURCES Average annual rainfall increases from 1000 mm at the coast to a maximum of 2045 mm at Mandeville in the north. Harvested rainfall was estimated at 0.45 Mm 3/yr (million cubic metres per year) and was used mostly on the Highlands where the unserved population was assumed to be 45,000 (NWC 1980). The rainfall supports groundwater recharge of 2.20 X 108 cubic metres per year and evapotranspiration of 3.4 X 108 cubic metres per year.

3.3.3.2 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES There is no perennial or seasonal surface water sustained streams within the Manchester Highlands because of the high infiltration capacity of the limestone.

3.3.3.3 GROUND WATER RESOURCES Groundwater occurs in a highly karstified limestone aquifer that outcrops over 98% of the Manchester Highlands. The aquifer is in direct hydraulic continuity with the sea in sections. The absence of a lithologic barrier at the coast together with the high transmissivity combines to produce a very low water table elevation with respect to sea level. Depth to water is in excess of 300 metres as proven by the well drilled at Victoria Town and boreholes drilled south of Battersea Mud Lake by Alcan to monitor water quality.

Aquifer discharge supports flow in four perennial streams along the coast, which sustains a 5.2 km2 coastal swamp (part of Canoe Valley) being reserved as a National Park and a nature laboratory.

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Dry Well

Key Springs Parish

Boundary

Basin Boundary

Well

FIGURE 3-8: WELLS IN THE RIO MINHO HYDROLOGIC BASIN

3.3.3.4 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT The majority of the population on the Manchester Highlands depends on rainwater harvesting to meet their domestic demands. Agriculture is 100% rainfed.

Only one production well has been successfully developed in the Manchester Highlands and this is the well at Victoria Town. This well has an average annual production of 0.10 Mm 3 and maximum monthly production of 0.02 Mm 3. In the dry season as aquifer recharge is reduced, the well yield falls significantly.

Water supply to the major urban centre, Mandeville, is from groundwater supplied by wells drilled at Porus, Manchester and at Pepper, St. Elizabeth.

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The total annual production from the 3 wells at Pepper is 7 Mm 3 while from 2 wells at Porus the annual production is 3.45 Mm 3.

The wells at Porus tap the groundwater flowing in the Williamsfield Graben, a preferred flow path for groundwater. The Queen Town Hill Fault, which extends from Balaclava in St. Elizabeth, creates a high permeable zone and a preferred flow path for groundwater. Several springs that support flow at the St. Toolies and in the Milk River rise along this fault. The Milk River is 100% supported by groundwater drained from the limestone aquifer.

The reliable yield of the Milk River is zero as in the dry season when aquifer storage is low and the NWC and Windalco Wells at Porus are pumping, the river goes dry. However, since the extreme rainfall events associated with tropical storms, Isidore and Lilli in 2002, the Milk River flow has not fallen below 0.18 m3/sec (15,552 m3/d) and this was recorded between July 31 and August 5, 2004.

Two wells have been drilled in the extreme north of the Manchester Parish outside the Manchester Highlands. One well, drilled to a depth of 114.3m by Alcan, is located at the bottom of a large depression (to reduce drilling depth and cost) at Evergreen which floods periodically once aquifer storage is exceeded.

The second well is drilled north of the Alcan well at a higher elevation above the flood levels. This well is privately owned and was drilled to a depth of 91.5m. The licenced abstraction from the Evergreen Alcan well is 540 m3/d while that of the Evergreen private well is 545 m3/d.

The Water Resources Authority has identified well sites at Green Hill – Evergreen to meet the demands of Christiana. However, none has been drilled, as the costs are prohibitive.

The unutilized safe yield of groundwater under the Manchester Highlands has been identified as 81Mm 3/year. Development of this potential will be difficult and particularly costly given the need for 600 m deep wells and the high risks of failure associated with the compartmentalized nature of the highly permeable zones in the limestone.

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3.3.3.4.1 MANCHESTER HIGHLANDS SPRINGS The Manchester Highlands Springs are located along the coastal strip west of Round Hill in Clarendon. The springs represent natural discharge from the karstic limestone aquifer storage of the Manchester Highlands. Low permeability alluvium deposited on the down faulted southern block, on which the 5.2km2 swamp is located, functions as a barrier to groundwater flow forcing water table discharges to rise above sea level along the 18 km long limestone/alluvium boundary. The discharges flow through the swamp to the sea principally as the Alligator Hole River, Swift River, Two Rivers, Gramble River and Gut River. Along the remaining 13 km of coastal aquifer boundary, the alluvium is absent and the limestone is in direct contact with the sea. Here aquifer discharge is at or below sea level, directly into the sea.

Flow measurements (spot measurements) made by the Water Resources Authority between 1973 to 1994 indicate a mean discharge of:

· 236,288 m3/day for the Swift River · 221,293 m3/day for the Alligator Hole River · 227,200 m3/day for Two Rivers and · 41,350 m3/day for Gut River Any additional groundwater development in the Manchester Highlands will reduce the outflow to the springs with an impact on the environment of the swamp that will become more saline.

3.3.3.5 WATER QUALITY Water quality under the Manchester Highlands (Victoria Town well), at Porus within the Williamsfield Graben and at Evergreen indicates Calcium Bicarbonate type water. No contamination of water resources in the Manchester area has been noted except:

· Along the coastal zone where the seawater wedge has moved inland

· South of Battersea red mud lake at Windalco’s Kirkvine Works where elevated sodium concentration has been detected.

The Manchester Highland Springs exhibit high chloride concentrations. The Alligator Hole River has a mean chloride concentration of 920 mg/l while the other rivers have

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. 3-21 CD*PRJ 1023S/05 Jamalco South Manchester EIA Description of the Environment mean chloride concentrations varying between 1340 to 2420 mg/l. The difference in quality seems to be related to the elevation of the discharge and the rate of flow. The Alligator Hole River discharges at a higher elevation than the others and a direct relationship between salinity levels, elevation and the Ghyben-Herzberg principle can be determined. The Ghyben-Herzberg principle governs the occurrence of saline groundwater in coaster aquifers.

3.4 AIR QUALITY AND WEATHER

3.4.1 AIR QUALITY

3.4.1.1 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Jamalco has developed and maintained an Air Emissions Management Program to ensure compliance with the Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) ambient air quality standards, pending air quality regulations, Alcoa Air Emissions standards as well as to conform with ISO 14001 requirements and the company’s EHS policy.

There was no major air quality/weather monitoring station in Southern Manchester from which the consultant was able to acquire recent data. Since the proposed developments for South Manchester are new, Jamalco will conduct extensive baseline air quality studies to be used for comparative analysis once mining and transportation operations begin in the area. Complete high technology telemetry based weather stations will be established at the Mt. Oliphant loading station in the South Manchester SML to measure and monitor weather conditions so that work in the area can be guided by factual information and allow for better protection of the communities from potential mining related negative impacts. Much like the weather stations at the refinery that Jamalco operates, newly established stations in South Manchester will provide supplemental data for the following parameters:

· Wind speed · Wind direction · Air temperature · Barometric Pressure · Ground temperature

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· Precipitation and, · Standard deviation of the Wind direction.

3.4.1.1.1 AIR EMISSIONS The primary emissions anticipated in South Manchester from the mining operations will come from equipment and machinery operating in the mines and loading station. While not being deemed insignificant, it is not anticipated that any of these operations will generate significant amounts of air emissions that should be cause for alarm or concern to the citizens of the area. Periodic air emission monitoring will be conducted in the South Manchester area.

3.4.1.1.1.1 Particulates Emissions of particulates are intermittently released as a result of mining activities, windblown dust associated with bulk material handling, transportation and stocking of raw material (bauxite).

Proven particulate control and dust suppression strategies have been employed at Jamalco facilities, which have significantly minimized particulate and fugitive dust emissions.

These include but are not limited to the use of hooded conveyors, sprinkler systems, and other irrigation methods.

The mining locations will implement a number of fugitive emission control measures (all proven methods adopted by Jamalco at its operating facilities) inclusive of the following:

Controlling fugitive particulate emissions from storage piles through enclosures, covers or stabilization, minimizing the slope of the upwind face of piles where practicable. Confining as much pile activity as possible to the down wind side of piles. Limiting the size of loads to minimize loss of material to wind and spillage. Planting special wind breaks at critical points. Prompt removal of soil and other dust -forming debris from paved roads and scraping and compaction of unpaved roads to stabilize the road surface as often

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as necessary to minimize re-entrainment of fugitive particulate matter from the road surface. Vegetating areas with grass. To the extent practicable restricting vehicular travel to established paved roads. Watering of unpaved roads and other unpaved open spaces as often as necessary to minimize re-entrainment of fugitive particulate matter from these surfaces. Drip irrigation is also practiced at the refinery. Maintaining good house keeping practices to minimize the accumulation of materials, which could become fugitive.

Only with the onset of mining operations and the implementation of dust minimising protocols and procedures will Jamalco be able to measure and report the impacts (if any) that the operations are having in terms of particulate air quality.

3.5 WEATHER

3.5.1 REGIONAL SETTING/SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

3.5.1.1 PROPOSED MINING AREA The proposed mining area is located in Southern Manchester in a general area extending from Mount Oliphant in the East to Woodlands in the West, Green Pond in the North to Bossue in the south, as indicated on Figure 1-1.

Major settlements in the sphere of influence of the proposed mining area include:

· Mt. Oliphant · Green Pond · Pusey Hill · Harmons · Farm Plantation · Asia · Ellen Street · John Robinson · Hermitage · Warwick · Cross Keys · St. Toolis · Farenough · Cocoa Walk · Plowden Hill This area comprises settlements of varying sizes and population, however, the bauxite deposits are distributed randomly throughout these communities and in many cases are void of human encroachment. The sphere of influence of the proposed mining activities is not anticipated to extend outside of the prescribed mining SML.

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3.5.1.2 MINING AREA CLIMATE Mean annual average rainfall is 2,032 mm (80 inches) per year. The historical pattern has light rains in May, a summer dry season marked by brief but torrential thunderstorms, a main rainy season from September to November and a marked dry season from November to April. However, both annual totals and daily rainfall patterns are highly variable. The stationary weather system over central Jamaica in June and July 2002 produced two-thirds of the parish’s annual rainfall in 15 days.

Annual rainfall gradients decrease from north to south and west to east. The northern mountains have the highest volumes, often in the form of heavy fog. In the center, Mandeville averages over 80 inches while amounts are lower in sheltered parts, such as Grove Place to the south.

1 3.5.1.2.1 WINDSPEED AND DIRECTION The Wind rose plots shown from Figure 3-9 to Figure 3-13 represent or characterize the relevant meteorological data that is provided from the weather station at Knockpatriek Weather Station (AMV) and Halse Hall Weather Station (Jamalco) . They effectively show the predominant wind directions and speeds within a predefined period of time. On a typical Wind Rose plot there is a basic compass layout with the four major directions North, South, East and West. A series of shapes usually plotted from the central axis represent the direction of the wind with a series of concentric circles, which represent the percentage of the time the wind blows in that characteristic direction. The colour of shape depicts the wind speed in the particular direction.

3.5.1.2.1.1 Knockpatrick Weather Station (AMV) The results showed for the entire year a predominant wind direction in a NWW direction at wind speeds of maximum 8.5 m/s (16 knots) 36% of the time. It also shows some Westerly flow around 15% of the time at wind speeds of around 5.40 m/s (11 knots).

1 Jamaica Bauxite Institute, Assessment of Dust Distribution in The Harmons, South Manchester Area During Pre-Mining Haul Road Construction, Conrad Douglas and Associates Limited, April 2002

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FIGURE 3-9: KNOCKPATRICK W EATHER STATION (AMV) – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR THE YEAR 2001

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FIGURE 3-10: KNOCKPATRICK WEATHER STATION (AMV) – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR THE YEAR 2000

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3.5.1.2.1.2 Halse Hall Weather Station (Jamalco)

The results for the entire year showed a range of wind directions spanning from the NE directions to the SW directions in an anticlockwise manner. However, it was seen that 9 to 12 % of the time the wind was blowing in a NE direction with speeds up 8.50 m/s. On the contrary, it was seen that 8 to 9% of the time there were small gusts in the SW to NW direction with maximum wind speeds of 3.34 m/s (6 knots).

FIGURE 3-11: JAMALCO WEATHER STATION, HALSE HALL – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR YEAR 2001

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FIGURE 3-12: JAMALCO WEATHER STATION, HALSE HALL – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR YEAR 2001

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FIGURE 3-13: JAMALCO WEATHER STATION, HALSE HALL – WIND ROSE PLOT FOR YEAR 1999

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3.6 WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION

3.6.1 INTRODUCTION Bauxitic soils in Jamaica are relatively infertile and do not support mature vegetation that could typically be found on other soil types under the influence of the prevailing climatic conditions. Tree species are found on the limestone outcrops, with mainly grasses and small shrubs in areas overlying the bauxite in the depressions. Bauxite mining operations normally are confined to the depressions interspersed between limestone hillocks and this is reflected in the profile of mined areas.

The proposed mode of transport of bauxite ore from the new mining site to the plant is by trucks on dedicated haul roads to the new RopeCon conveyor system from the proposed Mount Oliphant Loadout Station to the St. Jago Rail head, a distance of approximately 3.2km. Rail transport is the mode of transport currently used to move mined ore (from existing mines along the Manchester plateau) from the railhead at St Jago to the refinery at Halse Hall, Clarendon.

3.6.2 METHODOLOGY The ecological assessment was conducted primarily through qualitative methods supported by literature research. The literature review was based on a series of relatively current studies which employed the use of quantitative methods for several areas in the sphere of influence of the project sites. Methods employed included the following:

· Aerial photography and land use classification mapping to identify plant species distribution and classification.

