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Hitler Und Die Deutschen Hitler und die Deutschen VOLKSGEMEINSCHAFT UND VERBRECHEN DHM Im Auftrag der Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum • Berlin herausgegeben von Hans-Ulrich Thamer und Simone Erpel Sandstein Verlag • Dresden IMPRESSUM AUSSTELLUNG Hitler und die Deutschen Veranstalter Architekturaufbau Volksgemeinschaft und Verbrechen Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum Leitung: Holger Lehmann Unter den Linden 2 • 10117 Berlin Eine Ausstellung der Stiftung Deutsches Konservatorische Betreuung Historisches Museum, Berlin 15. Oktober Konzeption Restaurierungswerkstätten des DHM 2010 bis 6. Februar 2011 Hans-Ulrich Thamer Leitung: Martina Homolka www. dhm.de/ausstellungen/ Kuratoren Leihverkehr und Organisation hitler-und-die-deutschen Simone Erpel, Klaus-Jürgen Sembach, Regina Gelbert Hans-Ulrich Thamer Medientechnik Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Wolf-Dieter Pelikan, Wolfgang Röhrig Burkhard Asmuss, Norbert Frei, Chris- ReligionundPolitik tian Fuhrmeister, Raphael Gross, Sir Ian EXZELLENZCLUSTER | WWU MÜNSTER Medienstationen Kershaw, Gottfried Korff, Hans Mo- Stefan Kontra Das Projekt ist entstanden in mmsen, Reinhard Rürup, Michael Wildt Zusammenarbeit mit dem Hörführung Ausstellungsgestaltung Exzellenzcluster «Religion Friedrun Portele-Anyangbe, Klaus-Jürgen Sembach unter Mitarbeit und Politik» der Westfäli- Alexander Tiedge, schen Wilhelms-Universität von Ralph Brokmeier, Bessing + Brok- Tonstudio Kl 3, Michael Kaczmarek, Münster meier Architekten, München Berlin Koordination und Bildredaktion Dorlis Museumspädagogik Blume Brigitte Vogel, Stefan Bresky Mitarbeit Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Johanna Henrich, Conrad Mücke, Rudolf B. Trabold, Nicola Schnell, Elisabeth Weber Sonja Trautmann Recherche Internetpräsentation Petra Bopp, Kristiane Janeke, Fabian Jan-Dirk Kluge Tietke, Jeanette Toussaint Plakat und Grafik Praktikanten Dorén + Köster, Berlin Claudia Fritzsche, Lina Hartmann, Jan Hendrik Issinger, Lina Kabowski, Übersetzungen Anja Schnabel, Fabian Schröder, Martin Stephen Locke (Englisch), Kristiane Schultze, Sara Weydner Janeke (Russisch) Abteilungsleiterin Ausstellungen Ulrike Kretzschmar Ausstellungsgrafik und Bildbearbeitung envision design Chris Dormer Ausstellungsproduktion Werkstätten des DHM Leitung: Nicolas Kaloplastos KATALOG Buchhandelsausgabe © 2010 Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet ISBN 978-3-942422-10-9 Stiftung Deutsches Historisches diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nati- Museum, Berlin und Autoren onalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografi- Museumsausgabe Sandstein Verlag, Dresden sche Daten sind im Internet unter ISBN 978-3-942422-14-7 http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Dieses Herausgeber Werk einschliesslich seiner Teile ist ur- Hans-Ulrich Thamer und Simone Erpel heberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwer- für die Stiftung Deutsches Historisches tung ausserhalb der engen Grenzen des Museum Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne aus- drückliche Zustimmung unzulässig und Redaktion strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für die Simone Erpel, Hans-Ulrich Thamer, Vervielfältigung, Übersetzungen und Louisa