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Introductions Septembre 2020 Marie Lechner & Yves Citton Angles morts du numérique ubiquitaire Sélection de lectures, volume 1 Introductions Sommaire Introductions Margo Bernelin, Intelligence artificielle en santé : la ruée vers les données personnelles, Cités, n° 80, Paris, PUF, 2019, p. 75-89 . 1 Benjamin Bratton, Le Stack. Logiciels, plateformes et souveraineté, Grenoble, UGA Editions, 2019 . 17 Antonio Casilli, De la classe virtuelle aux ouvriers du clic. La servicialisation du travail à l'heure des plateformes numériques, Esprit, mai 2019 . 63 Grégory Chatonsky, Sélection du blog http://chatonsky.net/category/journal/, 2018 69 Yves Citton, Logique et esthétique du drone armé, AOC, 6 janvier 2020 . 85 Fabrice Flipo, L’inquiétante trajectoire de la consommation énergétique du numérique, The Conversation France, 2 mars 2020 . 92 Hubert Guillaud, Sélection d’articles d’internet.actu . 96 e Mark B.N. Hansen, Les media du XXI siècle. Sensibilité mondaine & bouclages projectifs, Multitudes, n° 68, 2017, p. 60-68 . 125 Ingrid Hölzl, L’image-transaction. What You See Is Not What You Get, Multitudes, n° 77, 2019, 129-140 . 134 Anthony Masure, Résister aux boîtes noires. Design et intelligences artificielles, Cités, n° 80 2019, p. 31-46 . 147 Yann Moulier-Boutang, Le troisième âge de l’intelligence augmentée, dite artificielle, Multitudes, n° 78 p. 86-96 . 164 Vanessa Nurock, L’intelligence artificielle a-t-elle un genre ?, Cités, n° 80, 2019, p. 61-74 . 176 Saul Pandelakis, “Done by app” : du design de services au quadrillage du réel, Médiation et information, L’Harmattan, 2017 . 191 Matteo Pasquinelli, How A Machine Learns and Fails – A Grammar of Error for Artificial Intelligence, Sphere #5 2019 . 200 Antoinette Rouvroy & Thomas Berns, Le nouveau pouvoir statistique. Ou quand le contrôle s'exerce sur un réel normé, docile et sans événement car constitué de corps «numériques», Multitudes n° 40, 2010p. 88-103 . 217 Samuel Szoniecky & Hakim Hachour. Monades pour une éthique des écosystèmes d’information numériques. Digital Intelligence, Sep 2014 . 234 Shoshana Zuboff, Le capitalisme de surveillance. Un nouveau clergé, Esprit, mai 2019 . 241 Sélection de quelques vidéos Alain Damasio Très humain plutôt que trans-humain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cR0T5-a6YTc Benjamin Bratton The Stack we have and the stack to come https://youtu.be/HRiAF6ILpxw Wendy Chun Crisis + Habit = Update https://youtu.be/ILBRIMPcvQI Shoshana Zuboff A Human Future in the Age of Surveillance Capitalism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtHt1BMpCXs Orit Halpern Smart cities and resilience https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTz2e3TMqs0 Kate Crawford The Trouble with Bias https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMym_BKWQzk INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLE EN SANTÉ : LA RUÉE VERS LES DONNÉES PERSONNELLES Margo Bernelin Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Université Paris 8 193.54.174.3 21/01/2020 14:08 © Presses Universitaires de France Presses Universitaires de France | « Cités » 2019/4 N° 80 | pages 75 à 89 ISSN 1299-5495 ISBN 9782130821151 Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://www.cairn.info/revue-cites-2019-4-page-75.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Presses Universitaires de France. © Presses Universitaires de France. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit. 1 Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Université Paris 8 193.54.174.3 21/01/2020 14:08 © Presses Universitaires de France Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Intelligence artificielle en santé : Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Université Paris 8 193.54.174.3 21/01/2020 14:08 © Presses Universitaires de France la ruée vers les données personnelles MARGO BERNELIN Les prouesses de l’intelligence artificielle font régulièrement la une de l’actualité qu’il s’agisse de l’apprentissage par une machine du jeu de go, de l’écriture d’un manuscrit original 1, de reconnaissance faciale ou encore du dépistage de pathologies 2. Délicate à définir, l’intelligence artificielle (IA) fait référence à des programmes informatiques dont l’ambition est de 75 reproduire les schémas de perception de l’intelligence humaine afin d’effec- tuer des tâches classiquement réalisées par l’homme 3. Plus précisément, Intelligence artificielle en santé : 1. <https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2018/09/17/une-intelligence-artificielle- la ruée vers