· Ground- truthing to confirm land use classification and vegetation type and distribution

· Plant collection and plant identification through the aid of a recognized taxonomist and herbarium

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· Literature research of information related to the geographical influence of the proposed project to generate species inventories .

· Animal identification through field guides, photography, vocalization, tracks, fecal deposits, burrows among others.

3.6.3 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT The gradation of vegetation types is influenced by several factors, namely: · elevation, · temperature, · degree of rainfall, and · soil types The South Manchester Plateau experiences warmer, drier temperatures and less frequent rainfall than the North Manchester Highlands and thus have species which exhibits strong xerophytic characteristics.

3.6.3.1 NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY – INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS Jamaica is rated fifth highest in endemic plants of any island, worldwide. Based on information through the National Strategy and Action Plan on Biological Diversity ni Jamaica (2003), of the 3,304 known vascular species to occur in the country at least 28% are endemic.

2 TABLE 3-3-Flora diversity # of indigenous # of endemic Terrestrial flora % endemicity species species Bromeliads 60 22 36.7 Orchids 230 60 26 Ferns 579 67 11.5 Cacti 20 10 50 Palms 10 7 70 Grasses ~200 1 0.5

Faunal species similarly have high levels of endemicity with land birds showing 45% and amphibians and reptiles showing a 100% and 76%, respectively

2Source: National Strategy and Action Plan on Biological Diversity in Jamaica - 2003

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2 TABLE 3-4- Fauna diversity # of indigenous # of endemic Terrestrial fauna % endemicity species species Land snails 514 505 98.2 Grapsid crabs 9 9 100 Jumping spiders 26 20 76.9 Fireflies 48 45 93.8 Butterflies 133 20 15 Ants 59 6 10.3 Amphibians 22 22 100 Reptiles 43 33 76.7 Shore & Seabirds 39 1 2.6 Land birds 67 30 44.8 Bats 21 2 9.5 Other mammals 2 2 100

In order to protect this diversity, the Government, through the Forestry Department, has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Jamalco, guided by a ‘no-net-loss’ policy where the two organizations will work to compensate for the loss of forest cover due to mining operations. This will see the establishment of new forests on selected reclaimed bauxite mined out areas as well as the protection and preservation of existing forests. The full text of the MOU is presented in Appendix III: Reforestation plan in Jamaica –Memorandum of understanding between Ministry of Agriculture- Forestry Department and Alcoa.

3.6.4 FINDINGS

3.6.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATION TYPES The vegetation found in the areas of Mount Oliphant, Retrive, Queen Town, Pusey Hill, Asia, John Robinson, Green Pond etc was composed primarily of dry limestone vegetation interspersed with secondary scrub and pastureland. The vegetation in the mining area is typical of that to be expected in drier areas and could be indicative of more freely draining soils. Of the sixteen families found, two are common endemics, Bull Thatch and Climbing Cactus. Eighteen species were identified. Anthropogenic intrusion is evidenced by the presence of species such as banana (Musa sp), Bastard Cherry (Erhritia tinnifolia) and Coolie Plum (Ziziphus mauritiana).

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At least three distinct vegetation types were identified in the project area covering the study area;

· Dry Limestone Forest ( various degrees of disturbance) · Agricultural and pastureland · Secondary scrub (Thorn scrub)

3.6.4.1.1 DRY LIMESTONE FOREST In dry limestone forested areas trees were thin boled (basal diameter ranged from 6 to 72 cm) and branched high off the ground, perhaps a result of competition for light. The canopy was shallow but continuous. The understorey was quite open with low light penetration and primarily had saplings of the larger species mainly on the steep limestone slopes. Few openings were observed in the canopy probably due to the effects of Hurricanes Ivan (2004), Dennis (2005) and Emily (2005) or cutting for coal burning. Epiphytes and climbers were well represented. The practice of charcoal burning and the provision of yam sticks have removed many large trees from vast areas. The best forests exist along gullies of steep limestone slopes.

Leaf litter was poor along the slopes and decomposition rates appeared slow. The substrate was fragmented limestone rock. Termite mounds were also noted. Termites act as an important nutrient recycler by digesting cellulose of dead or fallen trees.

The dominant species included Thrinax parviflora (Bull thatch, thatch palm) and Polypodium sp. (fern) which grew in obvious clusters. Simaruba bursei (Red Birch) was the dominant emergent tree, prominent for its burnt red, flaky bark. Its prevalence is probably due to fire resistance and unsuitability for lumber or charcoal. Specimens of Agave soblifera (Maypole) with their bright yellow inflorescence were also readily identifiable.

Climbing, scrambling and epipihytic plants were represented by climbing cacti and the common orchid, Broughtonia sanguinea. No rare or endemic species were identified.

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PLATE 3-1: VEGETATION RECORDED IN DRY LIMESTONE FOREST

PLATE 3-2: EPIPHYTES AND FERNS OF THE DRY LIMESTONE FOREST

3.6.4.1.2 AGRICULTURAL AND PASTURELAND These areas are predominantly open but contain a considerable number of trees and hedges planted to provide crops, shade, ornamentation and demarcation. One small farm had at least seven species of fruit trees on a plot size of approximately 0.1ha (0.25 acre).

In some areas, huge tracts of unmaintained pastureland were observed. These areas were mostly overgrown with herbs and weeds. Species such as Spanish needle, Shame-o-lady (Mimosa pudica), fern (Polypodium sp.), and devils’ whip (Achyranthes indica) were common. Bare ground was indicated only by foot paths or recently cleared fields for cultivation.

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Farm plots in the area primarily featured yam (Diosocea sp), but other crops included corn (Zea Mays), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cassava (Manihot esculenta), sorrel and banana (Musa sp.). In areas visited these farming areas in combination with buildings and recreational areas, largely replaced the natural vegetation of the valley floor.

PLATE 3-3: PASTURELAND AND FARM PLOT

3.6.4.1.3 SECONDARY SCRUB (THORN SCRUB) Secondary scrub forest mainly comprises sparsely used and abandoned pastures. These areas are overgrown to form a secondary thorn scrub dominated by Logwood (Haematoxylon sp.).

The vegetation here is generally exposed to dry and hot conditions. Wild poponax plants (Acacia sp.), of average height 2 m (6.5ft), were highly branched with deep canopies, accounting for an estimated 60% of the plants height. However, the plants did not form a continuous canopy. A herb or sub-canopy was not represented in the savannah area.

Other conspicuous tree species included Poinciana and Guango. Historically introduced pasture grasses are found in the area. These include include Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and species from the genus Andropogon.

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TABLE 3-5: VEGETATION OF SOUTH MANCHESTER MINING AREAS STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES RANK DIVISION: PTERIDOPHYTA [FERNS] Adiantum fragile A. pyramidale A. tenerum (Maiden Hair) Blechnum villosum very rare B. occidentale Cheilanthes micrphylla Cyclopeltis semicordata rare Lastreopsis effusa rare Nephrolepsis biserrata N. exaltata (Boston fern) N. multiflora Polypodium dispersum Polypodiaceae P. heterophyllum P. pectinatum P. phyllitids (Cow tongue) P. plumila P. polypodioides (Resurrection fern) Pteridium aquilinum var caudatum Pteris longfolia Tectaria heracleifolia Thelypteris kunthii T. patens T. reptans T. tetragona rare Schizaeaceae Anemia adiantifolia CLASS: GYMNOSPERMAE [TREES & SHRUBS] Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Pinaceae (Honduras pine) SUB CLASS: MONOCOTYELDONAE Agave sobolifera (May pole) Frequent Agave sp. (sterile) (century palm) Agavaceae Furcraea hexapetala Yucca aloifoli (yacca)a Hippeastrum puniceum (wild amaryllis) Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes carinata (pink zephyrllies) Z. citrina (yelloe zephyrllies) Anthurium cordifolium (anthurium) Araceae A. grandifolium(anthurium) Philodendron lacerum (Philodendron)

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Syngonium auritum (five finger) S. podophyllum (nine finger) Xanthosoma sagittifolium (coco) Acrocomia spinosa (macca fat) endemic Chrysalidocarpus lutescens

(Madagascar palm) Cocos nucifera (coconut) Arecaceae (Palmae) Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) rare Roystonea altissims (upland royal palm) endemic Sabal maritimum (jamaicacensis) (bull thatch) Thrinax parviflora (thatch palm) endemic Asparagaceae Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) Anananus comusus (pineapple) Catopsis berteroniana (wild pine) Guzmania monostachia (wild pine) Hohenbergia spinulosa (giantwild pine) endemic H. urbaniana (giant wild pine) endemic Bromeliaceae Tillandsia balbisiana (wild pine) T. fasciculata (wild pine) T. pruinosa (wild pine) T. recurvata (wild pine) T. setacea (wild pine) T. utriculata (wild pine) Callisia fragrans (Mexican callisia) Commelinaceae Tradescantia spathacea(boat lilly, moses in the bull rushes) Cyperaceae Scleria lithosperma Dioscorea alata (white yam) Dioscoreaceae D. cayennensis (yellow yam) Sansevieria hyacintoides (brown string hemp) Dracaenaceae S. trifasciata (brown string hemp) Trimezia martinicensis Iridaceae T. steyermarkii Musaceae Musa hybrid cultivars (bananas & plantains) Bletia purpurea Broughtonia sanguinea endemic Orchidaceae Oeceoclades maculate (African spotted orchid) Oncidium luridum Ponthieva racemosa Bambusa vulgaris (bamboo) frequent Poaceae (Grasses) Bracharia reptana (para grass)

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Chloris barbata (purple top) Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) Cynodon nlemfuensis (Bahama grass) Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) frequent Digitaria sp. (crab grass) Eleusine indica (fowl foot grass, yard grass) Eragrotis pilosa Ichnanthus pallens (rice grass) Lasiacis divaricata (bamboo grass) frequent Olyra latifolia Oplismenus hirtellus Panicum kaxum P. maximum (guinea grass) Paspalum fimbriatum Paspalum sp. (razor grass) Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) frequent Rottboellia exaltata (corn grass) Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) abundant Setaria geniculata (monkey grass) Sporoboñus indicus Themeda arguens (piano grass) Tricholaena rosea Tripsacum laxum Zea mays (corn) Smilacaceae Smilax balbisiana (wild chaney root) SUB CLASS: DICOTYELDONAE Ruellia macrophylla Acanthacaea Thunbergia alata (black eyed suzan) T. fragrans Achyranthes aspera (devil’s horse whip) frequent Amaranthaceae Iresine diffusa Anacardium occidentale (cashew) frequent Comocladia pinnatifolia (maiden plum) Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica (mango) Metopium brownie (poison wood) Angadenia lindeniana Beaumontia grandiflora Forsteronia floribunda Mandivilla torosa Apocynaceae Plumeria marchii (wild frangipani) Endemic Tabernaemontana laurifolia T. wullschaegelii endemic Thevetia peruviana (lucky nut) Urechites lutea

(Pentalinon luteum in recent publ.)

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Araliaceae Dendropanax arboreas Asclepias curassavica A. nivea frequent Metastelma leptocladon Asclepiadaceae Euphorbia poinsettia (orange milkweed) Euphorbia hirta (white milkweed) Metastelma sp. (sterile) Crescentia cujete (calabash) Bignoniaceae Spathelia campanulata Tecoma stans Bixaceae Bixa orellana Bombacaeae Ceiba pentandra (silk cotton tree) Cordia brownei C. globosa var humilis C. jamaicencis endemic Boraginaceae Ehretia tinifolia Heliotropium angiospermum Tournefortia hirsutissima Burseraceae Burseria simaruba (red birch, tourist tree) frequent Hylocereus triangularis endemic Cactaceae Rhypsalis baccifera Selenecereus grandiflorus (night blooming

ceris) Canellaceae Canella winterana (wild cinnamon) Caprifoliaceae Viburnum alpinum endemic Caricaceae Carica papaya (papaya) Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia(Australian pine) Celastraceae Schaefferia frutescens Combretaceae Terminalia catappa (West Indian almond) T. latifolia (Broadleaf) endemic

Bidens alba var radiate (Spanish needle) frequent Compositae (Asteraceae) B. reptans Calea jamaicensis endemic Conyza Canadensis Emilia sonchifolia (paint brush) Eupatorium odoratum E. villosum Mikania micrantha (quaco bush) Partenium hysterophorus Pentacalia discolor (white back) endemic Pluchea carolinensis Pseudelephantopus spicatus Tridax procumbens Vernonia acuminata endemic

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V. divaricata Wedelia gracilis (Marigold) Cuscuta Americana (love winder, love bush) Dichondra repens Convolvulaceae Ipomea indica var. acuminate (wild slip) I. tiliacea (wild slip) Merrimia umbellate Turbina corymbosa (Christmas pops) Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (leaf of life) Cayaponia racemosa Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) Momordica charantia (cerasse) frequent Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum confusum Acidoton Urens (scratch bush, cowitch endemic Alchornia latifolia Aleurites moluccana (Jamaican walnut) Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (milkweed) Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton) Croton humilis C. linearis (wild rosemary) C. nitens Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia oerstediana E. tirucalli (pencil tree) Gymnanthes lucida (crab back) Jatropha multifidda Manihot esculenta (cassava) Pedilanthus tithymaloides (monkey fiddle) Poinsettia pulcherrima (poinsettia) Ricinus communis (castor oil) Casearia guianensis (wild coffee) C. hirsuta Flacourtiaceae Zuelania guidonia

Lisianthius longiflorus endemic Gentianaceae Gesnaria acaulis endemic Rytidophyllum tomentosum (search me heart) endemic Calophyllum calaba Guttiferae (Clusiaceae) Clusia flava C. rosea (tar pot, card gum) Epimeredi indicus Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Hyptis pectinata H. suaveolens (wild mint) Leonotis nepetifola