Theobald Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeiche- rung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Bildredaktion Systemen. Regina Gelbert, unterstützt von Dorlis Blume und Wanda Löwe Abb. Umschlag vorn: Mitarbeit Berlin feiert den 1. Mai 1933 auf dem Dorlis Blume, Conrad Mücke, Tempelhofer Feld – Adolf Hitler verkün- Elisabeth Weber det den ersten Jahresplan des deutschen Aufbaus Praktikanten Claudia Fritzsche, Lina Hartmann, Abb. S. 2-3: Johanna Henrich, Sara Weydner Heinrich Hoffmann: «Hitler in der Menge», Kundgebung auf dem Odeons- Lektorat und Koordination platz anlässlich der Mobilmachung am Wanda Löwe 2. August 1914 in München. Möglicher- weise handelt es sich bei diesem Bild um Übersetzung Essay Irene Guenther eine Fälschung aus der NS-Zeit. Stephen Locke Abb. S. 12: Koordination Herstellung Bildcollage: Liselotte Orgel-Köhne: Gabriele Kronenberg Nürnberger Reichsparteitag 1938; eingefügt Kat.-Nr. 334 Verlagslektorat Dana Hildebrand, Christine Jäger Abb. S. 328 und Umschlag hinten: Nach Sandstein Verlag der Kundgebung zum 1. Mai 1933 auf dem Tempelhofer Feld Satz und Reprografie Gudrun Diesel, Jana Neumann, Christian Werner Wir danken dem Verlag Wilhelm Fink, Sandstein Verlag Paderborn, dafür, dass er freundlicher- weise die Nutzung des Titels «Hitler und Gestaltung die Deutschen» freigibt. Michaela Klaus, Simone Antonia Deutsch Sandstein Verlag Druck und Verarbeitung Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig INHALT 10 Der »Führerstaat« Leihgeber Herrschaftsstrukturen und Selbstdarstellungen 11 Dank 58 13 Ian Kershaw Hans Ottomeyer »Führerstaat«: Charisma und Gewalt Vorwort 68 Hans Mommsen Essays Zerstörung der Politik und Amoklauf des NS-Regimes Einleitung Politikverständnis und kumulative Radikalisierung 17 Hans-Ulrich Thamer 74 Die Inszenierung von Macht Winfried Nerdinger Hitlers Herrschaft und Hitler als Architekt ihre Präsentation im Museum Bauten als Mittel zur Stärkung der »Volksgemeinschaft« 82 Zur Person Hitler Philipp Stiasny Vom Himmel hoch Adolf Hitler und die »Volksgemein­ 24 schaft« in »Triumph des Willens« Brigitte Hamann Der junge Hitler bis zum Putsch Herstellung und Inszenierung der »Volksgemeinschaft« 30 Gerd Krumeich Hitler, die Deutschen 90 und der Erste Weltkrieg Michael Wildt »Volksgemeinschaft« 36 als Selbstermächtigung Claudia Schmölders Soziale Praxis und Gewalt Hitlers Gesicht 94 Christian Fuhrmeister » Führ erbe wegung « Ikonografie der »Volksgemeinschaft« 104 44 Irene Guenther Armin Nolzen Die Uniformierung der Gesellschaft Der Durchbruch der NSDAP im »Dritten Reich« zur Massenbewegung seit 1929 112 50 Peter Steinbach Othmar Plöckinger Der Nationalsozialismus Hitlers »Mein Kampf« als politische Religion Von der »Abrechnung« zum Inszenierung, Instrumentalisierung, »Buch der Deutschen« Funktion Der nationalsozialistische Krieg Katalog Ausstellung und die deutsche Gesellschaft 162 297 Prolog Grundriss der Ausstellung 122 Hitler und die Deutschen - Thomas Sandkühler eine vieldeutige Krieg, Kampf um »Lebensraum« Beziehungsgeschichte und Vernichtung Anhang Der nationalsozialistische Krieg Hitler unter den Deutschen 302 130 1919-1933 Autorenverzeichnis Birthe Kundrus Der Holocaust 304 Die »Volksgemeinschaft« 172 Abkürzungsverzeichnis als Verbrechensgemeinschaft? Führermythos und Führerbewegung 305 136 Literaturverzeichnis Sybille Steinbacher 181 Frauen in der Kriegsgesellschaft Hitler und die NSDAP 321 Personenregister Hitler und kein