les ecrit-un-livre-sur-les-traces-de-kerouac_5356179_3236.html> (site consulté en août 2019). données personnelles 2. Par exemple : <https://www.20minutes.fr/sante/2575771-20190801-deepmind-ia-google- Margo Bernelin peut-detecter-48-heures-amont-insuffisance-renale-aigue>. Voir également les échanges en juillet au sujet des prouesses de l’IA : <https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/08/12/il-faut-dissiper-le- malentendu-sur-les-pretentions-infondees-de-l-intelligence-artificielle_5498634_3232.html> ; <https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/07/07/les-techniques-numeriques-sont-porteuses-d- erreurs-funestes-si-elles-ne-s-appuient-pas-sur-des-resultats-scientifiques_5486463_3232.html> (sites consultés en août 2019). 3. Voir la définition offerte par les travaux des États généraux de la bioéthique, <https://etatsge- nerauxdelabioethique.fr/pages/intelligence-artificielle-et-robotisation> (site consulté en août 2019). Voir également la présentation du rapport Villani : Cédric Villani, Donner un sens à l’intelligence artificielle, Pour une stratégie nationale et européenne, Paris, 5 avril 2018. Pour un commentaire voir Bénédicte Bévière-Boyer, « Le défi de la santé transformée par l’intelligence artificielle : rapport Villani du 5 avril 2018 », Revue générale de droit médical,no 67, 2018, p. 177-180. Pour une analyse juridique des questions d’intelligence artificielle voir : Danièle Bourcier, « De l’intelligence artifi- cielle à la personne virtuelle : émergence d’une entité juridique ? », Droit et Société,no 49, 2001/ 3, p. 847-871 ; Patricia Hassett et Christophe Roquilly, Droit et intelligence artificielle. Une Révolu- tion de la connaissance juridique, Paris, Romillat, 2000, p. 136-143 ; Georgie Courtois, « Robots intelligents et responsabilité : quels régimes, quelles perspectives ? », Dalloz IP/IT, 2016, p. 287 sq ; Alexandra Mendoza-Caminade, « Le droit confronté à l’intelligence artificielle des robots : vers Cités 80, Paris, PUF, 2019 2 Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Université Paris 8 193.54.174.3 21/01/2020 14:08 © Presses Universitaires de France l’IA désigne des algorithmes dont « les instructions à exécuter ne sont plus programmées explicitement par un développeur humain », mais « sont en fait générées par la machine elle-même, qui “apprend” à partir des données qui lui sont fournies » 1. Les applications de l’IA dans le domaine de la santé sont nombreuses, à l’image des systèmes d’aide au diagnostic ou au dépistage 2. Les pouvoirs publics estiment que le déploiement de l’IA doit permettre d’améliorer la prise en charge des patients, d’apporter des diag- Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Université Paris 8 193.54.174.3 21/01/2020 14:08 © Presses Universitaires de France nostics et soins plus précis, d’offrir de nouveaux outils pour la surveillance de l’état de santé de la population et, enfin, d’ouvrir de nouvelles pistes de recherche. Dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population, de moyens financiers contraints pour l’hôpital ainsi que de manque de personnels soi- gnants, les promesses de l’intelligence artificielle séduisent 3 et la placent « au cœur de la médecine du futur 4 ». Pour fonctionner et « apprendre », de tels programmes informatiques nécessitent l’accès à un nombre croissant de données 5 qu’il s’agisse d’infor- mations diverses, comme des publications scientifiques, ou bien des données personnelles 6. L’accès aux données personnelles, c’est-à-dire aux données permettant d’identifier un individu ou de le rendre identifiable 7, est un enjeu singulier en raison des risques pesant sur la vie privée des 76 individus dont les données font l’objet d’un traitement. Dans le domaine l’émergence de nouveaux concepts juridiques ? », D., 2016, p. 445 sq ; Alexandra Bensamoun et Dossier Grégoire Loiseau, « L’intégration de l’intelligence artificielle dans l’ordre juridique en droit L’intelligence commun : questions de temps », Dalloz IP/IT, 2017, p. 239 sq. artificielle : 1. Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés, Comment permettre à l’homme de enjeux éthiques garder la main ? Les enjeux éthiques des algorithmes et de l’intelligence artificielle, Paris, Rapport de et politiques synthèse, 2017, p. 5. 2. Office parlementaire d’évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques, Pour une intelli- gence artificielle maîtrisée, utile et démystifiée, Paris, 15 mars 2017, t. 1, rapporteurs : Claude De Ganay et Dominique Gillot, p. 77. 3. « La médecine
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