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Salvia serotina Satureja viminea (black mint) Licaria triandria (sweetwood) Lauraceae Nectandra coriacea (sweetwood) Persea Americans (avocado pear)

Bauhinia divaricata (bull hoof)

Caesalpinia decapetala (wait-a-bit) Chamaecrista lineata Leguminosae Delonix regia (Poinciana) subfamily - Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) abundant Caesalpinioideae Hymenaea courbaril (W.I. locust, stinking toe) Senna ligustrina abundant S. occidentalis (wild coffee) abundant S. simea (cassia) Tamarindus indica (tamarind)

Abrus precatorius (John Crow bead)

Cajanus cajan (gungo pea) Canavalia altipendula endemic Centrosema virginiannum endemic Cracca caribaea Crotalaria retusa Leguminosae Desmodium axillare (stick tight) subfamily - Faboideae D. incanum (stick tight) (Papilionaceae) Erythrina corallodendrum (quick stick) Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) Galactia striata Gliricidia sepium (quick stick) Macroptilium lathroides Piscidia piscipula (dog wood) Rhynchosia minima Stylosanthes hamata

Acacia farnesiana Leguminosae subfamily - Mimosoideae A. macracantha (Mimosaceae) A. tortuosa Adenanthera pavonina (John Crow bead) Calliandra portoricensis Desmanthus virgatus Leucaena leucocephala Mimosa pudica (shame-o-lady)

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Pithecellobium alexandri endemic P. unguis-cati Samanea saman (saman, guango) Oryctanthus occidentalis (mistle toe, scorn the Loranthaceae endemic ground) Byrsonima coriacea Malpighiaceae Malpighia glabra Stigmaphyllon puberum Bastardia viscosa (stinking weed) Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) H. rosa-sinensis (hibiscus, shoe black) H. sabdariffa (sorrel) Malvastrum americanum M. corchorifolium Malvavviscus arboreus var. penduliflorus Malvaceae Pavonia rosea Sida acuta (broomweed) S. glutinosa (broomweed) S. spinosa (broomweed) S. urens (broomweed) Urena lobata Wissadula amplissima W. fadyenii Blakea trinervia (cup and saucer) endemic Melastomataceae Miconia laevigata (mackerel bush) Tetrazygia pallens (ashes bush) endemic Cedrela odorata (cedar) Guarea swartzii endemic Meliacea Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany) Trichilia hirta Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) frequent Brosimum alicastrum (breadnut) Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) Moraceae Ficus aurea (wild fig) F. citrifolia (wild fig) Ficus sp. (wild fig) Ardisia sp. (sterile) Myrsinaceae Mysine acrantha Wallensis sp.(sterile) endemic Eugenia axilllaris Myrtaceae E. biflora Eugenia sp. (sterile) Pimenta dioica Psidium cattleianum

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P. guajava Syzygium jambos Nyctaginaceae Pisonia aculeata Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Bocconia frutescens Passiflora oblongata endemic P. rubra Passilfloraceae P. sexflora P. suberisa Rivina humilis (broomweed) Phytolaccaceae Trichostigma octandrum

Peperomia amplexicaulis (silver bush)

Piperaceae (Black P. obtusifolia pepper family) Piper amalago (jointer) P. hispidum P. murrayanum Plumbaginaceae Plumbago scandens (white plumbago) Polygala jamaicensis Polygalaceae Securidaca brownei endemic Coccoloba longifolia (wild grape) Polygonaceae C. swartzii (wild grape) C. uvifera (sea grape) Ranunculaceae Clematis dioica (wild clematis) Colubrina arborescens C. elliptica Rhamnaceae Krugiodendron ferreum (iron wood) Ziziphus mauritiana (coolie plum) Chiococca alba C. parvifolia Coffea arabica (coffee) Guettarda argentea Hamaelia sp. (sterile) Morinda citrifolia (hog plum) Rubiaceae Portlandia albiflora (portlandia) endemic P. grandiflora (portlandia) endemic Psychotria glabrata endemic P. nervosa P. pubescens Spermacoce assurgens (Borreria laevis of

Adams) (Mongoose weed) S. verticillata Citrus aurantifolia (swingle lime) Rutaceae C. limon (lemon) C. paradisi (grapefruit)

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C. reticulata (tangerine) C. sinensis (sweet orange) Spathelia sorbifolia (mountain pride) endemic Zanthoxylum martinicense (yellow prickly) Zanthoxylum sp. (sterile) Allophylus cominia Blighia sapida (ackee) frequent Sapindaceae Mellicoccus bijugatus (guinep) Paullinia barbadensis endemic Serjania mexicana Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple) C. oliviforme (wild star apple) Manilkara zapota (naseberry) Sapotaceae Pouteria multiflora Sideroxylon portoricense

(Bumelia nigra of Adams) (black or red bullet) S. salicifolium Picramnia antidesma (bitter wood) Simaroubaceae Picrasma excelsa (bitter wood) Capsicum baccatum (bird pepper) Cestrum diurnum Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) Solanum eruanthum S. torvum (susumber) frequent Guazuma ulmifolia Sterculiaceae Waltheria indica Thymelaeaceae Daphnopsis americana ss. cumingii Tiliaceae Triumfetta semitriloba Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia (ramgoat dash-a-long) Ulmaceae Celtis trinervia Pilea microphylla (artillery plant) Urticaceae P. nummulariifolia Pilea sp. Duranta erecta Holmskioñdia sanguinea (Japanese hat) Lantana camara (sage) frequent L. involucrata (sage) frequent Verbenaceae L. reticulata (sage) frequent L. trifolia (sage) frequent Petitia domingensi (fiddle wood)s Stachytarpheta cayennensis (vervine) S. jamaicensis (vervine) Phoradendron quadrangulare (scorn the

Viscaceae ground) P. trinervium (scorn the ground)

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Cissus verticillata (wall saddle) Vitaceae Leea cocinea (leea) Vitis tilliifolia (wild grape)

3.6.4.2 ROPECON CONVEYOR ROUTE LOADOUT STATION TO PLANT Transport of ore from the Loadout Station to the plant will be via a raised conveyor across the Mount Oliphant community and the forested ridges between Mount Oliphant and the St. Jago railhead (from thorn scrub/pastureland to dry limestone forest type vegetation).

Coal kilns (new and used) were observed in the limestone forest at various points along the proposed conveyor route to the railhead, indicating that local forest species were being harvested for charcoal production.

Summary

Elevation and human influence impacted on the species composition in most areas. The steep sided slopes maintained the best example of original forest cover. Few endemics were recorded including Thatch Palm but were all common in distribution.

Historically introduced pasture grasses are found in the area. These include include Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and species from the genus Andropogon.

3.6.4.3 FAUNAL STUDIES

3.6.4.3.1 GENERAL FAUNAL DESCRIPTION The primary focus of the faunal studies was on the avifauna in the area and for the other species noted such as insects, reptiles and amphibians. Analysis of avifauna species was conducted in relation to habitat types as outlined above in the vegetation analysis.

Based on the BEG’s Agriculture Limited Report (2000) done on behalf of Jamalco, at least 48 bird species were observed with 13 of these being endemics and 12 winter migrants. This list comprises the important and regular elements of the aviauna (see Table 3-6 below).

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Many bird species are dependent on the forest and as such are affected when sections are opened up. Species such as Jamaican Vireo, Caribbean Tody, Greater Antillean Bullfinch, and the Stolid Flycatcher are dependent on the forests. The BEG’s report however, found two-thirds of the breeding species and all but one winter species did not show marked decline as a result of increased human impact on habitats. Some species showed increased numbers in residential and agricultural areas, such as; cattle Egret, Yellow-faced Grassquit, Turkey Vulture and Greater Antillean Grackle.

The secondary scrub was found to be the principal habitat for several species including; Mourning dove, Antillean Palm Swift and the Grasshopper Sparrow to name a few.

Literature sources confirmed that major nesting periods are between January and May.

TABLE 3-6: AVIFAUNA OF SOUTH MANCHESTER FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES STATUS/RANK Accipitridae Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk endemic Apodidae Tachornis phoeicobia Antillean Palm Swift Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Caprimulgidae Chordeiles gundlachii Antillean Nighthawk Summer migrant Cathartidae Cathartes aura Turkey Buzzard Coerebinae Coereba flaveola Bananaquit endemic Cucilidae Crotophaga anis Smooth-billed Ani Coccyzidae Coccyzus minor Mangrove Cuckoo Columbidae Columba leucocephala White-crowned Pigeon Columbidae Columbina passerina Common Ground Dove Columbidae Geotrygon versicolor Crested Quail Dove endemic Columbidae Zenaida asiatica White-winged Dove endemic Columbidae Leptotila jamaicensis Caribbean Dove Columbidae Zenaida aurita Zenaida Dove endemic Columbidae Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove Emberizinae Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow Emberizinae Loxipasser anoxanthus Yellow-shouldered Grassquit endemic Emberizinae Tiaris bicolor Black-faced Grassquit Emberizinae Tiaris olivacea Yellow-faced Grassquit Falconidae Falco sparverius American Kestrel Fringillidae Loxigilla violacea Antillean Bullfinch Fringillidae Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch introduced Hirundinidae Hirundo fulva Cave Swallow Icteridae Quiscalus niger Greater Antillean Grackle Icteridae Icterus leucopteryx Jamaican oriole Icteridae Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird Mimidae Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird Picidae Melanerpes radiolatus** Jamaican Woodpecker endemic

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FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES STATUS/RANK Psittacidae Aratinga nana** Olive -throated Parakeet endemic Psittacidae Forpus passerinus Green-rumped Parrotlet - introduced Strigidae Pseudoscops grammicus Jamaican Owl Thraupinae Euphonia jamaica** Jamaican Euphonia endemic Thraupinae Euneornis campestris Orangequit endemic Thraupinae Spindalis nigricephala Jamaican Stripe-headed Tanager endemic Todidae Todus todus** Jamaican Tody endemic Trochilidae Anthracothorax mango Jamaican Mango endemic Trochilidae Mellisuga minima Vervain Trochilidae Trochilus polytmus polytmus** Red-billed Streamertail endemic Turdidae Turdus jamaicensis** White-chinned Thrush endemic Tyrannidae Myiarchus barbirostris** Sad Flycatcher endemic Tyrannidae Myiarchus validus** Rufous-tailed Flycatcher endemic Tyrannidae Myiarchus stolidus Stolid Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiopagis cotta Jamaican Elarnia endemic Tyrannidae Tyrannus caudifasciatus Loggerhead Kingbird Tyrannidae Tyrannus dominicensis Gray Kingbird Summer migrant Tytonidae Tyto alba Common Barn Owl Vireonidae Vireo altiloquus Black-whiskered Vireo Summer migrant Vireonidae Vireo modestus Jamaican Vireo endemic WINTER MIGRANTS Coccyzidae Coccyzus americanus Yello-billed Cuckoo Parulidae Dendroica caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler Parulidae Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler Parulidae Dendroica discolor Prairie Warbler Parulidae Dendroica dominica Palm Warbler Parulidae Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler Parulidae Dendroica tigrina Cape May Warbler Parulidae Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat Parulidae Mniotilta varia Black and White Warbler Parulidae Parula americana Northern Parula Parulidae Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird Parulidae Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart Families - 25 Endemics - 19

3.6.4.4 OTHER FAUNA Insects were fairly well represented, with butterflies and bees being the most obvious of the group. Lepidoptera (butterflies etc.) were represented with at least 5 different species noted. More importantly is the ecological functions of these insects where they act as pollinators. Other insect’s species included ants, beetles, stinkbugs, wasps and honeybees.

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3.6.4.4.1 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Reptiles and amphibian were not noted during surveys however literature reviews indicated the likely occurrence of certain species in the study area. Please refer to Table 3-7 below, which provides a list of potential amphibians and reptiles in study area.

There are at least four species of Arrhyton sp. of which three are endemic. The snakes feed on other reptiles and amphibians such as Anolis spp, Eleutherodactylus adults and eggs as well as Sphaerodactylus spp. Of the Sphaerodactylus spp one, not endemic, has a range extending to the study area.

In addition, at least six Anolis spp are suspected to occupy the area. Of these six species at least five are endemics with one species thought to be extinct.

Of the amphibians at least 15 species are thought to have the potential to occur in the study area and of these fifteen, twelve are endemic. Furthermore, nine of those species are Eleutherodactylus spp.

TABLE 3-7: TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE [AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES ] KNOWN TO INHABIT SOUTH 3 MANCHESTER STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES RANK Arrhyton funereum Jamaican Black Groundsnake E COLUBRIDAE Arrhyton callillaemum Jamaican Red Groundsnake E Jamaican Thunder Snake, TYPHLOPIDAE Typhlops jamaicensis E Jamaican Blindsnake GEKKONIDAE Sphaerodactylus argus Jamaican Stippled Sphaero - Celetes duquesneyi Blue-Tailed Galliwasp E ANGUIDAE Celetes d crusculus E Celetes barbouri Limestone Forest Galliwasp - Anolis valencienni Jamaican Twig Anole E Anolis sagrei Cuban Brown Anole - E (Possibly Anolis opalinus Opal-Bellied Anole IGUANIDAE extinct) Anolis garmani Jamaican Giant Anole E Anolis grahami Jamaican Turquoise Anole E Anolis lineatopus Jamaican Gray Anole E TEIIDAE Ameiva dorsalis Jamaican Ameiva - EMYDIDAE Trachemys terrapen Jamaican Slider - HYLIDAE Osteopilus brunneus Jamaican Laughing Frog E Hyla wilderi Green Bromeliad Frog E

3 Additional information from Caribherp: West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles, http://evo.bio.psu.edu/caribherp/lists/JAM-LIST.HTM, Accessed September 8, 2005

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STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES RANK Hyla marianae Yellow Bromeliad Frog E Eleutherodactylus Cuban Flathead Eleuth - planirostris planirostris Jamaican Yellow-Bellied E. pantoni pantone - Eleuth E.junori Rock Pocket Eleuth E E.jamaicensis Jamaican Bromeliad Eleuth E LEPTODACTYLIDAE E.grabhami Jamaican Pallid Eleuth E E gossei gossei Jamaican Forest Eleuth E E. gossei oligaulax E E. cundalli Jamaican Rock Eleuth E E. cavernicola Portland Ridge Eleuth E E. calyptahyla crucialis E Families -9 Species - 28 E - Endemics - 21

3.6.4.4.2 BUTTERFLIES As with amphibians and reptiles, this group was not surveyed and literature searches did not yield concrete data on species distribution. Information from the BEG’s report 2000, which focused on faunal studies in Southern Manchester, indicated the likely occurrence of certain species. The report identified seven families accounting for 41 species. Of which nine are endemic species or subspecies.