Ende Hitler und die Deutschen 326 Abbildungsnachweis 142 194 Norbert Frei Machtübertragung und F ührerbilderwechsel nationale Revolution Hitler und die Deutschen nach 1945 211 Die deutsche Gesellschaft 148 und Hitler Peter Reichel »Bruder Hitler« im deutschen Film 231 Der »Führerstaat« 154 Simone Erpel 243 Hitler entdämonisiert F ührerherrschaft Die mediale Präsenz des Diktators und Vernichtungskrieg nach 1945 in Presse und Internet 261 Die deutsche Gesellschaft im Krieg Die Deutschen nach Hitler 280 Hitler und kein Ende LEIHGEBER Das Deutsche Historische Museum dankt • Fürstenberg, Mahn- und Gedenkstätte • New York, Archives of the American den leihgebenden Institutionen und den Ravensbrück/Stiftung Brandenburgi- Jewish Joint Distribution Committee genannten Personen für ihre Unterstüt- sche Gedenkstätten (US) zung und ihre Kooperation und Hilfe: • Genf, Internationales Komitee vom • Nürnberg, Dokumentationszentrum Roten Kreuz (CH) Reichsparteitagsgelände Nürnberg • Alkoven, Dokumentationsstelle Hart- • Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und • Nürnberg, Germanisches National- heim des Oberösterreichischen Lan- Gewerbe museum desarchivs (AT) • Hamburg, Archiv Panoptikum • Nürnberg, Stadtarchiv Nürnberg • Altenburg, Thüringisches Staatsarchiv • Hamburg, Denkmalschutzamt • Oldenburg, Inge Harms • Amsterdam, NEDERLANDS Instituut Hamburg, Bildarchiv • Oldenburg, Hermann Jaspers voor Oorlogsdocumentatie NIOD (NL) • Hamburg, Der Spiegel-Verlag • Oranienburg, Gedenkstätte und • Bamberg, Staatsarchiv Bamberg • Hamburg, KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuen- Museum Sachsenhausen/Stiftung • Belleville-en-Caux, Privatsammlung gamme Brandenburgische Gedenkstätten Familie Wolfer (FR) • Hannover, Historisches Museum • Paris, Agence photographique de la • Berlin, AGO Galerie Berlin Hannover Réunion des Musées Nationaux (FR) • Berlin, akg-images • Heilbronn, Stadtarchiv Heilbronn • Potsdam, Brandenburgisches • Berlin, bpk – Bildagentur für Kunst, • Hofgeismar, Stadtmuseum Hofgeismar Landeshauptarchiv Kultur und Geschichte • Ingolstadt, Bayerisches Armeemuseum • Potsdam, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv • Berlin, Bundesarchiv/Filmarchiv Ingolstadt • Rotenburg an der Fulda, Kreisheimat- • Berlin, Deutsches Technikmuseum • Koblenz, Bundesarchiv museum Rotenburg an der Fulda Berlin • Krasnogorsk, Russisches Staatliches • Schleiden, vogelsang ip gemeinnützige • Berlin, Peter Ebeling Archiv für Film- und Fotodokumente gmbh • Berlin, FV Luftwaffenmuseum der (RU) • Schleswig, Gemeinschaftsarchiv Bundeswehr • Lauf an der Pegnitz, Städtische Samm- Schleswig-F lensburg • Berlin, Lutz Gelbert lungen Lauf an der Pegnitz • Schora, Reinhardt Radke • Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Ber- • Leipzig, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek • Schwerin, Dr. Oliver Kruschke lin, Universitätsbibliothek • London, Imperial War Museum (GB) • St. Petersburg, Kriegsmedizinisches • Berlin, Landesarchiv Berlin • Marbach, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Museum (RU) • Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Marbach • St. Petersburg, Staatliches Museum für Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Kunstbiblio- • Maryland, National Archives at College Politische Geschichte Russlands (RU) thek Park (US) • Stuttgart,
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