3.6.4.4.3 OTHER INVERTEBRATES The BEG’s report (2000) also identified species such as moths and, microlepidoptera. Please refer to the species list below:

TABLE 3-8: INV ERTEBRATES OF SOUTH MANCHESTER STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES RANK ORDER: LEPIDOPTERA [Moths & Butterflies] Arctiidae Ammalo helops Calidota strigosa Eunomia rubripunctata Endemic Cosmosoma achemon Cosmosoma auge Cosmosoma fenestrata Horama grotei Endemic Empyreuma anassa Endemic Phoenicoprocta Endemic jamaicensis Composia credula Rare

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STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES RANK Correbidia sp. Rare Hyponomeutidae Atteva auria Diaphina hyalinata Pyralidae Epipagis huronalis Anania florella Enyo biosduvali Sphingidae Erinnyis alope Geometridae Nepheloleuca foridata ORDER: ODONATA [Dragonflies and Damselflies] Coryphaeschana Aeshnidae Needle case adnexa Erythemis simplicollis Erythemis plebeja Needle case Tramea abdomiinalis Needle case Tramea insulris Needle case Tramea binotata Needle case Erythrodiplax aunrata Needle case Libellulidae Erythrodiplax bernice Needle case Dthemis rufinervis Needle case Macrothemis celeno Needle case Lepthemis vesiculosa Needle case Anax junius Needle case Micrathytyria didyma Needle case Pantala flavescens Needle case Zygoptera (Damsel Unidentified sp. Needle case flies) ORDER: MANTODEA [Praying Mantis] Stagmomatis Praying mantis domingensis ORDER: ISOPTERA [Termites] Nasutitermes Termite; Duck ants; white

nigricepes ants Procyptotermes Termite; Duck ants; white

cornicepes ants ORDER: ORTHOPTERA [Grasshopers & Crickets] Gryllidae Halpithus sp Cricket Orphullela punctata Small Grasshopper Neoconocephalus Grasshopper Acrididae affinis Stilpnochlora laurifolium Grasshopper Ascalapha odorata Black Witch, Duppy Bat Melipotis sp. Sylectra ericata Noctuidae Leucania juncicola Thysania xenobia Cinccia sp. ORDER: DERMAPTERA [Earwigs] Euborellia annulipes Earwig Cabidora rip aria Earwig ORDER: HOMOPTERA [Plant bugs]

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STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES RANK Membracidae Tyolzygnus fasciatus Cidadidellidae Poeciloscata laticepes ORDER: HEMIPTERA [True bugs] Gerridae Gerris sp. Loxa viridis Stink Bug Nezara viridula Stink Bug Proxy victor Stink Bug Pentatomidae (Stink Euschistatus bifibulous Stink Bug bugs) Alcaeorrhyndicus Stink Bug grandis Proscys victor Stink Bug Cydinidae Tominotus communis Rediviidae Stick insect Dysdercus jamaicensis Police man bug; Love bug Pyrrhocoridae Oncopertus

(Stainers) sanderchatus Oncopertus pictus ORDER: NEUROPTERA [Lace wings & ant lions] Chrysopidae Chrysopa bicornea Ant lion; Nanny Goat Myrmelontidae Hesperoleon sp. Green lace wing ORDER: DIPTERA [Flies] Tipulidae Limonira sp. Daddy long leg; crane fly Ornidia obesa Copestylum inatoma Syrphidae (Flower Copestylum flies) tamaulipanaum Pseudodorus clavatus Toxomerus pulchallus Bombylidae Paecillathrax lucifer Bee fly Stratyomyidae Hermatia illuscells Soldier fly (Soldier flies) Leptogaster Robber fly; bee fly jamaicensis Assilidae Cerotainia jamaicensis Robber fly; bee fly Ommatis alexanderi Robber fly; bee fly Tephritidae Anastrepha sp Fruit fly Carpelimus petomus Stphylinidae Carpelimus sp. Tenebrionidae Tarpela metabilis ORDER: COLEOPTERA [Beetles] Cicindela carthagena Cincindellide jamaicana Chalieorus cacti Lady bird beetle Coccinellidae Cycloneda sauguinea Lady bird beetle Scolytidae Xyleborus sp. Shotgun borers Chrysomelidae Coptocyia jamakana Metriona flavolineata Diabrotica bivittata Disonycha laevigate Homophoeta albicellis

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STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES RANK Cerotoma ruficornis Eburia postica Oreodera sp. Chlorida festiva Cerambycidae Elaphidon spinicorne Neoptychodes trilineta Neoclytus longipes Neoclytus sp. Paragymentis lanius Ligyrus fossor Scarabeeidae Macraspis tetradactyla (Scarab beetle) Strategus sp. News bug Oniticellus cubiensis Dung beetle Phanaeus vindex Dyticidae Unidentified sp. ORDER: HYMENOPTERA [Ants, Wasps & Bees] Compsomeris dorsata Scolidae Campsomeris attrata Ichneumonidae Icheumonus sp. Night wasp Euglossa jamaicensis Centris sp. Apidae Apis mellifera Honey bee Exomolapsis sp. Megachile concina Leaf cutter bee Megachilidae Megachile poyei Leaf cutter bee Sceliphron asimile Mud wasp Sphecidae Zeta abdominalae Mud wasp Pachydynerus nasidens Mud wasp Polistes crinitus Red wasp Vespidae Polistes hunteri Red wasp Polistes major Big red wasp Chalcidae Spilochalsis sp. Paratrechina

longicornis Formicidae Crematogaster sp. Black ant Pheidole sp. Biting ant Camponutus sp. Carpenter ant; Big red ant Trachymymex Gardening ant Endemic jamaicensis ORDER: COLLEMBOLA [Springtails] Unidentified sp. Springtail SPIDERS Peucetia sp. Anancy Spiders Argiope aurunita Anancy Spiders Micrathena sp. Anancy Spiders Phalaugium sp. Anancy Spiders MILLIPEDES Julida sp. Forty leg ORDER: IXODES [Ticks] Boophilous microplus Cattle tick

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STATUS/ FAMILY NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES COMMON NAMES RANK ORDER: ISOPODA Unidentified sp. Woodlouse ORDER: OLIGOCHAETA [Earth Worms] Pheretima sp. Earthworm Proto scolex sp. Earthworm SNAILS Thelidomus aspreera Sagda jayana Sagda anodon Sagda torrefactor Plectocycoltus

jamaicensis Lucidella granulosa Lucidella anroela Lucidella sp. Urocoptis aspera Urocoptis brevis Urocoptis sp. Orthalicus undatus Eutrochatella sp. Pleurodonte autalucena Tudora jayana Tudora tectilabris Tudora banksiana Tudora sp. Dentelaria sp. Families -50 Endemics - 5

3.6.4.5 ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS · Soil fertility and Trees. It is well established that the presence of trees contribute significantly to soil amelioration. Trees provide a number of functions; physically, they prevent soil erosion by protecting the soil from direct rainfall through interception with their canopies, and they improve soil stability through their root systems. Chemically, they improve soil quality by additions of organic matter (leaf litter, decomposing branches and root exudates) and through leaching from stem and leaves.

The species Samanea saman (Guango) may play a greater role in this regard. The plant is a nitrogen fixing tree, and large specimens are frequent in several areas.

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· Plant dispersal and Pollination. Several of the plant species have specialized relationships with birds to ensure pollination and seed dispersal. One such cas e occurs with bromeliads being pollinated by Trochilus polytmus polytmus (Red- billed streamertail) and the Cecropia peltata (Trumpet tree) whose seeds are dispersed by birds.

· Habitats Several plant species provide valuable habitats for animal species. In general provide feeding and nesting grounds for bird species. In addition to creating microhabitats, such as bromeliads and other epiphytes. These plants in turn support the breeding species as tree frogs and crabs.

3.6.4.6 BIODIVERSITY LEVELS In summary, a general survey and literature searches of the South Manchester mining, transportation and loadin station areas and vicinity has revealed that while several endemic species have been identified, no rare or endangered species were observed. A comparison of potential species (likely to occur) diversity in the various study areas indicated good representation when matched against national levels.

Jamalco has commissioned extensive independent biodiversity studies of the South Manchester mining area out of concern for the preservation and conservation of Jamaica’s biodiversity species

FIGURE 3-14: Comparison of Biodiversity Levels Potential Observed species National Endemics Endemics Endemics species from levels literature Not Plants 60 2 47 indicated 3,304 167 by study Birds 39 10 144 19 106 31 Bats 0 N/a 9 1 21 2 Butterflies 5 unknown 41 9 133 20 Amphibians 0 N/s 14 12 22 22 Reptiles 0 N/a 16 11 43 33 Not Snails 2 unknown 19 514 505 indicated Note- numbers include bird migratory species Listing from Quaco rock and Bird Cave rock omitted

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3.6.5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

3.6.5.1 CONCLUSIONS The proposed project although wide in its geographical scope will only impact (in a reversible manner) on the ecology of the specific mining areas, the footprint of the RopeCon System and the area in Mount Oliphant selected for the loading station. This will involve the clearing of vegetation and its associated disruption to fauna.

However, Jamalco has made significant preparations for this unavoidable aspect of the development project through its ground breaking Memorandum of Understanding with the Forestry Department to implement a “Land Care Management Plan” for areas slated for mining. In respect of other elements of the project the impacts willl be minimal:

The railway network and transportation corridor is already in existence and its operation will pose no new threat to vegetative cover and the environment in general. No new rail lines will be added in South Manchester.

Species noted in the study area are relatively common.

3.6.5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS The area of concern will be the proposed mining areas, where vegetation will have to be removed to facilitate mining. In such cases the following steps should be taken:

Land clearance should be kept to a minimum to reduce unnecessary habitat loss

Care should be exercised to minimize anthropologic influences on nearby areas of significant biological value.

Where possible, important plant species should be removed for preservation. The involvement of such groups as the Jamaica Orchid Society to do sweeps of the areas before clearance should be considered. The same should apply to smaller animals such as tree frogs or snakes. This is a good opportunity for the involvement of local NGO’s to aid with this effort.

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Jamalco should consider organizing a response team through NGO and community contacts to deal with any important species that may be dis placed during mining.

Indigenous species should be preserved for use in the rehabilitation programme to promote re-establishment of similar vegetation types, in keeping with Jamalco’s policies and the MOU with the Forestry Department.

In the case of the SML proposed for mining in Southern Manchester, it is recommended that Jamalco continue to study the area to capture the seasonal variations in vegetation, fauna and habitat types and their ecological relationship right up to the commencement of mining.

3.7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL RESOURCES

3.7.1 SUMMARY No feature, object or structure that could be considered a significant archaeological or historical resource was identified in the assessment of the SML. Searches of the Jamaica National Heritage Trust database did not provide any indications specific to the SML. This is not to say that heritage resources do not exist in the area, but that none were identified.

Jamalco will exercise due caution and care in its mining operations. If Jamalco should identify anything that appears to be of historic or cultural significance, the JNHT will be contacted and a Heritage Retrieval Plan implemented.

3.8 NOISE LEVELS AND VIBRATION

3.8.1 MINING During mining operations, it is anticipated that the potential for noise impact will come primarily from the utilization of heavy equipment and blasting (where necessary). Because of the location of Jamaica’s bauxite deposits atop limestone deposits, it is usually easy to access the ore by simply removing the overburden, in cases where

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Noise will be generated by heavy equipment and machinery, however, the identification of bauxite deposits in the proposed mining area in South Manchester makes it difficult to predict the closeness of residents to mining activities. What is known is that Jamalco has a noise management policy that has governed its mining operations in Jamaica for many years which will continue to be implemented. Additionally, from time-to-time Jamalco utilizes the service of third-party monitors to collect noise data.

Monitoring of nearby residences and communities will be undertaken as necessary to collect both baseline noise level data and measurements to ensure that noise standards are not exceeded. All complaints related to noise will be addressed as Jamalco is committed to complying with the regulations.

3.8.2 AUDIOMETRIC SURVEY The audiometric survey was conducted using calibrated handheld digital audiometers. Noise levels were measured at various locations selected because of their proximity to planned activities and residential areas within the communities.

3.8.3 VIBRATION ANALYSIS Data from vibration analysis studies of the proposed mining areas, surrounding communities inclusive of the proposed loading station were not available at the time of completion of this EIA report.

To derive truly conclusive scientific data on vibration potential and mitigation if necessary, a detailed program of investigation should be developed and implemented throughout these areas on an objective basis using scientifically approved criteria and techniques.

Sufficient vibration data should be generated which would be subjected to statistical analysis over all operating conditions. This should also take into account other factors in the environmental baseline which may contribute to the introduction of errors and inaccuracies in these observations.

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The introduction of the RopeCon conveyor system is new to Jamaica. However, it represents a marked improvement in terms of performance and quiet operation over any other similar system in place on the island at this time. The conveyor runs on Teflon rollers that are efficient and acoustically quiet. While the system is not anticipated to be noisy, the communities of Southern Manchester through which the conveyor will pass will need to sensitised to the technology and any potential impacts that may be associated with it. The conveyor system will be hooded (covered) to system, hence dust, falling debris would be considerably ameliorated. Roadways under the convetor system will be covered where the crossing occurs to further minimise any unforeseen potential problem. The consultant recommends that Jamalco implements periodic vibration measurements or review of structural assessments in its monitoring programme.

3.9 NATURAL HAZARD VULNERABILITY

3.9.1 NATURAL HAZARD VULNERABILITY - MANCHESTER

3.9.1.1 FLOODING Although flooding has occurred in the limestone regions of Manchester Parish in times of unusually heavy and/or prolonged rainfall (e.g. at Porus, Harmons and Content in 2002), there are no historical records of flooding in the proposed mining area. Due to the predominant gentle slopes of the area and the physical impacts of the mining activities, mined out areas will be utilised (in some cases) as stabilisation areas for rainwater to control surface drainage and run-off that may impact on communities. Stormwater control and management are features of mining plans implemented by Jamalco.

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3.9.1.2 LANDSLIDES There appear to be no historical records of landslides in the district. However, the near vertical slopes on some limestone hills bounded by faults or with mature karst topography makes such slopes susceptible to rock falls. Also, on steep slopes where cultivation has resulted in soil erosion there is the potential for the accumulation of screes, which could become unstable. Mining activities conducted within the guidelines of the mining and rehabilitation plans will not increase the likelihood of landslides in the area.

3.9.1.3 SEISMIC ACTIVITY

3.9.1.3.1 LOCAL Local earthquakes occur but are unlikely to affect mining operations.

Figure 4-11 below shows the maximum expected Maximum Mercalli Intensity (MMI) across various regions of the island; the figure also allows for a 10% probability in the possible exceedance of these expected values within 50 years of each occurrance. Jamalco’s mining operation in the South Manchester area is anticipated and expected to feel tremors from earthquakes between 7-8 MMI. The expected effects from such tremors range from small slides and caving in and/or along sand or gravel banks, to the cracking of wet ground and steep slopes.4

4 http://www.uwiseismic.com/Earthquakes/eq_monitoring.html#Anchor-MEASURIN-48543

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5 FIGURE 3-15: MAXIMUM MERCALLI INTENSITY IN JAMAICA

The proposed mining area consists of Karst areas showing various landform characteristics. The Karstlands showing greatest bauxite depsits are the Karstlands with ridges and cones, which are separated by bauxite filled glades (Manchester Plateau), and the Karstlands with flat sloping high level plain covered with thick bauxite soil (Roberts Run-Bousue area). In both Karstland landforms, the bauxite deposits are located in areas where the terrain is essentially flat and not steeply sloped. Therefore, these areas are unlikely to experience the cavings or landslides associated with the expected earthquake intensities.

The proposed transportation corridor from the mining area in South Manchester to the bauxite refinery in Clarendon is three phase, employing the use of haulage trucks, the new RopeCon system and the use of railway. The haulage trucks will travel by dedicated haul roads from the mining area to the Mt. Oliphant loading station where the mined ore will be screened and transported by RopeCon to the St. Jago railhead from where it travels by rail to the refinery. These proposed methods of transportation will use infrastructure that will be designed to withstand expected earthquake intensities, such damage is commonly associated with earthquakes of the order of 10-12 MMI. Any potential spillages of the transported bauxite ore, from the truck or cart through vibration, should be readily alleviated through the implementation of Jamalco’s proven standard methods of haulage and rail transportation.

5 http://www.oas.org/CDMP/document/seismap/

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3.9.1.4 CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no impediments from a geological standpoint, to mining bauxite in the proposed area of Southern Manchester Parish.

The mining operations are not likely to encounter problems or unique situations that will require any major adjustment in methodology or management protocol different from those experienced in current mining areas.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

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4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

4.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATIVE STEPS

TABLE 4-1: IMPACT AND MITIGATION TABLES

Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative Channel run-off to storm water ponds for sedimentation

Construction Activities Channel run-off to storm water ponds for sedimentation and regular (Loading Station, road and Sedimentation road maintenance railroad)

Rehabilitation will be done to off-set any potential sedimentation Rehabilitation Major Positive problems through the use of contouring and revegetation.

Conclusion: With proper systems and monitoring in place this potential impact can be kept at a minor negative should it occur.

Minimize exposed stockpiles; construct Storm Water Run-off Mining Minor Negative Collection Pond. Collected pond water will be used for dust Leaching suppression.

Rehabilitation Major Positive Rehabilitation will be done to off-set any potential leaching.

Conclusion: Bauxite is a chemically stable soil of neutral pH. Therefore will be no exposure of any mineral substance which will be dissolved by rain to critically change the soil pH

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative Fast cleaning up of spilled bauxite, limiting stockpile time at mine site and sprinkling with water if necessary. This is not an expensive mitigation that is already practiced

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative Mining activities will be primarily away from major residential areas and settlements. Where blasting will be required, proper procedures for clearance, warning, etc will be followed. Monitoring of noise levels will be done from time to time to verify maintenance of standards.

Transportation by Truck, Minor Negative Implement and enforce truck speeds to minimize potential for noise Conveyor and Rail and vibration. Train and monitor truck drivers in maintaining speed limits, use of compression, horns, etc. Utilise dedicated haul roads Noise & as much as possible. The RopeCon system will not contribute to Vibration major noise formation as it rolls on Teflon rollers for minimal noise impact. The RopeCon system is budgeted for in the upgrade project and the other items are standard procedures for Jamalco and will not incur much cost to implement.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining and Load Station Major Negative Jamalco has a MOU with the Forestry Department to develop Siting revegetation and habitat creation through technologies involving creative conservation. Jamalco is committed to maintaining the guidelines from the Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Standards & Guidelines (1994).

While cost has not yet been fully determined, the expansion budget of Jamalco has made accommodation for implementation of this Loss of MOU. Biodiversity

Jamalco will establish nurseries, etc and this is also considered in the budget for the project.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Major Negative Farmers who leased lands from Jamalco or the Government will be relocated to other available lands and assistance will be provided by

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative While a few areas have piped water, water from catchment such as tanks and drums are the primary sources. To protect these water sources from dust, Jamalco is aware that it must exercise due care in its haul road maintenance program to limit the amount of dust that Water Supply gets entrained and may end up in the drinking water of residents.

Potable Consumption Major Positive Jamalco is always willing to work with the relevant Authorities to seek out solutions to benefit the communities in which they work.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Conclusion: Sewage handling, treatment and disposal resulting from Jamalco’s operations will not present any negative impacts to the environment or communities within the project area.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Rehabilitation Major Positive Through the MOU with Forestry, Jamalco will work to rehabilitate the mined areas with a view to restore them to a similar look as existed prior to mining.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative Displaced utilities will be replaced in a timely manner, with service that is the same or better than before. This includes potential

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Rehabilitation Major Positive Rehabilitation plans will incorporate designs for natural drainage and stormwater management.

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Action Potential Impact Mitigative Steps

Mining Minor Negative Mining areas are usually away from public roadways and where necessary bypass roads are always constructed to service the surrounding communities. Mines will be serviced by dedicated haul Transportation roads. and Travel Disruption Transportation Upgrade Major Positive The implementation of the RopeCon system will keep the equivalent (RopeCon) of 48 dump trucks (25 tonnes capacity) per hour off the roadway throughout the communities and with that the associated stresses on environment, communities and infrastructure.

Truckers Major Positive Private truckers will be hired for hauling bauxite from the mines. Socio-Economic Many operators will be from local communities. No mitigation Benefits required.

Conclusion: There are positive impacts associated with the project which need to be mentioned. In many ways, the implementation of this project is a win- win situation.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROJECT IMPACTS

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5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROJECT IMPACTS

5.1 OBJECTIVE

The objective of the survey was to determine the level of knowledge of the population of the existing and proposed operations, to ascertain their views on the impact of the operations as well as to what they perceived as solutions to existing problems.

5.2 SURVEY POPULATION

The Enumeration Districts (EDs) to be surveyed were chosen based on their locations relative to those areas in South Manchester, which were identified by Jamalco as areas of Bauxite extraction and disturbed Broadleaf Forest or which were identified as locations for proposed loading or transportation facilities. A map showing the population density of the SM 130 is shown in Error! Reference source not found.. The ED’s surveyed are illustrated in Figure 5-2, Figure 5-3, and Figure 5-4.

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FIGURE 5-1: POPULATION DENSITY OF SML 130

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FIGURE 5-2: ENUM ERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED WITHIN EDS S28-S62

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FIGURE 5-3: ENUMERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED WITHIN EDS S28-S71

FIGURE 5-4: ENUMERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED WITHIN EDS S53-S76

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To determine how many survey instruments to issue, 4.5% of the Total number of Housing Units (THU) in each ED was calculated. To ensure that the final figure would be representative, it was ensured that no two respondents to the surveys were from the same household.

The table below shows the EDs surveyed and their corresponding THUs.

TABLE 5-1: TOTAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ENUMERATION DISTRICTS SURVEYED ED CODE THU SURVEY POPULATION (4.5% THU) S26 171 8 S27 97 4 S28 182 8 S40 86 4 S41 136 6 S44 94 4 S45 92 4 S46 64 3 S53 156 7 S54 151 7 S55 152 7 C56 77 3 S57 82 4 S58 134 6 S59 157 7 S60 160 7 S61 93 4 S62 114 5 S64 96 4 S65 138 6 S67 151 7 S69 110 5 S71 166 7 S72 62 3 S73 112 5 S74 60 3 S75 163 7 S76 111 5 S77 55 2 Total 3422 152

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5.3 SURVEY ANALYSIS

5.3.1 DEMOGRAPHIC 142 questionnaires were issued. There were 77 male respondents and 65 female respondents. The following diagram shows the distribution in the respondents’ ages.

No Response, Under 20 2, 1% Under 20, 5, 4% 60-Over, 35, 20-39 25% 40-49

20-39, 55, 38% 50-59

60-Over 50-59, 21, 15%

No Response 40-49, 24, 17%

FIGURE 5-5: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS

The majority of respondents have been living in the community for over 20 years and it is assumed that their views as resented are credible. The table below shows the distribution.

TABLE 5-2: NUMBER OF YEARS OF RESIDENCE IN THE RESPONDENTS' RESPECTIVE COMMUNITIES Number of years residing in the % community 0-5 6 6-10 8 11-20 18 20+ 56 No response 12 Total 100

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5.3.2 COMMUNITY OPINION The table below shows the aspects of the community nominated by the respondents as their personal likes and dislikes.

TABLE 5-3: RESPONDENTS PERSONAL OPINIONS OF THEIR COMMUNITIES Community likes % Community dislikes % Friendly people 26 Poor roads 25 Clean environment 5 Lack of utilities 14 Availability of 9 Crime/violence 2 farmland Quiet 31 Unemployment 36 No crime/violence 18 Dirty environment 2 Other 4 Other 11 Not stated 7 Not stated 10 Total 100 Total 100

5.3.3 AWARENESS AND OPINION ON EXISTING BAUXITE FACILITIES AND OPERATIONS 89% of respondents to this section were aware that bauxite lands existed in or around their communities and 72% knew of bauxite mining operations. However, 33% of respondents were not aware that there were bauxite mining operations in their area.

55 persons were able to say that they had experienced either negative or positive impacts from mining operations. Of that number, 62% had experienced negative effect, and 38% positive. The negative impacts identified are shown in the figure below.

Odour 3% Traffic

5% Dust, soot or gas 5% emissions Noise 5% 5% 8% Damage to your property Water quality

No Response

18% 51% Other

FIGURE 5-6: NEGATIVE IMPACTS EXPERIENCED FROM EXISTING BAUXITE MINING AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS

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30 people gave their opinions as to what they thought should be done to improve the impacts. Their suggestions are shown below:

TABLE 5-4: RESPONDENTS SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO DEAL WITH NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF BAUXITE MINING AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS Addressing the negative # % mining experiences Discussions 6 20 Stop mining 5 17 Don’t know 5 17 Cover tanks, provide paint 3 10 Eliminate loud horns, other 3 10 truck noises Provide alternative farming 2 8 lands Relocate 1 3 Eliminate community 1 3 segregation Can do nothing 1 3 Cannot explain 1 3 Fill up holes after mining 1 3 Legal action 1 3

Total 30 100

53 respondents lease or use bauxite lands. When asked what they would do if the lands became necessary for mining, 36 persons responded as follows:

TABLE 5-5: REACTIONS OF RESPONDENTS IF THEIR LANDS BECOME NECESSARY FOR MINING Reaction # Don’t know what to do 17 Relocate 15 Would not move 4 Total 36

Only 4 of the 36 respondent said that they would not be willing to move for the sake of mining.

On the matter of bauxite transport between mines and the plant, 46% agree that trucks should be used. 27% did not have a suggestion. The other opinions are below:

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TABLE 5-6: SUGGESTED METHODS FOR TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS BETWEEN THE MINES AND THE PLANT Conveyance of bauxite % Truck 46 Conveyor 15 Train 12 Other 27 Total 100

The opinions regarding transport of the bauxite ore can be borne in mind, along with the community opinions on traffic, since trucking will impact traffic. The opinions on traffic are shown in the table below.

TABLE 5-7: RESPONDENTS' OPINIONS OF THE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS IN THEIR COMMUNITIES Opinion % Too much traffic 10 Not bad/ok 82 More at various times 7 Other 1 Total 100

The residents also had concerns regarding the negative impacts of mining operations on their respective communities. This is illustrated below.

Area has wide spread erosion 9% Area smells like caustic soda 15% Get sick more often 42% Plants hard to grow

Too much noise 18% Other

2% No Response 5% 9%

FIGURE 5-7: NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF BAUXITE MINING AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS ON THE COMMUNITIES

Positive impacts were also experienced.

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Improved community relations

30% Job opportunities Educational and social benefits 23% Amenities - roads, lights, water 2% supply Environmental conditions 1% None of the above 9% Other

7% No Response 27% 1%

FIGURE 5-8: POSITIVE IMPACTS OF BAUXITE MINING AND TRANSPORT OPERATIONS ON THE COMMUNITIES

5.3.4 AWARENESS OF THE EXPANSION PLANS BY JAMALCO The following tables show the percentages of respondents who were aware that JAMALCO planned to expand its activities. It also gives their views on how they believe it will impact the economic, employment and pollution levels of their communities.

TABLE 5-8: NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS AWARE OF JAMALCO'S PLANNED EXPANSION OF OPERATIONS Awareness of JAMALCO expansion # YES 66 NO 20 Not stated 2 Total 88

TABLE 5-9: RESPONDENTS VIEWS ON THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF JAMALCO'S PLANNED EXPANSION ON THEIR COMMUNITIES Percentage of Respondents Impact Income/economic Job Opportunities Pollution Value of Community Positive 42 66 28 Negative 18 17 43 Don’t know 5 5 10 Not stated 35 12 19 Total 100 100 100

Respondents were also asked about the anticipated personal impact of the expansion of operations. 26% said it would not impact them personally, while 54% said it would. The remaining 20% either did not know, or gave no answer.

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5.3.5 AVAILABILITY OF WATER The pie chart below shows the sources of drinking water for those surveyed.

2% 0% Indoor tap

15% Outdoor private tap 10% Public standpipe 5% Spring, pond, river

Rainwater (tank/drum) 15% Trucked water

Other

51% No Response 2% FIGURE 5-9: RESPONDENTS’ MAIN SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

Water quality is usually a major concern for residents close to bauxite processing facilities. It was therefore, very important to get the residents’ opinions of the water quality in their areas. The majority of respondents thought that their water was safe, while 12% either did not know, or did not answer. The table below shows the responses.

Do you think you have access to safe drinking water in your # % community? YES 79 56 NO 46 32 Don’t know 7 5 Not stated 10 7 Total 142 100

The reasons for their various responses are shown below:

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TABLE 5-10: REASONS BEHIND RESPONDENTS' OPINIONS OF THE WATER QUALITY IN THEIR AREAS Reason % Water looks and/or smells clean 28 Water tested frequently by NWC 26 Bauxite mining or processing operations 16 affects drinking water Not stated 15 Other 9 Sources (not related to bauxite mining or 6 alumina processing) affect water quality Total 100

5.3.6 INTERACTIONS WITH BAUXITE COMPANIES Most of the residents surveyed in South Manchester (56%) say that they are not aware of community programmes or activities in their communities, initiated by the bauxite companies. 29% were aware, while 15% were either not sure or did not answer.

Comparable figures were obtained regarding employment by a bauxite company. Only 32% of the respondents either worked in the industry or had family members who worked in the industry. 62% were not associated with any bauxite companies.

The survey that was administered is included in the report as Appendix IV

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IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

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6 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1.1 MINING ALTERNATIVES

6.1.2 NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE With the “No Action” Alternative, the situation would be grave for Jamalco and the economy of local communities the operations service and ultimately, that of Jamaica. Based on the available reserves and quality of bauxite available to Jamalco at this time, the plant cannot operate much beyond early 2006 without having to cease operations. The plans for expansion of Jamalco’s operations would have to be put on hold.

The additional bauxite from South Manchester is needed to ensure that the Jamalco refinery can meet its upgraded capacities and for blending with bauxite being mined in North Manchester. If nothing is done the limited resources left in South Manchester will quickly be depleted and the operation will have to source bauxite elsewhere, or shutdown.

Jamaica would miss the opportunity for the major expansion investment of over US$1.25B (the single largest investment in its history) of which US$300M would go towards purchasing Jamaican goods and services and additional income to the country of US$77M per year, the loss of approximately 200 permanent jobs (from mining activities alone) and approximately 2,500 temporary jobs during construction.

6.1.2.1 MINE BAUXITE FROM AREAS OTHER THAN AREAS PROPOSED Possibility, however it may be impractical at this time since mining areas are determined by location of bauxite deposits suitable for processing in the plant and leases/licenses that require lengthy processing and negotiation periods. Additionally, much of the lands identified in the South Manchester SML are owned by Jamalco or Government and are zoned and reserved just for the purpose of bauxite mining.

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6.1.2.2 MINE BAUXITE IN THE SOUTH MANCHESTER SML AS PROPOSED This is the preferred alternative.

Jamalco already has a license to mine bauxite in this area and much of the land is either owned by Jamalco or government owned and has been set aside for the purpose of bauxite mining. Additionally, the ore is of a quality that is complementary of that existing in North Manchester which Jamalco hopes to mine in the near future. It has been found that when blended, the two ore types make a better feed stock for the refinery and results in improved efficiency and product quality. Implementation of this alternative will also provide the planners of the expansion of the plant the level of comfort that comes from knowing that suitable quantities and quality of ore will be available for the expanded operations.

Many of the communities within the SML are centralized with a low ratio of homes located in prime bauxite deposits. Notwithstanding, there may be the need for relocation of both homes and subsistence farms. With the low impact mining operations planned for the area, Jamalco will be able to mine the bauxite and rehabilitate these areas quickly so that they will be available for future growth and development of these communities.

6.1.3 TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES-MINES TO ST. JAGO

6.1.3.1 ROPECON CONVEYOR SYSTEM This alternative involves the installation of the latest innovation in bulk material handling. RopeCon is a lon-distance continuous cable belt conveyor system suitable for the transportation of bulk materials and unit loads of any kind. RopeCon is the result of many decades of experience in this field and is the preferred alternative for the following reasons:

· Occupies a small footprint, only 10 towers will be required to extend the system over the approximately 3.2 km between the Mt. Oliphant loading station and the railhead in St. Jago.

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· A regenerative system, RopeCon will generate electricity from a turbine that is turned by a combination of the weight of the bauxite, the slope of the lines and gravity to produce 1.1 MW of power for use at the site.

· System will transport ore at an average rate of 1200 tph. It would take 48 dump trucks (25 tonne capacity) to deliver the same volume in one hour. System reduces the potential negative impacts associated with trucking of bauxite through the communities to the railhead.

· The RopeCon equipment is modular and 70% of the conveyor structure can be reused elsewhere once mining is concluded. The structures will not remain on the landscape indefinately.

· Low chance of vandalism and low security risk due to the aerial installation

· Reasonably high capital costs, but would have low maintenance costs when compared to other bulk handling equipment or transportation alternatives.

· Environmentally friendly and quiet operation due to materials of construction (Teflon rollers vs metal).

This is the preferred alternative and represents the most environmentally friendly, people friendly alternative that can get the job done to the satisfaction of Jamalco.

6.1.3.2 USE TRUCKS ON EXISTING ROADS BETWEEN MINES AND ST. JAGO RAILHEAD This is a possible alternative, however, it is anticipated that mining will be ongoing in the South Manchester area for several years and it is impractical or would require significant investment in the infrastructure to maintain roadways and limit the impacts to community residents for such an extended period. Also, there are high safety risks due to the narrow winding roads and steep slopes that are in place now.

Advantages of using existing roadways would be significantly lower capital costs, limited specific environmental impacts and the shortest implementation period of any alternative reviewed. Disadvantages include high operating costs (road maintenance), traffic issues and serious safety risks for residents in the various communities.

Not a preferred alternative primarily for the safety and potential for creating traffic bottlenecks.

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6.1.3.3 USE TRUCKS ON A NEW HAUL ROAD BETWEEN MINES AND ST. JAGO RAILHEAD This is a possible alternative. However, the nature of the existing terrain from the escarpment down to St. Jago would make construction activities challenging.

Advantages of constructing a new haul road directly to St. Jago include, reasonably low capital cost, relatively short implementation period, a proven technology that is widely sed in the industry. Disadvantages include, high operating costs, environmentally unfriendly due to additional land clearing and the potential for dust creation, safety issues related to slopes and grades, difficult to rehabilitate when mining operations end.

Not a preferred alternative primarily for the operating costs, environmental unfriendliness and safety issues associated with the steep slopes trucks would have to travel under load.

6.1.3.4 EXTEND RAIL LINES BETWEEN MINES AND ST. JAGO RAILHEAD This is a possible alternative. However, it represents a costly and environmentally unfriendly solution to the problem. The negative impacts (environmental, socio- economic, etc.) will be great for the following reasons:

· New rail lines will have to be laid because there is no existing Jamalco or JRC railway corridor

· It carries greater potentially negative impacts on the communities and environment than the preferred alternative. Large cuts would be required through the dry limestone forests and numerous areas of natural drainage would be impacted.

· Although it moves large quantities of ore in less time and at less cost than trucking, it requires considerable fuel oil inputs. The conveyor system is one that requires minimal maintainance, and generates its own energy, which is clean.

· Though proper training and monitoring issues related to noise and vibration can be minimised, the conveyor system is yet safer for the communities and the environment.

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MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN JAMALCO AND FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF JAMAICA

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7 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN JAMALCO AND FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF JAMAICA The purpose of this memorandum is to establish the framework for collaboration between the parties to carry out the successful reclamation and rehabilitation of certain mined-out lands via the reforestation and / or afforestation of these lands.

It seeks to address the concern of the Forestry department that the reduction and degradation of forests as a result of bauxite operations should be guided by the No-Net- Loss Policy which would result in the compensation for the loss of forest cover from one site via the reforestation of another area of equivalent proportion.

The MOU (Appendix III) became effective on 29 August 2002 and has a tenure of 5 years.

The parties will review the Reforestation strategy after two years to determine whether the objectives are being met and whether the strategy needs to be reassessed.

Trees that have been selected for use in the programme are as follows:

· ORNAMENTAL/ LUMBER TREES

o Cedar

o Ficus

o Acacia

o Wild Tamarind

o Blue Mahoe

o Mahagony

o Bitterwood

o Bitter Damson

o Spanish Elm

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· FRUIT TREES

o Mango

o Orange

o Avocado

o Breadfruit

o Ackee

7.1.1.1 EMERGENCY RESPONSE Jamalco has an excellent well documented procedure for handling natural disasters such as hurricanes, fires, earthquakes and the like. This includes an Early Warning System for responding to process emergencies and a 72 hour shut down procedure if this becomes necessary.

All new facilities and operations will be incorporated into the emergency response programmes of Jamalco.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING

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8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 MONITORING PROGRAMME

In keeping with its Environmental Health and Safety policies as well as the legislation and regulations of the Government of Jamaica, Jamalco has an extensive Environmental Monitoring Programme which is carried out on all aspects of its operations.

In respect of Section 17 of the NRCA Act of 1991 the company is required to and submits the results of its Monitoring Programme to NEPA on a quarterly basis.

Among the parameters reported to NEPA are:

· raw materials used

· water quality

· effluent quality

· hazardous materials used

· water consumption

· fuel specifications

· materials and chemicals consumption. This category includes:

¨ solvents

¨ flocculants

¨ oils and lubricants

¨ acids

¨ refrigerants

Jamalco also provides monthly monitoring and reporting to the Jamaica Bauxite Institute (JBI). In addition to the above named, ongoing monitoring activities, Jamalco will implement a monitoring programme during this brownsite efficiency upgrade, which will cover the pre-construction, construction and operations phases of the efficiency upgrade at the mines, the refinery the port and the transportation corridors.

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These will be based on the potential impacts identified in the impact identification and impact mitigation actions documented in those sections of this report.

The objective is to insure that all potential impacts and the appropriate mitigation actions are taken.

Monitoring will be done at regular intervals as follows:

1. The conditions of the sites and transportation corridors will again be inspected and recorded two weeks before construction start-up

2. At start-up of construction all activities will be monitored every two weeks for the first three months.

3. Monitoring will take every month from month four to month six.

4. Monitoring will take place quarterly until completion of construction i.e. from month seven to twenty four.

5. Monitoring will be on a monthly basis for three months during commissioning and start-up.

Monitoring reports will be prepared and submitted to NEPA for each monitoring interval for 1 to 5 above.

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Jamalco is an ISO 14001 and ISO 9000 certified facility. Jamalco’s ISO 14001 certification was issued by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) in November of 2002 and remains valid until November 2005. The associated Environmental Management System (EMS) is accredited by ANSI RAB.

The EMS covers Jamalco’s operations and includes activities associated with the railway transportation system, the bauxite alumina refinery, plant waste storage and disposal sites and the port at Rocky Point.

In keeping with the mandates of its ISO 9000 quality certification, Jamalco abides by their Quality Policy, which states:

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Jamalco is committed to being “The Alumina Supplier of Choice”

· “Jamalco will relentlessly pursue continual improvement in everything we do to:

· Consistently provide product that meets customer and other applicable requirements for quality

· Enhance customer satisfaction by consistently meeting and exceeding their expectations

· Be cost effective and remains competitive in the global market

· Operate in a safe and environmentally responsible manner”

· Excellence Through Quality

Jamalco has a highly qualified technical, administrative and support staff within its Environmental Management Department, many trained to the tertiary level. All employees within the Department report to the Manager, Environmental, Health & Safety, a senior manager in the company who in turn reports directly to the Managing Director.

All aspects of Jamalco’s operations have an environmental management, health and safety component. Environmental Standard Operating Procedures, guidelines and instruction have been developed by Jamalco to govern operations in all areas. As a result, all technical and support staff have a responsibility to insure that they operate in a safe and responsible manner regardless of the task being undertaken.

Many aspects of environmental management at the facilities are monitored through the use of checklists, periodic reporting and internal audits. These provide timely indications as to the effectiveness of the procedures and provide indications as to the need for changes where applicable. The monitoring and checks also inform process operations and controls.

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8.2.1 TRAINING Jamalco has a commitment to the improvement and advancement of all its employees. A major component of this commitment is the provision and facilitation of training for employees at all levels.

Specific to environmental management, Jamalco provides training in the following areas, which are designed to keep relevant employees and contractors informed and ensures competence in performing their duties. The training program achieves the following:

· Conformance with Jamalco’s EH&S policy

· Identifies significant actual and potential impacts of their work

· Defines assoc iated benefits of improved personal performance

· Identifies the roles and responsibilities in achieving conformance with the EMS

· Relays proper environmental operating procedures for managing environmental related aspects of their duties

· Reinforces Jamalco’s policy that only properly trained and experienced individuals are allowed to work unsupervised

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ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

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9 ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

9.1 RISK ASSESSMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK

Four main categories of risk have been identified, which must be avoided or minimized for all aspects of the project. These are:

1. Natural Hazards

2. Manmade Hazards

3. Accidents

4. Structural Failure

The associated risks are described below and actions suggested for avoidance, minimization, prevention and solution are illustrated in the table below:

TABLE 9-1: Risks and their Preventative Actions Category Risk Source Prevention Solution Natural Implement 72 hour shutdown Hurricane Nature None Hazards procedure; coordinate with ODPEM Plant and facilities designed to Earthquake Nature None withstand earthquakes greater than 7.0 on the Richter Scale Proper Proper design, construction and Flood Rainfall maintenance maintenance Lightning Nature None Lightning arrestors Various (electrical, Proper Manmade Employ state of the art fire fighting Fire mechanical, maintenance Hazards systems to control and extinguish accidental) and monitoring Proper Various (explosive maintenance, Continual training, audits, testing and Explosion environment, human instrumentation monitoring error) and fail-safe systems Proper maintenance, Equipment Continual training, inspection, audits, Various Failure instrumentation testing and monitoring and fail-safe systems Training, Accidents Electrocution Electrical contact Lock-out, tag-out procedures education

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Category Risk Source Prevention Solution Contravening Training, Safety Ignorance, negligence supervision and Educative discipline Procedures audits Training, Provision and use of proper Falls Structures education, with equipment updates Training, Confined/poorly following Adequate ventilation, buddy system, Suffocation ventilated Space standard signage procedures Implementation of Jamalco’s spill Implementation of Jamalco’s spill Spills Vessels, pipeline management management procedures procedures Structural Cable/Tower Proper design RopeCon System Inspection, corrective actions Failure failure and engineering

9.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

9.2.1 JAMALCO’S OH&S POLICY Jamalco’s OH&S policy is based on the worldwide policy used by Alcoa at all their operations and as such is often more stringent in many respects than local OH&S requirements. All activities must be conducted in a safe manner with proper regard for the health of all concerned. No worker will be required to work in any area and to do any activity without adequate provisions being made to ensure that the health and safety of that worker is not compromised.

Jamalco has an organized, documented set of Standard Operating Procedures which govern employees actions as they perform tasks at the facility. These procedures provide definitions of unfamiliar terms, outlines required safety equipment necessary to undertake the activity, provides direction and instruction on proper handling and management of associated waste streams and record keeping guidelines. This approach to worker safety is universal within Alcoa and Jamalco.

9.2.2 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS W ASTE MANAGEMENT The management of hazardous waste resulting from any aspect of the Mining Enterprise will be done in accordance with the Mining Regulations, 1991 of the Government of Jamaica as well as the applicable standards for Jamalco and the standards for Alcoa Operations worldwide. These include handling, segregation, storage and disposal

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The mining of bauxite and the processing of bauxite ore into alumina generates a wide variety of waste streams that must be properly handled and managed. Jamalco has very well defined procedures for the management of all waste streams generated at all its facilities.

The following is an overview of how waste is managed at Jamalco presently and how it will be managed at South Manchester.

9.2.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Solid waste generated at Jamalco includes, among other items:

· Used filters · Waste Oil · Empty drums · Aerosol cans · Garbage · Medical waste · Absorbents · Office refuse · Waste Rags

For each waste stream identified, there exists a complete listing of tasks necessary for the collection, handling and management of that waste. The procedures identify sources of that particular waste stream, accumulation or storage locations and provides instruction on proper labeling, proper storage and individual responsibilities. The procedures are specific for all locations (plant, port, mines) and are comprehensive in its approach. The South Manchester operations will be included in this list.

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9.2.3.1 LANDFILL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Jamalco owns and operates a landfill facility located in the northeast section of the refinery. This landfill is subject to the National Environment and Planning Agency’s Landfill Permit and License System and is operated within the local regulations and internal standards.

Jamalco has a complete list of items acceptable for disposal at the landfill site including special wastes such as regulated asbestos containing materials (RACM) which are deposited into an area within the landfill site that has been specially designed and sealed to accept these types of waste.

Specific internal rules and regulations govern the operation of the facility. Instructions on what type of waste is acceptable, mode of transportation, packaging, landfill maintenance, etc. are all specified in associated documentation. The landfill undergoes monthly inspections and specific forms designed for that purpose are used throughout the inspection process.

Applicable waste from the South Manchester operations will be transported to the refinery for disposal in the landfill.

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Jamalco has an established record of consultation and cooperation with the communities, settlements and residents who are stakeholders in the areas they conduct business. This process of ongoing contact through meetings and activities provides Jamalco with an opportunity to understand and work within the communities expectations.

During communication with the community, Jamalco provides information to the residents on ongoing activities and initiatives and coordinates mutually accepted solutions to address areas of concern. Jamalco intends on continuing this level of communication and dialogue with the communities throughout the SML in South Manchester as long as the company maintains a presence there.

10.1 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ON MINING PROJECT

Jamalco has consulted with communities throughout Manchester to provide details and information on the proposed mining project. At these meetings, community members and stakeholders are briefed on the project, provided with information on the potential impacts and how the negative impacts will be mitigated. The residents and stakeholders are allowed to voice their concerns which are taken into consideration and addressed as appropriate.

At the June 23, 2005 meeting held at the Mile Gully Community Center, the following issues were raised as major concerns:

· Supply of water to the communities · Traffic on roadways · Dust from stockpiled soils · Use/access to bauxite lands · Employment

At the July 28, 2005 meeting held at the Mt. Oliphant Church of God, the following major issues were raised:

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o Dust

o Land acquisition and compensation

o Relocation

o Employment

o Community benefits

All concerns raised are important to Jamalco and concerted effort is being made to address these concerns in keeping with Jamalco’s corporate policy.

These community groups comprise influential citizens, area leaders, community activists and individuals who have the best interest of the communities at heart. Their interests and comments have been reviewed in a complementary manner along with the findings of the socio-economic survey.

10.2 COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTIONS

Over the years, Jamalco has played a major role as a good corporate citizen in the communities they conduct operations. The company has been involved in the daily life and development of many communities and intends to continue this involvement as best as possible in the South Manchester area. Activities undertaken in various communities worked, include:

10.2.1 EDUCATION · Established computer labs in six (6) High Schools, three (3) Primary Schools and Five (5) Basic Schools

· Cafeteria and bathroom expansion – Vere Technical High School

· Nutrition Programme – Daily supply of milk to 26 Basic Schools

· New bathrooms – Hayes

· Construction of a block of classrooms (Alcoa Block) including a Physics Lab

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· Refurbished Vocational Department and upgraded electrical work in all classrooms – Lennon High School

· Back-to-school assistance for tertiary and high school students – annually

· Summer employment – students in tertiary institutions

· Support for the University of the West Indies – Labs, UWICED, distribute over 15,000 books annually for the past 14 years

· Skills training – sponsor students for HEART/NTA programmes and 4H clubs

· Developing skills training centre with HEART/NTA at Jamalco’s Breadnut Valley facility

10.2.2 HEALTH · Supply of medical supplies for clinics and hospitals – Islandwide · Wellness programme – hypertension and diabetes checks – Mitchell Town, Hayes and Mocho · Support – University Hospital Sickle Cell Unit, Kidney Unit, Cardiac Emergency Unit and Burn Unit

10.2.3 INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADE

· Pave roads - Cornpiece · Street lights improvements - Cornpiece · Clean and construct new drains on a regular basis to alleviate flooding · Constructed new Postal Agency – Mitchell Town · Constructed new Post Office – Hayes · Constructed Police Station – Hayes · Expanded Health Center – Mitchell Town · Constructed Community Center – Hayes · Provided water supply system – Top Hill, Hayes

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10.2.4 SPORTS · Sponsor – Jamalco Community Netball Team · Sponsor – Clarendon Netball League · Sponsor – Various football teams

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX I

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APPENDIX I: APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONDUCTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR MINING IN SOUTH MANCHESTER BY JAMALCO

In the Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Conrad Douglas & Associated Limited will give full and detailed accounts in the following areas, during the pre-mining, mining and the operational phases of the project:

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT:

Conrad Douglas & Associates Limited will:

a. Describe in detail, the area proposed for bauxite mining operations, storage and processing, services and amenities, transportation corridors and systems.

b. Detail the elements of the project, highlighting areas to be reserved for construction, areas to be preserved in their existing state as well as activities and features which will introduce risks or generate impact (negative and positive) on the environment.

c. Use maps, site plans and other graphic aids as appropriate. We will include the overall plan, which will delineate mining areas, transportation corridors, load out stations and buffer zones.

d. Include information on location, general layout and size

e. Describe proposed blasting operations in the mining areas and Jamalco’s approaches and methodologies to guarantee public health, and safety.

f. Pre-mining, mining and post- mining plans inclusive of closure and rehabilitation plans.

Description of the Environment

Baseline data will be generated and used to describe the study area in respect of the following:

i. Physical environment inclusive of geology, hydrology (include impact of the modification of the topography on the hydrology of the area of influence of the project). a. Determination of storm water run-off, drainage patterns, effect on ground water and availability of potable water.

b. Assessment of methods for sediment control at the mines and rail head storage areas.

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c. Water quality issues.

d. Climatic conditions and air quality in the area of influence, including particulate emissions from stationary and mobile sources, NOx, SOx, wind speed and direction, precipitation, relative humidity and ambient temperatures.

e. Noise levels at the undeveloped site and ambient noise in the area of influence.

f. Obvious sources of pollution existing and extent of contamination.

g. Availability of solid waste management facilities.

ii. Biological environment

a. Description of any flora or fauna in the sphere of influence of the proposed project with special emphasis on rare, endemic or endangered species.

b. As appropriate determine any micro-organisms and the existence of micro-habitats to obtain an accurate baseline assessment.

c. Species dependence, niche specificity, community structure, population dynamics, carrying capacity, species richness and evenness (measure of diversity).

iii. Socio-economic and cultural constraints

a. Present and projected population

b. Present and proposed land use

c. Planed development activities

d. Community structure

e. Employment

f. Distribution of income, goods and services

g. Recreation

h. Public health and safety

i. Cultural peculiarities

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j. Aspirations and attitudes

k. Historical importance of the area

l. Public perception

m. Administration of questionnaires as appropriate.

2. Policy, Legislations and Regulations:

All pertinent policies, regulations and standards in keeping with the nature of the

project will be outlined. The examination of the legislation will include at a

minimum, legislation such as the NRCA Act of 1991, The Public Health Act of

1926, The Water Resources Guidelines, The Mining Act, The Wild Life Act,

legislation from the Solid Waste Management Authority (SWMA), and as

appropriate international conventions, protocols, treaties etc.

3. Determination of Potential Impacts:

We will identify any major environmental issues of concern and indicate their relative importance to the design of the project and the intended activities. We will also determine potential impacts as they are related to, but not limited to the following:

a. Change in drainage pattern

b. Flooding potential

c. Landscape impacts of excavation and construction

d. Loss of any natural features by construction activities

e. Pollution of surface and ground water

f. Solid waste disposal g. Air pollution

h. Socio-economic and cultural impacts i. Risk assessment / Emergency Response (liaise with the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management)

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j. Noise inclusive of impact from blasting operations

k. Comment on soil pH in relation to the nature of the project.

l. Waste disposal via recycling

m. Capacity and design parameters of proposed development

n. Distinguish between positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect, long term and immediate impacts.

o. Avoidable as well as irreversible impacts.

p. Present project activities and impacts in matrix form, with separate matrix for pre and post mitigation scenarios.

4. Mitigation

We will prepare guidelines for avoiding, as far as possible, any adverse impacts due to proposed activity at the site whilst utilizing existing environmental attributes for optimum development. Where possible, financial and economic values will be quantified and assigned to impacts and mitigating methods.

6. Monitoring

A plan to monitor implementation of mitigatory or compensatory measures and project impacts during construction and operation will be suggested. An Environmental Management Plan for the long-term operations of the proposed project area will be prepared.

EIA report will include an outline of the Monitoring Report and a detailed version will be submitted to NEPA after the granting of the permit and prior to the commencement of the proposed development. The monitoring program will include the following at a minimum:

· Introduction outlining the need for a monitoring program and the relevant specific provisions of the permit license granted. · The activity being monitored and the parameters chosen to effectively carry out the exercise. · The methodology to be employed and the frequency of monitoring. · The sites being monitored, stating any outer boundary where no impact from the development is expected if stated by NEPA or other local Agencies. · A summary of data collected, including tables and graphs where appropriate. · Discussion of results with respect to the development in progress, highlighting any parameter(s), which exceeds the standard (s). · Frequency of reporting to NEPA.

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· Recommendations · Appendices of data and photographs.

7. Analysis of Alternatives

CD&A will examine alternatives to the project including the no-action alternative. Project alternatives will incorporate the use history of the overall area in which the project is located and previous use of the site itself.

All findings will be presented in the EIA report and will reflect the headings in the body of the TOR, as well as other references. We will submit twelve hard copies and an electronic copy of the report to NEPA. The report will include appendices with items such as maps, site plans, the study team, photographs and other relevant information.

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APPENDIX II

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APPENDIX II: ‘JAMALCO AND YOU’ Q & A BOOKLET

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APPENDIX III

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APPENDIX III: REFORESTATION PLAN IN JAMAICA – MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE- FORESTRY DEPARTMENT AND ALCOA. CLARENDON, JAMAICA -- Alcoa and Jamaica’s Forestry Department have signed an agreement to work together to rehabilitate reclaimed mined-out lands through reforestation on the island. The five-year accord includes developing a public education program, planting of suitable trees, and a research program aimed at enhancing the development and reforestation of the lands

JAMALCO and the Forestry Department in the Ministry of Agriculture (GOJ)have signed a memorandum of Understanding (MOU), to establish a framework for collaboration for the successful rehabilitation of reclaimed mined-out lands through reforestation of these areas.

This five year accord, signed recently by Jerome Maxwell, JAMALCO’S Managing Director and Marilyn Headley, Conservator of Forests, at the Halse Hall Great House in Clarendon, will see the Forestry Department and JAMALCO partnering to effect this restoration of adequate plant cover.

Guided by the ‘no-net-loss’ policy, the two organizations will work to compensate for the loss of forest cover due to mining operations. This move will see the establishment of new forests on selected reclaimed bauxite mined out areas as well as the protection and preservation of existing forests.

Under the MOU, the Forestry Department will utilize its skills for the establishment and management of forests, along with a forest research program aimed at enhancing the development and reforestation of the lands.

According to Miss Headley, this is in keeping with the Forestry Department’s mandate outlined in the Forest Act of 1996 and which includes privately owned properties such as the JAMALCO lands.

At the signing, Mr. Maxwell, described the MOU as “timely and reflective of JAMALCO’s environment protection policies and Alcoa’s worldwide ‘One Million Trees’ project.”

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Specific areas of cooperation agreed on in the MOU include the development of a public education program for farmers and students to improve understanding of the contribution of forests to local and national well-being and economic development. Provisions have also been made for other areas of collaboration to be explored.

The agreement also specifically mandates the planting of suitable ornamental and lumber tree species such as cedar, ficus, acacia, wild tamarind, blue mahoe, mahogany, bitter wood, bitter damson, and spanish elm along with fruit trees such as mango, orange, avocado, breadfruit and ackee.

Appendix IV – Forest Reserves of Jamaica

Forest Reserves of Jamaica

· conservation of naturally existing forests

· as a source of forest products

· for the conservation of soil and water resources

· to provide parks and other recreational facilities for public use

· as a habitat for the protection and conservation of endemic flora and fauna

· the forest reserve areas shown in the Gazette are estimates, based on descriptive, not surveyed, boundaries

A programme of surveying forest reserve boundaries is underway and survey data are being digitised which will produce more accurate maps. In the years since the Forestry Department was established in 1937, the government has set aside a significant portion of its land for forest reserves. They now amount to over 111,000 hectares or over 10 percent of the country's total area. These protected areas provide us with a be cared for so that their benefits can be enjoyed by future generations. The 1996 Forest Act provides for the creation and protection of forest reserves for the following purposes:

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Most of the country's forest reserves are located in areas of rugged terrain such as the John Crow Mountains, Blue Mountains and Cockpit Country as well as the dry, hilly uplands in the south, west and north-west portions of the country. Despite their remoteness, serious encroachment has taken place. The 1998 analysis of forest cover and land use in Jamaica, carried out by the Forestry Department, shows that more than 20 percent of land within forest reserves has been impacted by human activity such as conversion to agricultural and/or residental use, mostly without Forestry Department permission.

Under the Forest Act, the Minister may declare to be forest reserves any Crown land, or private land if the owner requests such a declaration.

Further, the Minister may order or declare any land not in a forest reserve to be a forest management area, including private land if he is satisfied that the use of the land should be controlled for the protection of the national interest. Crown lands may be declared a protected area if required for a number of purposes specified in the Forest Act, including flood and landslide .Further, the Minister may order or declare any land not in a forest reserve to be a forest management area, including private land if he is satisfied that the use of the land should be controlled for the protection of the national interest.

Crown lands may be declared a protected area if required for a number of purposes specified in the Forest Act, including flood and landslide protection, soil preservation, erosion, maintenance of water supply and protection of amenities, flora and fauna. On protected areas cultivation, grazing, burning and clearing of vegetation is prohibited or strictly regulated.

The forest reserve areas listed in the following table are garnered from The Jamaican Gazette. The records show that the area of forest reserves and Crown lands managed by the Forestry Department is 109,514 hectares, of which 98,962 hectares are forest reserves and 10,552 hectares are Crown lands. These figures from the Gazette show a variation from those compiled by the Forestry Department in its recent assessment of forest cover and land use. The reasons for the difference are:

· the forest reserve areas compiled by the Forestry Department during its assessment were digitised from 1:250 000 maps and not from actual surveyed forest reserve boundaries.

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Parish Remarks

Forest Reserves of Jamaica by Parish

Forest Reserve/

Crown Land Name

Area (ha) Reference in the

Manchester Denham Farm 20.00 27-09-1956 486 Part of Devon Land Settlement

Gourie 141.65 Crown

Hudson's Bottom 226.63 Crown

John Anderson 121.40 Crown

New Forest 160.78 01-12-1950 432 Part of New Forest Land Settlement

Oxford 133.55 Crown

Ramble 48.18 01-12-1950 435

St. Jago A 163.90 09-10-1969 654 Plan A, Vol 1030 Fol 433

St. Jago B 66.00 09-10-1969 654 Plan B, Vol 1030 Fol 433

Virginia 13.03 01-12-1950 434 Part of Virginia Land Settlement

Total Manchester 472 623

Clarendon Bull Head 220.06 01-12-1950 417

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Kellets-Camperdown 1497.79 01-12-1950 417

Kellits Stream A 8.30 01-12-1950 425 Block A (Miller's Spring)

Kellits Stream B 1.62 01-12-1950 425 Block B (Mosquito River)

Peace River 116.70 25-06-1959 423

Peak Bay A 302.72 01-12-1950 433 Block A

Peak Bay B 152.57 01-12-1950 433 Block B

Peak Bay C 60.70 01-12-1950 433 Block C

Peckham 70.89 01-12-1950 426 Prev. 06-09-1945 (part of Peckham Land Sett.)

Pennants A 169.19 01-12-1950 437 Block A (part of Pennants Land Sett.)

Pennants B 59.40 01-12-1950 438 Block B (part of Pennants Land Sett.)

Pennants (Douces) A 26.42 01-12-1950 438 Block A (part of Pennants Land Sett.)

Pennants (Douces) B 3.07 01-12-1950 438 Block B (part of Pennants Land Sett.)

Pennants (Douces) C 2.55 01-12-1950 438 Block C (part of Pennants Land Sett.)

Portland Ridge 5612.30 Crown Vol 403 Fol 40

Teak Pen A 532.99 01-12-1950 439 Block A (part of Teak Pen Land Sett.)

Teak Pen B 149.74 01-12-1950 440 Block B (part of Teak Pen Land Sett.)

Total Clarendon 3375 5612

St. Catherine Dawson Mountain 1 55.04 Crown Lot 101, Mount Dawson Land Settlement

Dawson Mountain 2 75.86 Crown Lot 104, Mount Dawson Land Settlement

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Harkers Hall 6.82 01-12-1950 425 Prev. 06-09-1945 (Harkers Hall Land Sett.)

Healthshire Hills 4856.40 01-12-1950 422

Treadways 26.39 01-12-1950 422 Part of Treadways Land Settlement

Troja 18.86 21-07-1955 362 Lot 41, Troja Land Settlement

Twickenham Park 2.06 Crown

Little Goat Island 6.00 30-06-1960 278 2.4 km south of the mainland

Great Goat Island 188.00 30-06-1960 278 2.0 km south of the mainland

Total St. Catherine 5102 133

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APPENDIX IV

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APPENDIX IV: SURVEY INSTRUMENT

Socio-Economic Survey for JAMALCO’s Mining and Transport Operations in South Manchester Community Community Name Code

SECTION 1 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

1) Gender 1. Male 2. Female

2) Age Range 1. Under 20 2. 20 – 39 3. 40 – 49 4. 50 – 59 5. 60 – over 6. Not Stated/No Response

3) How many years have you been living in the community? 1. 0 – 5 Years 2. 6 – 10 Years 3. 11 – 20 Years 4. more than 20 Years 5. Not Stated/No Response

4) How is the traffic on the roads in your community? 1. Too much traffic 2. Not bad/ ok traffic 3. More in the morning/ afternoon/ night 4. Other ______

SECTION 2 OPINIONS ON THE COMMUNITY

5) What do you like most about the community? (ASK & WAIT FOR RESPONSE) 1. Friendly people 2. Clean environment: 3. Availability of farmland 4. Quiet 5. No crime & violence 6. Other, (specify)______7. Not Stated/No Response

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6. What don’t you like about the community? ASK & WAIT FOR RESPONSE 1. Poor roads 2. Lack of Utilities 3. Crime & violence 4. Unemployment 5. Dirty environment 6. Other, (specify)______7. Not Stated/No Response

SECTION 3 AWARENESS & OPINIONS ON EXISTING BAUXITE FACILITIES

7. Are you aware that there are bauxite lands in your community? 1. Yes 2. No

8. Are you aware that there is bauxite mining operations in your area? 1. Yes 2. No (Go to Q 11) 3. Not Stated/No Response

9. What are your experiences with mining in your area? 1. Negative 2. Positive 3. No impact

10. a) If negative, what? (ASK AND WAIT) 1. Odour 2. Traffic 3. Dust, soot or gaseous emissions 4. Noise 5. Damage to your property 6. Water quality 7. Not stated/ No response 8. Other ______

b) How do you think this could be addressed? ______

______

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. CD*PRJ 1023/05 JAMALCO South Manchester EIA

11. Do you lease or use any bauxite lands? 1. Yes 2. No

12. If this land is needed for bauxite mining, what will you do? ______

13. How do you think the bauxite should be transported from the mines to the processing plant? (ASK AND WAI T FOR RESPONSE) 1. Truck 2. Conveyor 3. Train 4. Other ______

14. Would you say that bauxite mining operations have had negative impacts on the people in this community? 1. Yes 2. No (Go to Q 16) 3. Not Stated/No Response

15. If YES, ASK - WHY WOULD YOU SAY THAT? 1. The area has widespread corrosion 2. The area smells like caustic soda more often than not 3. You get sick more often 4. Plants are harder to grow 5. Too much noise 6. Other (specify) 7. Not Stated/No Response

16. Would you say that bauxite mining operations have had a positive impact on this community? 1. Yes 2. No

17. What positive impacts do you think bauxite mining operations have had on the community?

1. Improved community relations 2. Job opportunities 3. Educational and social benefits 4. Amenities – roads, lights, water supply 5. Environmental conditions 6. None of the above 7. Other (specify)______

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. CD*PRJ 1023/05 JAMALCO South Manchester EIA

8. Not Stated/No Response

SECTION 4 KNOWLEDGE AND VIEWS ON UPGRADE PLANS

18. Are you aware that JAMALCO proposes to expand their bauxite mining operations in or near your area? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not Stated/No Response

19. What effect do you think the proposed expansion of JAMALCO’s bauxite mining operations in or near your area will have on the following: (Answer in terms of positive, negative, no change, don’t know. ASK AND WAIT)

i) Income/ Economic value of the community 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. No Change 4. Don’t Know 5. Not Stated/No Response

ii) Job Opportunities 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. No Change 4. Don’t Know 5. Not Stated/No Response

iii) Pollution 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. No Change 4. Don’t Know 5. Not Stated/No Response

20. Do you think the proposed upgrade will affect you personally?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t Know/Not Sure 4. Not Stated/No Response

SECTION 5 AVAILABILITY OF WATER

21. What is your main source of drinking water?

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. CD*PRJ 1023/05 JAMALCO South Manchester EIA

1. Indoor tap/pipe 2. Outdoor private tap/pipe 3. Public standpipe 4. Spring, pond, river 5. Rainwater (tank or drum) 6. Trucked water (NWC) 7. Other (specify) 8. Not Stated/No Response

22. “In this community, I think that we have access to safe water to drink” Do you agree? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t Know/Not Sure 4. Not Stated/No Response

23. Why do you think so? 1. bauxite mining affects the drinking water 2. Sources (not bauxite mining or alumina processing related) affect the drinking water quality 3. The water is tested frequently by the N.W.C. 4. The water looks and/or smells clean 5. Other, please specify 6. Not Stated/No Response

24. Have you or any member of your household ever worked for a bauxite company or in the bauxite industry?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t Know/Unsure 4. Not Stated/No Response

25. Are you aware of any programs or activities initiated by bauxite companies in your community?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t Know/Unsure 4. Not Stated/No Response

Name of interviewer: Signature of interviewer: Date of interview:

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. CD*PRJ 1023/05 JAMALCO South Manchester EIA

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. CD*PRJ 1023/05 JAMALCO South Manchester EIA Team Members

TEAM MEMBERS

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. CD*PRJ 1023/05 Jamalco South Manchester EIA Team Members

APPENDIX V: TEAM MEMBERS

Project Team

· Dr. Conrad Douglas · Mr. Paul Thompson · Dr. Art Reid · Prof. Edward Robinson · Ms. Winsome Young · Mr. Orville Grey · Mr. Burklyn Rhoden · Mr. Noel Watson · Geomatrix Ltd. · Ms. Dahlia Bean · Ms. Deonne Caines · Mr. Vance Johnson

Conrad Douglas & Associates Ltd. CD*PRJ 1003/04